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1.design Guide For Roadside Signs Manual (PDF, 4.8 MB)

Design Guide for Roadside Signs was prepared by Traffic Engineering and Road Safety Branch Traffic and Road Use Management Division. Every effort has been made to ensure that the information contained in this Guide is correct at the time of printing. The standards used for wind loadings apply only to Roadside Signs which can collapse without damage to pedestrians or other parties. Design charts and tables should not be used in isolation from the design restraints and text of the Guide.

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100% found this document useful (3 votes)

732 views113 pages

1.design Guide For Roadside Signs Manual (PDF, 4.8 MB)

Uploaded by

RayGaint

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Prepared by: Traffic Engineering & Road Safety Branch Traffic & Road Use Management Division

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Edition 1, Rev. 1, February 2001 Registration Number: 80.255

Issued by the Department of Main Roads Traffic & Road Use Management Division

For document control enquiries contact:

Document Control Officer Project Management Services Division PO Box 975 Spring Hill Qld 4004 Phone: (07) 3834 2035 Facsimile: (07) 3834 2899 Traffic & Road Use Management Division GPO Box 1412 Brisbane Qld 4001 Phone: (07) 3834 2443 Facsimile: (07) 3834 2201

For document content enquiries contact:

Issue: February 2001

The State of Queensland Department of Main Roads, 2001 Users of this Guide are reminded that Copyright in this Guide subsists with the Queensland Department of Main Roads, and should note that except where the Copyright Act allows and except where provided for below, this Guide may not be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system in any form or transmitted by any means without prior permission in writing from the Department of Main Roads. Every effort has been made to ensure that the information contained in this Guide is correct at the time of printing. Due to continual developments in new standards and best practice, users should ensure that the information is up to date before it is applied. Errors or suggestions for change should be reported using the Document Content Change Control Form. Suggestions for the inclusion of new information are particularly welcome. The standards used for wind loadings apply only to roadside signs which can collapse without damage to pedestrians or other parties. Design charts and tables should not be used in isolation from the design restraints and text of the Guide. Reproduction of single design charts is considered to be a serious matter as this is a total package where the designer is required to assess the risk level appropriate to the site conditions.

Traffic & Road Use Management Division Queensland Department of Main Roads GPO Box 1412 Brisbane QLD 4001

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Issue: February 2001

iii

Guide Registration Instructions for Design Guide for Roadside Signs

ORIGINAL HOLDER
Please acknowledge receipt of this Guide by photocopying, completing and forwarding the Holder Details Form. Queensland Department of Main Roads and Queensland Transport holders should note that, for document control purposes, this Guide should be registered to a position, not an individual.

SUBSEQUENT HOLDER(S)
Subsequent holders should advise the Document Control Officer as soon as the Guide is obtained. The Holder Details Form should be returned with updated holder details.

CHANGE OF ADDRESS
Should a Guide holder change address, please forward an updated Holder Details Form to the Document Control Officer.

CHANGE OF POSITION
Should a Guide holder change position and no longer require this Guide, it should be left for the person filling the subsequent vacancy. If continued reference to this document is required (in the original holders new position), please forward a Holder Details Form to the Document Control Officer.

AMENDMENTS
Advice of future amendments will be forwarded according to the distribution register held by the Document Control Officer. Holders who fail to register will loose the benefits of awareness of current best practice. Prompt notification of change of address will ensure that users are advised of amendments as they are issued.

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Registration

Issue: February 2001

Design Guide for Roadside Signs HOLDER DETAILS FORM

Photocopy, complete and return to Document Control Officer to be informed of any updates or to request modification to Guide content.

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Post

Enquiries
Telephone: (07) 3834 2035 Facsimile: (07) 3834 2899

Attention: Document Control Officer Project Management Services 2nd Floor 1 Dickens St, SPRING HILL

Department of Main Roads Project Management Services PO Box 975 SPRING HILL, QLD 4004

Document Details:
Design Guide for Roadside Signs Title: .........................................................................................................................................................
Registration Number: 80.255 Copy Number: ................................................
(The copy number allocated to your Guide will be sent to you when you return this form)

Holder Details:
Surname (Mr/Mrs/Miss/Ms): ................................................Given Name: ..................................... Mailing Address:.....................................................................................................................................
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Personally held Held by Organisation, Association etc. (eg library)

(Note: Internal holders should register this Guide to a position) Position Name:................................................................. Division/District: ............................................................... Branch/Section: ............................................................... District Number: ...............................................................

Organisation Name: ........................................................ ........................................................................................ Position Name:................................................................ Division/District: .............................................................. Branch/Section: .............................................................. ........................................................................................

Request for Modification to Guide Content: ............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................................................

Please attach further information (if required)

Review (by Traffic Engineering & Road Safety Branch) Comment/Action: .................................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................................................... Holder advised: ..................................................................................................................................................... Signature .............................................................. Date .....................................................................

Registration

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Issue: February 2001

Traffic Engineering Section Traffic & Road Use Management Division

The Traffic Engineering Section of Traffic & Road Use Management Division develops and provides appropriate guidance in relation to traffic engineering standards in Queensland. It also provides technical support, training and a diverse traffic engineering consultancy service. Following the commercialisation of the Traffic & Road Use Management Division of Main Roads, these services are provided on a full commercial basis to both the public and private sectors. Major functions include: the provision of full traffic engineering services including traffic studies and impact assessment, design of sign and pavement marking layout for design schemes, development and support of traffic management systems. investigation of matters relating to traffic control devices and traffic operations in conjunction with other research organisations such as Australian Road Research Board, AUSTROADS and other State Road Authorities. research and develop standards and guidelines to increase safety of all road users through investigations of speed zoning, roadside hazards, road geometry, intersection treatments and information systems. monitoring and evaluation of traffic safety programmes and standards. liaison within the Department of Main Roads in Queensland, Local Governments, Government Departments and the private sector. Accredited training can be provided in a number of areas including: Roadworks signing Introductory level traffic engineering Pavement marking. The Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices, Guide to Pavement Markings, Design Guide for Roadside Signs and the Traffic Engineering Manual are some of the more well known publications developed by the Traffic Engineering Section. Further information on the capabilities of Traffic Engineering Section may be obtained by contacting the Principal Engineer (Traffic).

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Traffic Engineering Section

Issue: February 2001

This page is purposely left blank

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Issue: February 2001

vii

Preface
This edition of the guide, Edition 1, Revision 1, Design Guide or Roadside Signs (2001) replaces all previous issues. Sign Design On-Line (Release 2) has been superseded by a new computer design aid called TraSiS (Traffic Sign Structures) version 2.0. This new software programme further simplifies the support design task. For further details, refer to Appendix A. Principal variations: The principal variations from the original Design Guide for Roadside Signs are as follows: 1. Additional sign details Additional sign details have been catered for in this guide and include the following: (i) Truss Supports Truss supports have been developed from the prototypes first erected by Gympie District. These trusses have been further rationalised and bracing developed to accommodate larger signs. (ii) Wind Regions The Guide now includes Regions A, B, C and D to cater for all of the Australian Standard wind regions. All details for RHS/CHS posts such as stiffener/bolt connection, stiffener spacings, connector straps and rivets are satisfactory for Region D. (iii) Catering for Larger Signs The Guide now caters for signs up to 7.5m wide, 8m high and 40m in area. There are now 3 tables for each wind region, refer to Appendix B, with one table dedicated to the smaller signs (<10m) and one dedicated to larger signs (10 to 40m), which includes truss supports. Standard Drawings SD 1366 and SD 1367, Appendix D, detail the manufacturing requirements for trusses. (iv) Modular Sign Panels Modular Sign panels have been included in the Guide. A sketch and details of construction are shown in Section 5. (v) Plank Board Signs Plank boards are a smaller version of the modular system where the stiffener is built into the extruded aluminium plank. Section 5 outlines the design and erection advantages of this system. Trial plank boards have been erected in Metropolitan South and North Districts. (vi) Breakaway Details Breakaway support details have been standardised for CHS and RHS supports and are detailed on Standard Drawing SD 1365, Appendix D. (vii) Single Support Slip Base A slip base for single supports has been provided. Details are on Standard Drawing SD 1368, Appendix D. 2. New Appendix A TraSiS Details.
Preface

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

viii

Issue: February 2001

Version History: First Issue Second Issue Third Issue Fourth Issue Draft Edition A, Rev 0, June 1996 Design Guide for Road Signs. Draft Edition A, Rev 1, June 1996 Design Guide for Roadside Signs. Edition 1, Rev 0, Design Guide for Roadside Signs (2000). Edition 1, Rev 1, Design Guide for Roadside Signs (2001).

Preface

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Issue: February 2001

Table of Contents
SECTION 1. SCOPE AND INTRODUCTION ..................................................................1
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 2.1 2.2 SCOPE ..............................................................................................................................1 APPLICATION ...................................................................................................................1 OBJECTIVE .......................................................................................................................1 INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................1 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS ..........................................................................................1 DEFINITIONS ....................................................................................................................1 GENERAL ..........................................................................................................................3 FAILURE MODE ................................................................................................................3 2.2.1 Steel supports .......................................................................................................3 2.2.2 Timber supports ....................................................................................................3 STRUCTURE IMPORTANCE MULTIPLIER .......................................................................3 DIRECTIONALITY ..............................................................................................................3 REGIONS ..........................................................................................................................3 TERRAIN CATEGORY .......................................................................................................4 GANTRIES AND CANTILEVERS .......................................................................................4 SPECIAL LOCATIONS ......................................................................................................4 SELECTION OF REGION AND EXPOSURE .....................................................................4

SECTION 2. DESIGN WIND PRESSURE .......................................................................3

2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9

2.10 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ............................................................................................4

SECTION 3. SIGN DESIGN ............................................................................................6

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 GENERAL ..........................................................................................................................6 SIGNS OF STANDARD DESIGN .......................................................................................6 SIGNS REQUIRING INDIVIDUAL DESIGN .......................................................................6 LETTERING .......................................................................................................................7 3.4.1 Selection of letter series .......................................................................................9 3.4.2 Calculation of letter height ..................................................................................12 GENERAL ........................................................................................................................15 FACTORS INFLUENCING THE CLEAR ZONE ...............................................................15 DETERMINATION OF CLEAR ZONE REQUIREMENTS .................................................15 OPPORTUNITIES TO REDUCE LATERAL CLEARANCES .............................................16 SIGN FACE MATERIALS ................................................................................................24 5.1.1 Sign substrate .....................................................................................................24 5.1.2 Sign sheeting ......................................................................................................25 5.1.3 Stiffener rails .......................................................................................................28 SIGN FACE CONSTRUCTION ........................................................................................30 5.2.1 Construction types ..............................................................................................30
Table of Contents

SECTION 4. CLEAR ZONE CRITERIA .........................................................................15

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 5.1

SECTION 5. SIGN FACE CONSTRUCTION .................................................................24

5.2

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Issue: February 2001

5.2.2 5.2.3 5.2.4 5.2.5 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4

Standard construction ........................................................................................30 Plank board construction ...................................................................................31 Modular construction ..........................................................................................33 Dovetail construction ..........................................................................................36

SECTION 6. SIGN ERECTION .....................................................................................38

GENERAL ........................................................................................................................38 SIGN LOCATION (DESIGN) ............................................................................................38 SIGN LOCATION (FIELD) ................................................................................................39 LOCATION OF SUPPORTS ............................................................................................40 6.4.1 Slip base orientation ...........................................................................................40 6.4.2 Support stub placement .....................................................................................40 EXCAVATION OF FOUNDATIONS ..................................................................................41 PREPARATION OF SUPPORTS ......................................................................................41 INSTALLATION OF SIGN SUPPORTS ............................................................................42 6.7.1 Foundations (poured concrete) ..........................................................................42 6.7.2 Erection of supports ...........................................................................................42 SUPPORT FINISHING .....................................................................................................43 ERECTION OF SIGN FACE ............................................................................................43 6.9.1 Small signs ..........................................................................................................43 6.9.2 Larger sized signs ...............................................................................................43 6.9.3 Flanges ...............................................................................................................43 6.9.4 Lifting of the sign face .........................................................................................43 6.9.5 Erection of a sign from the ground .....................................................................44

6.5 6.6 6.7

6.8 6.9

6.10 SIGN CHECK LIST ..........................................................................................................45 6.10.1 Sign design checklist ..........................................................................................45 6.10.2 Materials checklist ..............................................................................................45 6.10.3 Erection checklist ................................................................................................46 6.10.4 Sign erection check sheet (larger direction signs) ............................................47 6.11 EQUIPMENT CHECK LIST ..............................................................................................48

SECTION 7. SIGN FOUNDATIONS ..............................................................................49

7.1 8.1 8.2 CIRCULAR FOUNDATIONS ............................................................................................49 POST SIZE AND SELECTION .........................................................................................50 SINGLE POST SIGNS .....................................................................................................50 8.2.1 Signs up to 950mm wide ....................................................................................50 8.2.2 Sign posts ...........................................................................................................51 8.2.3 Fittings ................................................................................................................51 8.2.4 Signs over 950mm wide .....................................................................................51 8.2.5 Posts in sleeves ..................................................................................................51 MULTIPLE SUPPORT SIGNS ..........................................................................................51 8.3.1 Panel stiffener rails ..............................................................................................52 8.3.2 Sign supports ......................................................................................................52 8.3.3 Aternative post section sizes ..............................................................................53
Design Guide for Roadside Signs

SECTION 8. SIGN SUPPORTS ....................................................................................50

8.3

Table of Contents

Issue: February 2001

8.3.4 8.4

Breakaway supports ...........................................................................................53

FITTINGS .........................................................................................................................55 8.4.1 Connection straps ..............................................................................................55 8.4.2 Erection cleats ....................................................................................................55 GENERAL ........................................................................................................................56 GENERAL STORAGE ......................................................................................................56 INDOOR STORAGE ........................................................................................................56 OUTDOOR STORAGE ....................................................................................................56 SIGN TRANSPORT .........................................................................................................56 SIGN ERECTION .............................................................................................................56 SIGN COVERING ............................................................................................................57 SIGN CLEANING .............................................................................................................57 TraSiS .............................................................................................................................59 DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR ROADSIDE SIGN SUPPORT ............................................61 COMPARISON OF 2001 DESIGN GUIDE WITH 1991 DESIGN GUIDE .........................79 STANDARD DRAWINGS .................................................................................................91

SECTION 9. STORAGE AND HANDLING OF SIGNS ..................................................56

9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 A B C D

APPENDICES

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Table of Contents

xii

Issue: February 2001

This page is purposely left blank

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Issue: February 2001

DEPARTMENT OF MAIN ROADS Queensland Design Guide for Roadside Signs

SECTION 1. SCOPE AND INTRODUCTION 1.1 SCOPE
This guide sets out guidelines for the design and erection of roadside signs. This guide does not cover cantilevers and gantries that overhang the carriageway.

1.2 APPLICATION
This guide is applicable to all types of roads under normal operating conditions.

1.3 OBJECTIVE
The objective of this guide is to provide a set of uniform guidelines for the design and erection of roadside signs throughout Queensland.

1.4 INTRODUCTION
The procedure for the design of signs in this guide should be applied from the initial design of the sign face through to the ordering of each sign component. The software program TraSiS guides the user through the design process. Appendix A provides details on the program together with information on how to purchase a copy.

1.5 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS

The following Australian Standards are referenced in this guide: AS 1170.2-1989, SAA Loading Code, Part 2: Wind Loads AS 1744 1975 - Standard Alphabets for Road Signs

1.6 DEFINITIONS
For the purpose of this guide, the following definitions apply: AADT: Annual Average Daily Traffic Flow (two-way) measured in vehicles per day (vpd) averaged over one year. ADT: Average Daily Traffic Flow (two-way) measured in vehicles per day (vpd). Built-up area: A road in a built-up area is defined as any road upon which there is a system of streetlighting. Clear Zone: The total roadside border area, starting at the edge of the travelled way, available for safe use by errant vehicles and for the display of official traffic signs. This area may consist of a shoulder, a recoverable slope, a non-recoverable slope and/or a clear run-out area. The minimum clear zone width is dependent upon speed environment, AADT and roadside geometry.
Design Guide for Roadside Signs Scope and Introduction

Issue: February 2001

85th percentile speed (V85 km/h): The speed at, or below, which 85 percent of vehicles are observed to travel under free-flowing conditions past a nominated point. Pace: A nominated speed range in which the greatest number of vehicles in traffic is observed to travel under free-flowing conditions past a nominated point. For example, the 15 km/h Pace is the 15km/h-speed range in which the largest percentage of vehicles is observed to travel. Shall: The word shall is to be understood as mandatory. Should: The word should is to be understood as non-mandatory, ie Advisory, or recommended. Sign ground clearance: The minimum distance in metres between the lower edge of a sign and the ground level directly below the lower edge of the sign. Sign height: The height in metres between the lower edge of a sign at the edge closest to the travelled way and the level of the nearest edge of the travelled way, generally the edge line. The edge line is used as the reference point for determining the clear zone. Speed limit: The maximum speed at which a motor vehicle is legally permitted to travel on a particular section of road.

Scope and Introduction

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Issue: February 2001

SECTION 2. DESIGN WIND PRESSURE 2.1 GENERAL

It is proposed to use an appropriate probability of exceedence of the design wind speed to produce results that are acceptable to both design life and a road safety. The following clauses outline the structural assumptions made in this guide.

2.2 FAILURE MODE

2.2.1 Steel supports
To prevent the hazard of flying sign panels, it is important that signs should fail by pole bending before failure of either stiffener rails or panel fixing. To ensure that signs are not blown off before the poles bend, stiffener rails are designed for the maximum design wind pressure, with an additional safety factor of 1.67. This factor has been derived from the combination of load factor and capacity reduction factor on the pole (1.5 and 0.9 respectively). The sign-face pressure is reduced when the steel pole bends in plastic bending.

2.2.2

Timber supports

Timber, by its very nature, is a non-plastic material and therefore cannot fail by plastic pole bending. As the timber pole failure may lead to signs being blown across the carriageway, causing damage to property and people, different factors to the steel support must be used.

2.3 STRUCTURE IMPORTANCE MULTIPLIER

The structure importance multiplier, Mi in AS1170.2, represents a probability of exceedence of a design wind speed. For Mi = 1.0 there is a 5% chance of exceedence of the Ultimate Wind Speed in a 50 year return period. For Mi = 0.9, as used in the 1991 Design Guide, the chance of exceedence in 50 year and 1 year return periods is 25% and 0.5% respectively. The proposed structure importance multiplier for steel supports, which relates to the maximum acceptable chance of exceedence, is Mi=0.75, ie the chance of exceedence in 50 year and 1 year return periods is 96% and 6.5% respectively. That is, every year there is a 6.5% chance of the sign experiencing its design ultimate wind speed. For timber, the desirable failure mode is different and an Mi of 1.0 has been adopted.

2.4 DIRECTIONALITY
It is improbable that the direction of the wind will always be in the critical direction for a sign structure. To allow for this fact, in non-cyclonic regions AS 1170.2 allows a wind speed directionality factor of 0.95 to reduce the value of design wind speed. As the design wind for a particular locality generally blows from one direction, depending on the road orientation, some signs will never experience the design wind speed in their critical direction. It is therefore proposed that the directionality factor is further reduced to 0.9 in non-cyclonic regions. Viewing the performance of the road signs structures globally, rather than designing for directionality in each individual sign, justifies use of the reduced directionality factor of 0.9.

2.5 REGIONS
Signs in the different geographic regions defined in AS 1170.2 (A, B, C and D) are designed for the wind speed related to that particular region.

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Design Wind Pressure

Issue: February 2001

2.6 TERRAIN CATEGORY

Terrain Categories as such are not used. The Region classification relates to Terrain Category 3 and 4. For exposed locations similar to Category 2 see Clause 2.8.

2.7 GANTRIES AND CANTILEVERS

The design philosophy outlined in Clauses 2.2, and 2.3 does not apply to sign gantries or cantilevers that extend over traffic lanes, which are excluded, from the Guide. These signs should be designed in accordance with AS 1170.2, with a minimum design life of 50 years.

Cooktown Dunbar Atherton Cairns Mareeba Townsville

Charters Towers Marble Bar Millstream Collinsville Alice Springs Emerald Biloela

Bowen Mackay Rockhampton Bundaberg

Croydon Onslow Carnarvon Mt Amy

Monto Gascoyne Junction Gallathard

25
Geraldton

Maryborough Toowoomba Glen Innes Goffs Harbour Casino Grafton Corindi

Mullewa Morawa Gunyidi

Brisbane

Green Head

Perth Adelaide Canberra Melbourne

Region A Region B Region C Region D

Sydney

Hobart

FIGURE 2.1

GEOGRAPHIC REGION
Design Wind Pressure

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Issue: February 2001

SECTION 3. SIGN DESIGN 3.1 GENERAL

Sign types are classified in the 1995 Edition of Manual of Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD), Clause 1.5. These include Regulatory, Warning, Guide, Freeway Guide, Temporary and Hazard Markers.

3.2 SIGNS OF STANDARD DESIGN

Most road signs are of a fixed content/legend and are provided in a range of standard sizes designated A, B, C or D. General guidance in the selection of the appropriate size is provided in the various parts of MUTCD which pertain to a number of traffic situations. Unless otherwise specified in the MUTCD, the following principles should be observed in sign size selection: (a) For regulatory, warning and traffic instructions, the smallest designated available size should normally be used (i) only where the 85th percentile approach speed is less than 70km/h; (ii) where prominence or conspicuity of the sign is not affected by competing visual stimuli; and (iii) where lateral displacement of the sign from the driver's path is not excessive. (b) Progressively larger signs in the above categories should be used (i) as approach speeds become higher; (ii) where a greater need exists for sign prominence due to competing visual stimuli or the need to emphasise the message; (iii) where there is excessive lateral displacement of the sign. (c) The largest available sizes should be used on freeways. (d) Where one sign supplements another, the two signs should be the same width. With the exception of the Time of Operation module (R9-1), this means that the same size designation ie. A, B, C etc., should be used for both signs. When the Time of Operation module (R9-1) is used with Bus, Transit, Truck or Bicycle Lane (R7-1) signs, the former should be one size designation smaller than the lane sign, so that the widths are equal. (e) The parking series signs are classified according to a narrow and wide (N and W) designation series. Guidelines for the appropriate selection of parking series signs are provided in Clause 4.4.2 - Part 11 of MUTCD. For standard signs, the design and layout of the sign face will be in accordance with MUTCD and AS 1743 requirements. In most cases, these signs have a standard legend and layout. The provision of the MUTCD number, size details and sheeting class is generally sufficient for ordering purposes.

3.3 SIGNS REQUIRING INDIVIDUAL DESIGN

These signs typically belong to the Guide Sign series and include service, tourist and historical signs. Guide signs inform and advise road users about the direction and distances of destinations on the route they are following, or along other roads which intersect their route. They also supply information to identify points of geographical or historical interest and give directions to rest, camping or parking areas.

Sign Design

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Issue: February 2001

Due to these factors, several of the signs in the Guide Sign series can have a significant variation in size dependent upon the nature of the information being conveyed ie sign content/legend. The signs are identified in MUTCD by way of examples of the standardised format. These guidelines assume that the designer has predetermined the sign content/legend. As an overview, the following aspects should be considered in determining the size of a sign: lettering, word length and layout; arrows and chevrons; route markers; borders, edge strips and corners; standard substrate sizes; and retroreflective sheeting roll widths

3.4 LETTERING
Sign lettering used in Queensland is based on AS 1744-Standard Alphabets for Road Signs. Figure 3.1 shows A and F lettering and the difference between the three standard spacing of letters, narrow, medium and wide. There are seven capital letter series in AS 1744 and one lower case. These are A, B, C, D, E, Modified E and F. The letter series vary based on stroke width and each has a range of spacings between letters (narrow, medium and wide). The stroke width is the thickness of the line used to make up the letter. Series A is the narrowest of the letter series and is limited in use. Table 3.1 based on Part 8 of the Guide to Traffic Engineering Practice NAASRA 1988, Part 8 sets out general usage for each series. The MUTCD also sets out minium requirements for individual types of signs. Lower case letters are normally used for direction names or locations on guide signs and for abbreviations such as m (metres), km (kilometres) and t (tonnes). All direction names or locations have an initial Modified E capital letter followed by the lower case letters.
TABLE 3.1
Alphabet Series A B C D E Modified E (and Lower Case) F

ALPHABET SERIES USAGE

Usage Legibility Distance (metres per mm of Capital letter height)

Only used for signs which do not have to be read from a moving vehicle Only used for signs which do not have to be read from a moving vehicle Only used when absolutely necessary Suitable for general needs Most desirable and pleasing Reserved for Guide signs Not generally used but may be desirable in certain applications 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.75

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Sign Design

Issue: February 2001

FIGURE 3.1
Sign Design

LETTER SERIES AND SPACING

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Issue: February 2001

The height of the lettering determines the legibility of the alphabet series. Legibility is based on the distance at which a sign can be read, which in turn affects the time available for a driver to read the information on that sign. The communication function of the sign depends on the words used, the number of words, the message to be communicated and the use of symbols (if any). These factors, together with environmental factors such as competing visual effects, determine whether or not if the sign will be effective. The following procedure is used to determine a minimum standard for letter height for a particular sign: (1) Select the letter series appropriate to the sign type; (2) Calculate the appropriate legend height; then (3) Check that the legend series is appropriate and recalculate if necessary.

3.4.1

Selection of letter series

Letter series have a differing legibility distance; the higher the alphabet series, the greater the distance at which the sign can be initially seen and then read (refer Table 3.1). Additional details of the basis for the figures in Table 3.1 are set out in the equations in Clause 3.4.2. Tables 3.2 and 3.3 have been compiled from Part 2 of the MUTCD and set out minium requirements for letter series in guide signs. Tourist and service signs are covered in Part 6 of the MUTCD and have the following requirements: (i) Service signs have a white symbol or legend where appropriate on a blue background. (ii) Tourist signs have a white legend on brown background. The lettering on both service and tourist signs shall have a minimum size of 120mm and should be Series D or E. Generally lettering is provided as follows: A size signs - 140 DM and B size signs - 200 DM. Where the tourist sign is combined with a direction sign, upper and lower case legend is used. Letter sizes may be the same as those on the direction sign or, where necessary, slightly smaller.
TABLE 3.2
Sign Type ADVANCE DIRECTION SIGNS Single Panel G1-4 Two Lane rural and two lane one way urban Multi Lane rural, wider than two lanes one way urban and overhead signs 160 Mod E 240 Mod E

GUIDE SIGNS
Environment Comment (minium legend size)

Multi-paneled G1-1, G1-2 and G1-6

As Above

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Sign Design

Issue: February 2001

TABLE 3.2
Sign Type Diagrammatic G1-3, G1-5

GUIDE SIGNS (contd)

Environment As Above Comment (minium legend size) As Above

3
LANE DESIGNATION SIGNS Single Direction G9-7, G9-8 OverHead Signs: Directional or Driving Instructions D or E Caps

Multiple Direction/ lane G9-42, 43 series

Calculate for each sign

INTERSECTION DIRECTION SIGNS Single Chevron

G2-1

160 Mod E

Double Chevron

G2-4

160 Mod E

Square Ended

G2-2, G2-5

As Above

Road Name Board

G2-3

Lower case heights of G2-1

FINGER BOARDS G3-3 Road Name Boards G3-4 100 Mod E min 140 Mod E max C, D or E Caps Lower case heights of G3-3

Sign Design

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Issue: February 2001

TABLE 3.2
Sign Type

GUIDE SIGNS (contd)

Environment Comment (minium legend size)

Rural Road Name Signs

G3-5

120 or 140 C,D or E Caps

REASSURANCE DIRECTION

G4-1

140 Mod E

TABLE 3.3
Sign Type ADVANCE EXIT & EXIT DIRECTION

FREEWAY GUIDE SIGNS

Environment Lettering (min) 400 Mod E Instructional (min) 320 EM

GE1-5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, GE2-1, GE2-2

SUPPLEMENTARY ADVANCE SIGNS

GE1-8

320 Mod E

REASSURANCE GE4-1

Urban Rural

240 Mod E 180 Mod E

180 D or C 140 D or C

INTERCHANGE G1 series INTERCHANGE G2 series INTERCHANGE Advance Direction on cross street for entrance ramps G1 series INTERCHANGE Intersection Direction at entrance ramps G2 series

Advance Direction on Exit Ramps Intersection Direction at exit ramp terminals Major Urban Minor Urban and Rural Major Urban Minor Urban and Rural

180 Mod E 180 Mod E 240 Mod E 180 Mod E 240 Mod E 180 Mod E

160 EM

200 DM 160 DM

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Sign Design

Issue: February 2001

3.4.2

Calculation of letter height

The following extract from Appendix D of Part 2 of the MUTCD sets out a method for determining the size of letters to be used on signs requiring individual design. The derivation of these equations is given in AUSTROADS, Guide to Traffic Engineering Practice, Part 8: Traffic Control Devices. Determine the capital letter sizes using the following equation:

H = 0.14NV + 11.4S where:

Equation 1

H = capital letter height in millimetres, including height of initial capitals used with lower case letters; N = number of words on the sign; V = approach speed in kilometres per hour; S = lateral offset of the sign in metres, measured from the centre of the sign to the centre of the traffic lane. The equation applies to words made up of Series E Modified capitals and lower case letters, eg on direction signs, on side-mounted signs in rural areas. For other conditions the equation should be modified as follows: (a) For other letter series increase H by the following factors: Series C = 50%, Series D = 25%, Series E = 7%. (b) For signs in urban areas increase H by 25% (conspicuity adjustment for urban environments). (c) For overhead signs, S used in equation should be vertical offset of sign centre from drivers eye height multiplied by 2. (d) Where an overhead sign is at the side of the road and more than 3 m from the edge of the pavement, it may be necessary to calculate the equivalent lateral distance SEL from the formula: SEL = (SL2 + 4SV2)1/2 where: SL = lateral offset of the sign in metres, as for Equation 1 SV = vertical distance of the centre of the sign above the drivers eye in metres, (distance above road surface, minus 1.2m) The value SEL is then substituted for S in Equation 1. To facilitate sign design and manufacture it will usually be necessary to adopt a standard letter size given in AS 1744, nearest to the size calculated. These are as follows: 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200, 240, 280, 320, 340, 400, 480, 560, and 640. All signs should be checked as part of the design process to ensure that the letter size is appropriate. Figure 3.2 shows an example for the calculation of the basic minimum distances that should be input to the above equations. The following results were obtained using the measurements in Figure 3.2 and assuming the following values: (1) Width of lanes = 3.5 metres
Sign Design Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Equation 2

Issue: February 2001

(2) Number of Words = 5 (3) Speed V = 100 km/hr (4) Each additional lane 3.5 metres
TABLE 3.4
Road Description Two Lane, Two Way Four Lane, Two Way Six Lane, Two Way Eight Lane, Two Way

CALCULATED LETTER HEIGHTS IN MILLIMETRES

Sign 2 (Overhead on side of Road) 216 (240) 243 (260) 276 (280) 310 (320) Sign 3 (Overhead far lane) 184 (200) 191 (200) 209 (240) 235 (240)

Sign 1 (Side of Road) 184 (200) 224 (240) 263 (280) 304 (320)

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Sign Design

Issue: February 2001

2
C L

C L

3
5m

1
8m 10 m

C L
1.2 m

2 Lane Two Way Road Sign 1 S = 10 Sign 2 S L = 8, SV = 5; SEL= S = 12.8 Sign 3 S = 10

2
C L

C L

3
3.5 m 5m

C L

1
1.2 m
11.5 m 13.5 m
4 Lane Two Way Road Sign 1 S = 13.5 Sign 2 S L = 11.5, SV = 5; SEL= S = 15.2 Sign 3 S L = 3.5, S V= 5; SEL= S = 10.6

FIGURE 3.2
Sign Design

CALCULATION OF OFFSET DISTANCES

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Issue: February 2001

SECTION 4. CLEAR ZONE CRITERIA 4.1 GENERAL

This section defines the extent of the clear zone relative to the edge of the travelled way. Sign supports in the clear zone should be frangible or break away. The clear zone concept adopted by the Department is an accepted means of diminishing the risk of errant vehicle collision with roadside objects and maintaining the effectiveness of official traffic signs. Whilst the concept draws on a wide range of experience and research, engineering judgement should be applied when determining the requirements for lateral position. These guidelines should be regarded as a supplement to aid in exercising this judgement, rather than a substitute for it.

4.2 FACTORS INFLUENCING THE CLEAR ZONE

Variables that influence the determination of the clear zone for roadside signs include the following: speed environment; roadside cut/fill slopes; road curvature; traffic volume (AADT); and presence of physical devices that limit or prevent errant vehicle incursion (eg. barrier rail or steep cutting). Once these variables are established, a simple procedure enables the clear zone to be determined.

4.3 DETERMINATION OF CLEAR ZONE REQUIREMENTS

The influence of the variables in Clause 4.2 on the width of the clear zone is determined by assessing the device site in accordance with the following: The clear zone is measured by extending a horizontal plane from the edge of the travelled way to the edge of the device, as indicated in Figure 4.1. Figure 4.2 is used to establish the required clear zone distance for signs located on straight roads, given a designated speed environment, the slope of the roadside and traffic volume (AADT). A combination of Figures 4.2 and 4.3 is used when the sign is located on a curve in the road alignment. The horizontal curve multiplier established from Figure 4.2 recognises the higher risk and greater encroachment distance for errant vehicles on curved road alignments. A combination of Figures 4.2 and 4.4 is used to assess the influence of cut height and slope on traversability when the device is located on a cut slope. Figures 4.5 and 4.6 provide examples of the influence of cut height and slope on traversability and opportunities to reduce lateral clearance. Figure 4.7 provides an example of clear zone calculations on variable slopes. On such slopes, it is necessary to approximate the contributory influence of each slope element, noting that non-recoverable fill slopes (ie. slopes steeper than 4:1) are disregarded in the calculation.

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Clear Zone Criteria

Issue: February 2001

4.4 OPPORTUNITIES TO REDUCE LATERAL CLEARANCES

The requirements outlined in this section also present a number of avenues by which the base clear zone distance may be reduced (ie. the base clear distance determined for a device located adjacent a straight road). Given the significant advantages in placing a sign as close as possible to the observer's line of sight, it is expected that the following avenues will be actively pursued: (i) Device located on a suitable cut slope: The clear zone distances determined from Figure 4.2 (for speed environments exceeding 60 km/h) converge to a minimum permissible distance of 4.5m for traversable cut slopes steeper than 2:1. As is apparent from Figure 4.2, advantages accrue when cut slopes steeper than 6:1 are encountered, in that signs may be located closer to the travelled way. See diagrammatic example, Figure 4.6 - Case (i). (ii) Devices with a lateral offset of the device face from the supporting structure and ground clearance exceeding 5.4m: Where the device face has a ground clearance closest to the travelled way exceeding 5.4m, the lateral offset is measured to the closest support rather than the device face. See diagrammatic example, Figure 4.6 - Case (ii). (iii) Devices located behind non-traversable cut slope or barrier: A non-traversable cut slope or barrier (eg guard rail) also potentially enables the sign to be located within the calculated base clear zone. Figure 4.4 provides a means by which cut slope traversability can be established. As with Case (ii), this relaxation limits the minimum clear separation between the travelled way and the edge of the device face to 4.5m. It is not permissible to install a barrier on steep fill slopes for the sole purpose of enabling the relaxation outlined in (iii), except where the barrier results in a lower hazard potential than existed before its installation. Applications that propose the installation of a traffic barrier require an engineering risk assessment, in accordance with recognised best practice. See diagrammatic examples, Figures 4.5 and 4.6 - Case (iii).

Clear Zone Criteria

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Issue: February 2001

FIGURE 4.1

CLEAR ZONE BASE PARAMETERS

Clear Zone Criteria

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Issue: February 2001

1:3
60 km/h D esign Spe ed
De
si

d ee Sp

1:5

SLOPES

Example 1 1:6 Fill Slope 100 km/h Speed Environment 5000 V.P .D. Clear Zone = 9 m Example 2 1:6 Cut Slope 100 km/h Speed Environment 750 V.P .D. Clear Zone = 6 m

1:6 1:8 1:10 1:20 FLAT 1:20 1:10 1:8 1:6 1:5
Example 2

km /h

1:4

ed n Spe esig hD d m/ Spee 0k i gn 10 Des h m/ 0k 11

Travelled way

Slope

Obstacle

FILL SLOPES

CUT SLOPES
Obstacle
Slop e

SLOPES

Travelled way

1:4

1:3 OVER 6000 DESIGN A.D.T. 1500-6000 DESIGN A.D.T. 750-1500 DESIGN A.D.T. UNDER 750 DESIGN A.D.T. 0 0 0 0 3 3 3 3 6 6 6
Example 1

9 9

12 12 9 6

15 15 12 9

18 18 15

21 21

24 24 18 15

27 27 21

Clear Zone Distance (m)

FIGURE 4.2
NOTES:

CLEAR ZONE DISTANCE CURVES FOR STRAIGHT ROADS

Clear zone curves adapted from AASHTO "Roadside Design Guide" This diagram does not identify all situations. For curved roads and roads on cut slopes, the clear zone is determined by using the above diagram in conjunction with Figure 4.3 (Curve Adjustment Factors) and Figure 4.4 (Influence of Cut Height and Slope on Traversability). For roads on variable slopes, the diagram is used in conjunction with the explanation given in Figure 4.7. Clear Zone Criteria Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Issue: February 2001

Horizontal Curve Adjustment Factor

1.6 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.1 1

km /h

m/h 70 k 60 km m/ h /h
Example 3

80 k

100

km /h

m/ h

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

Curve Radius (m)

Example 3 Curve Radius 450m Radius Curve 100 km/h Speed Environment AADT > 6000 vehicles CZ required on flat straight road = 9m (Figure 4.2) Curve Adjustment Factor (Figure 4.3) = 1.40 Required Clear Zone = 9 x 1.40 = 12.6m

FIGURE 4.3
NOTES:

CLEAR ZONE HORIZONTAL CURVE ADJUSTMENT FACTORS

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Issue: February 2001

SECTION 5. SIGN FACE CONSTRUCTION 5.1 SIGN FACE MATERIALS

A sign face as supplied by a manufacturer to the Department of Main Roads specification ES126-1999 will comprise the following: sign substrate; sign sheeting; stiffener rails (if required). The sign face panel is the completed unit with stiffener rails attached.

FIGURE 5.1

SIGN FACE ELEMENTS

5.1.1

Sign substrate

Signs are manufactured using stiffened or unstiffened plates depending on the size of the sign and the restraints in Section 4. Two types of plate are used: 1. Aluminium 2. Zinc/Aluminium Coated Steel Generally, the following selection guidelines should be adopted:

Sign Face Construction

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Issue: February 2001

(1) All signs, except temporary signs and parking signs, should be manufactured from 1.6mm aluminium; (2) All temporary signs shall be manufactured from 1.0mm zinc/aluminium coated steel; and (3) Parking signs can be manufactured from either 1.6mm aluminium or 1.2mm zinc/aluminium coated steel. The choice is at the discretion of the designer. Aluminium, 1.6mm thick, is the preferred sign substrate material due to cost, material quality, the preference of retro-reflective sheeting manufacturers and national uniformity. It should also be noted that 1.2mm zinc/aluminium-coated steel is more than twice the weight of 1.6mm aluminium.

5.1.2

Sign sheeting

The following sheeting materials are available: Class 1A Class 1 Class 1W Class 2A Class 2 CAL (Non-reflective) The first five refer to retro-reflective materials with Class 1A having the highest luminous intensity and Class 2, the lowest. Class 1A Material This material has the highest luminous intensities of all the sheetings. Its use is generally restricted to symbolic signs or signs that have a greater separation to the incident light source (e.g. overhead signs). Special consideration needs to be given to the halation effect (bright background overwhelms the legend and/or the opposite). Class 1 Material Class 1 material has the longest guaranteed life (12 years). It is recommended for use in the following circumstances: (1) Urban locations where ambient light and surrounding environment demand the use of highest intensity signs (e.g. with a high level of street lighting). (2) Overhead position or at such lateral distance from the carriageway that only a small proportion of the headlight falls on the sign. Class 1W (Wide Angle) Material This material has lower luminous intensity than Class 1A but higher than Class 1. The sheeting is designed to return light from a drivers vehicles headlights back to motorists eyes at wide observation angles. It is recommended for use in the following circumstances: (1) Urban localities with a number of competing visual stimuli and short viewing distances. (2) Disadvantaged sign locations. This class of sheeting will be required to undergo the durability testing required of Class 1A material for approval purposes. The minimum coefficients of luminous intensity per unit area for this sheeting are:

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Sign Face Construction

Issue: February 2001

Entrance angle (degrees) 4

Observation angle (degrees) 0.2 0.33 1.0 0.2 0.33 1.0 0.2 0.33 1.0

White 430 300 40 370 250 30 235 150 18

Minimum CIL/m values (cd/lx.m) Yellow Red Standard Green 340 210 24 300 190 19 190 130 16 80 50 8 68 42 5 50 30 4 45 30 4 40 25 4 30 16 2

Blue 20 15 2 17 11 1 11 7 1

5
Class 2A Material

RTA - NSW specification for a designated enhanced Class 1 sheeting (Class 1W)

This class has luminous properties intermediate between Class 1 and Class 2 and has a guaranteed life of 8 years. However, for some colours such as green and red, the luminous intensities of this class of material are very similar to those of Class 1 but at a lower cost (approximately 15% lower) and have a guaranteed life of 10 years.. It is much more robust, (i.e. will take more physical abuse/handling), than Class 1 material. Class 2A sheetings are recommended for use in the following circumstances: Situations where Class 1 sheetings are not required and where better than Class 2 performance is required. As an alternative to Class 1 on Regulatory and Warning Signs and Hazard Markers intended for locations where the life expectancy of 8 years is adequate. Class 2 Material This class of sheeting has the lowest luminous intensity and guaranteed life (7 years) of the three classes of retro-reflective sheetings available. It is as robust as Class 2A material. It should be used in the following situations: (1) Rural environments generally except for overhead positions and lateral positions where only a small proportion of headlight falls on the sign. (2) Urban environments where there is little or no ambient light. CAL CAL is a non-reflective material which has previously been used as a background material on Direction Signs (Standard Green), Temporary Signs, Parking Signs and Information Signs. Use is now limited to signs that do not need to be seen at night or for black lettering. The sheeting materials recommended for use with various sign types are listed in Table 5.1. The materials shown for Direction, Tourist and Service and Freeway signs are for the legend and background respectively.

Sign Face Construction

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Issue: February 2001

TABLE 5.1

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SHEETING MATERIAL Recommended Minimum Class of Sign Material Legend Background Class 1W screened screened N/A N/A Class 2A Class 2A N/A N/A screened Class 1W Class 1W Class 1W Class 1 Class 2A Class 2A Class 1 Class 1

Sign Type and Application (where applicable) Regulatory Signs: STOP GIVE WAY Roundabout Pedestrian Crossing Safety Zone Warning Signs: Stop Sign Ahead Roundabout Ahead RAILWAY CROSSING Position (Number)TRACKS Guide Signs:

(R1-1) (R1-2) (R1-3) (R3-1) (R3-2) (W3-1) (W3-2) (W7-1) (W7-2)

NOTE: A minimum of Class 2 Background applies to both Urban and Rural applications. It is suggested that the following combinations should generally be applied. However exceptional cases will exist.

Advance, Intersection, Reassurance Direction signs and Advance Lane signs: Rural Urban Tourist and Service Signs: Rural Urban Geographical Feature and Street Name Signs: Rural Urban Freeway Signs (White on Standard Green background; Black on White background; White on Blue background; Black on Yellow background; White on Red background): All applications: Traffic Instruction Signs: REDUCE SPEED Hazard Markers Delineators Notes:

Class 1 Class 1 Class 1 Class 1 N/A N/A

Class 2 Class 1 Class 2 Class 1 Class 2 Class 1

Class 1 (G9-9) Class 1 N/A

Class 1 Class 1 Class 2

Roadworks and Special Purpose Signs

N/A Class 1 Class 1A or Corner Cube (Type A)

Class 1A may be adopted in circumstances of high ambient light or visual clutter or at particularly hazardous locations (B and C sized signs only). Class 1 construction work zone material has high durability and retroreflective performance and may be considered for roadworks signing applications. Class 1A or 1W may be adopted in circumstances of high ambient light or visual clutter (urban), or to identify particularly hazardous locations.
Sign Face Construction

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Issue: February 2001

5.1.3

Stiffener rails

Stiffener rails are normally manufactured from an extruded aluminium section, alloy type 6061 or 6063, temper T6 to the dimensions shown on Standard Drawing 1369. Figure 5.3 shows Standard Drawing 1369. Figure 5.2 shows a range of rail stiffeners including dovetail and plank board sections that perform the basic function of allowing the plate to be attached the support usually by the use of saddle fittings or brackets. Saddle fittings and brackets are discussed in greater detail in Section 5.2.

Type 1

Type 2A

Type 2A Modified

Signfix Large Mate

Signfix Dovetail

Typical Plank Board

FIGURE 5.2

STIFFENER RAIL AND PLANK CROSS-SECTION

Attachment of the stiffener rail to the plate can be achieved in various ways. These include: (a) 4.8 to 5mm diameter monel or stainless steel pop rivets; (b) 4.0mm diameter blind aluminium head pop rivets; or (c) self-piercing riveting systems. No. 10 gauge, cadmium-plated self-drilling screws have been removed from ES126 due to rusting problems and the visual appearance of the screw heads. The heads of rivets or other similar fixings should be coloured to match the surrounding material. The maximum spacing of mechanical fixings is 200mm and the distance from the first fixing to the edge of the stiffener is not greater than 30mm. For other proprietary fixing systems, the manufacturer of the fixing system should define minimum requirements. An additional fixing is installed 20mm from the first fixing.
Sign Face Construction Design Guide for Roadside Signs

29 29 23 3 11 Z Z R R T 11.6 T T 23

2.5

11.2

2.8

3.2

Issue: February 2001

5.7 T T T

T T T

T R
45

Z
45

3. 15

1.5

3.5

T R 7 V 7 3 44 7

3.8

3.2

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

3 11 R T T R

R3.5 T T V 7 3.8 44 R

28.5

25.5

Full R

R = 2.0 Rad. T = 0.5 Rad.

R = 0.5 Rad. T = 1.0 Rad. Z = 2.0 Rad.

TYPE 1 TYPE 2A

MODIFIED TYPE 2A

Notes: 6. Fixing Sign Plates to Stiffener Rails Fixing of sign plates to stiffener rails shall be by either: (a) 4.8 to 5mm diameter monel or stainless steel rivets; (b) 4.0mm blind aluminium head rivets; (c) self piercing rivetting systems; or (d) any fastening system that has an equivalent performance characteristic as (a), (b) or (c) above. Cadmium plated self drilling screws or other types of screws shall not be used. The heads of rivets or other similar fixings shall be coloured to match the surrounding material. Offerors shall state the type(s) of fixings proposed to be used.
TRAFFIC SIGN
DETAILS OF SIGN STIFFENING EXTRUSION Size A4 Not to scale Drawing No Date 03/2001 A

1. Material: Structural grade 6061-T6 or 6063-T6.

Type 1 2A 2A (mod.)

Ixx 15375 487 504 88950 90234

2. Type 2A is equivalent in shape to SIGNFIX Type 2 stiffener No. Q355A.

Area mm 242

Iyy 27232 104520 115585

STANDARD DRAWING 1369 - SIGN STIFFENING EXTRUSIONS

The maximum spacing of mechanical fixings shall be 200mm and the distance from the first fixing to the edge of the stiffener shall be not greater than 30mm or as specified by the suppliers of the fixing system. An additional fixing 20 mm from the first fixing shall be applied. An exception to this is the use of the Henrob self piercing riveting system, for which the maximum fixing spacing shall be 250 mm.

3. Finish: Architectural.

4. Tolerances: In accordance with Australian Standard 1866-1986.

5. No copyright on the Type 1, 2A or modified Type 2A sections is held or will be acknowledged as being held by any company while these sections are specified as being suitable for use as sign stiffeners.

Sign Face Construction

1369

FIGURE 5.3
3.2

2.5

Issue: February 2001

5.2 SIGN FACE CONSTRUCTION

5.2.1 Construction types
Section 8 describes how to determine the number and placement of stiffeners required for the signface. For larger signs, using the maximum stiffener spacing can lead to problems when attempting to erect a large sign in one piece. Several alternate signface designs have been devised to overcome this problem. Such alternative construction methods shown in Figure 5.4, include: 1. Standard 2. Plank Board 3. Modular

4. Dovetail

FIGURE 5.4

STANDARD, PLANK BOARD, MODULAR AND DOVETAIL CONSTRUCTION

5.2.2

Standard construction

The standard way of supplying a sign in sections is shown in Figure 5.5. The stiffener rail is used to span the horizontal joint and the sections are usually predrilled then riveted on site. The depth of panels varies depending on the stiffener spacing and cut plate sizes.

Sign Face Construction

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Issue: February 2001

FIGURE 5.5

STANDARD CONSTRUCTION (STIFFENER ON SIGN EDGE)

A system which uses panel modules of 1.2m is the recommended method for large sign construction, when the sign cannot be transported in a single piece. An alternative approach is to use specialist stiffeners such as the Signfix Dovetail system.

5.2.3

Plank board construction

Plank boards signs comprise interlocking planks extruded from high tensile aluminium in depths of 200 and 300mm. Figure 5.6 shows a typical plank sign detail, with another plank about to be attached. To construct a sign using planks, each individual plank is layered on top of another and held in place using plank clips. The centre channel is then attached to the sign supports by a saddle bracket. Where staggered joints are allowed to be used channel couplings are required to be used across each joint. Figure 5.7 shows a typical channel coupling and plank clip.

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Sign Face Construction

Issue: February 2001

Plank boards are recommended for larger signs, gantries, cantilevers and sites where transport or erection could be difficult. For small signs erection is possible using ladders rather than cranes. The use of planks for street name, stream name and other signs 200 and 300mm deep is also recommended due to the planks stiffeners and the need for less saddle fittings.

FIGURE 5.6

PLANK BOARD CONSTRUCTION

Advantages Readily available; Sign surface is rivet free; Easy to transport, move and handle than plate signs; Can be installed using ladders; Can be stored on edge without damaging the retro-reflective film;
Sign Face Construction Design Guide for Roadside Signs

FIGURE 5.9

MODULAR SIGN PANEL DETAILS

Sign Face Construction

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Issue: February 2001

For signs where the 580mm spread of stiffener rails could affect the visual appearance, due to minor deformation between stiffeners, 2mm thick sheeting or additional stiffener rails should be considered. The use of the modular system is recommended for all large signs (deeper than 1.2 metres) that have to be assembled on site. The following is a summary of advantages and disadvantages of the use of a modular system. Advantages No riveting required on site; Appropriate size for transporting; Reasonable size of section for lifting by crane; Reduces the stress on cover strips and rivets during erection; Appropriate size for storage; Transportable face to face to protect retroreflective sheeting face; Easier removal by sections and re-erection if required; and Formalises existing practice of transporting large signs in sections to assemble on site. Disadvantages Additional stiffeners required; No advantage for regions close to the sign manufacturer, where large cranes are readily available and the whole sign is transportable.

5.2.5

Dovetail construction

Dovetail construction is a variation of the standard construction (stiffener on sign edge) that utilises a two-part interlocking channel section (dovetail) rather than two complete abutting channel sections. Figure 5.11 illustrates the two-section dovetail construction. The advantages of this system are 1. Improved rigidity and resistance to deflection; 2. Savings on the cost of channels; and 3. Savings on the number of fixing clips, as illustrated on Figure 5.12, which shows how a single clip in the dovetail system replaces two in the conventional system.

Sign Face Construction

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Issue: February 2001

FIGURE 5.10

DOVETAIL CONSTRUCTION

FIGURE 5.11

DOVETAIL CHANNEL SECTIONS

conventional
FIGURE 5.12 DOVETAIL POST FIXING

dovetail

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Sign Face Construction

Issue: February 2001

SECTION 6. SIGN ERECTION 6.1 GENERAL

The method of sign erection is determined by the size of the supports, type, foundations, number to be erected and other factors. The following section outlines some of the basic procedures and techniques required to avoid potential problems. Each sign erection team will have individual variations on these techniques. The supervisor should ensure that the team procedures are appropriate for the job.

6.2 SIGN LOCATION (DESIGN)

For design purposes, the following information and assumptions are required. 1) A ground clearance to the sign, based on the sign environment Items to consider include the following: pedestrians; possibility of vandalism; type of ground cover; steepness of terrain; minimum clearance for breakaway supports; and maximum clearance for truss supports. For direction signs (rural and urban) allow adequate clearance for terrain changes, pedestrians, vandals and minimum clearance for breakaway supports. Further details can be found in the MUTCD Part 1. 2) Offset of the sign from the edge of the carriageway This is normally 600mm. However, in high-speed environments, on roads with a high percentage of large vehicles, this should be increased to a minimum of 1.0 metre. Location of individual supports then needs to be considered to avoid the following: footpaths; table drains; excessive slope differences; and known services. 3) Location of individual supports Support spacing is a function of the sign width. Although spacing can be adjusted for special circumstances, it is preferable to use standard spacing to reduce the possibility of lost information or insufficient instructions reaching the erection team. Changes to the standard spacing, away from those in Table 6.1, should be highlighted and included in any installation information supplied.
TABLE 6.1
Number of Supports 1 2 3 4 Overhang 50 20 15 12.5

SUPPORT SPACING
% of sign width Spacing 35 25 Spacing 25 Overhang 50 20 15 12.5

Spacing 60 35 25

Sign Erection

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Issue: February 2001

Increased or decreased spacing affects the sign panel stiffness type and can lead to overstressing. Consider increasing or decreasing the number of supports as the first design option. Offset signs have the same problems as those with non-standard spacing and need to be especially designed. In some cases, additional stiffeners may be required which may cause difficulties for an existing sign panel. 4) Clear Zone Reference to Section 4 is required to assist in the selection of the appropriate types of supports - rigid, frangible or breakaway. 5) Support Lengths Once the location is determined, the support lengths can be estimated or specified depending upon the standard of information available. In all cases, the critical support length used for the selection of support size is the largest. The calculated support length should only be considered as a design length, to be confirmed on site. 6) Information to be supplied from the Design Team The design team should supply the following information to the erection team: (a) sufficient information to locate the sign relative to the road or carriageway. Normally this comprises a site plan and chainage; (b) offset from a reference point to locate the leading edge of the sign and its orientation; (c) sign depth and size (mm); (d) sheeting class; (e) number, type, design length (mm) and spacing of supports; (f) number and size of fittings; (g) type of stiffeners; (h) design assumptions on terrain; (i) foundation material, depth and diameter of hole; (j) ground clearance; (k) other critical factors such as to straddle footpath or avoid table drain; and (l) reference to applicable standard drawings.

6.3 SIGN LOCATION (FIELD)

Using the supplied design information and standard installation details the following steps are suggested: 1) Locate sign from site plan and chainage. 2) Mark the sign location on the road edge or by stake. 3) Locate supports, based on the design and site requirements. To eliminate possible vehicle headlight reflection from the surface of the sign, the sign should be turned about 5 degrees away from the normal to the headlight beam. 4) Check support lengths requirements against design lengths.
Design Guide for Roadside Signs Sign Erection

Issue: February 2001

5) Refer to sign designer if site conditions change, or design assumptions are inappropriate e.g. ensure that the erection of the new sign does not adversely impact on existing signs. 6) Order supports, based on site length requirements. In some cases, stubs may be ordered before support details are known, to allow for the field installation of stubs in readiness for the sign. This approach is recommended where terrain information is limited or unknown. The disadvantage of adopting this method is that a maximum slope must be assumed, and allowed for, when determining the section size. In the event that the site conditions are outside this assumption, then the stub cannot be used for that particular site. The advantage of this method is that the stub may be used for other sites, whereas a manufactured support cannot generally be used elsewhere.

6.4 LOCATION OF SUPPORTS

6.4.1 Slip base orientation
Slip base type mechanisms activate when two parallel plates slide apart as bolts are pushed out under impact. The designs may be either uni-directional or multi directional. Slip bases for larger supports incorporating an upper hinge will be uni-direction. These slip bases need to be oriented towards the likely approach path of an errant vehicle. Slip bases for small sign supports (sign face < 5m) can be either uni-directional (typically a 4 bolt rectangular slip base) or multi-directional (typically a three bolt triangular or circular plate). Multi directional slip bases are useful in road medians where the support may be struck from several different directions.

6.4.2

Support stub placement

Issues to consider: compaction and curing of the concrete; correct orientation of support faces (for breakaway and RHS supports); vertically straight - check in two directions on length of support with level (Figure 6.1); tops of supports even; support length correct.

FIGURE 6.1
Sign Erection Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Issue: February 2001

6.5 EXCAVATION OF FOUNDATIONS

Depth and diameter of the foundations are part of the design information. This information should be confirmed on site by examining the foundation material. Standard Drawing SD1363 shows the general categories of foundation material and required excavation depths. (Refer Table 2). For fixed supports, it is possible to increase or decrease the depth of excavation if conditions are significantly different from the design assumptions, however, If the conditions are better than allowed for in the design, the footing should not be decreased. If the conditions are worse, and the supports can be adjusted without affecting the performance of the sign and sign supports, then use the information given on Standard Drawing SD1363 to determine the required foundations. Foundations can be excavated by hand or auger. Loose material should be removed from the edge. A minimum of 75mm cover is required from the base of the excavation to the bottom of the sign support. The concrete can be poured and compacted directly against the sides of the excavation, but for sandy conditions a cardboard or suitable liner should be used.

6.6 PREPARATION OF SUPPORTS

Rigid supports are erected and concreted into place in one piece. For smaller sections, the support can be cut to the required length. For larger sections, and breakaway supports, the level of the excavation must be checked to ensure that the support lengths are appropriate. Minor differences can be allowed for by adjusting the depth of the excavation. Corrective action will be required if any of the following are encountered, refer to Figure 6.2: (a) concrete cover from base of excavation to base of support less than 75mm; (b) slipbase centreline exposure greater than 100mm; (c) sign brackets affecting fuse plates or below fuse plates; (d) top of supports higher than top of the sign; (e) minimum clearance restraints not met. For breakaway supports 2.1 metres. For others, as per site and design conditions (f) support below level of top bracket; (g) depth of concrete less than specified; (h) performance of the slipbase affected At this stage, the following checks should be made and further corrective action taken where necessary: location of the fuse plates; straightness of the slip base plates; and straightness of the supports.
Note: Corrective action will be much more difficult once the foundations have been poured and the sign face erected.

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Sign Erection

Issue: February 2001

6
FIGURE 6.2 PREPARATION OF SUPPORTS

6.7 INSTALLATION OF SIGN SUPPORTS

6.7.1 Foundations (poured concrete)
The requirements for foundation depth and radius are specified on the design plans or as ordered. Foundations are detailed on Standard Drawings SD1363 and SD1368, Appendix D. Typically, the foundation comprises concrete poured into a bored hole. In concrete medians the depth and diameter can be reduced, especially for the smaller signs. For larger signs it is recommended that in all cases, the specified depth and diameter be used. For non-breakaway supports, the support is embedded in the wet concrete. For breakaway supports either the stub or the fully assembled breakaway supports are embedded. For non-breakaway and fully-assembled breakaway supports the following are required. (1) 75mm concrete fill between the bottom of the support (or stub) and the excavated hole; (2) placement of the slipbase clear of the top of the concrete level (including allowance for bolt ends. Top of slip base not to exceed 100mm above ground level); and (3) supporting gig, to ensure that the support remains in the correct location.

6.7.2

Erection of supports

For larger supports, a crane may be required to lift and hold the support in position while the slipbase bolts are installed, or held until propped, if still to be concreted in. The support should be plumbed and correctly aligned before and after erection. The use of more than two washers in a slipbase for levelling purposes is not recommended, as they could affect the slipbase action. Leveling problems are due to:
Sign Erection Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Issue: February 2001

(a) insufficient care in the installation of the stub; and/or (b) faulty manufacture (should be detected at the support preparation and inspection stage. Pre-checking for such problems will avoid delays in field installations.

6.8 SUPPORT FINISHING

Before erection, check the operation and finish of the sign panel as follows: (1) tighten slip base bolts as per instructions on SD1364; (2) seal slip base as per instructions on SD1364 (3) check orientation of supports; (4) check location and orientation of fuse plates; (5) check location of slip base and potential operation; (6) check clearances; and (7) check supports are level at top.

6.9 ERECTION OF SIGN FACE

6.9.1 Small signs
Provided that due care and attention is paid to Workplace Health and Safety Regulations, small signs can generally be manhandled and erected using ladders. In most cases, if the sign does not have stiffeners, it is small enough to lift from the ground by one person.

6.9.2

Larger sized signs

For larger signs, erection from the back of a truck, cherry picker or crane are recommended. Plank board signs can normally be erected by two men on separate ladders, or cherry pickers.

6.9.3

Flanges

For ease of erection, some supports can have a flange as per SD1365. These are not normally recommended as they do not allow the possibility of small level adjustments to suit site conditions.

6.9.4

Lifting of the sign face

Sign faces are most vulnerable when a crane or other device is being used to lift the sign into place. The common practice of using saddle brackets attached to a stiffener is not recommended for the following reasons: (a) excessive tension or stress on the stiffener; (b) stressing of the saddle bracket; and/or (c) possibility of fastener failure. The use of a lifting bracket, such as that illustrated in Figure 6.3, is recommended for all lifting purposes. The bracket spans two stiffeners thereby reducing tension and stress to any individual stiffener. In other situations, the sign face might be supplied with timber stubs that will help to stiffen the face during erection.

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Sign Erection

Issue: February 2001

FIGURE 6.3

LIFTING BRACKET (AS USED BY SE REGION RTCS)

6.9.5

Erection of a sign from the ground

All signs should be carefully rotated to a vertical position before lifting. At this stage, joins and cover strips are stressed if handled incorrectly and the structural strength of fastening could be reduced. The timber stubs supplied with the sign face should remain on the sign face of the larger signs (see delivery of the sign face). The location of the timber stubs and the lifting brackets should be checked to ensure that they do not interfere with the supports or brackets required to attach the sign face to the supports. Stubs and lifting chains should not be removed until all brackets are attached.

Sign Erection

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Issue: February 2001

6.10 SIGN CHECK LIST

6.10.1 Sign design checklist
Refer to steps in Appendix B.

6.10.2 Materials checklist

Sign panel 1) Sign Face details correct? 2) Sheeting class correct? 3) Manufactures sticker in correct place on rear LHS? 4) Date and manufactured stamped on RHS? 5) Timber stubs fitted and in place (if appropriate)? 6) All parts numbered and identified? 7) Any missing parts? 8) Rivets painted in correct colours? 9) Any obvious transport or manufacturing damage? Stiffeners 1) Correct quantity? 2) Correct type? 3) Correct location? 4) Stiffeners attached correctly? Joins 1) Cover strips in place? Brackets 1) Correct size? 2) Correct quantity? 3) Size and quantity of nuts and bolts correct? Supports 1) Correct size? 2) Correct quantity? 3) Correct length? 4) Identified and numbered? 5) Correct location of fuse plates? 6) Slip plates correct? 7) Size and quantity of bolts and washers correct? G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G Yes G G G G G G G G G No G G G G G G G G G

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Sign Erection

Issue: February 2001

6.10.3 Erection checklist

Sign location 1) Sign Face details correct? 1) Location confirmed? 2) Offset correct? 3) 5% orientation? 4) Sign suitable for terrain? Sign Support Location 1) Correct number of supports? 2) Correct spacing of supports? Foundation 1) Correct depth? 2) Correct diameter? 3) Correct level? Supports/Stubs 1) Level? 2) Baseplates level? 3) Vertically plumb? 4) Correct length? 5) Correct spacing? 6) Sealed? 7) Correct bolt tensioning (torquing)? 8) Correct orientation (face)? Erection 1) Correct sign ground clearance? 2) Brackets on all stiffeners? 3) Sign clear of fuse plates? 4) Correct sign face? G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G Yes G G G G G No G G G G G

Sign Erection

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Issue: February 2001

6.10.4 Sign erection check sheet (larger direction signs)

Job:............................... Location: .. ..................... Sign Number 5A 5B 5C Supports Length 1 2 3 4 3045 3085 3165 3200 Spacing 1-2 2-3 3-4 Brackets Sign 5A Sign 5B Sign 5C 1500 1500 1500 80 NB 20 8 12 Yes All attached? Fuse Plates Yes Comment? G No G Problem? Yes No G G G No G Additional? Yes No G G Clear of fuse plate? Yes G No G Stiffener 2A 2A 2A 4 @ 80 NB Slipbase Yes Yes No No Comment Reduced spacing Stub Length 200 200 No No Foundation Depth 900 900 900 900 450 450 450 450 No. 5 2 3 Sign Number: ..; ..; .. Spacing 450 400 500 Depth 1000 3000 1800

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Sign Erection

Issue: February 2001

6.11 EQUIPMENT CHECK LIST

Location: Measuring tape Plans Excavation: Auger Shovels Crowbar Foundations: Crane, or lifting mechanism Concrete Template Measuring tape Support preparation: Pipe cutters Measuring tape Erection: Crane or lifting mechanism Keeper plate Bolts/washers Support Finishing: Torque wrench Sealant Sign Face Erection: Lifting brackets (2)

Sign Erection

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Issue: February 2001

SECTION 7. SIGN FOUNDATIONS 7.1 CIRCULAR FOUNDATIONS

Sign supports should be set into concrete footings. Footing dimensions are specified for two general soil strength categories, for both cohesive clay soils (firm to stiff and stiff to hard) and cohesionless sand soils (loose to medium-dense and dense). The majority of foundations will be in cohesive clay soils. Footings in cohesionless sand soils are deeper and narrower than for cohesive soils, as lateral resistance is dependent on overburden pressure which increases with depth. Both Simple Field Identification procedures and laboratory test parameters are suggested for defining soil category. Very soft or swampy soils are not acceptable foundation conditions for the footing dimensions tabulated. Where sound rock is encountered, it is likely that a pad footing, with or without rock bolts, or passive tension dowels will be the most appropriate foundation. These footings should be individually designed. Recommended Posts in Sleeves are only appropriate for small posts up to 50mm nominal bore. Larger single posts can use the same details as for multiple posts.

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Sign Foundations

Issue: February 2001

SECTION 8. SIGN SUPPORTS 8.1 POST SIZE AND SELECTION

A graphical method of post selection is used in this guide, similar in format to that used in AS1742.2-1994. Each geographic wind region is catered for with a separate table for clarity and ease of use. The post size is chosen directly from the table for a given sign size, height and number of posts. An option is given for either CHS, RHS posts or trusses.

8.2 SINGLE POST SIGNS

8.2.1 Signs up to 950mm wide
Standard regulatory, parking, warning and guide signs up to 950mm wide are generally erected without panel stiffeners and are supported on a single post. Sign panels greater than 700mm wide and 1000mm deep are sometimes prone to twist and panel deformation. For this reason, consideration should be given to stiffening with Type 1 panel stiffeners (refer to Section 5.1.3). Boltholes should be provided in sign panels up to 950mm wide and 1000mm deep. The suggested rules for boltholes are listed in Table 8.1.
TABLE 8.1
Sign Width

HOLE SPACING FOR SIGN BLANKS

Sign Height <250 <350 <550 <800 <1000 Number and Spacing of Holes 1 2@200 2@300 2@500 2@750

<950 <950 <950 <950 <950

This assumes even vertical hole spacings of 200, 300, 500 and 750mm. Previous Standard Drawings used vertical hole spacings of 205, 305, 510 and 735 to match imperial flattened posts Type B and C as specified on the superseded Standard Drawing 1300. It is recommended that flattened posts not be used. However, if refitting existing signs to the existing flattened posts than the spacings in Table 8.2 must be specified when ordering.
TABLE 8.2
Sign Width <950 <950 <950 <950 <950

HOLE SPACING FOR IMPERIAL FLATTENED POSTS

Sign Height <250 <350 <550 <800 <1000 Number and Spacing of Holes 1 2@205 2@310 2@510 2@735

Sign Supports

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Issue: February 2001

8.2.2

Sign posts

For standard regulatory, parking, warning and guide signs refer to Drawing No. 1368 for typical brackets used. Flattened posts with corresponding holes are no longer in general use in most districts and brackets are recommended instead. For signs less than 1m in area, the post size is generally 50NB x 3.2mm CHS. Refer to Appendix B for determination of post sizes suitable for larger signs or heights. Single posts will generally be CHS, although RHS should be considered for larger signs to increase resistance to twisting.

8.2.3

Fittings

Standard Drawing No. 1369 shows several basic types of fittings referred to as Fittings B1, B2, B3, and B4. These are only for 50 NB posts and are a basic standard only. Alternative brackets and variations on these themes are readily available and in most cases equally effective. The user will have to consider their individual requirements before selecting a bracket for a particular purpose. Brackets for 65 NB are available but will not normally be required. Fittings B1 & B2 are generally used for the erection of single sided standard signs. Fitting B3 is used to erect back-to-back standard signs on a common post. Fitting B4, wing saddle brackets, are used for single sided signs. These brackets provide resistance to movement but require site drilling of the post.

8.2.4

Signs over 950mm wide

For sign faces over 950mm wide the use of multiple support posts is generally recommended to avoid panel twist due to vandalism or wind buffeting. For situations where a two post support is not possible (eg. narrow urban median strips), a single post may be used with panel stiffeners fixed in accordance with SD No. 1368 for signs up to 1800 wide. Refer to Appendix B for the design procedure. If breakaway posts are required (refer to Clause 8.3.4), the slip base detail given on SD No.1368 is recommended for single post signs subject to impact from any direction. The fuse plate detail is unnecessary and should not be used with single post signs. Brackets are available that resist twisting, such as the Signfix Type 5 Bracket.

8.2.5

Posts in sleeves

There are certain situations where it is advisable to install the post into a sleeve inserted into the footing, such as: 1. Where a sign is located on an urban median strip where it may be struck frequently. 2. Where it may need to be removed occasionally, to accommodate the swept path of overdimensioned vehicles when turning. This arrangement is only appropriate for small posts up to 50mm nominal bore. Details of a typical sleeve assembly are presented in Drawing No. 1368 (Appendix D). An alternative assembly called the loc Socket is also shown on SD 1368. This is a commercial product and variations on the basic theme are just as effective.

8.3 MULTIPLE SUPPORT SIGNS

For sign widths greater than 950mm, panel stiffener rails are attached to the sign face and connected to two or more supports. (Refer to Section 8.2.4 for discussion of the single post alternative).
Design Guide for Roadside Signs Sign Supports

Issue: February 2001

The term support here refers to a CHS post, RHS post, or a truss support. This guide may be used for signs up to 8m in height and up to 7.5m in width, with a maximum area of 40m.

8.3.1

Panel stiffener rails

Two panel stiffener sections are used in fabrication of signs greater than 950mm in width, Type 1 and Type 2A. Refer to TC9382 for specification of aluminium extrusions. Stiffener type and number is specified in Appendix B, Tables B.1.1 and B.2, for a particular sign width, height and location. Table B.1.1 presents three options for choice of stiffener type and number of supports: Option 1 The most economical option using a minimum number of supports spaced at the standard spacing of 60% and 35% of sign width for 2 and 3 support signs respectively. Option 2 This alternative arrangement may be adopted where an additional support is used to achieve frangible section sizes. Note the limitations on support spacing to achieve a satisfactory frangible solution. This option maintains the standard support spacings. Option 3 An option for signs requiring two widely spaced supports, eg. straddling a footpath, where the minimum overhang is 10% of sign width.

For sign widths less than the tabulated limits, the support spacing may be reduced below the standard spacing ratio to suit the site conditions, however the maximum stiffener overhang specified in Table B.1.2 must not be exceeded. Deviation from the specified stiffener/support arrangements will require calculation of width limits in accordance with the appropriate formulae. General constraints on stiffener arrangements are as follows: 500mm maximum stiffener spacing; and 150mm maximum panel overhang between stiffeners and top and bottom of sign. For large signs erected using modular panels, refer to Section 5.

8.3.2

Sign supports

Tubular steel posts are used to support the stiffened sign panel, either Circular Hollow Section (CHS) or Rectangular Hollow Section (RHS). For larger signs, truss supports can and may have to be used instead of CHS/RHS posts. The number of supports and options for support type (RHS/CHS) are determined from the Procedure in Appendix B. The selection of support type is influenced by the following considerations: CHS has generally been the preferred post type due to: Availability as pregalvanised (300g/ms), which saves the cost and inconvenience of hot dip galvanising RHS; Less wastage in fabrication due to 6.5m length stock sizes compared to 8m for RHS; Less tolerance on length required due to ease of pipe cutting and capping on site; Less tolerance on alignment with sign face required; Availability of fittings; and More easily realigned if bent over by wind or vehicle impact.
Sign Supports Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Issue: February 2001

RHS posts are significantly more efficient than CHS as structural sections, particularly with the benefit of availability as Grade C350/450. In regions of Mild and Moderate Atmospheric Classification, advantage may be taken of pregalvanised (100g/ms) RHS which has recently become available for sizes up to 125 x 75 and is half the cost of equivalent capacity galvanised CHS. This cost saving should be considered against the erection advantages of CHS.
Note: Atmospheric Classification is as defined in AS2312 with Moderate zones having rainfall less than 1000mm p.a., average humidity 50 to 80%, and being situated further than 15km from the coast with only light industrial activity.

In urban areas, the likelihood of corrosion from dog urine should also be considered. Although urine will attack all levels of galvanising, the heavier hot dip galvanised coating will give greater protection to the steel. Posts for signs located in high risk areas which are non-frangible (refer 8.3.4), must be hot dip galvanised after fabrication of slip baseplate and fuse plate hinge details as specified in SD No. 1365 (refer Appendix D). The cost and convenience benefits inherent in having CHS pregalvanised are therefore removed and the cost savings of RHS, as discussed above, should be considered. Posts in sleeves (refer Section 8.2.5) must be CHS posts. A truss support comprises two CHS posts, or legs, connected together at a spacing 'S' by smaller CHS web members zig-zagging down the length of the posts (refer to SD No. 1366). Trusses are more efficient than RHS posts as structural members, provided a limit (2.5m in this Guide) is placed on the sign ground clearance of the signs they support (to prevent buckling). For larger signs, in certain locations, truss supports may be the only support type which can be used. Additionally, truss supports may have more aesthetic appeal than large CHS/RHS posts as they represent a more efficient, refined design.

8.3.3

Aternative post section sizes

Table B.5 presents some alternative post section sizes for CHS posts to those called up in Table B.4. These alternative post section sizes are not applicable to trusses. The preferred sizes, based on structural efficiency and availability, are highlighted in Table B.5.

8.3.4

Breakaway supports

The function of breakaway supports is to support the sign under normal wind load conditions, yet fail in a relatively safe manner when struck by a vehicle.

FIGURE 8.1

IMPACT PERFORMANCE

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Sign Supports

Issue: February 2001

Breakaway supports are fabricated using RHS or CHS steel tube with both a slip baseplate and a fuse plate hinge (except for single post signs). Failure occurs when the vehicle impact force overcomes the frictional force between the baseplate and tension tearing of the fuseplate weld. Breakaway support details are designed to accommodate impact from both traffic directions, to cater for use in median strip and gore areas. The slip base and fuse plate details are not required for small posts, which are considered to be frangible in collisions. Refer to Table 8.3.
TABLE 8.3 SMALL SIZE STEEL POSTS CONSIDERED AS FRANGIBLE
Post Size, Nominal Bore mm 100 80 65

Likely Collision Speed km/h <60 60 to 80 >80

Galvanised steel pipe posts up to 65 NB will rarely be found to cause injury to the occupants of cars or heavier vehicles which collide with them. The same applies to low-speed urban type conditions involving steel pipe up to approximately 100NB (RHS 75 x 50). For RHS, 75 x 50 posts may be considered as frangible.

Consideration should be given to the use of an additional post that may reduce the required post size to within the frangible limits. Increasing the number of posts is not a valid method for resultant post spacing less than 1.5m, due to the increased likelihood of collision with two posts. To maximise road safety and minimise cost the intention should always be to locate signs in low risk regions where breakaway posts are not required. Low risk regions are: Outside the Clear Zone defined in Section 4; Behind a guard rail or other barrier device; or At the bottom of a steep embankment or top of a steep cutting. High risk regions are those within the Clear Zone defined in Section 4 which are not protected by a barrier device or steep slope. Breakaway Posts should be avoided where secondary accidents involving the impacting vehicle or dislodged pole and sign are significant. This is particularly relevant in urban areas where pedestrians may be struck by falling pieces. The standard design of large signs, usually situated within the Clear Zone, incorporate breakaway details in the truss support system. To achieve satisfactory performance of the breakaway supports, the following criteria should be met: The clearance of the sign above the ground should be a minimum of 2.1m to avoid penetration of an impacting vehicle windscreen; Proper functioning of the slip base depends on control of clamping pressure between the base plates produced by bolt tensioning. It is important for the specified bolt torque to be adhered to. The drawings specify shop assembly of slip bases, to minimise the inaccuracies of torque controlled bolt tensioning. Pre-assembled slip bases will also enable supports to be plumbed prior to pouring concrete footings.
Sign Supports Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Issue: February 2001

Large truss supports will often be difficult to erect prior to pouring footings. It is therefore desirable to cast in the stub and then assemble the slip base on site. Special attention must be given to the tensioning on site, with calibrated torque wrenches used and bolt threads kept clean. For CHS/RHS posts, the fuse plate hinges have been designed to resist 45% of the post moment capacity. Signs with panel height ('B') greater than 165% of the clearance ('H') between the ground and sign produce a bending moment which exceeds the fuse plate hinge capacity. For these signs the post size should be increased to the next section size. The allowable panel height is then twice the clearance. For truss supports, the fuse plate hinges have been designed to resist 66% of the axial compression capacity of their CHS posts/legs. Signs with panel height ('B') greater than 400% of the clearance ('H') between the ground and sign, produce an axial force which exceeds the fuse plate hinge capacity. For these signs, the truss size could be increased to the next available size, though it must be noted that signs of this height would be outside the scope of this guide. Breakaway Support details are presented in SD No 1365 for CHS/RHS posts and SD No. 1365 and 1366 for trusses.

8.4 FITTINGS
8.4.1 Connection straps
Stiffener Rails are generally fixed to supports with circular or rectangular connection straps. Galvanised steel connection straps for CHS supports (including trusses) and RHS posts are detailed on SD 1364.

8.4.2

Erection cleats

To assist the erection of RHS posts, cleats may be welded to the posts to support the top stiffener rail. Slotted cleats allow the sign to be levelled, as connection straps are fitted to the remaining stiffener rails. Erection cleats are detailed on SD 1364.

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Sign Supports

Issue: February 2001

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Appendix A

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Appendix A

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Issue: February 2001

APPENDIX B: DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR ROADSIDE SIGN SUPPORT

Step 1
Determine sign size - refer to Section 3.

Step 2
Determine Geographic Wind Region, A, B, C or D - refer Figure B.1. Note that for exposed locations (unshielded Terrain Category 2 in AS1170.2) prone to high wind, or where support collapse is more hazardous than normal situations, a Wind Region one step up from that derived from the appropriate Table B.3 should be used for stiffener and support design in Step 5 and 6 (eg., use Region C values for Exposed Region B). For exposed locations in Region D, a support size one size up from that derived from the graph should be selected, or an additional support of the same size used.

Step 3
Determine if the sign has high or low risk collision exposure (refer section 8.3.4). Signs with high risk exposure may require breakaway support details if the posts are not of frangible size. Sign ground clearance H for sign supports with breakaway details should be no lower than 2.1m.

Step 4
Determine if the sign requires a truss support. All truss supports require breakaway support details and should have a sign ground clearance H between 2.1m and 2.5m. If the sign ground clearance exceeds 2.5m, Type B trusses with leg spacing S=1000 should be adopted. Sign ground clearance should generally never exceed 3.25m for truss supports.

Step 5
Select panel stiffener type and number of supports (N) from Table B.1.1, based on the sign width. For modular sign panels, use only Type 2 stiffeners. Maximum sign widths are tabulated for 3 options of support spacing, as discussed in Section 8. Option 1 will be most frequently adopted for normal situations. Option 2 may be adopted where an additional support is required to satisfy the Design Tables B.3, or is used to achieve frangible section size, and Option 3 caters for widely spaced supports (eg. straddling footpaths). Note that for signs of width less than the limiting values, support spacing may be reduced to less than the standard spacing provided that the maximum stiffener overhang specified in Table B.1.2 is not exceeded. Select the number of panel stiffeners from Table B.2. For modular sign panels, use 3 stiffeners (Type 2) at 580mm spacing per 1200mm high sign panel module.

Step 6
Select the support (size and type) from Table B.3 for the appropriate Region A, B, C or D and sign area (10m, 28m or 40m). If no choice of support size is possible for the number of supports N chosen in Step 5, then add an extra support to N and choose a support size again from Table B.3. Refer to discussion in Section 8 of the text on the criteria for selection of support type (CHS Post, RHS Post or Truss Support) eg. requirement for breakaway supports, corrosion protection, erection, structural efficiency, cost, aesthetics.

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Appendix B

Issue: February 2001

For breakaway supports, note the limitation on sign panel height relative to sign ground clearance height. For signs supported by CHS/RHS posts, with sign panel height B greater than 1.65 x clearance H, increase the post size as indicated on Table B.3. For truss supports, this limit is increased to 4.0 x clearance H, which should cover the largest signs to be erected. For truss supports, note that Type A (S=750) trusses are to be used for sign clearance less than 2.5m and Type B (S=1000) trusses for sign ground clearance up to 3.25m.

Step 7
Footings - Refer to Table B.4 for the selection of foundation strength category, based on either simple field identification methods or soil parameters determined by laboratory tests. Note that footings for sound rock or very soft or swampy ground conditions require individual design.

Step 8
Refer to Drawings in Appendix D for details of fabrication and erection.

Darwin
Adelaide River Katherine Derby Broome Pt. Hedland Ivanhoe West Moreland Borroloola

McDonnel Weipa Moreton

Wyndam

Burketown

Cooktown Dunbar Atherton Cairns Mareeba Townsville

Charters Towers Marble Bar Millstream Collinsville Alice Springs Emerald Biloela

Bowen Mackay Rockhampton Bundaberg

Croydon Onslow Carnarvon Mt Amy

Monto Gascoyne Junction Gallathard

25
Geraldton

Maryborough Toowoomba Glen Innes Goffs Harbour Casino Grafton Corindi

Mullewa Morawa Gunyidi

Brisbane

Green Head

Perth Adelaide Canberra Melbourne

Region A Region B Region C Region D

Sydney

Hobart

FIGURE B.1

GEOGRAPHIC REGION

Appendix B

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Issue: February 2001

Table B.1.1

Stiffener Type and Number of Supports

OPTION 1 Minimum No. of Supports; Standard Support Spacing Panel Stiffener Type No. of Supports (N) Maximum Sign Width (standard support spacing) Region A/B Region C Region D OPTION 2 Additional Support; Standard Support Spacing Panel Stiffener Type No. of Supports (N) Maximum Sign Width (standard support spacing) Region A/B Region C Region D OPTION 3 Minimum 10 % Sign Overhang Panel Stiffener Type No. of Supports (N) Maximum Sign Width (10 % sign overhang) Region A/B Region C Region D Type 1 2 1.8m 1.45m 1.2m Type 2 2 3.1m 2.55m 2.1m Type 2 3 Type 1 3 4.7m 3.7m 3.0m Type 2 4 9.6m 7.6m 6.4m Type 1 4 5.5m 4.4m 3.6m Type 1 2 2.9m 2.9m 2.9m Type 2 2 5.6m 4.75 4.0m Type 2 3 8.0m 6.3m 5.3m

support spacing may be reduced for signs of width less than tabulated limits provided maximum stiffener overhang specified in Table B.1.2 below are not exceeded.

Table B.1.2
Panel Stiffener Type Maximum Stiffener Overhang

Maximum Stiffener Overhang

Type 1 Type 2 1.2m 0.95m 0.8m

Region A/B Region C Region D

0.7m 0.55m 0.45m

Table B.2
Sign Height, B (m) 0.75 1.2 1.8 2.25 2.7 3.3 3.75 3.9

Number of Panel Stiffeners

No. of Stiffeners (Max. Stiffener spacing 500mm Max. Sign Panel Overhang 150mm) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Appendix B

Issue: February 2001

SAMPLE CALCULATION

Step 1
Normal sign (single panel construction) Sign width, A Sign height, B Sign ground clearance, H Location 4.8m 2.2m 2.0m Moreton District, Rural Highway

Step 2
Region B, not exposed

Step 3
Low risk exposure as behind a guard rail - breakaway details not required.

Step 4 and 5
Table B.1.1 (Option 1) - Type 2 panel stiffeners with 2 posts for 4.8m panel width. Table B.2 - 5 panel stiffeners required for 2.2m panel height

Step 6
In Table B.3.6 for Region B Sign Area = 4.8 x 2.2 = 10.6m Height to Centre of Sign, H' = = 2 + 2.2/2 3.1m = ground clearance height, H + B/2

For 2 posts as determined in Step 4, interpolation of the design chart yields post choices of 2/100NB CHS or 2/100x50x4.0 RHS. For the Moreton District maximum corrosion protection is required so the RHS posts would require hot dip galvanising. Select 2/100NB pregalvanised posts.

Step 7
Choose foundation strength category in Table B.4, based on field identification or laboratory testing.

Step 8
Refer to Drawings in Appendix D for details of fabrication and erection.

Appendix B

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Issue: February 2001

For Modular Sign Panels, use 3 stiffeners (Type 2) at 580mm spacing per 1200mm high sign panel module (refer Figure 5.7).
Table B.4
COHESIVE CLAY SOILS Strength Category Undrained Shear Strength, Cu (kPa) Elastic Modulus, E (kPa) Subgrade Reaction Modulus, k (MN/m) Field Identification Firm to Stiff 75 8,000 30 Effort is required to penetrate with thumb or remould with fingers Stiff to Hard 150 16,000 60 Only indented by thumb and not possible to remould in fingers without adding water

Foundation Strength Category

COHESIONLESS SAND SOILS Strength Category Friction Angle Elastic Modulus, E (kPa) Coefficient of Modulus Variation, (MN/m) Field Identification Loose to Medium Dense 35 40,000 3 No significant resistance to excavation with spade penetration by crowbar Dense 45 80,000 9 Noticeable resistance to excavation with spade or little penetration by crowbar

Table B.5
Post Section from Table B.3 CHS Nominal Bore *50 *65 *80 90 *100 125 150 Grade

CHS Post Section Equivalence Table

Equivalent Post Section CHS Nominal Bore 50 65 80 90 100 *125 *150 Grade Wall Thickness (mm) 4.5 4.5 5.0 5.0 5.4 5.0 5.0

Wall Thickness (mm) 2.9 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.6 3.5 3.5

LIGHT C350 LIGHT C350 LIGHT C350 LIGHT C350 LIGHT C350 LIGHT C350 LIGHT C350

Issue: February 2001

Table B.3.12 Region D. RHS/CHS Posts: Sign Area 40m

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Appendix B

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This page is purposely left blank

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Issue: February 2001

APPENDIX C: COMPARISON OF 2001 DESIGN GUIDE WITH 1991 DESIGN GUIDE

The 2001 Design Guide for Roadside Signs has been extensively revised from the 1991 Design Guide for Road Signs especially the structural aspects. This appendix outlines the major changes and the reasons for those changes. The guide now caters for signs up to 7.5m wide, up to 8 m high and up to 40m in area. There are now 3 tables for each wind region, with one table dedicated to the smaller signs (<10m) and one covering larger signs of area 10m to 40m which includes truss supports. Trusses are an alternative for large signs in Regions C and D, and are a more structurally efficient alternative than RHS posts for sign areas around 20m to 35m in in any region.

1 INTRODUCTION
The 2001 guide has been developed from the 1996 Draft Edition which was released in response to negative feedback from users of the 1991 guide and a perceived deficiency in the treatment and explanation of breakaway posts. This feedback was confirmed in a user survey with many respondents indicating that the steel posts and footings derived from the 1991 guide to be excessive to that required to support road signs. The survey indicated that users are adopting alternatives to use of the guide including: Factoring of the 1991 guide Figure B2 to give less conservative post sizes; Use of the pre-1987 guide drawing TC9043 which uses steel yield as the allowable stress, 25 year return period, old shape factor of 1.2 and no cyclone factor; Avoidance of breakaway posts by only using CHS for which there are no breakaway details; Posts are generally embedded into footings without reinforcement as detailed. Users indicated a strong preference for accepting that some signs may be blown over in a cyclone or storm rather than using larger posts which present an increased traffic hazard. It was seen to be a relatively simple operation to bend smaller posts (particularly CHS) back into position if blown over. The survey also indicated a preference for use of CHS posts (as discussed further) for which the range of sizes and details are limited in the 1991 guide. A limited field survey of road signs in Metropolitan District indicated that users are adopting post sizes and details in variance to those prescribed by the guide. The incorporation of a rational method in accordance with Australian standards for derivation of acceptable post sizes was considered critical for the success of the revised guide. In addition to addressing the issue of post size/design wind load and breakaway post details the format of the text and design procedure was improved to produce a clearer document. The following discussion outlines the approach taken in the revised guide and identifies deficiencies in the 1991 guide.

2 DESIGN WIND PRESSURE

2.1 1991 Guide
The 1989 wind code Drag Co-efficient for hoardings of Cd = 1.5 was adopted in the 1991 guidereplacing the 1.2 co-efficient used in the 1987 guide. This accounts for a 25% increase in wind pressure for all regions.
Design Guide for Roadside Signs Appendix C

Issue: February 2001

The 1987 guide divided the state into coastal and inland wind regions in accordance with the old wind code. However, the 1.15 wind factor for cyclonic regions was not used in the design. The 1989 wind code has replaced the 1.15 factor with Region C wind speeds. Region C wind speeds are accommodated in the current guide, representing a further 32% increase in wind pressure for cyclonic regions. The 1991 guide particularly penalises inland regions by grouping together coastal region B with inland region A. This represents a 43 % increase in pressure for inland regions. The 1991 guide incorporates a structural importance multiplier, Mi =0.9 in accordance with the new wind code AS1170.21989. This factor is relevant to structures causing a low degree of hazard to life and property (to be discussed further). The structural importance multiplier replaces the use of lower return period winds used in the previous wind code. The 1987 guide does not appear to have adopted wind speeds of lower return period than 50 years, the typical design return period for buildings (compared to the 1981 drawing. TC9043 which uses a 25 year return period). So, the use of Mi=0.9 reduces the pressure increase by 19%. Comments have been made that road sign supports should not be designed like building structures and that some plastic bending should be allowed to occur. Inspection of the calculation file for the 1991 guide shows that intentionally or otherwise the steel yield stress was used as the allowable stress, a method not in accordance with the AS1250 Steel Code upon which the design was generally based. This means that the posts would indeed bend if exposed to a design wind speed. This method may be a carry over from TC9043 which includes the comment that if allowable stress values are required, multiply Z values calculated by 1.5. Use of yield stress reduces post sizes by 40 % on that designed in accordance with the Steel Code.

2.2 New Strategy

From the discussion in 2.1 above it can be seen that, apart from the grouping of Region A with Region B, the 1991 guide is not actually conservative relative to the Australian Standards, as a reduced structural importance multiplier has been used and most significantly steel yield stress was taken as the Allowable Bending Stress. How then can the post sizes be reduced in size with a rational method based on the Australian Standards? The crux of the matter is the probability of exceedence of the design wind speed which is considered acceptable. A higher acceptable probability of exceedence produces smaller post sizes. 2.2.1 Structural Importance Multiplier The structural importance multiplier, Mi in AS1170.2 represents a probability of exceedence of a design wind speed. For Mi = 1.0 there is a 5% chance of exceedence of the Ultimate Wind Speed in a 50 year return period. For the current choice, Mi=0.9, the chance of exceedence in 50 year and 1 year return periods is 25% and 0.5% respectively. The proposed importance multiplier which relates to the maximum acceptable chance of exceedence is Mi=0.75. For Mi=0.75, the chance of exceedence in 50 year and 1 year return periods is 96% and 6.5% respectively. That is, every year there is a 6.5% chance of the sign experiencing its design ultimate wind speed. 2.2.2 Directionality AS1170.2 allows a directionality factor of 0.95 on wind speed in non-cyclonic regions for overturning calculations to account for the reduced probability of the design wind speed occurring in the critical direction for a structure. It is proposed that this directionality factor is reduced further to 0.9 to account for the fact that (in non-cyclonic regions) the design wind speed will generally come from one direction for a particular locality. As the design wind speed for a particular locality comes from one direction, depending on the road orientation, some signs will never experience the design wind speed in their critical direction. Viewing the performance of the road signs structures globally rather than designing for directionality in each individual sign justifies use of the reduced directionality factor of 0.9.

Appendix C

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Issue: February 2001

2.2.3 Regions It is proposed that signs in the different geographic regions defined in AS1170.2 (A, B, C and D) are designed for the wind speed related to that region. This strategy alleviates the situation in the 1991 guide where inland regions are grouped with Coastal. 2.2.4 Terrain Category The 1991 guide adopts the AS1170.2 terminology for Exposed (Terrain Category 2) and General (Terrain Category 3 & 4) and uses a factor by which the post modulus is multiplied. It is suggested that this introduces a complexity in the interpretation of the AS1170.2 definitions which could lead to both under and over designed posts. The survey indicated that users will often choose the less onerous General category for all signs. Support sizes are chosen based on wind loads at locations which are assumed to be in the general sheltered Terrain Categories, TC3 and TC4. The strategy selected is to go up one Wind Region rather than one support size now that an extra Wind Region D has been added to the manual. This strategy was found to be feasible and less conservative than just increasing the support size. Obviously, for exposed locations in Region D, this strategy is not possible and it is recommended in these situations that the user should increase the support size. 2.2.5 Safe Failure It is important that signs should fail by post bending prior to stiffener rails and panel fixing failure to prevent flying sign panels presenting a hazard. Stiffener rails are designed for the maximum design wind pressure with an additional safety factor of 1.67 to ensure signs are not blown off before the poles rotate. The factor 1.67 derives from the combination of load factor and capacity reduction factor on the pole (1.5/0.9). Inspection of the 1991 guide indicated that whilst post sizes increased from the 1987 to 1991 guides, the stiffener requirements were similarly derived, leading to a potentially unsafe failure mode. 2.2.6 Comparison of Various Guides The example presented in the 1991 guide is used to compare the post sizes derived from the proposed new design with those derived from the current guide and other systems. Example- sign area 6m, H=2.5m, Region B, General terrain.
Source 1991 guide 1987 guide Victorian (1986) TC9043 Australian Standard 1747.2 This guide
Table 1

Result 2/100NB 2/100NB 2/100NB 2/90NB 2/100NB 2/80NB

It can be seen that for Region B there was no change between the 1987 and 1991 guide and that the post sizes in the Australian Standard are similar to the existing 1991 guide. The proposed new method produces sign posts significantly smaller than the current guide and other Australian guides in some situations.

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Appendix C

Issue: February 2001

2.2.7 Inclusion of Wind Region D The guide now includes Region D to cater for the all Australian Standard wind regions and to provide Exposed Region C design. The only special provision that had to be made for this Region in the guide is the inclusion of one extra truss size. All details for RHS/CHS posts like stiffener/bolt connection, stiffener spacings, connector straps and rivets are still satisfactory for Region D.

3 DESIGN METHOD
3.1 Stiffener Arrangement
The proposed design method of the sign support structure removes the iterative approach used in the 1991 guide such that the number of posts and stiffener type, spacing and no. are selected directly for a given sign size. Variations to the standard post spacing are catered for by an additional table for widely spaced posts and a table of maximum stiffener overhangs for reduced post spacing. Sign width limits are tabulated for the four geographic regions to be consistent with the post design method. The 1991 guide did not distinguish between regions for stiffener selection. This would lead to either conservative or unsafe designs for some regions depending on the wind pressure used in the stiffener design. Table B.1 in the 1991 guide in attempting to cater for the range of options for stiffener type and spacing and no. of posts is both confusing, impractical and incorrect. Stiffener spacings as low as 200mm are tabulated which is impractical for erection due to the number of fixings required. It was indicated in the survey and verified by field inspection that signs with closely spaced stiffeners and a large number of fixing brackets had brackets inadequately fixed or missing altogether. For the larger width of sign, the close stiffener spacings also produce post sizes which are not included in the guide. Maximum post spacings are tabulated without consideration of the balancing of cantilever overhang and span moments which is inherent in the method adopted from the 1987 guide. For some tabulated values this produces excessive stress in the stiffeners. Consider also the incorrect specification of post spacing ratio for 3 post signs in the 1991 guide which produces double the allowable stiffener stress at the cantilever overhangs.

3.2 Post Size and Selection

A graphical method of post selection has been maintained in the new guide, similar in format to the Australian Standard AS1742.2. Each geographic region is catered for with a separate set of tables for clarity and ease of use. The post size is chosen directly off the table for a given sign size, height and no. of posts. An option is given for either CHS or RHS posts for the smaller signs. Guidance for choice of CHS or RHS is presented in the text. The benefits of the new method compared to the 1991 guide are: presentation of both CHS and RHS in one figure which both reduces the steps involved and allows direct comparison of options. no extra multiplication step for geographic region no confusion about sign area supported for signs with more than 2 posts. direct selection of posts with deletion of tables of post section module. A section equivalence table has been added to the guide for CHS posts to offer alternative Grade C250 section sizes to those Grade C350 section sizes called up by the guide. A table for RHS posts is not required since all post sizes called up by Table B.3 are available as Duragal Dual Grade C350/450 RHS.

Appendix C

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Issue: February 2001

4 TEXT FORMAT
The text of the 1991 guide has clarified and revised to suit the new design method. The major modification was to sort the discussion into Single Post and Multiple Post supports with a separation of the standard Regulatory etc. signs from the signs requiring design of supports. Additional sections on Trusses, Modular signs and Plank board signs have also been included.

5 DRAWINGS
The Standard Drawings No SD 1363, 1364 and 1365 have superseded existing drawings 1360, 1361 and 1362. The Drawings have been organised to cater for Breakaway and Non-Breakaway supports together, rather than providing separate drawings with repeated details. This assists in providing a less fragmented document. The slip base and fuseplate hinge are simply additional details incorporated as required onto the standard post. The revised drawings also present CHS and RHS posts together rather than on separate drawings with inconsistent specifications. Specification of clearances, heights, orientation etc. are referred to the MUTCD document rather than trying to incorporate some of this information on the structural drawings. Drawing SD No.1295 has not yet been altered while drawings 1296, 1297, 1298, 1299, 1300 and 1360 have been withdrawn.

6 AS4100 STEEL STRUCTURES CODE

The sign support posts have been designed in accordance with the new Limit State steel code AS4100. Ultimate design wind speeds were used. Significant saving are possible for compact tubular sections with ultimate limit state design compared to the AS1250 allowable stress method.

7 BREAKAWAY POSTS
7.1 Text
The text has been clarified in the explanation of where and why breakaway posts are required. In particular the ambiguity of definition of low and high risk areas has been removed. Currently low risk is defined as outside the clear zone, and high risk is within half the clear zone distance of the traffic lane edge of the road. The term Slip Base Supports has been dropped in favour of Breakaway Posts as Breakaway Posts incorporate both a slip base and the fuse plate hinge.

7.2 Frangible Posts

The explanation of when posts are considered to be adequately frangible without the incorporation of breakaway post details has been expanded and revised. The size of posts considered to be frangible has not been modified in accordance with the Australian Standard AS1742.2. AS1742.2 nominates 80 OD and 114 OD as appropriate frangible sizes for high speed and low speed areas compared to 60 OD and 89 OD in the 1991 guide. The AS1742.2 figures have been advised by the MS12 Committee who revised the AS1742.2 as being incorrect. The size of posts deemed to be frangible seems to be a subject of some contention. The choice is probably influenced by the issue of the liability of Authorities erecting potential roadside hazards. Opposing the issue of liability is the requirement for economical provision of sign supports. It is noted that the Victorian Manual only nominates 60 OD posts and smaller as frangible. This compares to experience in the Central District Office that indicates impact with 114OD CHS in 60 kph zones are survivable and advice from the Mackay District that 165 OD CHS safely collapse without slip bases. The Moreton District considers that 114 OD is the frangible size limit.
Design Guide for Roadside Signs Appendix C

Issue: February 2001

7.3 Criteria
Criteria for satisfactory performance of breakaway posts have been included in the new guide. The AASHTO Roadside Design Guide criterion for 2.1m clearance has been incorporated. The AASHTO criteria on post weight will be satisfied for all posts in the range of the guide. A minimum post spacing of 1.5m has been recommended as the limit for use of additional posts of frangible size to support signs in high risk zones. The AASHTO Guide considers all posts in a swept path of 2.1m when checking that the weight of posts is less than the recommended limit. Design in accordance with the AASHTO Guide would therefore require consideration of the combined resistance to impact of all posts within a 2.1m width, rather than designation of individual posts as frangible if smaller than the recommended size. Adoption of a 2.1m swept path would disqualify many signs from use of frangible post support. The 1.5m minimum spacing limit is proposed as an acceptable, less conservative, limit for consideration of impact on posts in isolation. A limit on sign height relative to clearance has been incorporated to ensure that the fuse plate moment capacity is not exceeded under the design wind speed. The current fuseplate detail appears to be designed for the post capacity which relates to a sign height not greater than the clearance. Many existing signs will not conform to this criterion and will therefore potentially fail at the fuseplate at less than the design wind speed.

7.4 Post type

Breakaway Post details have been incorporated for both CHS and RHS posts.

7.5 Details
The breakaway details used in the 1991 guide have been revised and enhanced as discussed below. It is intended that the performance under impact will be improved by the modifications, however testing of impact performance is recommended. 7.5.1 Slip Base The slip base plates have been detailed to accommodate angled impact from both traffic directions. Bolt tensioning requirements have been revised to improve the performance of the slip bases under impact. The current guide specifies the part-turn method of tensioning which is relevant to high strength friction grip bolts tensioned to the bolt Proof Load. AASHTO recommends clamping forces relative to post size for satisfactory slip base performance. Excess bolt tension increases the impact force transmitted to the vehicle. The clamping force recommended in AASHTO relates to very low bolt tension which may cause problems of a loose connection, unserviceable for wind loading. The proposed method is to torque the bolts to 100 Nm which is the torque adopted in the standard Light Column drawing No. 1285. This torque relates to only 1/2 and 1/3 of snug tight for M16 and M20 respectively. AS4100 discourages the use of torque control of bolt tension in favour of load indicating washers due to inaccuracies from thread cleanliness, wrench calibration, thread type and various other factors. However load indicating washers do not cater for low bolt tension and inaccuracies in torque control can be minimised by oiling the threads and assembling the baseplates in the shop prior to delivery to site. Shop assembly has the added advantage of enforcing the plumbing of the posts prior to pouring concrete rather than casting in the stub below the slip base and then using shims between the baseplates (in the critical slip zone) to plumb the posts, as is currently specified in the guide. It is further noted that AASHTO recommends regular checking of bolt tension for signs in service. Bolts have been sized with an additional factor of safety to ensure post failure prior to bolt failure. This also recognises the cyclic loading and fatigue regime operable on the bolts. Additional washers have been specified under the bolt head and nut to enable uniform pressure under the head and nut with the slotted baseplates.
Appendix C Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Issue: February 2001

The fillet welds of posts to baseplates have been corrected. The current guide specification shows fillet weld size increasing with overall post size rather than with tube wall thickness. The weld sizes currently tabulated are generally not compatible with the post strength such that failure would occur at the welds before post bending capacity was mobilised. 7.5.2 Fuse Plate Hinge The fuse plate detail has also been modified to accommodate impact from both traffic directions. This has been achieved by use of a fuse plate on both sides of the post with a complete separation/cut of the post. The fuse plate detail has been increased in bending capacity to 45% of the post capacity to enable sign height to be up to 165% of clearance (refer to discussion in 7.3 above). This will accommodate a greater range of signs than is currently possible (although not specified). Field inspection along the Gateway Arterial Rd. indicated that the fillet weld size and length on the fuse plates are frequently less than specified on the drawings. Cracking was evident in some of these inadequate welds. These inadequate welds could significantly reduce the expected life of the posts, particularly as the welds are subject to cyclic wind gust loading and stress concentration effects. Apart from a recommendation for improved Quality Control the detail has been revised with thicker fuse plates to improve the chance of correct weld size. Thicker fuse plates also improve the transfer of wind shear across the cut post. Welding is now continuous all around the fuseplates which will also alleviate stress concentrations. A smaller 3 or 4mm weld is specified for the post below the cut to facilitate failure on impact. The current galvanising procedure specifies for posts to be hot dip galvanised prior to welding of fuseplate with weld damaged area cold galvanised subsequent to welding. This has been specified to ensure corrosion protection behind the fuseplate which is not sealed around the edges. Field Inspection indicated that posts are susceptible to corrosion along the cut edges and the weld regions which are cold galvanised. The revised procedure specifies welding of the fuseplate prior to hot dip galvanising. Additionally, the post splice is specified to be full contact which should enable the galvanising to seal across the cut. The fuse plate is welded all around to effectively seal behind the plate such that the whole assembly can be protected with the hot dip galvanising.

8 POSTS TYPES
The user survey indicated a strong preference for the use of CHS posts rather than RHS. Advantages identified with CHS are pregalvanised, availability, cheaper (availability in 6.5m lengths c.f 8m for RHS leading to less wastage is one consideration), readily cut and capped on site with pipe cutters so less tolerance on post length required, less requirement for alignment with sign face, availability of fittings and more easily pushed back to alignment if bent over by wind or vehicle collision. The 1991 guide is deficient in the treatment of CHS posts, with tabulation for up to 100NB only. The new guide provides for CHS posts up to 150NB. 90 NB is included in the graphs but is not readily available. The current guide use of Grade 200 steel for CHS has been updated to incorporate the new Grade 250 rating. Additionally, posts of 100 nominal bore and smaller have been specified as Grade 350 Light Gal. The Grade 350 CHS are lighter, stronger and the same cost as the equivalent Medium Gal Grade 250 posts. RHS posts have been retained with further explanation to when they may be economical. The structural efficiency and hence potential cost saving has been identified particularly with the use of pregalvanised RHS. Tubemakers Duragal is only 3% more expensive than black steel and is rated at Grade 450. The cost of a Grade 450 pregalvanised RHS post is 1/2 the cost of the equivalent strength CHS. The use of pregalvanised RHS (without further hot dip galvanising) is limited to regions of low corrosion potential due to the reduced thickness of zinc coating (100g/m compared to 300g/m for hot dip galvanising).
Design Guide for Roadside Signs Appendix C

Issue: February 2001

RHS posts may also be cost effective for Breakaway Posts where the advantage of pregalvanised CHS is lost with the requirement on hot dip galvanising the Breakaway Posts after fabrication.

9 STIFFENER RAILS
A maximum stiffener spacing of 500mm with overhang of 150mm is proposed compared to the 1991 guide maximum of 450mm spacing and 100 overhang. This saves 1 rail on the common sign heights of 1200, 750 and 1800. The 1991 guide specifies a pole spacing ratio of 0.2/0.3/0.3/0.2 and 0.2/0.6/0.2 for 3 and 2 pole signs respectively. The two post ratio is retained whilst the 3 post ratio is revised to the most economical spacing ratio of 0.15/0.35/0.35/0.15. These ratios balance both pole load and stiffener support and span moment. For the wider 3 post signs, the stiffener moment is very sensitive to the post spacing ratio. The 20% overhang for 3 post signs in the 1991 guide produces double the stiffener moment produced with the 15% overhang now specified. This means that stiffeners constructed in accordance with the 1991 guide would be overstressed at the overhang. The concept of utilising composite action between the sign panel and the stiffeners was proposed at a previous stage in the review process. The use of composite action was necessary to make the stiffeners work for the design wind pressures including a factor of safety to ensure safe failure (refer 2.2.5). The design wind pressure has been reduced further such that composite action is not required. This is fortunate as composite action relies on the panels to be spliced with a cover strip in accordance with the current specification. The field survey indicated that the splice cover strip is frequently omitted.

10 SINGLE POST SIGNS

The current guide allows signs less than 950mm wide to be supported on a single post. The sign panel overhang for a sign of 950mm width is 475mm which is in excess of the maximum overhang determined by a stress calculation. This concession is presumably to cater for the historical development of standard sign supports and is retained in the new guide. It is however highlighted in the text that the larger panels may be subject to twist from wind gusting and vandalism. Drawing No. 1300 specifies 50NB posts for signs up to 1m. Depending on sign height, the post size may not be in accordance with the design Table B.3. This is consistent with the reduced capacity of the unstiffened sign panel bending capacity as discussed above. A proposed addition to the guide is a new system and detail to accommodate the common situation of signs wider than 950mm which cannot be supported on 2 posts, for eg. on a narrow median strip. The sign panel is stiffened and fixed to a single post with 6mm steel brackets. The steel brackets are screwed into the post to prevent rotation. This detail is shown on SD No. 1368.

11 FOOTINGS
11.1 1991 Guide
A large discrepancy is noted in the 1991 guide between pier sizes for CHS (Drawing 1360) and RHS (Drawing 1362). For example the 114CHS requires a 1200 dp. by 250 diam with 20Mpa concrete compared to 100x50RHS which requires a 1400 dp by 600 diam. with 32 Mpa concrete and reinforcement. This discrepancy is due to the design method and soil lateral bearing capacities adopted. There are various methods commonly used for design of laterally loaded piers including UBC, Rutledge (U.S Outdoor Advertising Association) and Broms/Poulos (SAA Piling Code). The value of lateral bearing capacity used is dependent on the acceptable amount of movement to mobilise that resistance.
Appendix C Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Issue: February 2001

The 1991 guide for RHS sections appears to have used the UBC method with 60kPa/m lateral soil pressure. This is applicable to the design of footings for building in hard clay or well graded sand/gravel. The CHS values can be derived from the UBC formula with lateral soil pressure of 120 kPa/m. This indicates a lower safety factor on soil capacity and greater movement at ground level (hence pole rotation). The use of the UBC method with soil values applicable to acceptable movements in building foundations is over conservative. It is further noted that the 1991 RHS footing sizes increased on the 1987 guide whereas the CHS footings reduced on the 1987 guide sizes.

11.2 New Strategy

The new guide specifies footings sizes for two soil strength categories for both cohesive and noncohesive soils. Cohesive and non-cohesive soils are distinguished between, due to different mechanisms of soil resistance and hence design formulae. For non-cohesive soils, lateral resistance is dependent on overburden stress, so footings are deeper and narrower than for cohesive soils. The new Table B.4 in the Appendix B design procedure enables choice of appropriate Foundation Strength Category by use of either simple Field Identification procedures or parameters derived by laboratory testing. 11.2.1 Cohesive Soils The footings for cohesive soils are designed using the method suggested by Coyle and Bierschwale, Design of Rigid Shafts in Clay for Lateral Load, ASCE J Geotech Eng, Vol 109, No.9, 1983. This method determines the ultimate lateral load that can be applied to a pile for a limiting deflection criteria. A pile rotation of 2 degrees is considered to be the serviceable limit beyond which loosening of the pile may occur due to plastic deformation of the soil. This method produces less conservative results than other methods which limit soil pressure. 11.2.2 Non-Cohesive Soils The SAA Piling Code (AS2159-1978) was used for design of footings in non-cohesive soils with an appropriately chosen Factor of Safety on ultimate lateral resistance. 11.2.3 Other Soils The guide highlights the requirement for special design of footings in very soft or swampy soils and sound rock. 11.2.4 Details The cast-in anchor bolt detail for non-breakaway posts has been deleted from the guide due to the preference of users to simply embed the posts into the concrete footing. This also saves on fabrication and avoids damage to pregalvanised coatings. The footings have been designed without reinforcement by utilising the combined bending resistance of the embedded post and unreinforced concrete pier. The diameter and depth of piers have been chosen with consideration to minimising pier depth. The survey indicated a requirement to minimise depth for avoidance of services.

12 SIGN DETAILS
12.1 Stiffener Connection Straps
The connection strap detail has been retained apart from some revision to the dimensions for RHS straps. The RHS strap dimensions were tabulated such that there was no gap between the strap and stiffener to enable clamping of the stiffener against the post.
Design Guide for Roadside Signs Appendix C

Issue: February 2001

Reference to aluminium post straps has been deleted from the guide due to inadequate strength. Calculations indicate that the Type 2 stiffener has inadequate local bending strength at the 10mm bolt connection to the strap. The Type 2 stiffeners are subject to very high local bending stress at the connection strap bolt. The calculations indicate overstress under the design wind load but there may also be a problem of overstress from tensioning of the connection bolt. ALCAN in Sydney have indicated that they make the extrusion to the Department specification and have never performed any testing or design. A modified Type 2A section has been provided and is shown in TC9382 which has the same section modulus as the current type 2 and an increased lip thickness. This solves the problem of local bending weakness of the current Type 2.

12.2 Galvanising Vent Hole

The size of the vent and drain holes for galvanising have been modified in accordance with the recommendations of the Galvanisers Association.

12.3 Erection Cleats

The detail referred to in the 1991 guide as the fused plate detail, for hanging the sign off the top of the poles and then clamping is adopted by some users. This has been retained in the guide. To avoid confusion with the breakaway fuse the new name, Erection Cleats has been adopted.

13 INCORPORATION OF TRUSS TYPE SUPPORTS

Truss supports have been proposed by the Gympie District office of Queensland Transport for use with larger signs. An extensive check of their design has been carried out with a view to rationalisation for incorporation in the Design Guide.

13.1 Design Philosophy

The design philosophy used in the calculations was to limit the inter-post spacing S for a truss support (Refer Drawing DS no. 1366) to the minimum of 750 mm where possible to allow greater flexibility in matching the web member node spacings to the specified post height for a certain sign. This was not possible for Region D, which includes a truss size T3B which is a truss with 80NB CHS posts at a post spacing S of 1000 mm. The choice of truss sizes was also rationalised down to six: T1A (65 NB CHS posts, S=750), (C350, 3.2 m wall thickness); T1B (65 NB CHS posts, S=1000), (C350, 3.2 m wall thickness); T2A (80NB CHS posts, S=750), (C350, 3.2 m wall thickness);

T2B (80NB CHS posts, S=1000), (C350, 3.2 m wall thickness); T3A (80 NB CHS posts, S=750) (C350, 5.5 m wall thickness); and T3B (80 NB CHS posts, S=750) (C350, 5.5 m wall thickness). T1, T2 and T3A are suitable choices for all Wind Regions while T3B is normally only used in Region D.

13.2 Joint Efficiency and Roarks Buckling

A truss support consists of two CHS legs or posts connected together with smaller CHS web members. The truss resists wind-induced bending by developing axial forces in the posts. Therefore, the moment capacity of the truss is proportional to the axial capacity, specifically the compressive capacity, of its posts. Because of the complexity of the web connection to the posts, the normal axial capacity of the posts have to be modified slightly. There is some eccentricity in the post axial force caused by the transfer of axial forces from the webs to the posts. This has resulted from the reduction of pin diameter (which the web members are bent round at the web nodes) to 120mm to reduce the bending effects due to web force eccentricity at the nodes. Thus a
Appendix C Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Issue: February 2001

joint efficiency factor of 0.8 has been used in design to modify the post axial capacity. Because axial forces vary along the length of the posts to a maximum at the supported base, the critical buckling load and thus the compressive axial capacity of the posts was modified further. Roarks Formulas for Stress and Strain provided a factor of 1.25 for the modification of the axial post capacity.

13.3 Compressive Leg Bracing and Effective Length for Buckling

The capacity of the trusses is very sensitive to the effective buckling length of the compression leg. The truss legs fixed to the sign face provide an effective sway frame which limits out of plane deflection to less than 3.150% x Le under the action of the restraint forces. The unsupported truss legs are therefore braced back to sign face legs. A sign clearance limit of 2.5 m maximum is recommended for truss supported signs to keep the trusses reasonably efficient. The capacity tables have been based on this limit. Exceedence of this limit will significantly reduce the capacity of the trusses.

13.4 Breakaway Details

Breakaway Details are standard for the Trusses as recommended by the Gympie District to assist erection and because most large signs are located in the Clear Zone of high speed roads.

13.5 Footing Design

The truss footings have been designed taking into account a combination of effects including, pier bending, pad footing base bearing and side face shear.

14 MODULAR SIGN PANELS

Modular Sign panels have been included in the guide to facilitate the installation of larger signs. A sketch which details the general arrangement for these signs has been included in the guide. Each 1200mm high sign panel module is required to have 3 stiffeners at a set spacing of 580 mm. The guide design procedure for selection of supports for Modular Sign Panels is exactly the same as for normal signs.

15 RECOMMENDATIONS
The following recommendations are made on items and issues which may require further investigation.

15.1 Frangible Post Size

As discussed in Clause 7.2 above, there are various opinions on the appropriate size limit on posts which may be considered as frangible. It has been recommended by Lance Christiansen of the Central District Office that the testing facility at the Rocla plant at Gailes be used to carry out some crash tests to determine at what size post, breakaway details are required.

15.2 Breakaway Post Performance

The slip base and fuse plate hinge details were adapted from the method presented in the AASHTO Guide. There are however significant differences between the AASHTO method which uses hot rolled I-beams and the QT designs which use RHS and CHS sections. The AASHTO Guide also stresses the importance of slip base and fuse plate clamping pressures. Although the bolt tension in the new guide has been significantly reduced from the 1991 guide it is still greater than recommended in the AASHTO Guide for the reasons presented. Conversely the bending capacity of the fuse plate hinge has been increased on that provided in the 1991 guide to accommodate a greater range of sign configurations. The above discussions leads to the recommendation for inclusion of testing of breakaway post performance in any program of testing of frangible post limits.
Design Guide for Roadside Signs Appendix C

Issue: February 2001

15.3 Fuse Plate Fabrication

As discussed in Clause 7.5.2, the welding of the fuse plate is critical for successful performance under both wind loading and vehicle impact. Based on the very limited field survey along the Gateway Arterial Rd., it is recommended that an improved Quality Control procedure be implemented on the fillet weld size and quality. The galvanising procedure of the breakaway posts has been modified such that the posts are welded after fabrication of the fuseplate. It is intended that the galvanising will seal across the post cut. Industrial Galvanisers have advised that they would undertake some trial galvanising of the fuseplate to confirm that the cut can indeed be effectively protected by the galvanising. There is still a need to carry out vehicle impact tests to verify the performance of the slip base and fuse plate hinge. The use of the slip base and fuse plate for truss supports is carrying the concept even further from the original AASHTO application and should be verified by impact testing.

Appendix C

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Issue: February 2001

Appendix D: STANDARD DRAWINGS

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Appendix D

Appendix D
GENERAL NOTES: B 1364 Erection cleats (not standard) (see note G5) B 1364 Post cap CHS - cap with approved galvanised post caps or as per RHS treatments RHS - cap with 5mm galvanised plate butt welded and finished flush with top of post. Cold galvanise damaged post if pregalvanised 75 500mm max. stiffener spacing A 1364 Fuse plate 100 A 1364 E 1365 CHS or RHS steel posts (refer Table 1 for details) 2.1m min. slip clearance Hs RHS largest dimension 100 max. Ground level at footing to be confirmed prior to fabrication of posts D 1365 Slip base (see note G6) Fuse plate (see note G6) Sign face 10mm galvanised vent air hole in supports required to be hot dip galvanised. Locate diagonally opposite vent drain hole in base plate. G1. Standard post spacing must not be altered without approval of principal. Tables in the Road Sign Design Manual specify reduced sign width limits for increased spacings. G2. Refer to MUTCD guidelines for sign clearances from kerb face and shoulder edge and sign orientation to road. Also refer to SD1365 for breakaway post clearances and Note G8. G3. Refer to TC9382 for dimensions and specifications of type 1 & 2 aluminium panel stiffeners. Refer to specification ES126 for fixings to sign face. G4. Selection of foundation type and strength category to be approved by Principal. G5. Optional erection cleats to be provided on RHS posts only, as required. D E G6. Slip base and fuse plate details 1365 and 1365 are to be incorporated in breakaway posts only, as instructed by the principal. G7. Footing depth L is embedment length into soil of strength category tabulated. Disregard loose top soil and fill when measuring footing depth. G8. Minimum slip clearance Hs for breakaway posts is 2100 mm. Sign height B must not exceed 1.65 x H for breakaway posts unless otherwise advised by principal. STEEL NOTES: Post embedded into concrete footings L (see note G7) d

150 max. overhang

Standard post spacing (see note G1) 0.60 x sign width for 2 posts 0.35 x sign width for 3 posts 0.25 x sign width for 4 posts

D
92

Aluminium panel stiffeners (see note G3)

Sign height B (see note G8)

150 max. overhang

100 max. overhang

Standard Drawing No. 1363 Traffic Sign Support

SIDE ELEVATION
CONCRETE NOTES: C1. Concrete specification: Slump Max. aggregate Min. cement content Max. water/cement ratio Concrete 80mm 20mm 3 250kg/m 0.55 N25 to AS3600 C2. Mechanically vibrate full depth of concrete. C3. Concrete poured directly against auger hole S1. Steel grades (FY) to be: Section and plates to AS1204 - 250Mpa. CHS to AS1163 250/350/450 Mpa, as specified. S2. Welded connections shall be with 6mm continuous fillet welds in accordance with AS1554 category special purpose (SP), using electrode type E48XX/W50X MIG welding or MIG welding unless noted otherwise. S3. All bolts commercial grade unless noted otherwise. S4. All bolts, fitments, plates, etc. to be hot dipped galvanised, U.N.O. S5. Corrosion protection. Non-breakaway posts:2 CHS posts - pregalvanised 300g/m 2 RHS posts - pregalvanised 300g/m Breakaway posts:2 CHS & RHS posts - hot dipped galvanised 300g/m after fabrication of fuse plate and slip base plates. Note: Requirements for vent holes to RHS posts & CHS posts.

Clearance H (see notes G2 & G8)

RHS smallest dimension

Slope concrete surface away from post at 1:6

75 cover

REAR ELEVATION (refer to note G2)

POST SPECIFICATION

POST DIMENSIONS (mm)

WALL THICKNESS (mm)

GRADE

CHS

50NB 65NB 80NB 90NB 100NB 125NB 150NB

2.9 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.6 5.0/3.5 5.0/3.2

C350 C350 C350 C350 C350 C250/C350 C250/C350

FOOTINGS (SEE NOTE G4) COHESIVE CLAY SOILS COHESIONLESS SAND SOILS FIRM TO STIFF VERY STIFF LOOSE TO MEDIUM DENSE d (mm) L (mm) d (mm) L (mm) d (mm) L (mm) d (mm) L (mm) 300 300 300 300 750 750 450 450 300 300 300 300 1000 800 700 500 300 300 300 300 1100 900 900 600 450 300 300 300 1200 1000 750 750 450 450 450 300 1200 1200 900 700 450 450 450 450 1350 1200 1200 800 600 450 450 450 1600 1300 1300 1100

RHS

TRAFFIC SIGN
Size A4 TRAFFIC SIGN SUPPORT Not to scale Drawing No Date 09/95 D E

75 x 50 100 x 50 125 x 75 125 x 75 150 x 100 200 x 100

3.0 4.0 3.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 300 450 450 450 600 600 600 700 800 1100 1000 1300 300 450 450 450 450 450 1100 1200 1350 1600 1700 2000 300 300 450 450 450 450

C450 C450 C450 C450 C350 C350

300 450 450 600 600 600

900 900 1200 1300 1500 1800

900 1200 1200 1300 1400 1700

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Issue: February 2001

TABLE 1

1363

2 t Sign face t y r C L 5 Aluminium stiffener (see note G3 on SD1363) d

RHS smallest dimension 1 x

RHS largest dimension

* 2.5/3mm galvanised steel G450 Z275 See Table 2

Issue: February 2001

10mm galv. square neck cuphead bolts, incl. hex. nuts and washers Aluminium stiffener Connection strap

w/2

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

RHS SECTION 2 CHS
CHS/RHS

11mm dia. holes

CHS/RHS

REAR ELEVATION

SECTION 1

NOTE: Approved alternative sign brackets can be used where applicable.

A
3 RHS largest dimension Sign face

STIFFENER CONNECTION STRAP DETAIL

CONNECTION STRAPS r (mm) d (mm) t (mm) w (mm)

RHS smallest dimension

CHS

Standard Drawing No. 1364 Connection Strap and Erection Cleat Details
POST DIMENSIONS (mm) 50NB 65NB 80NB 90NB 100NB 125NB 150NB
Aluminium stiffener C L Cold galvanise weld area for pregalvanised posts Erection cleat 6mm galv. mild steel CHS/RHS (E48/W50) Aluminium stiffener (see note G3 on SD1363) 6

10mm galv. square neck cuphead bolts, incl. hex. nuts and washers

RHS

75 x 50 100 x 50 125 x 75 150 x 100 200 x 100

30 38 45 51 57 70 83 x (mm) 50 50 75 100 100

25 33 40 46 52 65 78 y (mm) 70 95 120 145 195

2.5 G450 Z275 2.5 G450 Z275 2.5 G450 Z275 2.5 G450 Z275 2.5 G450 Z275 3.0 G450 Z275 3.0 G450 Z275 t (mm) 2.5 G450 Z275 2.5 G450 Z275 3.0 G450 Z275 3.0 G450 Z275 3.0 G450 Z275

40 40 40 40 40 50 50 w (mm) 40 40 50 50 50

Connection plate 6mm galv. mild steel

TABLE 2

CHS/RHS

REAR ELEVATION

SECTION 3

TRAFFIC SIGN
CONNECTION STRAP AND ERECTION CLEAT DETAILS Size A4 Not to scale Drawing No Date 03/95 B

Appendix D

ERECTION CLEAT (Optional - see note G5 on SD1363) RHS posts only

1364

D
94
30
30

Tapered slots for bolts in upper and lower base plates - radius to suit bolt diameter 6mm fillet weld full width of plate Refer to note B7 Z 50 RHS 40 CHS Cut behind 50 RHS 40 CHS 100 Above cut 6 Bottom of sign face

5mm radius to corners typ.

Sign face

RHS BASEPLATE
m

CHS BASEPLATE

Nyloc nut

Appendix D
25 20 Sb Fuse plate to each side Post cut through at fuse plate hinge Fillet weld Sf below cut Fillet weld Sf below cut Fillet weld Sf below cut 50 RHS 40 CHS m 6mm fillet weld above cut 50 RHS 40 CHS

Diameter V galvanised vent drain hole diagonally opposite vent air hole

Bolt dia.

SIDE ELEVATION (CHS/RHS)

Above cut 6 (E48/W50) Sign face Above cut 6 (E41/W40)

FRONT ELEVATION (CHS/RHS)

Sign face Tf BREAKAWAY NOTES:

RHS width (75 min. spacing)

CHS ouside diameter

4 galvanised. grade 8.8 bolts, diameter p. Supply 5 washers per bolt. Shop assembled. Refer to note B3 for tightening torque.

Z
4 holes, 2mm oversize on bolt diameter 3mm typ.

RHS SECTION

CHS SECTION

Fuse plate radius to suit CHS outside radius

2 washers

Keeper plate see section Y

POST SIZE

Remove galvanising runs or beads at washer area

FUSE PLATE DETAIL (TWO OR MORE SUPPORTS ONLY)

Refer to Table 3 for dimensions Tf, m, Sf
WALL THICKNESS GRADE

Tb Baseplate outline
CHS

1 washers on top of keeper plate

1.2mm thick galvanised steel keeper plate

Standard Drawing No. 1365 Traffic Sign Support Breakway Post Details (two or more supports)
65NB 80NB 90NB 100NB 125NB 150NB 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.6 5.0/3.5 5.0/3.2 C350 C350 C350 C350 C250/C350 C250/C350 Tb 16 16 16 16 20 20 MULTI POLE SLIPBASE DETAIL SLIP BASE DETAIL FUSE PLATE DETAIL p Sb V Tf m Sf M16 8 25 8 45 3 M16 8 25 8 55 3 M16 8 25 8 60 3 M16 8 25 8 70 3 M16 8 32 8 85 3 M20 8 32 8 100 3 RHS

2 washers under bolt head

Post extends into footing similar to standard posts

Footing

D Y

SLIP BASE DETAIL

KEEPER PLATE

100 x 50 125 x 75 125 x 75 150 x 100 200 x 100

4.0 3.0 5.0 5.0 5.0

C450 C450 C450 C350 C350

20 20 25 25 25

M16 M16 M20 M20 M20

10 8 12 10 10

25 32 32 38 50

8 8 10 10 10

35 60 60 75 75

3 3 4 4 4

B1. Refer to steel notes S1-5 on drawing No. SD1366. B2. Slip base to be shop assembled with correct bolt tensioning prior to transport to site where possible. B3. High strength galvanised bolts to be cleaned, lightly oiled and tensioned as follows: M36 - 100Nm M20 - 30Nm M16 - 20Nm. B4. Assemble upper to lower base plate with one flat washer on each bolt between plates with washer above the keeper plate. B5. Seal gap between base plates with caulking compound. B6. Fillet weld of post to base plate to be with E48XX or W50X MIG welding. B7. The post ends at the cut are to be full contact in accordance with AS100 Cl. 14.4.4.2 requirements for full contact compression splice. B8. Weld at fuse plate: RHS - E48XX or W50X MIG welding. CHS - E41XX or W40X MIG welding. Weld sizes are to be strictly adhered to, to ensure satisfactory performance of fuse plate hinge.

Refer to Table 3 for dimensions Tb, Sb, V, p

TRAFFIC SIGN
T1 (65NB) TRUSS T2 (80 NB) T3 (80 NB) 3.2 3.2 5.5 C350 C350 C350 16 16 20 M16 M16 M16

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Issue: February 2001

TABLE 3

TRAFFIC SIGN SUPPORT BREAKAWAY POST DETAILS (TWO OR MORE SUPPORTS)

Size A4 Not to scale

Drawing No Date 09/95 C D

1365

Sign face STEEL NOTES: 75

Diagonal braces to unsupported leg. Refer note G4 Top compressive leg strut system. Refer note G4

External fitted plug. Refer note S6

Sign attachment. See detail on SD1364 Overhang varies to suit specified post length (max 1.75S min 150 mm) 150 Pitch=2 x S Pin diameter Post spacing (S) Immediate leg strut at 3m CTS max. (if required)

Issue: February 2001

Level of top strut. Refer note G4

Truss spacing 2 Trusses: 0.6 x Sign Width 3 Trusses: 0.35 x Sign Width 4 Trusses: 0.25 x Sign Width

Bottom compressive leg strut system

S1. Steel grades (FY) to be: Section and plates to AS1204 - 250Mpa. CHS to AS1163 - 250/350/450 Mpa, as specified. S2. Welded connections shall be with 6mm continuous fillet welds in accordance with AS1554 category special purpose (SP), using electrode type E48XX/W50X MIG welding, except at fuse plate where E41XX/W40X electrodes are to be used. S3. All bolts are to be galvanised grade 8.8 unless noted otherwise. S4. All bolts, fitments, plates, etc. to be hot dipped galvanised, U.N.O. S5. Corrosion protection. CHS post assembly to be hot dipped galvanised 300g/m after fabrication of fuse plate and slip base plates. S6. External end plugs are not to be fitted prior to galvanising.

Sign height B (see note G7)

Fuse plate. Refer detail on SD1367

150mm

Bracing chord and adaptors to be used to align stubs prior to concretre setting. Refer Note G4 > 2500 < 3250 type B trusses (S=1000)

Clearance H (see notes G6 & G7)

100 max. Stubs embedded into concrete footing

2.1m min. slip clearance Hs

Slope concrete surface away from post at 1:6 Slip base. Refer SD1365

Post length as specified (breakaway and non-breakaway)

Width (W)

* Adjust the overhang to avoid having a fuse plate within 50mm of a web node.

Standard Drawing No. 1366 Traffic Sign Support Detail Truss Type Breakway
< 2500 type A trusses (S=750) * BREAKAWAY NOTES: 150 Fuse plate. Refer detail on SD1367 Bottom strut above bottom of sign face. Refer note G4 Horizontal web struts 200 from top and bottom of stubs. Horizontal web strut 100 min. 300mm max. 100 max. Depth (D)
B1. Slip base bolts are to be cleaned, lightly oiled and tensioned as follows: M36 - 100Nm M20 - 30Nm M16 - 20Nm. B2. Assemble upper to lower base plate with one flat washer on each bolt between plates with washer above the keeper plate. B3. Seal gap between base plates with caulking compound. B4. The post ends at the cut are to be full contact in accordance with AS100 Cl. 14.4.4.2 requirements for full contact compression splice.

Breadth (B)

TRUSS SPECIFICATION POST WEB

Stub Length (st) Refer Table

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

SIDE ELEVATION
SLIP BASE DETAIL FUSE PLATE DETAIL* (see SD1365) (see SD1367) Bolt Size p Weld Length n(mm) Weld Length m(mm) FOOTINGS IN CLAY IN SAND Stub Stub Width Breadth Depth Width Breadth Depth Length Length W(mm) B(mm) D(mm) W(mm) B(mm) D(mm) st(mm) st(mm) Post Post Web Wall Wall Pin Base Truss Spacing Dim. Thickness Grade Dim. Thickness Grade Dia. Plate Type S(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) Tb(mm)

75 cover min.

Road side

REAR ELEVATION

GENERAL NOTES: CONCRETE NOTES:

PLAN
T1A T1B T2A T2B T3A T3B

750 1000 750 1000 750 1000

65NB 65NB 80NB 80NB 80NB 80NB

3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 5.5 5.5

C350 C350 C350 C350 C350 C350

25NB 25NB 25NB 25NB 32NB 32NB

3.2 3.2 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0

C250 C250 C250 C250 C250 C250

120 120 120 120 190 190

16 16 16 16 20 20 * Fuse plate location and details differ from standard slip base support details on SD1365. DIMENSION WALL THICKNESS GRADE HORIZONTAL STRUTS DIAGONAL STRUTS DIAGONAL BRACES 32NB 32NB 40NB 4.0 4.0 4.0 C250 C250 C250

M16 M16 M16 M16 M16 M16

40 40 45 45 80 80

45 45 55 55 55 55

500 500 500 500 500 500

1200 1500 1200 1500 1200 1500

1300 1300 1600 1600 2000 2000

500 500 500 500 500 500

1200 1500 1200 1500 1200 1500

1600 1600 1900 1900 2000 2000

C1. Concrete specification: Slump Max. aggregate Min. cement content Max. water/cement ratio Concrete 80mm 20mm 3 250kg/m 0.55 N25 to AS3600 C2. Mechanically vibrate full depth of concrete. C3. Concrete poured directly against excavated hole unless approved otherwise.

TABLE 4 TRAFFIC SIGN

TRAFFIC SIGN SUPPORT DETAIL Size A4 Drawing No

G1. Standard post spacing is not to be altered without approval of principal. G2. Refer to TC9382 for dimensions and specifications of type 1 & 2 aluminium panel stiffeners. Refer to specification ES126 for fixings to sign face. G3. Refer to SD1364 for details of connector straps. G4. Refer to SD1367 for details of unsupported leg strut system and adaptor plate. G5. For non-slip base supports exclude keeper plate and fuse plate details. Base Assembly still required unless specified as not being required by principle. G6. Refer to MUTCD guidelines for sign clearances from kerb face and shoulder edge and sign orientation to road. Also refer to SD1365 for breakaway post details. G7. Minimum slip clearance Hs for breakaway posts is 2100 mm. Sign height B must not exceed 1.65 x H for breakaway posts unless otherwise advised by principal.

Appendix D

TABLE 5

TRUSS TYPE BREAKAWAY

Not to scale

Date 09/95 E F

1366

D
96
1xM12 bolt
X

Sign Struts Strut 150 from top of rear post

Sign face axis

Appendix D
32 NB Strut Struts ce bra nal Struts CHS ends flattened Truss
X

Road side

Truss

Cleat welded to post

go Dia g Dia nal

3m CTS max. Strut

n bra ce

ra al b on a lb

e ra c

Plane of diagonal bracing

Cleat for 1xM12 bolt diagonal brace (diagonal brace not shown for clarity) 1xM12 bolt Additional cleats where more than two trusses

o iag

go Dia

Flatten ends until there is no clash between top & bottom CHS

150 from bottom of sign

PLAN

L 75x75x8 P cleat All horizontal struts: 32 NB CHS All diagonal braces: 40 NB CHS 50 min. m*
Z

SIDE ELEVATION

40 NB CHS diagonal brace M12 Bolt 32 NB CHS diagonal strut 32 NB CHS horizontal strut

REAR ELEVATION

Truss rear post n* Cut Truss axis Road side Below cut (E41/W40) 4

Above cut (E41/W40) 6

L 60 wide 8 mm P cleat

125

Above cut 6 (E41/W40) Below cut 4 (E41/W40)

strut onal Diag

Horizontal strut

FOR 3 POSTS * Refer to Table 4, SD1366 for dimensions m and n.

Bracing sets at top, bottom and 3m CTS max. if required

ELEVATION ELEVATION SECTION

PLAN

BRACING DETAIL (to rear posts on trusses) FUSE PLATE DETAIL

Traffic sign post Adaptor rod Level

BRACING INSTALLATION DIAGRAM

M12 nut and LS washer 14 dia. hole L 5P 20 radius
20 125 20

12 18 dia. hole
40

11dia.

400

Vertical adaptor rod for positioning the bracing chord member on vertically displaced footings (2 required per bay) M12 nut and LS washer 12 dia. threaded rod

180 80 Adaptor plate

140

11dia.

Galvanised mild steel

Adaptor piece to allow bracing chord members to be used to align stubs for footings (4 required per bay)

Standard Drawing No. 1367 Traffic Sign Support Detail Truss Type Breakway Bracing Details

11dia.

ADAPTOR PLATE AND ROD DETAIL

TRAFFIC SIGN

ELEVATION

SIDE ELEVATION

Used either side of a post where a node interferes with the location of a stiffener and attachment of connector straps. Use normal bolt to attach to stiffener.

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Issue: February 2001

SPREADER PLATE

USE OF ADAPTOR PLATE AND ROD FOR LOCATION OF FOOTINGS

TRAFFIC SIGN SUPPORT DETAIL Size A4 Drawing No 1367 Not TRUSS TYPE BREAKAWAY to Date 05/95 BRACING DETAILS scale D

75mm Approved galvanised caps for posts

1800 max. 75mm Approved galvanised caps for posts

1800 max.

Sign face

Issue: February 2001

30
Sb refer CHS/RHS baseplate similar Length of post to be ordered Length of post to be ordered Note: Fuse plate detail is not used on single post signs Clearance H * Aluminium panel stiffeners

1.2mm thick galvanised steel keeper plate

Aluminium panel stiffeners

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Clearance H * Corners setout on circular arc 50 NB CHS post Length of stub L * L * Bolts, diameter p 75mm cover d * Metal wedge driven into soil L* * Refer to SD1363, Table 1 for footing and typical details d * Post may need to be deformed at base to prevent rotation

Standard Drawing No. 1368 Single Traffic Sign Support

SLIP BASE OR ASSEMBLED POST LOW RISK OR FRANGIBLE SUPPORT

5 radius

RHS post similar

CHS/RHS SINGLE POST SLIPBASE

* Refer to manufacturers specification for guidance on insertion depth and connection details.

SINGLE POST SIGN

50NB CHS post 50NB CHS post 50 Dress-ring

( Refer

SLIP BASE DETAIL ) SD1365

TYPICAL WEDGE INSTALLATION FOR 50 NB POSTS

Sign face Aluminium stiffener 5 12mm dia. hole drilled on site Strap tapped for M10 bolt M10 galv. square neck cuphead bolts, incl. hex. nuts and washers Connection strap. See SD1364 for details 20mm long, M10 galvanised bolt

SINGLE POLE SLIPBASE DETAIL

POST DIMENSIONS (mm)

SLIPBASE THICKNESS Tb (mm)

BOLT DIAMETER p

RADIUS r (mm)

M8 x 90 long high tensile galv bolt

Loc-socket embeded into concrete Loc-socket Post embeded into concrete

CHS

50NB 65NB 80NB 90NB 100NB 125NB 150NB

16 20 20 32 32 32 32

M16 M16 M16 M20 M20 M24 M24

65 70 75 80 100 100 115

LOC-SOCKET OR SIMILAR SYSTEM - 50NB POSTS

65NB CHS galv sleeve

SECTION

RHS

100 x 50 x 4 125 x 75 x 3 125 x 75 x 5

32 32 32

M20 M24 M24

85 100 115

TRAFFIC SIGN

Appendix D

For Slip Base note see SD1365. For General Steel & Concrete notes see SD1363.

TYPICAL SINGLE POST CONNECTION STRAP DETAIL

TYPICAL SLEEVE INSTALLATION FOR 50NB POSTS

SINGLE TRAFFIC SIGN SUPPORT

Size A4 Not to scale

Drawing No Date 02/2001 A B C

1368

Appendix D
Post top taper 1:6 1800 max. Typical Aluminium panel stiffeners (see note G3) D 69 GENERAL NOTES: B/C 69 Type 2 aluminium panel stiffeners Sawn or round timber posts (refer Table 1 for details) Breakaway base Sawn timber largest dimension Ground level at footing to be confirmed prior to fabrication of posts L A 69 A 69 See SD1451 Breakaway base G1. Standard post spacing must not to be altered without approval of principal. Tables in the Road Sign Design Manual specifiy reduced sign width limits for increased spacing of 2 post supports. G2. Refer to MUTCD guidelines for sign clearances from kerb face and shoulder edge and sign orientation to road. Also refer to note G6 for breakaway posts. G3. Refer to TC9382 for dimensions and specifications of type 1 & 2 aluminium panel stiffeners. Refer to specification ES126 for fixings to sign face. G4. Selection of foundation type and strength category to be approved by principal. G5. Footing depth L is embedment length into soil of strength category tabulated. Disregard loose top soil and fill when measuring footing depth. G6. Minimum clearance H for breakaway posts is 2100 mm. TIMBER NOTES: Post embedded into concrete footings L (see note G5) d Refer to Table 1 for footing and typical details d

150 max. overhang

Standard post spacing (see note G1) 0.60 x sign width for 2 posts 0.35 x sign width for 3 posts 0.25 x sign width for 4 posts

D
98

Sign height B

500 max. stiffener spacing

100 max. overhang

B/C 69

Clearance H (see notes G2 & G6)

Sawn timber smallest dimension

Standard Drawing No. 1450 Traffic Sign Support Timber Posts

FRONT ELEVATION SIDE ELEVATION

Slope concrete surface away from post at 1:6

FRONT ELEVATION

SINGLE POST SIGN

POST SPECIFICATION

POST DIMENSIONS (mm)

GRADE

CONCRETE NOTES: C1. Concrete specification: Slump Max. aggregate Concrete 80mm 20mm N25 to AS3600 C2. Mechanically vibrate full depth of concrete. C3. Concrete poured directly against excavated hole unless approved otherwise.

ROUNDS

125 150 175 200 300 300 450 450 750 800 750 900 900 1000 1200 1200 1200 1200 1200 1300 750 800 900 1100 450 450 450 450 1200 1300 1350 1600 300 450 450 450 300 300 300 450 450 450 450 450 300 300 450 450 1100 1200 1200 1350

F14 F14 F14 F14

FOOTINGS (SEE NOTE G4) COHESIVE CLAY SOILS COHESIONLESS SAND SOILS FIRM TO STIFF VERY STIFF LOOSE TO MEDIUM DENSE d (mm) L (mm) d (mm) d (mm) L (mm) L (mm) d (mm) L (mm) 300 700 300 300 1000 600 300 800 300 900 300 300 1100 750 300 900 450 900 450 450 1200 750 300 1200 450 1200 450 450 1350 900 450 1200

SAWN

150 x 75 175 x 75 200 x 75 200 x 100

F8 F8 F8 F8

300 450 450 450

900 800 900 1200

HARDWOOD

150 x 75 175 x 75 200 x 75 200 x 100

F14 F14 F14 F14

450 450 450 450

900 1050 1200 1350

T1. Durability and preservative treatment (i) Plantation softwood posts, round or sawn, shall be preservative treated in accordance with AS1604 to H4 level. Sawn timber shall have a maximum of 20% of untreated heartwood. (ii) Hardwood posts shall be durability class 1 or 2 and shall have any sapwood present preservative treated in accordance with AS 1604 to H4 level. T2. Strength (i) Round plantation softwood posts shall be minimum strength group S5. (ii) Sawn plantation softwood posts shall be minimum stress grade F5 in accordance with the relevant Australian standard for visual, machine or proof grading. (iii) Sawn hardwood posts shall be a minimum stress grade of F8/F14 as noted on Table 1. T3. Tolerances (i) Round plantation softwood posts shall be machined round and shall be -0, +4mm of nominal diameter. (ii) Sawn timber posts shall be 3mm of nominal dimensions. (iii) All posts shall have a maximum spring or bow of 12mm in 2.4m or equivalent. T4. Moisture content Unseasoned timber posts shall have their end grain sealed and plated to minimise splitting and shrinking cracks.

TRAFFIC SIGN
300 450 450 800 750 750

SAWN PINE

150 x 75 200 x 75 200 x 100

F5 F5 F5

300 450 450

700 750 750

300 450 450

600 600 750

300 450 450

1000 900 900

TRAFFIC SIGN SUPPORT TIMBER POSTS

Size A4 Not to scale

Drawing No

1450

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

Issue: February 2001

TABLE 1

Date 09/95 A B

Sign face orientation B Slot 400 5 50 r Keyhole diameter, Dk 75 50 50 25 v 6 hole 11 hole 2 - No.14 type 17 hex head galv screws (50 long) to each bracket. Brackets pre drilled. Bracket both sides for 175 & 200 deep hardwood posts only w 50 M10 bolt and stiffener - refer Standard dwg. No. 1364 50 x 3 G450 Z275 galvanised steel brackets t

Sign face orientation

M10 bolt and stiffener - refer Standard dwg. No. 1364

Issue: February 2001

Central core diameter, Dc

Z275 galvanised steel strap

Design Guide for Roadside Signs

No.14 type 17 hex head galv screws (50 long) thru pre drilled strap (6mm hole)

Standard Drawing No. 1451 Timber Support Details

Holes through for concrete filling of core, Diameter Dh @300 crs

Concrete footing

B
Aluminium stiffeners M10 galv. square neck cuphead bolt, incl. hex. nuts and washers

STIFFENER CONNECTION STRAP DETAIL - SAWN

STIFFENER CONNECTION STRAP DETAIL - ROUNDS

M10 galv. square neck cuphead bolt, incl. hex. nuts and washers Aluminium stiffeners

SECTION B

SECTION

ROUND TIMBER

SAWN TIMBER

BREAKAWAY BASE

Typical 50x3 connection straps to both sides of post Pre drilled 6mm hole

Connection strap refer A

POST SIZE (mm)

GRADE

BREAKAWAY BASE

ROUNDS

125 150 175 200

F14 F14 F14 F14

Dc(mm) 75 100 125 Dk(mm) r 63 75 88 100

Dh(mm) 50 75 75

CONNECTION STRAP ROUNDS SAWN w v t No. PER POST 2.5 40 60 2.5 40 72 2.5 40 85 3.0 50 97

M10 galv. coach bolt 50 embedment

D
1 2 2 2

SAWN HARDWOOD

150 x 75 175 x 75 200 x 75 200 x 100 25 50 75 75 75 75 -

F8/F14 F8/F14 F8/F14 F8/F14 -

SINGLE POST CONNECTION STRAP DETAIL - ROUNDS D

1 1 1

TRAFFIC SIGN

SAWN PINE

150 x 75 200 x 75 200 x 100

F5 F5 F5

SINGLE POST CONNECTION STRAP DETAIL - SAWN

Appendix D

TABLE 2

TIMBER SUPPORT DETAILS

Size A4 Not to scale

Drawing No Date 09/95 C D

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