03/05/21, F, 7AM

BSEM 27: CALCULUS WITH ANALYTIC Coordinate to the point

GEOMETRY The number to a point on the axis. Directed
distance from the origin
Analytic Geometry – A branch of mathematics
which deals with geometric properties using Rectangular Coordinate System
algebraic expressions and notation to locate the Ordered pair – a pair of number (x, y) in which x
points in the coordinate system is the first number and y is the second number
[sa conics, hyperbola, ellipse, parabola and circle – Horizontal line – x-axis
gagamit na tayo ng algebraic expressions. Vertical line – y-axis
Pagdating sa line, meron pa ring algebraic X-axis and Y-axis are taken coordinate axis
expressions, so we will be using the rectangular Coordinate Plane - The place determined by the
coordinate system] coordinate axes
Quadrants – four parts of the plane divided by the
Four Fundamental Concepts coordinate axis
1. Point – is a place in space, has no length nor Given pt. P on the coordinate plane
any thickness [dot]
Represented with a dot that is labeled with a
capital letter
2. Line – set of points with length but no width.
Represented with arrow head on each end to
indicate that the line extended without end
-To name a line, use a lower case letter pick any
two points on the line and put or write a line or
symbol above them.
3. Directed Line – a line in which one direction is
chosen positive and the opposite direction as
negative
4. Directed Line Segments – a segment of line, The distance from the y axis is positive if P to the
consisting of any two points and the part between right of the y axis and negative if P is to the left
them. The distance of the P from the x-axis is positive if P
is above the x-axis and negative if P is below the
Note: direction is indicated by the arrowhead pts. A axis
& B determined ⃗ AB or ⃗BA x-coordinate (abscissa) – directed distance from
Distance from A to B measured in positive direction the y-axis to the point
is positive y-coordinate (ordinate) – directed distance from
Distance from B to A measured in negative the x-axis to the point
direction is negative (x, y) coordinates – pair of numbers

Distance Between Two Points

The two distances ⃗
AB or ⃗BA are called directed Can be determined from the coordinates of the
distance pairs
Suppose the length of the line segments is 3 then Classification of the Line Segment
⃗AB=3 Horizontal – parallel to the x-axis
⃗BA=−3 Vertical – parallel to the y-axis
⃗
AB=−⃗BA Slant – parallel to neither axis
Def. 1
Absolute value – real number |a| Theorem 1
|a|, if a is + ex: |7| = 7
|a| = |-a|, if a is -
ex: |-9|=-(-9) = 9
|a|, if a is o ex: |0| = 0

The Real Number Axis/Scale

Any +p represented by the point P units to the
right
Any –p is represented by the point θ units to the
left
One to one correspondence
Relationship between one point on the line and the
set of real numbers
Rule:
To find the distance between two points, and the
square of the difference of the abscissa to the
square of the difference of the ordinate and take
square root of the sum
Example:
Find the length of the sides of the triangle with the
vertices A(-2,-3), B(6,1) and C(-2,5)

Rule 1 [sa pagkuha ng length]

The length of the horizontal line segment joining
two points is the abscissa of the point on the right
minus the abscissa of the point on the left.
The length of a vertical segment joining two points
is the coordinate of the upper point minus the
coordinate of the lower point

Since two sides have equal measurement,

therefore the given triangle is isosceles
[radical ang final answer, hindi nakadecimal,
huwag isisimplify]

INCLINATION OF A SLOPE AND A LINE

AB = 5-1 = 4 Inclination of a line – angled measure in a
CE = 6-(-3) = 9 counter clockwise from the initial side of the
CF = 4-1 = 3 terminal side
GH = -2-(-5) = 3  Inclination of the horizontal line is zero
 Inclination should be between 0<θ <180 °
Slope of a line – tangent of the inclination of a
line
 Slope of a line is POSITIVE if it leans to the right
[acute]
 Slope of the line is NEGATIVE if it leans to the left
[obtuse]
0-1

 Slope of a horizontal line is zero

 Slope of a vertical line is unknown/undefined, for
tangent 90 ° is undefined
Theorem 2
Two non-vertical lines are parallel if and only if Clockwise ang ikot ng mga points
their slopes are equal
 If two lines have the same slope their inclination
are equal and they are parallel
 If two non-vertical lines are parallel if they have
equal inclinations and have equal slopes

Let P1 ( X 1 ,Y 1 ) and P2 ( X 2 ,Y 2) be the two points, m

be the slope

Since the opposite side has equal slope ABCD is a

parallelogram

Find the area of the ∆ whose vertices are A(-2,-3),

B(6,1) and C(-2,5)

Theorem 3:
The slope of m of a line passing through the given
points P1 ( X 1 ,Y 1 ) and P2 ( X 2 ,Y 2) is equal to the
difference of the ordinates by the difference of the
abscissa in the same order
That is:

Example:
Given that the point A(-1,-1),
B(5,0), C(4,5), and D(-2,2) show that ABCD is a
parallelogram.
y− y 1 1
=
y 2− y 1 2
y 2− y 1=2 ( y − y 1 )
y 2− y 1=2 y −2 y 1
y2+ y1
y=
2

MP ( X , Y )= ( 2 )(
x 2+ x 1
,
y 2+ y 1
2 )
1
A ∆= ∨[ ( X 1 ) ( Y 2 ) + ( X 2 )( Y 3 ) + ( X 3 ) ( Y 1 ) −( X 3 ) ( Y 2 ) + ( X 2 ) ( Y 1 ) + ( X 1 ) ( Y 3 ) ] 6:
Theorem
2
The abscissa of the midpoint of a line segment is
half of the sum of the abscissas of the end points,
the ordinate is half the sum of the ordinates

If the ratio of ⃗
P1 , P to ⃗
P1 , P 2 is r instead of ½
⃗
P 1 , P x−x 1
= =r
⃗
P1 , P 2 x 2−x 1
⃗
P 1 , P y − y1
= =r
⃗
P 1 , P 2 y 2− y 1
DIVISION OF A LINE SEGMENT
Then x=x 1 +r ( x 2−x 1)
y= y 1+r ( y 2− y 1)

Example 1:
The points P1 (−4 , 3) and P2 (2 , 7) determine a line
segment
Find:
a. the coordinates of the midpoint
Let P1 (X1, Y1) and P2 (X2, Y2) b. the coordinates of the trisection point nearer P2
2 points joined by the line segment
P = midpoint of P1, P2 Solution:

From similar triangle:

⃗
P1, P ⃗ P,M ⃗ M ,P 1
a. MP= ( −4+2
2 ) ,(
3+7
2 )=(
2 2 )
−2 10
,
= = = 2
⃗ ⃗ ⃗
P1 , P 2 P , N N , P 2 b. To obtain the trisection point nearer P2, use r=
3
Solving for X x=x 1 +r ( x 2−x 1)
x−x 1 1 y= y 1+r ( y 2− y 1)
=
x2 −x1 2
x 2−x 1=2 ( x−x 1 ) 2
x=−4+ ( 2+ 4 )
3
x 2−x 1=2 x−2 x 1
2
x 2+ x 1 ¿−4 + ( 6 )
x= 3
2 ¿
Solving for Y
so magiging 2 multiply by 2=4
¿−4 +4
x=0

y= y 1+r ( y 2− y 1)
2
¿ 3+ ( 7−3 )
3
2
¿ 3+ ( 4 )
3
8
¿ 3+ Formula:
3
Tangent of the difference of 2∠’s
simplify mix fraction
tan θ2−tan θ1
LCD=3 tanϕ=tan ( θ2 −θ1 )=
1+tan θ 2 tanθ 1
[ 3 8
¿ + 3
1 3 ] Let m 1=tanθ 1
m2=tanθ 2
9+ 8
y= Where:
3
m1 = slope of the initial side
17
y= m2 = slope of the terminal side
3
ϕ is the supplement of ψ
( )
Therefore, 0 ,
17
3
derived trisection point,
Therefore, tanψ =tanϕ=
m2−m1
coordinates of trisection point nearer P2. 1+m1 m2
Theorem 5:
Two slant lines are perpendicular if the slope of one
is negative reciprocal of the slope of the other.
2 Two lines are perpendicular when:
Find the coordinates of the point which is of the 1+m1 m2=0
5
way from (3, 2) to (-3, 5) m1 m2=−1
2 2 −1
x=3+ (−3−3 ) =3+ (−6 ) m 1=
5 5 m2
12 15−12 3
¿ 3− = =
5 5 5
2 2 Example:
y=2+ (5−2 )=2+ (3 ) Find the tangents of the angles of the triangle,
5 5
whose vertices are A(3, -2) and B(-5, 8) and C(4, 5)
6 10+6 16
¿ 2+ = =
5 5 5

ANGLE BETWEEN TWO LINES

Recall:
The exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum
of the remote interior angles.
θ 2=θ 1+ ϕ
Solution
ϕ=θ 2 – θ1
8−(−2 ) 10 −5
m AB= = =
−5−3 −8 4
5−8 −3 −1
mBC = = =
4− (−5 ) 9 3
2−5 −7 y 2− y 1
m CA = = =7 m=
3−4 −1 x 2−x 1
( y−(−2 ) )
m −mCA
tanA= AB =
( )
−5
4
−7
¿
y +2
4−3
−3= ;−3= y +2
1+(
4 )
1+m AB mCA −5 1
(7 )
y=−5
¿ 1.06
A=47 ° STRAIGHT LINES

( −13 )−( −54 )

What is a Straight Line?
 A line is a locus of points with a constant slope. It
m −m AB
tanB= BC = is a geometric object which when placed in a
1+(
3 )( 4 )
1+mBC mBC −1 −5 coordinate plane, ought to have an equation.
 It is represented by an equation of degree one.
11 Its locus is always a straight line.
¿ =0.647
17
Lines Parallel to the Coordinate Axis
B=33 °
A line parallel to the y-axis has an equation of the

m −mBC
TanC= CA =
(7 )− ( −13 ) form
x=a

1+ ( 7 ) (
3 )
1+mCA m BC −1 Where a denotes the distance of the line to the y-
axis

22
¿−
=−5.5
4
C=100 °
C=180 °−(47 °+33 °)=100 °

−2 A line parallel to the x-axis had an equation of the

What acute angle does a line of slope of makes
3 form
with a vertical line? y=b
−2 Where b denotes the distance of the line to the x-
m=
3 axis.

Solution A line parallel to an axis and passes through a point

−2 P1 (x 1 , y 1 ) has the equation x=x 1 if the line is
tanθ=
3 parallel to the y-axis or y= y 1 if it is parallel to the
θ=arc tan=0.67 x-axis
θ=−33.69
ϕ=90−33.69 Example:
ϕ=56.31 ° What are the equations of the lines through (5, -7)
and parallel to the axes?
Find y if the slope of the line segment (3, -2) to (4,
y) is -3.
Find the equation of a line with a slope of 5 units
and passes through point A (−9 , 7 ) .
Solution:
Using the point-slope form of an equation of the
line with m=5 and point A(9, -7) as P1 (x 1 , y 1 ) it
gives
y−7=5 [ x−(−9 ) ]
y−7=5 ( x +9 )
Answer: The equation of the line parallel to the y-
y−7=5 x +45
axis through (5, -7) is x=5 or x−5=0 and the 5 x− y +45+ 7=0
equation of the line through the same point but 5 x− y +52=0
parallel to the y-axis is y=−7 or y +7=0 Answer: Therefore, the equation of the line with
slope of 5 units and passes through point A(-9, 7) is
The General Equation of the Line 5 x− y +52=0
The equation of the line can be expressed in
various forms. It can be written in the form Example 2: Find the equation of a line which passes
Ax+ By+ C=0
Where A, B and C are constants and that A and B
through point ( 12 ,− 34 ) −1
and has a slope of
4
.

are not both zero. This is called the general

equation of a line. Although the general equation
could be used in all the general forms of lines, it is
Solution: Given are m=
−1
4
and the point
1 3
,−
2 4 ( )
usually more convenient to use other forms in as P1. Using the point-slope form of an equation of
which the constants have specific geometric the line, it gives

( −34 )=−14 ( x− 12 )
meanings. These forms equation of lines are called
standard forms. y−

The Standard Form of an Equation of a Line

1. Point – Slope
3 −1
y+ =
4 4 ( x− )
1
2
An equation of a graph is an equation satisfied by 3 −x 1
y+ = +
the coordinate of those and only those points on 4 4 8
the graph. Thence, (i) if a point P(x, y) is on the 8 y +6=−2 x+1
graph, then its coordinates satisfy the equation;
2 x+ 8 y+ 6−1=0
and (ii) if a point P(x, y) is not on the graph, then its
coordinates do not satisfy the equation.
2 x+ 8 y+5=0
Answer: Therefore, the equation of the line which
To obtain an equation of a line, given a point
P1 (x 1 , y 1 ) and a slope P1 (x 1 , y 1 ) and a slope m let
passes through point ( 12 ,− 34 ) and has a slope of

P ( x , y ) be any point on the line other than P1 . −1

is 2 x+ 8 y+5=0
Thus, the slope of a line through P1 and P is
4
y− y 1 2. Slope-Intercept Form
m=
x−x 1 Given a slope m of a line and the y-intercept b , that
By cross multiplication, this yields to an equation is the line intersects the y-axis at (0, b) as shown in
y− y 1=m(x−x 1) the figure at the right, the equation of this line can
which is called the point-slope form of an be obtain by applying the point-slope form, thus
equation of the line. It gives an equation of the line y−b=m(x −0) or y−b=mx which is equivalent to
if a point P1 (x 1 , y 1 ) and the slope of the line are y=mx+b , the so called slope-intercept form of
known. the equation of line.
Example:
which is called the two-point form of the equation
of the line.
Example 5:
Find the equation of a line passing through the

points (0 , 12 ) ( −34 ,− 14 )
and .

Solution:
Using the two-point form of an equation of the line,

Example 3:
Find the equation of a line with slope equal to 4
( 12 )
let P1 be 0 , and P2 be
( −34 ,− 14 )
, then

and y-intercept equal to 11. −1 1

−
Solution: Using the slope-intercept form of an 1 4 2
equation of the line with m=4 and b=11, it gives y− = ( x−0 )
2 −3
y=4 x +11 or 4 x− y +11=0 −0
4
Answer: Therefore, the equation of the line with −3
slope equal to 4 and y-intercept equal to 11 is 1 4
4 x− y +11=0 y− = x
2 −3
Example 4:
4
−1
Find the equation of a line with slope equal to 1
2 y− =x
2
−3
and y-intercept equal to . 2 y−1=x
4
x−2 y +1=0
Solution: Using the slope-intercept form of an
Answer:
−1 −3
equation of the line with m= and b= it gives Therefore, the equation of the line passing through
2 4
y=
−1
2
x+
−3
4 ( ) ( 12 ) ( −34 ,− 14 )
the points 0 , and is x−2 y +1=0

−1 3 4. Intercept Form
y= x−
2 4 If a line intersects both the coordinate axes and
4 y=2 x−3 that the points of intersections are known, such
2 x−4 y−3=0 points give the values for intercepts, then equation
Answer: Therefore, the equation of the line with of line can be obtained.
If the line intersects the y-axis at (0, b) the b is
−1 −3
slope equal to and y-intercept equal to is called the y-intercept of the line. Similarly, if the
2 4
line intersects the x-axis at (a, 0), then a is called
2 x−4 y−3=0. the x intercept of such line. To obtain the equation
of the line, two point form can be used by having
3. Two-Point Form (0, b) as P1 and (a, 0) as P2, thus
If the coordinates of two points on the line are
0−b
known the equation of the line can be obtained by y−b= ( x −0 )
a−0
using the so called two-point form. From the point-
which equivalent to
slope form of the equation of the line, that is
−b
y− y 1=m(x−x 1) y−b= x
a
substitute the formula for slope of two points,
by multiplying the whole equation by a
y 2− y 1 by simplifying
P1 (x 1 , y 1 ) and P2 (x 2 , y 2 ), that is m= . The
x 2−x 1 a ( y −b )=−bx
equation then became ay −ab=−bx
y 2− y 1 bx +ay =ab
y− y 1= ( x−x 1 )
x2− x1 and dividing the whole equation by ab,
x y and by dividing the whole equation by B, making
yields + =1 the numerical coefficient pf y equal to 1 yields to
a b
called the intercept form of equation of a line. −A C
y= x−
Remarks: B B
The intercept form of an equation of a line can be which is now in slope-intercept form, with slope
used only to lines with intercepts not equal to zero. −A −C
Furthermore, this form does not apply to a line that m= and y-intercept b=
B B
passes through the origin, because for such line 2. In intercept form
both a and b are zero.
x y
+ =1
a b
Example 6:
Find the equation of a line with x-intercept equal to The general form Ax+ By+ C=0
13 and y-intercept equal to -4. by transposing the constant term on the right hand
Solution: of the equation
Given a=13 and b=-4, substitute to the intercept Ax+ By=C
for of an equation of the line by dividing the whole equation by the constant
x y term C gives
+ =1
13 −14
Ax By
−4 x+13 y =13 (−4 ) + =1
C C
−4 x+13 y =−52
and by having the numerical coefficients of the
−4 x−13 y +52=0 variables as 1 yields to
Answer:
x y
Therefore, the equation of the line with x-intercept + =1
c C
equal to 13 and y0intercept equal to -4 is
a B
4 x−13 y+ 52=0
which is already in intercept form, with x-intercept
Example 7:
Find the equation of a line with x-intercept equal to C
b= .
¼ and y-intercept equal to ½. B
Solution: Example 1:
Given a=1/4 and b=1/2, substitute to the intercept Write the equation x +2 y−3=0 in slope-intercept
form of an equation of the line and intercept forms and determines its slope (m) x-
x y intercept (a) and y-intercept (b)
+ =1 Solution:
1 1
4 2 x +2 y−3=0
By transposing terms other than y variable on the
4 x+ 2 y=1
right side of equation
4 x+ 2 y−1=0
2 y=−x +3
Answer:
And by having the numerical coefficient of y equal
Therefore, the equation of the line with x-intercept
to 1, that is dividing the whole equation by the
equal to ¼ and y-intercept equal to ½ is
numerical coefficient of y, which is 2, gives
4 x+ 2 y−1=0
−x 3
The general form of the equation of a line, y= +
2 2
Ax+ By+ C=0, can be written in its equivalent
slope-intercept and intercept forms.
Solution:
1. In slope-intercept form
x +2 y−3=0
y=mx+b
ii. in intercept form
The general form Ax+ By+ C=0
x +2 y−3=0
by having the term with y variable only on the left
By transposing the constant term on the right side
side of the equation and transposing other terms
of the equation
on the right side of the equation gives
x +2 y=3
By=−Ax−C
by having the constant term be equal to 1, that is By transposing the constant term on the right side
multiplying the whole equation by the reciprocal of of the equation
1 4 x−2 y=−1
the constant, which is , gives
3 by having the constant term be equal to 1, that is
x 2y multiplying the whole equation by the reciprocal of
+ =1 the constant, which is -1, gives
3 3
and by having the numerical coefficient of the −4 x+ 2 y =1
variables in the numerator be equal to 1, that is and by having the numerical coefficient of the
writing it in its equivalent complex fraction, yields variables in the numerator be equal to 1, that is
to writing it in its equivalent complex fraction, yields
x y to
+ =1 x y
3 3 + =1
2 −1 1
thus, obtained the desired equation in intercept 4 2
3 thus, obtained the desired equation in intercept
form with a=3 and b= . form with a=-¼ and b= ½.
2
Answer:
Answer:
Therefore, the equation 4 x−2 y+ 1=0 in slope-
Therefore, the equation x +2 y−3=0 in implicit
intercept form is y=2 x +1/2, while in intercept
form is x +2 y−3=0 in slope-intercept form is
x y
x y + =1
−x 3 + =1 form it is −1 1 and has slope m of 2, x-
y= + , while in intercept form it is 3 3
2 2 4 2
2
intercept a of -¼ and y-intercept b of ½.
−1
and has a slope (m) of , x-intercept a of 3 and y-
2 Equations of Line Parallel and/or
3 Perpendicular to a Line through (h, k)
intercept b of .
2 Recall that parallel lines have equal slopes and
perpendicular lines have slope equal to negative
Example 2: reciprocal of the other. Thence, in the general form
Write the equation 4x-2y+1= 0 in slope-intercept of the equation of a line, Ax+ By+ C=0, where its
and intercept forms and determine its slope m, x- −A
intercept a and y-intercept b. slope (m) is given by , the equation of a line
B
x-intercept a and y-intercept b.
parallel to such line has the same numerical
Solution:
coefficient of the variables, while a line
4 x−2 y+ 1=0 B
i. in slope-intercept form perpendicular to such line has a slope of and
A
4 x−2 y+ 1=0 would have B as the numerical coefficient of x and
by transposing terms other than y variable on the
right side of equation
− A as the numerical coefficient of x and − A as
the numerical coefficient of y.
−2 y=−4 x−1
Thus the equation of a line parallel to Ax+ By+ C=0
and by having the numerical coefficient of y be
equal to 1, that is dividing the whole equation by through (h, k) is given by Ax+ By= Ah+ Bk .
the numerical coefficient of y, which is -2, gives Furthermore, the equation of a line perpendicular
y=2 x +1/2 to Ax+ By+ C=0 through (h, k) is given by
thus, obtained the desired equation in slope- Bx−Ay=Bh− Ak .
intercept form with m= 2 and b= ½. Example 1
Find the equation of line one parallel and the other
Solution: perpendicular to 3 x+ 2 y −1=0 through (0, 1)
4 x−2 y+ 1=0 Solution
ii. In intercept form Given are the equation of the line, 3 x+ 2 y −1=0 ,
4 x−2 y+ 1=0 where the line would be parallel and perpendicular
to, and the coordinate of the point (0, -1) where the A x 1+ B y 1 +C
lines would pass through. From the given, values d=
± √ A +B
2 2
are clearly determined, where A=3 , B=2 ,h=0 and
Where the sign of the radical is chosen to be the
k =−1 sign of B.
(i) For the equation of parallel line
The distance d is positive of point P1 lies above the
Ax+ By= Ah+ Bk
given line, and negative when it lies below the
3 x+ 2 y =3 ( 0 ) +2 (−1 ) given line.
3 x+ 2 y =−2
3 x+ 2 y +2=0
(ii) For the equation of perpendicular line Illustration:
Bx−Ay=Bh− Ak
2 x−3 y=2 ( 0 )−3 (−1 )
2 x−3 y=3
2 x−3 y−3=0
Answer
Therefore, the equation of line through (0, -1)
which is parallel to 3 x+ 2 y −1=0 is 3 x+ 2 y +2=0
while the equation of the line that is perpendicular
is 2 x−3 y−3=0

Example 2
Find the equation of line one parallel and the other
perpendicular to 2 x− y +7=0 through (-2, 5)
Solution
Given are the equation of the line, 2 x− y +7=0,
where a line would be parallel and perpendicular
to, and the coordinate of a point, (-2, 5), where the
lines would pass through. From the given values
are clearly determined, where A=2 ,b=−1 , h=−2 Example 1:
and k =5 Find the direction distance from a point (1, -2) to a
(i) for the equation of parallel line line 3 x+ 4 y −5=0
Ax+ B y= Ah+ Bk Solution:
2 x+ (−1 ) y =2 (−2 )+ (−1 ) 5 Using the formula for directed distance from a
point to a line substitute the given values, i.e. A=3,
2 x− y=−9
B=4, C=-5, x 1=1 and y 1=−2 . Since B bears a
2 x− y +9=0
positive sign, the radical in the formula would them
(ii) for the equation of perpendicular line
bear a positive sign too.
Bx+ Ay=Bh− Ak
A x 1+ B y 1 +C
( +1 ) x+ 2 y =(+ 1 )(−2 )+2 ( 5 ) d=
± √ A +B
2 2
x +2 y=−2+10
x +2 y−8=0 3 ( 1 ) +4 (−2 )−5
d=
Answer + √ 32 +22
Therefore, the equation of line through (-2, 5) −10 −10
d= = =−2
which is parallel to 2 x− y +7=0 is 2 x− y +9=0 √25 5
while the equation of the line that is perpendicular Answer:
is x +2 y−8=0 Therefore, the distance from a point (1, -2) to a line
3 x+ 4 y −5=0 is -2. The point (1, -2) lies below the
Directed Distance from a Point to a Line line.
The directed distance d from a point P1 ( x1 , y 1 ) to a
line Ax+ Bx+C=0, is given by the formula
Find the directed distance from the line 5x-
12y+26=0 to the points P1 ( 3 ,−5 ) and P2 (−4 ,−1 )
and P3 ( 9 , 0 )

Families of Lines
In the equation of a line, it was considered that the
variables x and y as the running coordinates of the
line. These variables represent the coordinates of
the general points on the line, and are different for
different points of the line. Any other arbitrary
quantities occurring in the equation represents
constant values for one line, which is different from
another line.
Example 2 Thus, for various values of k, the equation
Find the directed distance from a point (-1, 2) to a Ax+ By+ k=0 represents a family or system of
line x-2y+3=0 lines. The arbitrary constant k is called the
Solution parameter of the family, and when only one
Using the formula for directed distance from a arbitrary constant occurs in the equation, it is
point to a line substitute the given values, i.e. A=1, called a one-parameter family.
B=-2, C=3, x 1=−1 and y 1=2. Since B bears a Example 1:
negative sign, the radical in the formula would bear Determine the equation of family of lines with slope
a negative sign too. equal to 2.
A x 1+ B y 1 +C Solution
d= Using the slope intercept form of equation of line,
± √ A +B
2 2
y=mx+b , where m=2, however there were no
1 (−1 ) + (−2 ) 2+ 3 given value for b, thus b will be the parameter of
d=
−√ 12 +(−2)2 the family to be substituted by k.
Answer
= = √
−2 2 2 5
¿ Therefore, the required equation for the family of
−√ 5 √ 5 5 lines with slope equal to 2 is y=2x+k or 2x-y=k. Its
Answer graph is illustrated below
Therefore, the distance from a point (-1, 2) to a line
2 √5
3x+4y-5=0 is . The point (-1, 2) lies above the
5
line

Example 2:
Determine the equation of family of lines passing
through the point (1, 2).
Solution
Using the point-slope form of equation of line,
y− y 1=m ( x−x 1 ), where x 1=1 and y 1=2, however
there was no given value for m, thus m will be the
parameter of the family to be substituted by k,
then
y−2=k ( x−1 )
y−2=kx−k
kx − y+ 2−k =0
Answer The hyperbola obtained
Therefore, the required equation for the family of by cutting the cone with
lines passing through (1, 2) is y−2=k ( x−1 ) or a plane parallel to its
axis
kx − y+ 2−k =0. Its graph is illustrated below.

CIRCLES
After the completion if this chapter, you should be
able:
1. define a circle;
2. Identify and determine the variables that make
up the equation of a circle;
3. determine the equation of the circle base on the
given condition/s;
4. write the standard form of equation to its
equivalent general form and conversely; and
CONIC SECTION 5. graph accurately the equation of circle.
Conics were obtained by cutting a cone by a plane.
A conic section can either be a circle parabola, What is a Circle?
ellipse, or hyperbola. A circle is the set of all points on a plane that are
equidistant from a fixed point on the plane. The
fixed point is called the center, c , and the distance
from the center to any point on the circumference
A circle is obtained by
cutting the cone with a of the circle is called the radius, denoted by r .
plane parallel to its base

Cutting the cone with a

plane parallel to an edge
gives a parabola

Let the center of a circle be a fixed point C ( h , k ),

the radius be equal to r and P(x , y) be a point on
the circumference of the circle, then the distance
An ellipse is obtained by form C to P is equal to r . This leads to
r =√ ( x−h ) + ( y−k )
cutting the cone with a 2 2

plane inclined to its base

By using the distance formula. And by squaring
2 2 2 2 2 2
r = ( x −h ) + ( y−k ) or ( x−h ) + ( y−k ) =r
Hence it is the standard equation of the circle or
the so called center-radius
Example 2
Find the equation of the circle with center at (3, 2)
and of radius ½. Illustrate the graph.
Solution:
Expanding the binomial in standard form 1
2 2 2 2 2 Given r = , h=3 , k =−2 thus, the equation would
x −2 hx +h + y −2 yk + k =r 2
x + y 2−2 hx−2 yk + ( h 2+ k 2−r 2 ) =0
2 be
This lead to the general equation of the circle ( x−h )2+ ( y−k )2=r 2

()
2 2 2
x + y + Dx + Ey+ F=0 ( x−3 )2 + ( y −(−2) )2= 1
Where 2
D=−2hx
E=−2 hk 1
2 2 2
( x−3 )2 + ( y +2 )2=
F=h +k −r 4
( x 2−6 x +9 ) + ( y 2+ 4 y + 4 ) = 1
Let the center of the circle be at the origin C (0 , 0) 4
and let the radius again be equal to r . Then 2 2 1
x + y −6 x +4 y+ 9+4− =0
2 2
( x−0 ) + ( y−0 ) =r 2 4
2 2
x + y =r
2 2 2 51
x + y −6 x +4 y+ =0
Hence it is the standard equation of the circle with 4
center at the origin.
( 51
x 2 + y 2−6 x +4 y+ =0 4
4 )
2 2
4 x + 4 y −24 x +16 y +51=0
Example 1:
Answer
Find the equation of the circle with center at the
origin and of radius 2. Illustrate the graph The equation of the circle with center at (3 ,−2)
Solution: 1
and of radius ½ is ( x−3 )2 + ( y +2 )2=
in standard
Given r =2 thus, the equation would be 4
2 2
x + y =r
2 form while 4 x 2+ 4 y 2−24 x +16 y +51=0 in general
2 2 2 form
x + y =2
2 2
x + y =4
2 2
x + y −4=0
Answer:
The equation of the circle with center at the origin
and of radius 2 is x 2+ y 2=4 in standard form or
2 2
x + y −4=0 in general form
Example 3
Find the equation of the circle with center at (-2, -1)
and 10 √ 2 as length of its diameter. Illustrate the
graph
Solution
Given d=10 √ 2 , h=−2, k =−1 since d=10 √ 2 and standard form while x 2+ y 2+ 6 y−20=0 in general
r form.
d= then r =5 √ 2 . Thus, the equation would be
2
( x−h )2+ ( y−k )2=r 2
2
( x−(−2) ) + ( y−(−1) ) = ( 5 √2 )
2 2

( x +2 )2+ ( y +1 )2=25(2)
( x +2 )2+ ( y +1 )2=50
( x 2 +4 x + 4 ) + ¿
2 2
x + y + 4 x +2 y+ 4 +1−50=0
2 2
x + y + 4 x +2 y+ 45=0
Answer
The equation of the circle with center of (-2, -1) and Example 5
10 √ 2 as its length of diameter is ( x +2 ) + ( y +1 ) =50
2 2
Find the equation of the circle endpoints of
in standard form while x 2+ y 2+ 4 x +2 y+ 45=0 in diameter at (4, -2) and (-2, 4). Illustrate the graph.
general form Solution
Recall that the diameter is the chord connecting
two points on the circle that passes through the
center, with this information the midpoint of the
segment defined by the points (4, -2) and (-2, 4)
represents the center of the circle.

C ( 4−2
2
,
2 )
−2+4
⇒ C ( 1 , 1)

d
To solve for the radius, since r = , then solve for
2
the length of the diameter first by having the
distance between its endpoints.

Example 4 √ 2 2
d= (−2−4 ) + ( 4−(−2 ) ) =√ 72=6 √ 2
Find the equation of the circle with center at (0, -3) d 6 √2
and passes through the point (-2, 2). Illustrate the r= = =3 √2
2 2
graph. Thus the center of the circle is at point (1, 1) and
Solution
the radius is 3 √ 2. Hence, the equation of the circle
Given is the center of the circle at (0, -3),
is
h=0 , k=−3. The circle passes through the point (- 2
2, 2), hence the distance between this point and ( x−1 )2 + ( y−1 )2 =( 3 √2 )
the center is the radius of the circle, thus ( x−1 )2 + ( y−1 )2 =18
r =√ (−2−0 ) + ( 2+3 ) =√ 29
2 2
( x 2−2 x+ 1 ) + ( y 2−2 y +1 )−18=0
Then, the equation of the circle is 2 2
x + y −2 x−2 y−16=0
2
( x−0 )2+ ( y+3 )2=( √ 29 ) Answer
2 2
x + ( y+ 3 ) =29 The equation of the circle with endpoints of
diameter at (4, -2) and (-2, 4) is ( x−1 )2 + ( y−1 )2 =18
x 2+ ( y 2+ 6 y +9 ) =29
2 2 in standard form while x 2+ y 2−2 x−2 y−16=0 in
x + y + 6 y+ 9−29=0
2 2
general form
x + y + 6 y−20=0
Answer
The equation of the circle with center at (0, -3) and
passes through the point (-2, 2) is x 2+ ( y+ 3 )2=29 in
The graph of a circle can easily be determined
based on its equation in standard form. If the right
member of the equation, i.e. r 2 , is positive, the
equation has a graph, moreover, if it is equal to
one, it is called a unit circle. If r 2 is zero, the graph
of the equation is a point circle, but when it is
negative, since no real values of x and y will satisfy
the equation, thence it has no graph.
Example 6
Find the equation of the circle passing through (-1,
7) and (6, 0) and with center on 2x – 3y + 6 = 0.
Sketch the curve Example 1
Solution Reduce the equation x 2+ y 2+ 8 x −4 y +19=0 in
The center of the circle is on the line 2 x−3 y +6=0 standard form and determine the coordinates of its
which is equidistant from (-1, 7) and (6, 0). That is, center, the measure of its radius and the nature of
√ ( x+ 1 ) +( y−7 ) = √( x−6 ) + ( y−0 )
2 2 2 2
its graph.
Solution
( x +1 )2+ ( y−7 )2 =( x−6 )2 + ( y−0 )2
In the given equation, x 2+ y 2+ 8 x −4 y +19=0,
( x 2 +2 x +1 ) + ( y 2−14 y + 49 )=( x 2−12 x +36 ) + y 2 separate the terms, those with variables on the left
x− y +1=0 and the constant on the right side of the equation.
Solving the system of equations 2 x−3 y +6=0 and Thus,
x− y +1=0 gives a value of x=3 and y=4 . Thus, 2 2
x + y + 8 x −4 y =−19
the two lines intersect at (3, 4) which represents Which is now in the form of
the center of the circle. The length of the radius is 2 2
x + y + Dx + Ey+ F=0
the distance between (3, 4) and (-1, 7) or (3, 4) and
Then by completing the square
(6, 0) 2 2
x + 8 x+16 + y −4 y+ 4=−19+16+ 4
r =√ (−1−3 ) + ( 7−4 ) =√ 25=5
2 2
( x +4 )2+ ( y−2 )2=1
Thus, the center of the circle is at point (3, 4) and
The equation of the circle is standard form is
the radius is 5. Hence, the equation of the circle is
( x−3 )2 + ( y −4 )2=52 ( x +4 )2+ ( y−2 )2=1 with center at (-4, 2) and of
radius 1. Since the radius is positive, particularly
( x−3 )2 + ( y −4 )2=25 positive 1, then the graph is a circle, and this is
( x 2−6 x +9 ) + ( y 2−8 y +16 ) −25=0 called a unit circle.
2 2
x + y −6 x−8 y=0
Answer
The equation of the circle passing through (-1, 7)
and (6, 0) and with center on 2 x−3 y +6=0 is
( x−3 )2 + ( y −4 )2=25 in standard form while
2 2
x + y −6 x−8 y=0 in general form

Example 2
Reduce the equation
2 2
16 x + 16 y −16 x−24 y +13=0 in standard form
and determine the coordinates of its center, the
measure of its radius and the nature of its graph.
Solution
In the given equation,
2 2
16 x + 16 y −16 x−24 y +13=0, separate the terms,
The Graph of a Circle
those with variables on the left and the constant on
the right side of the equation. Thus, Circles Determined by Geometric Conditions
2 2 This section aims to determine the equation of a circle which
16 x + 16 y −16 x−24 y =−13 satisfies the given geometric condition.
Divide the whole equation by 16 to have the There are innumerable geometric conditions that
equation in the form of x 2+ y 2+ Dx + Ey+ F=0 determine a circle. Examples of which are a circle
2 2 3 −13 passing through three non-collinear points a circle
x −x + y − y= concentric to another circle, a circle tangent to a
2 16
Then by completing the square line, or a circle which is inscribed or circumscribed
1 2 3 9 −13 1 9 to a triangle. Each conditions were given an
2
x −x + + y − y + = + + example.
4 2 16 16 4 16

( )( )
2 2
1 3 Example 1
x− + y− =0
2 4 Find the equation of the circle passing through the
Answer points P1 (1 ,−2 ) , P2 ( 8 , 7 ) and P3 (10 , 5). Sketch the
The equation of the circle in standard form is curve.

( )( )
2 2
1 3 The equation of the circle can be expressed in the
x− + y− =0
2 4 form x 2+ y 2+ Dx + Ey+ F=0. To find the values for

( )
1 3 D, E, and F, the equation should be satisfied by the
With center at , and of radius 0. Since the coordinates of each of the given points. Hence,
2 4
radius is equal to zero, then its graph is a point substitute the coordinates of these points to x and
circle. y . This gives a system of linear equations in three
unknowns, i.e.
P1 (1 ,−2 ) ⇒ 1+ 4+ D−2E+ F=0
P2 ( 8 ,7 ) ⇒ 64+ 49+8 D+7E+ F=0
P3 ( 10 ,5 ) ⇒ 100+ 25+10 D+ 5E+ F=0
The solution to these equations is
−81 −33 −25
D= , E= and F= . Therefore the
8 8 8
required equation is
Example 3 2 2 81 33 25
x +y − x− y− =0
Reduce the equation x 2+ y 2+ 4 x−6 y+14=0 in 8 8 8
standard form and determine the coordinates of its 2 2
8 x + 8 y −81 x−33 y−25=0
center, the measure of its radius and the nature of Answer
its graph. The equation of the circle passing through the
Solution
points P1 (1 ,−2 ) , P2 ( 8 , 7 ) and P3 (10 , 5) is
In the given equation, x 2+ y 2+ 4 x−6 y+14=0, 2 2
separate the terms, those with variables on the left 8 x + 8 y −81 x−33 y−25=0.
and the constant on the right side of the equation.
Thus,
2 2
x + y + 4 x−6 y=−14
Which is now in the form of
2 2
x + y + Dx + Ey+ F=0
Then by completing the square
2 2
x + 4 x + 4+ y −6 y+ 9=−14 +4 +9
( x +2 )2+ ( y−3 )3 =−1
Answer
The equation in standard form is
( x +2 )2+ ( y−3 )3 =−1 however, since r 2=−1, then
the equation has no graph.
Example 2
Find the equation of the circle concentric to The general equation of the circle is
2 2 2 2
x + y −8 x+ 6 y−10=0 and passes through (-2, 5). x + y + Dx + Ey+ F=0. While the standard form is
Sketch the curve. ( x−h )2+ ( y−k )2=r 2 .
Solution
Concentric circles are circles of the same center.
Note that if the right member of the equation on
Hence, the equation x 2+ y 2−8 x+ 6 y−10=0 where the standard form of the circle is positive the
the circle is concentric should be expressed into equation has a graph, if it is zero, the graph is
center-radius form to determine the center, i.e. point circle, if it is one, the graph is called unit
2 2
x + y −8 x+ 6 y−10=0 circle, but when the right member is negative, no
2 2 real values of x and Y satisfy the equation, hence it
x −8 x + y + 6 y=10
2 2 has no graphs.
x −8 x +16 y + 6 y +9=10+ 16+9 Let us consider the equations
( x−4 )2 + ( y +3 )2=35 2 2
x + y + D 1 x + E1 y+ F 1=0
2 2
RADICAL AXIS
x + y + D 2 x + E2 y+ F 2=0
On example #7, as shown in the figure, represents
a circle of k is assigned any real number except -1. Now, suppose the equations 1 and 2 represent
If however, we let k = -1 the equation will reduce to circles that intersect in two points. Then if k is a
the linear equation parameter, with k different from -1, equation 3
represents a family of circles passing through the
(D1−D2 )x +(E1 – E2 ) y + F 1 – F2=0.
intersection points of the given equations. This is
The graph of this equation is a straight line called
true because the coordinates of an intersection
the radical axis of the two given points.
point, when substituted for x and y, reduce eq. 3 to
0+ k 0=0 . If the given circles are tangent to each
 If k =−1 , eq . ( 3 ) reduces to
another, eq. 3 represents the family of circles
( D1−D 2) x + ( E1 – E 2) y + f 1 – f 2 passing through the point of tangency.
 If the given circles intersects in two points, the
radical axis passes through the intersection points Write the equation of the family of circles C, all
 If the given circles are tangent, the radical axis is members of which pass through the intersection of
tangent to the circles at their point to tangency the circles C1 and C2 represented by the equations
 If the given circles have no common point. The 2 2
C 1 : x + y −6 x+ 2 y +5=0.
radical axis is between the circles. 2 2
 The radical axis of two circles is perpendicular to
C 2 : x + y −12 x −2 y +29=0Find the member of
the Family C3 that passes through the point (7, 0).
their line of centers

Solution
Radical axis has the following properties
Letting k be a parameter, we express the family of
which are stated without a proof:
 If the given circles intersect in two points, the a circles by the equation:
2 2 2 2
radical axis passes through the intersection points. ( x + y −6 x +2 y+ 5)+ k ( x + y −12 x−2 y +29)=0
 If the given circles are tangent, the radical axis is Replacing the values of x and y by 7 and o,
tangent to the circles at their point of tangency. respectively, we find k=2 for this value of k, the
 If the given circles has no common point, the family reduces to 3 x 2+3 y 2−30 x−2 y +63=0 .
radical axis is between the circles. Completing the squares:
 The radical axis of two circles is perpendicular to
( )
2
2 1 37
their line of centers. C 3 : ( x−5 ) + y− =
3 9
Generalization Hence the required member of the family of circles
A circle of all points on a plane that are equidistant
has it’s a center at (5, 1/3) and radius equal to
√37
from a fixed point on the plane. The fixed point is 3
called the center, and the distance from the center .
to any point of the circle is called the radius.
Graph the circles C1 and C2 whose equation are
2 2
C 1 : x + y −12 x−9 y+ 50=0
2 2
C 2 : x + y – 25=0 2. kung meron tayong concentric circle, a circle
Also a graph the member C3 of the family of a which has the same diameter, two circles having
the same center but different radius.
circles ( x 2 + y 2−12 x−9 y +50)+( x 2+ y 2 – 25)=0, for
3. kung ang circle ay may point of tangency.
which k =1.
Conditions affecting in getting the equation
Solution of a circle
Replacing k by 1, we obtain, in center-radius form, 1. Find the equation of the circle which passes
the equation
through the points P1 (1 ,−2 ) , P2 ( 5 , 4 )∧P3 (10 , 5)

( )
2
2 9 52
C 3 : ( x−3 ) + y − = Recall the general equation of the circle
4 4 2 2
x + y + Dx + Ey+ F=0
The center of a circle is at 3 ,
9
4 ( )
and the radius is
2 2
1. ( 1 ) + (−2 ) +1 D−2E+ F=0
D−2E+ F=−5 (Equation1)
5 2 2
, as shown in the figure, the given circles 2. ( 5 ) + ( 4 ) +5 D+4E+ F=0
4
intersects is only point and the third circle passes 5 D+4E+ F=−41(equation 2)
2 2
through the point of tangency. 3.( 10 ) + ( 5 ) +10 D+5E+ F=0
10 D+5E+ f =−125(Equation 3)
A circle is tangent to the line 2 x – y+ 1=0 at the
point (2, 5), and the center on the line x + y=9 . Equation 1 and 2
Find the equation of the circle. D−2E+ F=−5
Solution 5 D+4E+ F=−41
The line through (2, 5) and perpendicular to the
subtract
line 2 x – y+ 1=0 passes through the center of the
−4 D−6 E=36
circle. The equation of this line is x +2 y=12. Hence
the solution of the system
pwedeng idivide sa 2
x +2 y=12 , −4 D−6 E 36
=
x + y=9 , 2 2
Yields the coordinates of the center. Accordingly, −2 D−3 E=18( Equation 4)
the center is at (6, 3). The distance from this point
to (2, 5) is √ 20. The equation of the circle, Equation 2 and 3
5 D+4E+ F=−41
therefore is ( x−6 )2+ ( y−3 )2=20
10 D+5E+ F=−125
Families of Circle sutract
Let us consider the equations −5 D−E=84 ( Equation 5 )
2 2
x + y + D 1 x + E1 y+ F 1=0 Equation 4 and 5
2 2 −2 D−3 E=18
x + y + D 2 x + E2 y+ F 2=0
(−5 D−E=84 ) 3
And taking k as a parameter, the equation
para maeliminate si E ,imumultiply sa 3
( x 2 + y 2 + D 1 x + E 1 y + F 1) −2 D−3 E=18
+ k ( x2 + y 2 + D2 x+ E 2 y + F 2 )=0(3) −15 D−3 E=252
Represents the family of circles. subtract
13 D=−234
CIRCLES DETERMINED BY GEOMETRIC
D=−18
CONDITIONS
There are certain conditions that can affect the
equation of a circle
¿ D=−18
1. supposing meron kayong three points which lies −2 (−18 )−3 E=18
along the circle, pwede nating gamitin para 36−3 E=18
madetermine natin ang equation ng circle. E=6
( x−h )2+ ( y−k )2=r 2
¿∈1 :
( x−5 )2 + ( y +5 )2 =(−3 )2
D−2E+ F=−5 2 2
x + y −10 x+10 y +25+ 25−9=0
−18−2 ( 6 ) + F=−5
F=25 4. A circle is tangent to the line 2 x− y +1=0 at the
point (2, 5) and the center is on the line x + y=9 .
˚
The equation of the is: Find the equation of the circle.
2 2
x + y −18 x+ 6 y+ 25=0 r is perpendicular ¿ 2 x− y +1=0
Complete the square, para makuha yung radius
x +2 y+ c=0 at (2 , 5 )
C ( 9 ,−3 )
2+2 ( 5 ) +c=0
r =√ 65 c=−12
2. Find the equation of the circle with radius 6 and
x +2 y=12
concentric to the circle x 2+ y 2−3 x+5 y −1=0
2 2
x + y=9 ( centerline )
x + y −3 x+5 y −1=0
subtract
Complete the squares:
y=3
( x −x + 94 )+( y +5 y + 254 )=(1+ 94 + 254 )
2 2

Substitute the centerline :

( x− 32 ) +( y + 52 ) = 384
2 2
x +3=9
x=6
C ( ,− )
3 5 ( 6 , 3)
2 2
2 2 2
r = ( 6−2 ) + ( 3−5 ) =20
( x− 32 ) +( y + 52 ) =( 6 )
2 2
2

( x−6 )2+ ( y−3 )2=20

2 2
x + y −12 x −6 y +45−20=0

( x −3 x + 94 + y +5 y + 254 =36) 4
2 2
2 2
x + y −12 x −6 y +25=0
2 2
4 x −12 x +9+ 4 y +20 y +25=110
2 2 5. The circle is circumscribed about the triangle
4 x + 4 y −12 x+ 20 y−110=0
2 2 whose vertices are P1 (−2 ,3 ) , P2 ( 5 , 2 )∧P3 ( 6 ,−1 )
2 x +2 y −6 x +10 y−55=0 2 2
x + y + Dx + Ey+ F=0
2 2
3. A circle is tangent to the line 3 x−4 y=20 and 1: (−2 ) + ( 3 ) −2 D+3E+ F=0
the center is at (5, -5). Find the equation of the −2 D+3E+ F=−13
circle. 2 2
2: ( 5 ) + ( 2 ) +5 D+2E+ F =0
A x 1+ B y 1 +C
d= 5 D+2E+ F=−29
± √ A +B
2 2
2 2
3: ( 6 ) + ( 1 ) +6 D−E+ F=0
3 ( 5 )−4 (−5 )−20 6 D−E + F=−37
d=
− √ 32 + (−4 )
2

15 Equation 1 and 2
d= −2 D+3E+ F=−13
−√ 25
15 5 D+2E+ F=−29
d= subtract
−5
d=−3 −7 D+ E=16(Equation 4)
Pwede nang maging radius Equation 2 and 3
Equation of the circle: 5 D+2E+ F=−29
6 D−E + F=−37
¿
−D+3 E=8 ( equation 5 )

Equation 4 and 5
(−7 D+ E=16 ) 3
−21 D+3 E=48
−D+3 E=8
subtract
−20 D=40
d=−2
Fixed point – focus
Fixed line – directrix
−D+3 E=8
Vertex – midway between the focus and the
−(−2 ) +3 E=8 directrix
3 E 8−2 Where:
=
3 3 D = directrix
6 X=a
E= =2 F = (a, 0)
3
AP = FP
[ x−( a ) ] =√ ( x−a )2 + ( y −0 )2
2
−2 D+3E+ F=−13
−(−2 ) +3 ( 2 ) + F=−13 2 2 2
x + 2 ax+ a =x −2 ax +a + y
2 2

4 +6+ F=−13 4 ax= y

2

F=−13+ (−10 ) If a > 0, opens to the right

F=−23
Latus rectum is the chord drawn through the
2 2 focus and perpendicular to the axis of the parabola.
x + y −2 x+2 y−23=0 2
y =4 ax
2
PARABOLA y =4 a ( a )
At the completion of the chapter the students 2
y =4 a
2

should be able to: 2

A. Determine the properties of the parabola
y =± 2 a
Length of parabola = 4a x-axis is positive to the
B. Find the equation of the parabola through its
directirx
properties
C. Express the parabola in its standard form
D. Solve problems involving parabola

Conics
 General quadratic equation in x +y may be
expressed in the form:
Ax+ Bxy+ Cy 2+ Dx+ Ey + F=0
 Graph of a second degree equation (conic section)
[nakaraise sa second power]
 Conic – intersection of a right circular cone

Parabola [isa sa mga conics]

Set of all points so that the distance of a fixed
points is equal to its distance from a fixed line
a=4
2
x =4 ay=4( 4) y=16 y
LR=16
LR1 = (+8, 4)
LR2 = (- 8, 4)
Directrix: y = -4

1B: Write the equation of the parabola with

vertex at (0, 0) and focus at (-2, 0)
Given:
V (0, 0)
F (-2, 0)
Required: equation of parabola
Solution:
a = -2
Summary: y2 = 4 (-2) =-8x
 The equation of a parabola with vertex at the LR = 8 (-2, ± 4)
origin and focus at (a,0) is: x=2
If parabola opens to the right if a > 0, and if it
opens to the left if a < 0. 1C: Focus at (1,0) and the vertex is at the
 The equation of the parabola with vertex at the origin.
origin and focus at (0,a) is: Given:
2
x =4 ay F = (1, 0)
 If it opens upward, a>0, and if it opens V (0, 0)
downward, a<0 Required: equation of parabola
 If a < 0 Solution:
2 a=1
y = -4a opens to the left
y2 = 4 (1)x = 4x
y-axis is the line through the focus and
LR = 4 (1, ± 2)
perpendicular to the directrix
Directrix: x =-1
x interchange y
If a > 0, x2 = 4ay opens upward
Example 2A: The equation of the Parabola is:
a < 0, x2 = -4ay opens downward.
x2 = -6y.
Find the coordinates of the focus, its equation of
Examples:
the directrix and the length of LR
1A: Write the Equation if the parabola with
Given:
vertex at the origin and focus at (0, 4)
Equation of parabola = x2 = - 6y
Given:
Required: F, directrix, ends of LR
V (0,0)
F (0,4)
Solution:
Required: equation of parabola
X2 = - 6y
Solution:
-6 = 4a y2 = 4ax
6 3 (1)2 = 4 a (-2)
a=- =-
4 2 1
a=-
3 8
F (0, - )
2 1
F = (- ,0)
3 8
Directrix: y =
2 1
directrix =
LR: 6 8
1 1
Ends of LR = (- ,± )
8 4
1 1
2a = 2 ( ) =
8 4
−1
y2 = 4 ( )x
8
1
y2 = - x
2
2y2 = - x

4: A parabola opens upward and passes

through the point (-3, 2)
Given:
Parabola opens upward
P1 (-3 ,2)
Example 2B: The equation of the Parabola Required: equation of parabola
is:y2 = 10x. Solution:
Find the coordinates of the focus, its equation of x2 = 4ay
the directrix and the length of LR (-3)2 = 4 a (2)
Given: 9
Equation of the parabola a=
8
Required: F ,directrix , ends of LR 8
Solution: F = (0, )
8
y2 = 10 x
4a = 10
9
D=y=--
10 5 8
a= = 9 9 9
4 2 LR = (± , )
5 2 4 8
F = ( ,0) 9
2 x2 = 4 ( ) y
LR = 10 8
5 9
Ends of LR = ( , ±5) x2 = y
2 2
5
Directrix = - Exercises:
2
a. y2 = 8x
b. x2 = -12y.
3: A parabola opens to the left and passes
c.x2 – 9y = 0
through the point (-2,1). Find the equation of
d. y2 + 5x = 0
the parabola
e. 2x2 = -5y
Given:
f. 9x – 2y2 = 0
Parabola opens to the left
P1 = (-2 , 1)
Conics are classified according to eccentricity
Required: Equation of the parabola
1. Parabola – e=1
Solution:
2. Ellipse – e<1 ¿∨ y
3. Hyperbola – e>1 2
( x−h ) =4 a ( y−k )
Parabola with Vertex (h,k) F ( h , k + a)
⃗FB=⃗ AB D : y=k+ a
¿
2 2 2 2 2 General equation:
h + a + x +2 ah+2 xh+ k −2 ky + y 2 2
2 2 2 y −4 ax−2ky + k +4 ah=0
x + h +a +2 xa−2 xh−2 ha 2
2 2 y + Dx+ Ey + F=0
2 ah−2 ax−2 xh+ k −2 ky + y +2 ax−2 xh−2 ha 2
2 2 x + Dx+ Ey+ F=0
4 ah−4 ax+ k −2 ky + y =0
2 2
+ 4 ah+ 4 ax−k +2 ky− y =0 Examples:
Write the equation of the given parabola:
V (0,3) and F (4, 3)
Given:
V (0,3)
F (4,3)
Required:
Equation of parabola
Solution:
( y – k )2=4 a(x – 0)
( y−K )2=4 ax
F (h+a), k
h+ a=4
0+ a=4
a=4
Desired equation:
( y – 3 )2 =4. 4 x
The equation of a parabola with V (h , k) and a F (h
+ a, k ) is ( y – 3 )2 =16 x
( y – k)2 = 4a (x – h),
if a > 0 , the parabola opens to the right Write the equation of the given parabola:
if a < 0, the parabola opens to the left V(-3,0) and LR = 8 , opens to the left
(x – h)2 = 4a (y – k), Given:
if a > 0, the parabola opens upward V (-3, 0)
if a < 0 , the parabola opens downward LR = 8
Opens to the left
2
¿∨x 4 a ( x−h )=k −2 ky+ y
2 Required:
2 Equation of parabola
4 a ( x−h )=( y−k ) Solution:
V (h , k ) ( y – k )2=4−a(x – h)
D=x =h−a 4 a=8
f ( h+ a , k )
( y – 0 )2=−8(x +3)
LR 4a 2
y =−8(x+ 3)
( h+ a , k +2 a ) ( h+a , k −2 a ) ¿
Write the equation of the given parabola:
( h−a , k +2 a )( h−a , k −2 a ) ¿ V (-1,-2) LR=10, opens upward
( h+2 a , k + a ) , ( h−2 a , k −2 a ) downward Given:
( h+2 a , k −a ) , ( h−2 a , k−a ) upward V (-1 , -2 )
LR = 10
Required: (−2 , 0+ 4)
Equation of parabola LR (h+ 2a ,k – a),(h – 2 a , k + a)
Solution:
LR1 (6 ,−4) LR2 = (−10 , 4 )
( x +3 )2=4 a ¿
4 a=10 Write the equation in standard form, given
5 the coordinates of the vertex, focus and LR
a=
2 c) y2 – 8y + 16 + 6x = 0
2
2
( x +1 ) =10( y +2) y – 8 y +16=−6 x
( y – 4 )2=−6 x
Write the equation of the given parabola: V (0 , 4)
V (2 , 1), ends of LR ( -1 , -5 ) ( - 1, 7 ) Solve for a:
Given:
6 3
V (2 , 1 ) - 6 = 4a; a = - =-
4 2
Ends of LR ( -1 , -5) ( -1, 7)
Required: 3
F (h + a, k ) (- ,4 )
Equation of parabola 2
Solution: LR = 6; (h – a , k +2 a)(h – a , k – 2 a)

[ ( )] [ ( )]
LR = 12 3 −3 3 −3
( y – k )2=4 a(x – h) 0− , 4+2 = 0− , 4 – 2
2 2 2 2
( y – 1 )2=4 a (x – 2)
4 a=12; a=3 ( −32 ,1)( −32 , 7)
( y – 1 )2=12(x – 7) 3 3
LR (- , 1) ( - , 7)
2 2
Write the equation in standard form, given
the coordinates of the vertex, focus and LR Exercise:
a) y2 – 8x + 8 = 0 1. Find the coordinates of the F, length of LR,
2
y =8 ( x – 1) coordinates of its endpoints and the equation
of the directrix.
a) y 2=8 x
V (1 , 0)

b) x 2=−12 y
4 a=8
a=2
F (a+ h), k c) x 2 – 9 y=0
[2+ 1, 0]
2. Find the equation of the parabola with
F (3 , 0)
V(0,0) and which satisfies the given
[2 + 1, 0]
conditions:
F( 3 , 0 )
a) F (0,3)
LR = 8,
b) directrix is x – 4 = 0
Ends of LR (h+ a , k +2 a)(h+ a , k−2 a)
c) LR = 16 and parabola opens to the right
[1+ 2, 0+2.2 ][1+2 , 0−2(2)]
Ends of LR: (3 , 4),(3 ,−4 ) 3. Write the standard equation, given the
following: V (-1, -2) axis is vertical and passes
Write the equation in standard form, given thru’ (3, 6)
the coordinates of the vertex, focus and LR
b) x2 + 4x – 16y + 4 = 0 THE ELLIPSE
2 The ellipse is the locus of all points in a plane that
x + 4 x + 4=16 y
the sum of the distances from two given points in
( x +2 )2=16 y the plane, the foci, is constant
V (−2 , 0)
LR=16=4 a ; a=4
F ( h , k + a )=(−2 , 4 )
The Pythagorean Property

[yung sum ng distances ng focus 1 papuntang [sa pagkuha ng coordinates ng focus gagamitin ang
point papuntang focus 2 = constant.] formula ng Pythagorean theorem, gagamitin natin
ang triangle.]
The Standard Forms of the Equation of the Laging magkasama ang foci at major axis.
Ellipse Minor axis coordinates – equal to 2b represented by
The standard form of an ellipse centered at the 0+ n−b
origin with the major axis of length 2a along the x-
axis and a minor axis of length 2b along the y-axis,
is:
Major axis on x-axis
2 2
x y
2
+ 2 =1
a b
C (0 , 0 )
V ( ± a , 0)
F ( ± c , 0)
B ( 0 ,± b )

` Length of major 2 a
Vertex = represented as v at vprime Length of minor 2 b
Coordinated ng major axis would be a and 0 2
2b
Sa kabila naman would be –a and 0 Length of LR
a
Minor axis = represented at capital letter B
[magkakaroon ng apat na LR]
0, b and 0, -b 2
a
Directrix : D=x=±
The standard form of an ellipse centered ate the c
origin the major axis of length 2a along the y-axis
and a minor axis of length 2b along the x-axis, is: Major axis on y-axis
2 2
x y
2
+ 2 =1
b a
C (0 , 0 )
V ( 0 , ± a)
F (0 , ± c )
B ( ±b ,0 )

Length of major 2 a
Length of minor 2 b
2 2
2b a
Length of LR D : x=h ±
a c
2
a Length of major 2 a
Directrix : D= y=±
c Length of minor 2 b
2
2b
The Standard Forms of the Equation of the Length of LR
a
Ellipse [cont’d] 2
b
The standard form of an ellipse centered at any LR=h ± c , k ±
point (h , k ) with the major axis of length 2a parallel
a
to the axis and a minor axis of length 2b parallel to
c
eccentricity=
the y-axis, is: a

Major axis y-axis

12 12
x y
12
+ 12 =1
b a
( x−h ) ( y −k )2
2
+ =1
b2 a2
C (h , k )
V ( h , k ± a)

The Standard Forms of the Equation of the F ( k ,h ± c )

Ellipse [cont’d] B ( h ±b ,k )
The standard form of an ellipse centered at any Length of major 2 a
point (h , k ) with the major axis of length 2a parallel Length of minor 2 b
to the y-axis and a minor axis of length 2b parallel 2
2b
to the x-axis, is: Length of LR
a
2
b
LR=h ± , k ± c
a

Finding the General Form of the Ellipse

The general form of the ellipse is:

Major axis x-axis

12 12
x y A and C ay hindi dapat maging equal to 0 or ang
12
+ 12 =1 numerical coefficient nila ay hindi dapat maging
a b
parehas, kasi kapag naging parehas sila ang
( x−h ) ( y −k )2
2
+ =1 makukuha ay circle, parehas ang A x 2 at C y 2 ng
a2 b2 circle.
C (h , k )
V (h ± a , k ) The general form may be found by expanding the
standard form and then simplifying:
F (h ± c , k )
B (h , k ± b )
2 2
x y
+ =1
9 4

Sa standard form, madali nating naa-identify ang

center ng ellipse. The centre of the ellipse is (0, 0).
Kukunin ang LCD, 9 and 25=225. Expand yung Since the larger number occurs under the x2,
mga nasa parenthesis, divide yung 225 sa the major axis lies on the x-axis.
denominator and multiply sa numerator The length of the major axis is 6.
The length of the minor axis is 4.
Finding the Centre, Axes and Foci The coordinates of the vertices are (3, 0) and (-3,
State the coordinates of the vertices, the 0).
coordinates of the foci, and the lengths of the
major and the minor axes of the ellipse, defined by To find the coordinates of the foci, use the
each equation. Pythagorean property.
2 2 2 2 2
x y c =a −b
a) + =1
16 9 2
c =3 −2
2 2

2
c =9−4
2
c =5
The coordinates of the foci are:
(− √ 5 , 0 ) ∧ ( √ 5 , 0 )

Finding the Equation of the Ellipse with

Centre at (0, 0)
a) Find the equation of the ellipse with centre at
The center of the ellipse is (0, 0)
(0, 0), foci at (5, 0) and (-5, 0), a major axis of
Since the larger number occurs under the x 2, the
length 16 units, and a minor axis of length 8 units.
major axis lies on the x-axis.
The length of the major axis is 8 Since the foci are on the x-axis, the major
The length of the minor axis is 6 axis is the x-axis.
The coordinates of the vertices are (4, 0) and (-4, The length of the major axis is 16 so a=8.
0). The length of the minor axis id 8 so b=4.
2 2
x y
To find the coordinates of the foci, use the 2
+ 2 =1
Pythagorean property: a b
2 2
2
c =a −b
2 2 x y
2
+ 2
=1
2 2
c =4 −3
2 8 4
2 2
2
c =16−9 x y
+ =1
2
c =7 64 16
The coordinates of the foci are:
(− √ 7 , 0 ) ∧ ( √ 7 , 0 )
Standard Form
Finding the Centre, Axes, and Foci 2 2
b) 4 x 2+ 9 y 2 =36
x + 4 y =64
General form
[divide sa 36 para magequal sa 1]
2 2
x + 4 y −64=0

Finding the Equation of the Ellipse With

Centre at (0, 0)

( h−k )2 ( y−k )2
+ =1
b2 a2
( x−3 )2 ( y−2 )2
+ =1
The length of the major axis is 12 so a = 6. 52 72
The length of the minor axis is 6 so b = 3.
( x−3 )2 ( y−2 )2
x y
2 2 + =1
2
+ 2 =1 25 49
b a Standard form
2 2
x y ( x−3 )2 ( y−2 )2
2
+ 2 =1 + =1
3 6 25 49
2 2
x y
+ =1 2 2
9 36 49 ( x−3 ) + 25 ( y −2 ) =1225
49 ( x 2−6 x +9 ) +25 ( y 2−4 y +4 )=1225
2 2
49 x +294 x +441+25 y −100 y +100=1225
2 2
49 x +25 y −294 x−100 y +541=1225
2 2
Standard Form 49 x +25 y −294−100 y−684=9
2
4 x + y =36
2 General Form
2 2
General form 49 x +25 y −294−100 y−684=9
2 2
4 x + y −36=0
Finding the Equation of the Ellipse with
Finding the Equation of the Ellipse With Center at (h, k)
Centre at (h, k)
a) Find the equation for the ellipse with the centre
at (3, 2), passing through the points (8, 2), (-2,
2), (3, -5), and (3, 9).
The major axis is parallel to the y-axis and has a
length of 14 units, so a = 7.
The minor axis is parallel to the x-axis and has a
length of 10 units, so b = 5.
The centre is at (3, 2), so h = 3 and k = 2.

The major axis is parallel to the x-axis and has

length of 12 units, so a=6.
The minor axis is parallel to the y-axis and has a
length of units, so b=3.
The centre is at (-3, 2), so h=3 and k=2.
( x−h )2 ( y −k )2 a=4
+ =1 b=2
a2 b2
( x−(−3 ) )2 ( y−2 )2 2 2 2
+ =1 c =a −b
62 32 2 2 2
c =4 −2
( x+3 )2 ( y−2 )2 2
+ =1 c =16−4
36 9 2
Standard form
c =12
c= √ 12
( x+3 )2 ( y−2 )2
+ =1 c=2 √ 3
36 9
( x +3 )2 +4 ( y−2 )2=36 The centre is at (1, -1).
( x +6 x+ 9 ) + 4 ( y −4 y +4 ) =36
2 2
The major axis, parallel to the x-axis, has a length
2 2 of 8 units.
x + 6 x+ 9+4 y −16 y +16=36
2 2
The minor axis, parallel to the y-axis, has a length
x + 4 y +6 x−16 y +25=36 of 4 units.
2 2
x + 4 y +6 x−16 y −11=0 The foci are at
General Form ( 1+2 √ 3 ,−1 )∧( 1−2 √3 ,−1 )
2 2
x + 4 y +6 x−16 y −11=0
Sketching the Graph of the Ellipse [cont’d]
Analysis of the Ellipse
Find the coordinates of the centre, the length of the
major and
minor axes, and the coordinates of the foci of each
ellipse:

Analysis of the Ellipse

b) 9 x 2+ 4 y 2 −18 x + 40 y−35=0
2 2
9 x + 4 y −18 x + 40 y−35=0
Analysis of the Ellipse [cont’d] ( 9 x 2−18 x ) + ( 4 y 2+ 40 ) −35=0
a) x 2+ 4 y 2−2 x +8 y−11=0 9 ( x 2−2 x+ 1 ) +4 ( y 2+10 y +25 )=35+ 9+100
2 2
x + 4 y −2 x +8 y−11=0 2 2
9 ( x−1 ) +4 ( y +5 ) =144
( x 2−2 x ) + ( 4 y 2+ 8 y )−11=0 ( x−1 )2 ( y +5 )2
+ =1
( x 2−2 x+ 1 ) +4 ( y 2+ 2 y +1 ) =11+1+ 4 16 36
( x−1 )2 +4 ( y +1 )2=16 Since the larger number occurs under the y2, the
major axis is parallel to the y-axis.
( x−1 )2 ( y +1 )2 h=1
+ =1
16 4 k =−5
Since the larger number occurs under the x2, the
a=6
major axis is parallel to the x-axis.
h=1 b=4
k =−1
√
2 2 2
c =a −b 16−( x−1 )
2

2 2 2 y +1=±
c =6 −4 4

√
2
c =36−16 16−( x−1 )
2
2
c =20 y=± −1
4
c= √ 20
c=2 √ 5 General Effects of the Parameters A and C
The centre is at (1, -5). When A ≠ C, and A x C > 0, the resulting
The major axis, parallel to the y-axis, has a length conic is an ellipse.
of 12 units. If | A | > | C |, it is a vertical ellipse.
The minor axis, parallel to the x-axis, has a length
of 8 units.
The foci are at:
( 1 ,−5+ 2 √ 5 ) ∧( 1 ,−5−25 √5 )
Sketching the Graph of the Ellipse [cont’d]

If | A | < | C |, it is a horizontal ellipse.

Graphing an Ellipse Using a Graphing

Calculator
The closer in value A is to C, the closer the ellipse is
to a circle.

HYPERBOLA
This section aims to:
Sketch the graph of hyperbola with equation in
standard form
Familiarize with the standard equations of
hyperbola with C(h, k)

What is Hyperbola?
It is a set of all points such that the difference of
( x−1 )2 ( y +1 )2 each of the set from two fixed points (foci) in the
+ =1 plane is constant.
16 4
( x−1 )2 +4 ( y +1 )2=16
2 2
4 ( y +1 ) =16−( x−1 )
2
@ 16−( x−1 )
( y +1 ) =
4
b
y=± x
a

2 2
y x
2
− 2 =1
a b
a
y=± x
b

If a =b hyperbola is said to be equilateral because

Hyperbola consists of two open branches its axes are equal or rectangular because the
The points V '(−a , 0) and V (a ,0) are the vertices asymptotes intersect ate right angles
Segment V ' V are the transverse axis
Segment B' (0 ,−b) and B(0 , b) are conjugate axis
Eccentricity ( ca )
= the angle of intersection of the

Center is the intersection of the axes asymptotes and the shape of hyperbola depends
Latus rectum is the chord drawn a focus and on the value of e
perpendicular to the transverse axes. Example:
Sketch the curve 36 x 2−64 y 2 =2304 ÷ 2304
2 2
x y
− =1
64 36
a=8
b=6
c= √ a + b
2 2

TA=( ± 8 ,0 )
Foci=( ± 10 ,0 )

( )
2
b
Coordinates of LR ± c ,±
a

x
2

2
2
y
− 2 =¿ if foci are on the x-axis at F ' (−c , 0 ) and
(± 10 , 3610 )
a b 6 3
Asymptotes: y=± x∨± x
F ( c , 0) 8 4
2 2
y x
2
− 2 = 1 if foci ate on the y-axis at F ' (0 ,−c) and
a b
F (0 , c)
Vertices are at V ' (0 ,−a) and V (0 ,a)

The generalized equations of hyperbolas with axes

parallel to the Asymptotes: coordinate axes and
centers are at (h , k )
( x−h )2 ( y−k )2
− =1
a2 b2
( y−k )2 ( x−h )2 Reduce the equation 12 y 2−4 x 2 +72 y +16 x+ 44=0
− =1
a2 b2 into the standard form
For 12 ( y 2+ 6 y )−4 ( x 2−4 x )=−44
2 2
x y 12 ( y 2+ 6 y=9 )−4 ( x 2−4 y+ 4 )=−44+108−16
2
− 2 =1
a b 2 @
12 ( y+ 3 ) −4 ( x−2 ) =48
( y−3 )2 ( x−2 )2 2
lim ( 4−x )=lim (4−x )=3
2
− =1 x →1 x →1
4 12
a=2 1. lim c =c
b=12=2 √ 3 x→a
c=any real number
c= √ a + b2= √ 4 +12= √ 16=4
2

2. lim x=a
center ( 2 ,−3 ) x→ a

TA=( h , k ± a )=( 2 ,−3± 2 ) a=any real number

CA=( h ± b , k )=( 2 ± 2 √3 ,−3 ) 3. lim c f ( x )=c lim f ( x )
x→ a x→ a
Foci=( h , k ± c )=( 2 ,−3 ± 4 ) 4. lim [ f ( x ) + g ( x ) ] =lim f ( x ) + lim g ( x )

( )
2 x →a x→a x →a
b
coordinates of LR : h ± , k ±c 5. lim [ f ( x ) × g ( x ) ] =lim f ( x ) × lim g ( x )
a x→a x →a x→ a

(2 ± ba ,−3 ± 4 )
2
lim f ( x )
f (x ) x→ a
6. lim =
x→ a g( x ) lim g (x)
( 12
2 ± ,−3 ± 4
2 ) 7. lim √ f (x)= n lim f ( x)
x→a
n
x →a

√ x →a
( 2 ±6 ,−3 ± 4 )
n=any positive integer ∧f ( x ) >0 if n is even
y−k x−h
asymptotes : ± =0
[ ]
n n
a b 8. lim [ f ( x ) ] = lim f ( x )
x→ a x→a

Examples:
a . lim ( x 2+3 x +4 )=lim x 2+ lim 3 x +lim 4
x →2 x→2 x→ 2 x→ 2

[ 2
¿ lim x +3 lim x +4
x→ 2 ] x→ 2
2
¿ [ 2 ] +3 ( 2 ) + 4
¿ 14

b . lim (x +4) √ 2 x +5=lim ( x+ 4)lim √ 2 x+ 4

x →2 x→ 2 x →2
LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES
 Calculus is a branch of Mathematics which ¿ lim x+ lim 4 lim 2 x+ lim 5
x →2 x→2
√ x→2 x→2
started to develop in the 17th century. The word
Calculus is derived from the Latin word for stone ¿ 2+4 √ 2 ( 2 ) +5
or pebble. ¿ ( 2+ 4 ) ×3
 Sir Isaac Newton and Wilhelm Leibniz created ¿ 6 ×3
calculus independently of each other and ¿ 18
amazingly at about the same time.
[ ]
2 2
 Today calculus has many applications especially c . lim ( 3 x+ 4 ) = lim ( 3 x +4 )
x→3 x→ 3
in the field of Mathematics.
[ ]
2
 Outline of presentation: ¿ lim 3 x +lim 4
x→ 3 x→ 3
 to understand the concept or idea of limit
[ ]
2
 to be to evaluate the limits of functions ¿ 3 lim x +lim 4
x→3 x→ 3
efficiently. 2
¿ [ 3 ( 3 ) +4 ]
Theorems on Limits: ¿ 169
lim f (x )
x →a
Indeterminate forms – consider the function
Examples:
defined by
N (x) 3 6
f ( x )= lim 4 + − 3
D(x) x →∞ x x
¿
D ( x )≠ 0 5 3
2+ 2 + 3
Suppose at x=a , N =( a)=D(a)=0 x x
N ( a) 0 4+ 0+0
f ( a )= = (undefined) ¿ =2
D ( a) 0 2+0+ 0

Differentiation of Algebraic Functions

Limit at Infinity
The symbol Δ represents any change in a variable
Consider the function f(x)=1/x. It can be shown that
quantity
1/x approaches a finite limit as x increases without
• symbol Δ (read “delta”)
bound.
• to denote a change or increment
1
→0 as x → ∞ y=f ( x )
x
1 y + ∆ y=f ( x )
lim =0 y + ∆ y=f ( x +∆ x )
x →0 x
∆ y =f ( x +∆ x )− y
Example: Since y =f ( x )
a . lim
x→∞ x
1
3
=lim
1 1 1
x→ ∞ x
× ×
x x( ) ∆ y =f ( x +∆ x )−f ( y )

1 1 1 Derivative of a Function:
¿ lim × lim × lim
x→ ∞ x x→ ∞ x x→ ∞ x Recall:
¿0 ∆ y f ( x+ ∆ x )−f ( x )
=
∆x ∆x
4 1 f ( x + ∆ x ) −f ( x )
b . lim 2
=4 lim 2 ¿ lim
x→∞ x x→∞ x x→ 0 ∆x
¿ 4 lim ×
x→∞ x
(
1 1
x ) Definition: The derivative of a function f given by

1 1 y=f (x ) with respect to x at any x in its domain is

¿ 4 lim × lim the number
x→∞ x x→∞ x
dy ∆y f ( x+ ∆ x )−f ( x )
¿0 =lim ¿ =lim
dx x → ∞ ∆ x x → ∞ ∆x
N (x)
A function f(x) = may assume the Example:
D( x ) Find the derivative of x 2
∞
indeterminate form when x is replaced by ∞. Since y=x 2
∞ 2
However, the limit of f(x) as x becomes indefinite y + Δ y=( y+ Δ y )=( x+ Δ x )
2 2
may be definite. Δ y=( x+ Δ x ) – x
lim ∆ y
Example: dy x →0
=
lim 4 x +3 x −6
3 2 dx ∆x
Evaluate x →∞
¿ lim ¿ ¿
2 x 3 +5 x +3 x→ 0
2
3 2
lim 4 x +3 x −6 ¿ lim x +2 xΔx+¿ ¿
x→ 0
x →∞
¿ 3 ¿ lim 2 xΔx+ ¿ ¿
2 x + 5 x +3 x→ 0

lim Δx (2 x + Δx)
¿ x→0
Δx
¿ lim (2 x+ Δx) d du dv
x→ 0 = +
dx ( u+ v ) dx dx
¿ 2 x+ 0
Let y=u+ v
¿2 x
y + Δy=(u+ Δu)+(v + Δv)
RULES FOR DIFFERENTIATION Δy=(u+ Δu)+(v + Δv)– (u+ v)
d lim ∆ y
1. (C)=0 (chain rule) dy ∆ x →0
dx =
dx ∆x
d
2. (x )=1 (identity rule) lim ( u+∆ u )+ ( v +∆ v )−( u+ v )
dx ∆x →0
¿
d du ∆x
3. (cu)=c
dx dx lim ∆ u+ ∆ v
∆x →0
d du dv ¿
4. (u+v )= + (sum rule) ∆x
dx dx dx
lim ∆ u lim ∆ v
d dv du
5. (uv )=u + v (product rule) ¿
∆x →0
+
∆x →0
dx dx dx ∆x ∆x
du dy du dv
−u ¿ +
d u dx dx (quotient rule) dx dx
6. ( )=v
ds v v
2
dy d
Since = ( y )and y=u+ v ,
d n−1 du dx dx
7. ¿) = nu (The Power Rule)
dx dx d du dv
Then ( u+ v )= +
du du dx dx dx
d dx dx
8. ( √ u)= = d du du
dx 2 √u 2 √u Proof of D5: (uv) = u +v
d 1 −n du dx dx dx
9. ( n )= n+1 Let y=uv
dx u u dx
y + Δy=(u+ Δv)(v+ Δv)
Proving: Δ y=(u+ Δu)(v + Δv)– uv
dy du lim Δy
dy ∆ x → 0
= (cu)=c
dx dx dx ¿ Δx
Let y=cu
lim ( u+∆ u )( v+ ∆ v )−uv
y + Δy=c (u+ Δu) ∆x →0
¿
Δy=c (u+ Δu)– cu ∆x
dy ∆lim Δy ∆v ∆u ∆u
x→0 = lim (u × +v× + ∆ v)
dx ¿ Δx ∆ x→ 0 ∆x ∆x ∆x
lim ∆ v lim ∆ u
lim c (u+ ∆ u )−cu ∆x →0 ∆ u ∆x →0 lim ∆ v
∆x →0 ¿ + lim v × + ∆ x→ 0
¿ ∆x ∆ x →0 ∆x ∆x
∆x dv du du
lim c ∆ u ¿u× +v × + × 0
∆x →0 dx dx dx
¿
∆x du du
¿ u × +v ×
lim ∆ u dx dx
∆x →0 Since:
¿
∆x dy d
d du = ( y )and y=uv ,
( cu )=c dx dx
dx dx d dv du
( uv )=u + v
dx dx dx
Proof of D4:
Examples:
dy u v
1. Find if y=x 3−4 x 2 +5
dx dy d d
¿ ( 2 x+1 )3 ( 4 x−1 )2 + ( 4 x−1 )2 ( 2 x+1 )3 ( 2)
dy d 3 2
dx dx dx
= (x −4 x +5) 3 2 2
dx dx ¿ ( 2 x+1 ) ×2(4 x – 1)(4)+ ( 4 x – 1 ) × 3 ( 2 x +1 ) (2)
d 3 d 2 d 2
¿ 2 ( 2 x +1 ) (4 x – 1)¿
= (x )+ (−4 x )+ (5)
dx dx dx 2
2
¿ 2 ( 2 x +1 ) (4 x – 1)[8 x+ 4 +12 x−3 ]
= 3 x – 4 × 2 x +0 2
¿ 2 ( 2 x +1 ) (4 x – 1)[20 x+ 1]
= 3 x2 – 8 x

dy
. If y = √ 3 x+2 , find dx
dy 1 d
= (3 x +2) 1/2 -1 (3 x +2)
dx 2 dx
1
= (3 x +2) -1/2(3+0)
2
3
=
2¿ ¿
3
=
2 √ 3 x+ 2
Another solution:
y = √ 3 x+2
d
dy (3 x+ 2)
= dx
dx
2 √ 3 x +2
3
=
2 √ 3 x+ 2

dy 4
3. Find if y =
dx ¿¿
a. y=¿
4
¿¿
dy
= ¿¿
dx
= ¿¿
= −24 ¿ ¿

=
−24
¿¿
4 = −3
b. y = 4 ( 2 x +1 )
¿¿
dy d
=4 ( 2 x+1 )−3
dx dx
−3−1
¿ 4 × (−3 ) ( 2 x+1 ) (2 x +1)
= −12 ( 2 x +1 )−4 (2)

=
−24
¿¿

dy
4. Find if y= ( 2 x +1 )3 ( 4 x – 1 )2
dx