HIST 101/NGEC 2 SEMIFINAL COVERAGE

Cultural Heritage is an expression of the ways of living developed by a

community and passed on from generation to generation, including customs,
practices, places, objects, artistic expressions and values.

Natural Heritage – Environment  Natural Landscape  Landforms  Coastal and

Inland Water Sources – Flora and Fauna  Terrestrial  Marine

Man-made Built Heritage – Cultural Landscape – Archaeological Sites – Historic

Urban Sites / Heritage Groups – Monuments, Buildings or Structures

Tubbataha Reefs It was the first-ever national marine park to be declared in the
country after it was established in 1988.

Mount Hamiguitan Range Wildlife Sanctuary The property showcases

terrestrial and aquatic habitats at different elevations, and includes threatened and
endemic flora and fauna species, eight of which are found only at Mount
Hamiguitan. These include critically endangered trees, plants and the iconic
Philippine eagle and Philippine cockatoo.

Mayon Volcano Philippines Beautifully symmetrical Mayon volcano, which rises to

2462 m above the Albay Gulf, is the Philippines' most active volcano.

Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park features a spectacular

limestone landscape with its underground river.

San Agustin Church the oldest stone church in the Philippines, the only one that
remains as the original evidence of the 16th century Spanish architecture.

Nuestra Señora de la Asuncion Church It is the only church in the Philippines

exuding the ambience of a Mediterranean hill town with its convent built parallel to
the church façade and its bell tower detached from the main church.

Church of San Agustin is one of the most outstanding variants of “earthquake

baroque” in the Philippines, where the primary consideration was to design the
structure for earthquake protection.

Miag-ao Church It served as a fortress against raids of marauding Moro pirates.

The church is amazingly beautiful because of its two asymmetric pyramidal towers
and its finely sculptured, yellow sandstone façade.

Historic Town of Vigan Its architecture reflects the fusion of cultural elements
from the Philippines, China and Europe, resulting in a culture and townscape that
has no parallel anywhere in East and Southeast Asia.

Rice Terraces Known as the “eight wonder of the world,” were carved with only
simple tools and bare hands. They are fed by an ancient irrigation system, an
ingenious complex of bamboo pipes and canals, drawing water from streams
created by bubbling springs located in the mountain rainforests. Considered as a
monument to man’s genius in turning a rugged and forbidding terrain into a source
of sustenance, the rice terraces stand to be the most awe-inspiring man-made
landscape in the Cordilleras. They are also invariably called “The Stairway to the
Sky.”

Magellan’s Cross It is believed to be a Christian cross planted by the Portuguese

and Spanish explorers headed by Ferdinand Magellan. It was planted upon their
arrival in Cebu on March 15, 1521. That day also marked the birth of Christianity in
the land.

Rizal Park Still widely known as 'Luneta' (its name until the 1950s), Manila’s
iconic central park is spread out over some 60 hectares of open lawns, ornamental
gardens, ponds, paved walks and wooded areas, dotted with monuments to a whole
pantheon of Filipino heroes.
Hudhud Chants of the Ifugao consists of narrative chants traditionally performed
by the Ifugao community, which is well known for its rice terraces extending over
the highlands of the northern island of the Philippine archipelago. It is practised
during the rice sowing season, at harvest time and at funeral wakes and rituals.

Darangen epic of the Maranao is an ancient epic song that encompasses a

wealth of knowledge of the Maranao people who live in the Lake Lanao region of
Mindanao. It has been largely transmitted orally, parts of the epic have been
recorded in manuscripts using an ancient writing system based on the Arabic script.

1. JOSE RIZAL (1861-1892) José Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda was
born on June 19, 1861, in Calamba, Philippines. NOLI ME TANGERE and EL
FILIBUSTERISMO

2. ANDRES BONIFACIO (1863-1897) He founded the secret society,

Katipunan, on July 7, 1892, to fight Spain.

3. EMILIO AGUINALDO (1899-1964) He officially proclaimed the Philippine

Independence in Malolos, Bulacan, on January 23, 1899, with him as the first
President. It was the first Republic in Asia. Born in Kawit, Cavite, on March 22, 1869.

4. APOLINARIO MABINI (1864-1903) Sublime paralytic and the brain of the

revolution. Born in Talaga, Tanauan, Batangas, on June 22, 1864. He joined La Liga
Filipina in 1892 and Aguinaldo's revolutionary government from June 1898 to May
1899

5. MARCELO H. DEL PILAR (1850- 1896) Political analyst of the Filipino colony in
Spain. Born in Kupang, Bulacan, Bulacan, on August 30, 1850. In 1882, he founded
the nationalistic newspaper, Diariong Tagalog. In December 1889, he became the
editor of La Solidaridad.

6. JUAN LUNA (1857-1899) A genius of the brush and a patriot of the highest
order. Creator of the world-famous painting, SPOLARIUM, which was awarded the
gold medal in the Exposicion Nacional de Bellas Artes in Madrid in 1884. It is also
known as the greatest painting of all times. Born in Badoc, Ilocos, Norte, on October
23, 1857.

7. MELCHORA AQUINO (1812- 1919) Better known as Tandang Sora. Born in

Banlat, Kalookan City, on January 6, 1812. She helped the Katipuneros under the
leadership of Andres Bonifacio by providing them food, shelter, and other material
goods. She is recognized as the Grand Woman of the revolution.

8. GABRIELA SILANG (1731 – 1763) Filipino revolutionary leader best known as

the first female leader of a Filipino movement for independence from Spain.

9. LAPU-LAPU (1521) Known to be the first Filipino hero who fought and won
against the Spanish colonization yet just like many other Filipino heroes who fought
vigorously for our freedom, he is given a little regard.

10. EMILIO JACINTO (1875-1899) Brain of the Katipunan. Born in Trozo, Manila,
on December 15, 1875. He joined the Katipunan in 1894 and became Bonifacio's
trusted friend and adviser. He wrote the Kartilya ng Katipunan, the primer of the
Katipunan which embodied the teachings of the organization. He founded and
edited the Katipunan newspaper, Kalayaan, whose first issue came out in January
1896.

14. Chief Justice Jose Abad Santos Born on the 19th day of February, 1886 in San
Fernando, Pampanga, Philippines. Considered the greatest Filipino hero of World
War II. He was among the greatest legal luminaries of the Philippines.

EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS Pre-Colonial Philippines • In pre-colonial Visayan

communities, the babaylan (or the catalonan in Tagalog) served as educators.
Children also received their education from their parents on matters such as the
household and hunting. • In most communities, stories, songs, poetry, dances,
medicinal practices and advice regarding all sorts of community life issues were
passed from generation to generation mostly through oral tradition. • Some
communities utilized a writing system known as baybayin, whose use was wide and
varied, though there are other syllabaries used throughout the archipelago.

Spanish Colonization • During Spanish colonization, the educational system was

formalized, although it remained exclusive to children of Spanish officers, at first,
and then, eventually, to rich mestizos • The schools were run by religious orders,
such as the Franciscans, Dominicans, Augustinians and Jesuits. • The boys went to
colegios, while the girls went to their beaterios or a finishing school for womanhood.

Oldest higher education institutions established during this era:

 Colegio de San Ignacio- first college schools for boys
 Colegio de San Ildefonso- established in Cebu in 1595
 Escuala Pia- renamed Ateneo Municipal, and then Ateneo de Manila Univeristy
(1589)
 University of Santo Tomas (1611)
 Colegio de Santa Potenciana (1589)- first school and college for girls

American Period • The Americans used to introduce the American ideals and
culture. • The United States introduced the public-school system, especially through
600 American teachers abroad the USS Thomas, in 1901. Known as the Thomasites,
they would teach young Filipinos the English Language and with it, the American
culture.

Colleges built during the American Period: Philippine Normal School (1901) • St.
Paul University (1904) • • Zamboanga Normal School (1904) • • University of
Manila (1914) • • Philippine Women's University (1919) Far Eastern University
(1933) • • Far Eastern University (1933)

THESE ARE THE HISTORY OF SCHOOLS

UNIVERSITY OF SAN CARLOS ◈ University of San Carlos is one of the biggest

universities in Cebu City. USC was first known as the Colegio- Seminario de San
Carlos founded by Bishop Mateo Joaquin de Arevalo and began to function as a
university in 1867 though some sources claim that its origin can be traced back as
early as 1559 with the foundation of the Jesuit school, Colegio de San Ildefonso.

UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS ◈ University of Santo Tomas is a Catholic

university founded in 1611 as the Colegio de Nuestra Señora del Santisimo Rosario
with its original campus built in Intramuros.

Colegio de San Juan de Letran ◈ Colegio de San Juan de Letran traces its history
from two schools: Colegio de Niños Huerfanos de San Juan de Letran founded by
Don Geronimo Guerrero in 1620 and Colegio de Huerfanos de San Pedro y San
Pablo established by Brother Diego de Santa Maria. Serving the same purpose and
vision, the two schools were merged in 1630.

Santa Isabel College of Manila ◈ Santa Isabel College of Manila is one of the
oldest existing colleges in the country starting in 1632 as the all-girls school Real
Colegio de Santa Isabel.

. Sta. Catalina College ◈ Sta. Catalina College was founded in 1706 as Colegio de
Santa Catalina yet the school's origin can be dated as early as 1969 with the
establishment of Beaterio de Santa Catalina, a convent for Spanish women.

Religious Groups in the Philippines: • Roman Catholicism • Protestant

Christianity, such as the Baptist Islam • Iglesia ni Cristo • Buddhism • Indigenous
beliefs

Pre-Colonial Philippines • Pre-colonial Tagalog societies believed in Bathala,

who created the earth and man and was superior to other gods, spirits, and
creatures that guaranteed nature • In Visayan societies, the babaylan were spirit
mediums. From the words babaye lang (women only), tha babaylan were usually
women, and men had to dress up as women in order to invoke the gods and
proceed with the rituals.

Christianity and Islam

In 1350, Islam started spreading northward from Indonesia to the Philippines •
Before Miguel Lopez de Legazpi arrived in 1565, Islam already firmly established in
Mindanao and Sulu, with Islamic communities in Cebu and Manila

When the Spanish arrived in the sixteenth century, the Christianization process
started • The Muslims in Mindanao and Sulu were not dominated by the Spaniards,
who made trade treaties with them instead • The Spanish Crown assigned five
religious orders to Christianize the natives: Augustinians, Franciscans, Jesuits,
Dominicans, and the Recollects.

Reducciones were measured by bajo de la campana, or “under the bell” which

means rounding up the natives in settlements near the church for their conversion

 30. 30 American Period • The Americans focused on strengthening mass

education • Most of the American teachers, however, were Protestants.

 Gregorio Aglipay was appointed to organize a nationalized church and thus became
the first leader of the Iglesia Filipina Independiente (commonly known as Aglipayan)
• In the twentieth century, 25 to 33 percent of the population was Aglipayan.

 In 1914, Felix Ysagun Manalo founded the Iglesia ni Cristo (INC). He was said to be
"restorer of Church of Christ, and the God's last messenger" and founded other
religions like Seventh-Day Adventist, Jehovah's Witnesses, and the Rizalist, who
considered Noli me tangere as the Old Testament and the El filibusterismo as the
New Testament.

PHILIPPINE AMERICAN WAR

• After its defeat in the Spanish-American War of 1898, Spain ceded its
longstanding colony of the Philippines to the United States in the Treaty of Paris. On
February 4, 1899, just two days before the U.S. Senate ratified the treaty, fighting
broke out between American forces and Filipino nationalists led by Emilio Aguinaldo
who sought independence rather than a change in colonial rulers. The ensuing
Philippine-American War lasted three years and resulted in the death of over 4,200
American and over 20,000 Filipino combatants. As many as 200,000 Filipino
civilians died from violence, famine, and disease.

The First shots of the War • Sources generally agree that the first shots were
fired by Private William Walter Grayson, there had been incidents on and around the
San Juan Bridge, located just to the east of their encampment area.

The Battle of Olongapo • The Battle of Olongapo was fought September 18–23,
1899, during the Philippine–American War. The battle featured both land and sea
fighting, of which the objective was the destruction of the single Filipino artillery
gun in Olongapo, a menace to American ships crossing the nearby sea.

The Balangiga Massacre • The Balangiga massacre was an incident in 1901 in

the town of the same name during the Philippine–American War. It initially referred
to the killing of about 48 members of the US 9th Infantry by the townspeople
allegedly augmented by guerrillas in the town of Balangiga on Samar Island during
an attack on September 28 of that year. This incident was described as the United
States Army's worst defeat since the Battle of the Little Bighorn in 1876. Filipinos
regard the attack as one of their bravest acts in the war.

General Antonio Luna • Regarded as one of the fiercest generals of his time, he
succeeded Artemio Ricarte as Chief of Staff of the Armed Forces of the Philippines.
He sought to apply his background in military science to the fledgling army. A
sharpshooter himself, he organized professional guerrilla soldiers later to be known
as the "Luna Sharpshooters" and the "Black Guard". His three-tier defense, now
known as the Luna Defense Line, gave the American troops a hard campaign in the
provinces north of Manila. This defense line culminated in the creation of a military
base in the Cordillera.

The Battle of Tirad Pass • The Battle of Tirad Pass, sometimes referred to as the
"Philippine Thermopylae", was a battle in the Philippine-American War fought on
December 2, 1899, in northern Luzon in the Philippines, in which a 60-man Filipino
rear guard commanded by Brigadier General Gregorio del Pilar succumbed to over
500 Americans, mostly of the 33rd Volunteer Infantry Regiment under Major Peyton
C. March, while delaying the American advance to ensure that President Emilio
Aguinaldo and his troops escaped.

Gregorio Del Pilar • Gregorio Hilario del Pilar y Sempio (November 14, 1875 –
December 2, 1899) was one of the youngest generals in the Philippine
Revolutionary Forces during the Philippine Revolution and the Philippine–American
War. He is most known for his successful assault on the Spanish barracks of
Cazadores in the municipality of Paombong, his victory on the first phase Battle of
Quingua and his last stand at the Battle of Tirad Pass. during the Philippine-
American war. Because of his youth, he became known as the "Boy General".

The Palanan Incident • On March 23, 1901, General Emilio Aguinaldo was
captured by the American forces led by General Frederick Funston with the help of
Macabebe Scouts, in Palanan, Isabela. Funston disguised the Macabebe scouts as
Aguinaldo’s reinforcement with several American Soldiers were the “Prisoners”.

The peace treaties between the Philippine government and Muslim

Filipinos include:

 1976 Tripoli Agreement - An agreement between the Government of the Republic of

the Philippines (GRP) and the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)

 1996 Final Peace Agreement - Also known as the Jakarta Accord, this agreement
was signed to complete the implementation of the 1976 Tripoli Agreement

 1997 Interim Truce - A truce with the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF)

 2012 Framework Agreement on the Bangsamoro - This agreement announced the

establishment of the Bangsamoro to replace the Autonomous Region in Muslim
Mindanao (ARMM)

 2014 Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro - This agreement was

signed as part of the Aquino Administration's efforts to end the peace process
deadlock

 2019 Bangsamoro Organic Law - This law was passed and the Bangsamoro
transition period began from 2019–2025

Nur Misuari is a Moro Filipino revolutionary and politician, founder and leader of the Moro
National Liberation Front (MNLF).

Al Haj Murad Ebrahim is a Moro Filipino politician and former rebel leader and
former founder of Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF), currently serving as the
first chief minister of the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao.

Colegio de San Ignacio- first college schools for boys

• Colegio de San Ildefonso- established in Cebu in 1595
• Escuala Pia- renamed Ateneo Municipal, and then Ateneo de Manila
Univeristy (1589)
• University of Santo Tomas (1611)
• Colegio de Santa Potenciana (1589)- first school and college for girls
Colegio de San Ignacio- first college schools for boys
• Colegio de San Ildefonso- established in Cebu in 1595
• Escuala Pia- renamed Ateneo Municipal, and then Ateneo de Manila
Univeristy (1589)
• University of Santo Tomas (1611)
• Colegio de Santa Potenciana (1589)- first school and college for girls