In Sunny Spain 1882 - 1885
Jose Protacio Mercado Rizal Alonso Y Realonda
Last seen: Spain
Mission: Observe keenly the life and culture, languages and customs, industries and commerce and
governments and laws of european nations
In order to prepare himself in the mighty task of liberating his people.
Secret departure to spain
Leonor Rivera
May 3, 1883 Departure
16 passengers - the only filipino on board with spaniards, british, and indian negroes as fellow
passengers
Spanish Steamer
Salvadora bound for singapore
Singapore
Donato Lecha (Asturias, Spain) - ship Captain
May 8, 1882 - Talim Island with susong Dalaga
May 9, 1882 - arrived at Singapore
Registered at Hotel De la Paz
Spent 2 days sightseeing Botanical gardens, Buddhist temples, shopping district and statue of Sir
Thomas Raffles (Founder of Singapore)
May 11, 1882 - Departure from Singapore to Colombo
Djemnah (french steamer which left singapore for Europe on May 11) with 50 passengers on board
consisting of British, Dutch, Spaniards, Malays, Siamese and Filipinos - Mr.&Ms. Salazar, Vicente Pardo
and Jose Rizal
French was mostly spoken but Jose to his surprise and embarrassment found that his book of french is
inadequate.
May 17, 1882 - Djemnah reached point Galle (seacost of Ceylon)
“Picturesque but lonely and quiet and at the same time sad”
First trip to Suez Canal
coasting to Indian Ocean to the Cape of Guardafui, Africa
Ferdinand De Lesseps
The next Stop Over - Aden
Arrived at Port Said, from port said the Djemnah proceeded its way to europe
June 11, 1882 - Arrived at Naples, Italy
Marseilles
The count of Monte Cristo
Port Bou
Mt. Vesuvius
Chateau d’ if
June 15, 1882 - Departure from Pyrenees
June 16, 1882 - Arrived at Barcelona
Las Ramblas - the most famous street in Barcelona
Plaza De Cataluña
August 20, 1882 - wrote abroad his 1st article “Amor Patrio” published in Diarong Tagalog, a manila
newspaper edited by Basilio Teodoro.
“Los Viajes” - 2nd article
“Revista De Madrid” - 3rd article
Manila Moves to Madrid
1. Cholera epidemic ravaging Manila and the provinces. (Paciano’s letter dated Sept. 15, 1882)
2. Unhappiness of Leonor Rivera, who was getting thinner because of the absence of loved ones.
(Chengoy’s letter)
3. Paciano advised his younger brother (dated May 26, 1882) to finish the medical course in Madrid.
Life in Madrid
- Nov. 3 enrolled in the universidad Central Madrid in 2 courses - Medicine and Philosophy and
letters
- Studied Painting and Sculpture in Academy of Fine Arts of San Fernando
- Took lessons in French, German, and English under private instructors
- Practiced Fencing and shooting in the Hall of Arms Y Carbonell
- Visited art Galleries and museums and read all subjects under the sun
- Led a spartan Life in Madrid - lived Frugally, spending his money on food, clothing, lodging and
books
- His only extravagance was investing in few Pesetas for a lottery
- He spent his leisure time reading and writing in his boarding house, attending Reunions at the
house of the paterno brothers and practicing fencing and shooting at the gymnasium
- Summer twilights fraternized with the students
- Saturday evenings he visited the home of don pablo ortega
1883 - First Visit to Paris
- “Costliest capital of Europe
- Purpose: To improve his minds by observing closely the French way of life and spending many
hours in the museums, botanical gardens, libraries and art galleries, and the hospitals, including
Laennec Hospital, Dr. Nicaise, and the Lariboisiere Hospital Where he observed the examination
of different diseased women.
- Placa De la Concorde
- Arch of triumph
- Cathedral of Notre Dame
- Madelaine Church
Rizal As a Mason
- Rizal was impressed by the way the spanish Masons openly and freely criticized the government
policies and lambasted the friars
- Acacia, March 1883
- Reason: To secure freemasonry’s aid in his fight against the friars in the Philippines, he intended
to utilize Freemasonry as his shield to combat them
- Lodge Solidaridad - became a Master Mason, He was awarded as a Master Mason by Le grant
Orient de France in Paris
- Science, Virtue, and labor” only masonic writing delivered in 1889
- Graciano Lopez Jaena, Mariano Ponce and Mh del Pilar
Spolarium - Juan Luna
Felix R Hidalgo
Rizal Involvement in the student Demonstration
“Freedom of science and teacher”
Don Miguel Morayta - Professor of History. Such liberal view was condemned by catholic Bishops and
promptly excommunicated Dr. Morayta and those who applauded the speech.
November 26, 1884 - Recounting the tumultuous rioting to his family in an open letter
Studies completed in spain
- June 21, 1884 was conferred the degree of licentiate in Medicine by the university
- The next academic year studied and passed all the subjects leading to the degree of the doctor of
Medicine however: He did not present thesis required for graduation; paid corresponding fees -
he was not awarded Doctor’s Diploma
- Also finished his studies in Philosophy and letters with the rating of excellent
- He did not bother to secure post graduate degree - “I doubt if the Dominican fathers will appoint
me in UST”
Paris to Berlin (1885-1887)
- After completing his studies in Madrid, Rizal went to Paris and Germany to specialize in
ophthalmology.
- He particularly chose this branch of medicine because he wanted to cure his mother's ailment.
- He served as an assistant to the famous oculist of Europe.
- In Berlin, capital of then unified Germany, he met and befriended several top German scientist,
Dr. Feodor Jagor, Dr. Adolph B. Mever, Dr. Hans Mever, and Rudolf Virchow.
- His merits as a scientist were recognized by eminent scientists of Europe.
In Gay Paris (1885-86)
- Maximo Viola - A medical student from San Miguel, Bulacan.
- Señor Eusebio Corominas - The editor in chief of the newspaper La Publicidad.
- Don Miguel Morayta - The owner of La Publicidad.
November 1885
- Rizal was living in Paris, where hw sojourned for about four months.
Dr. Louis de Weckert (1852-1906) - Leading French ophthalmologist where Rizal worked as an assistant.
Outside of his working hours, Rizal relaxed by visiting his friends, such as the family of the Pardo de
Taveras (Trinidad, Felix and Paz), Juan Luna and Felix Resureccion Hidalgo.
Juan Luna
The great master of brush; Rizal helped him by posing as model in several paintings.
1. "The Death of Cleopatra" Rizal posed as an Egyptian priest.
2. "The Blood Compact" He posed as Sikatuna.
Rizal as Musician
- Rizal has no natural aptitude for music, and this he admitted..He only studied music because
many of his schoolmates at Ateneo were taking music lessons.
- In a letter dated November 27, 1878, he told Enrique Lete that he "learned the solfeggio, piano
and voice culture in one month and a half".
- He was flutist in various impromptu reunions of Filipinos in Paris.
Some of his compositions are:
1. "Aling mang Lahi" (Any Race)
2. "La Deportacion" (Deportation)
In Historic Heidelberg
- February 1, 1886 - Rizal left gay Paris for Germany.
- February 3, 1886 - He arrived in Heidelberg. Rizal was a good chess player, so the students in
University of Heidelberg made him a member of the Chess Player's Club.
- Dr. Otto Becker - a distinguished German ophthalmologist. He worked at the University of Eye
Hospital.
"To the Flowers of Heidelberg"
- In the spring of 1886, Rizal was fascinated by the blooming flowers along the cool banks of the
Neckar River.
- His favorite flower - the light blue "forget-me-not".
- On April 22, 1886, he wrote a fine poem. "A Las Flores de Heidelberg”
With Pastor Ulmer at Wilhelmsfeld
- Rizal spent three-months in Wilhelmsfeld, a mountainous village near Heidelberg.
- "Dr. Karl Ulmer - a kind Protestant pastor.
First Letter to Blumentritt
- July 31, 1886
- Rizal wrote his first letter in German to Professor Ferdinand Blumentrift, Director of the Ateneo of
Leitmeritz, Austria.
- Rizal sent the book entitled Aritmetica.
- Blumentritt, the Austrian, became the best friend of Rizal, the Filipino.
In Leipzig and Dresden
- August 9, 1886 - he boarded a train, visited various cities of Germany.
- August 14, 1886 - he arrived in Leipzig.
- He attended some lectures at the University of Leipzig on History and Psychology.
- Professor Friedrich Ratzel - a famous German historian.
- Dr. Hans Meyer - German anthropologist.
In Leipzig
- He stayed two months and a half in this German city.
- Rizal translated Schiller's William Tell from German into Filipino. He also translated Hans
Christian Andersen's Fairy Tales.
- He worked as proof-reader in a publisher's firm.
- October 29 He left Leipzig for Dresden.
- He met Dr. Adolph B. Meyer, Director of the Anthropological and Ethnological Museum.
Rizal Welcomed in Berlin's Scientific Circles
- Rizal was enchanted by Berlin because of its scientific atmosphere and the absence of race
prejudice.
- Dr. Feodor Jagor - German scientist traveller and author of Travels in the Philippines.
- Dr. Rudolf Virchow - famous German anthropologist
- Dr. W. Joest-German geographer.
- Dr. Karl Ernest Schweigger - famous ophthalmologist.
- Rizal became a member of the Anthropological Society, the Ethnological Society and the
Geographical Society in Berlin.
Rizal's Life in Berlin
He live in the famous capital of unified Germany for five reasons:
1. To gain further knowledge of ophthalmology.
2. To further his studies of sciences and languages.
3. To observe the economic had political conditions od the German nations.
4. To associate with famous German scientist and scholars.
5. To publish his novel, Noli Me Tangere.
He took private lessons under Madame Lucie Cerdole, professor of French.
Rizal on German Women
- Rizal wrote a letter addressed to her sister, Trinidad, expressing his high regard and admiration
for German womanhood.
- The German Women - Serious, Diligent, Educated, Friendly
- The Spanish Women - Gossipy, Frivolous, Quarrelsome
- The Filipino Women - More interested in bowithe deemed than how much they know, Fine
manner, Devotion, hospitality
German Customs
- He was delighted of the Germans' Yuletide custom. - people take pine trees from the bushes and
adorned it with lanterns, paper, lights, dolls, candies and fruits.
- Self-introduction to strangers in a social gatherings. - according to German code of etiquette, it is
bad manners for a guest to remain aloof, and wait for his host to make the proper introduction.
Rizal's Darkest Winter
- The winter of 1886 was his darkest winter. He lived in poverty. Rizal starved in Berlin and
shivered with a wintry cold.
Rizal's Grand tour in Europe with Viola (1887)
OBJECTIVES:
- To knowwhere the tour started.
- To know those places in Europe that Rizal and Viola had visited.
- To know what or where is the happiest moment of the tour.
- To know who are those people that Rizal and Viola had met during the tour.
- To know where is the last place that Rizal and Viola had visited
After the publication of Noli Me Tangere, Rizal planned to visit the important places in Europe and Dr.
Maximo Viola agreed to be his traveling companion
Rizal had received Paciano’s remittance of P1,ooo which has forwarded by Juan Luna from Paris. Rizal
immediately paid Viola the sum of P300 which latter kindly loaned so that Noli could be printed.
The tour begins at dawn of May 11, 1887, Rizal and Viola, two brown skinned doctors on a roaming
spree, left Berlin by train.
Dresden. Rizal and Viola tarried for some time in Dresden. Their visit coincidence with the regional floral
exposition.
First meeting with Blumentritt. At 1:30 p.m. of May 13, 1887, the train, with Rizal and Viola board, arrived
at the railroad station of Leitmeritz , Bohemia. Professor Blumentritt, who received their wire, was the
station. He was carrying a pencil sketch of Rizal which the latter had previously sent him, so that he could
identify his Filipino friend. He warmly received Rizal and Viola.
Beautiful Memories of Leitmeritz. Rizal had beautiful memories of his visit to Leitmeritz. He enjoyed the
warm hospitality of the Blumentritt Family. The professor’s wife, Rosa, was a good cook, amd she
prepared special Austrian dishes which Rizal liked very much. His children were Dolores (called Dora or
Dorita by Rizal), Conrad and Fritz.
On May 16 at 9:45 A.M., Rizal and Viola left Leitmeritz by train
Prague. After Leitmeritz, Rizal and Viola visited the historic place of Prague. They carried letters of
recommendation from Blumentritt to Dr. Willkomm, professor of natural history in the University of Prague.
The good professor and his charming wife and daughters welcomed them and showed them the city’s
historic spots.
According to Viola, “nothing important happened in this city.”
Vienna. On May 20, Rizal and Viola arrived in the beautiful place of Vienna, capital of Austria Hungary.
Famous in song and story, this city fascinated Rizal because of its beautiful buildings, religious images,
haunting waltzes and majestic charm. Vienna was truly the “Queen of the Danube”.
Danubian Voyage to Lintz. On May 24, Rizal and Viola left Vienna on a river boat to see the beautiful
sights of the Danube River. As they travel along the famous river, Rizal observed keenly river---the barges
loaded with products, the flowers and plants growing along the river banks, the boats with families living
on them and the quaint villages on the riverside
From Lintz to Rheinfall (Cascade of Rhine). The river voyage ended in Lintz. They traveled overland to
Salzburg and from there to Munich where they sojourned for a short time to savor the famous Munich
beer, reputed to be the best in Germany.
Crossing the Frontier to Switzerland. From Rheinfall, they crossed the frontier to Schaffhausen,
Switzerland. They stayed in this city from June 2 to 3 1887. They continued their tour to Basel (Bale),
Bern and Lausanne.
Geneva. After sightseeing in Lausanne, Rizal and Viola left on a little boat, crossing the foggy Leman
Lake to Geneva. This Swiss city is one of the most beautiful cities in Europe, visited by world tourist every
year. The people of Geneva were linguists speaking French, German and Italian. Rizal conversed with
them in these three languages.
Rizal Resents exhibition of Igorots in 1887 Madrid exposition. While Rizal, accompanied by Dr. Viola, was
happily touring Europe, an Exposition of the Philippines was held in Madrid, Spain.
Upon reaching Geneva (Switzerland), he received sad news from his friends in Madrid of the deplorable
conditions of the primitive Igorots who were exhibited in this exposition, some of whom died and whose
scanty clothing (G-strings) and crude weapons were objects of mockery and laughter by the Spanish
people and press.
Rizal in Italy. From Geneva, Rizal and Viola went to Italy. He visited turn, Milan, Venice and Florence. On
June 27, 1887, he reached Rome, the "Eternal City" and also called the "City of the Caesars”
Travel is caprice in childhood, a passion in youth, a necessity in manhood and an elegy in old age.
---Dr. Jose Rizal—
Rizal's First Homecoming (1887-1888)
Rizal's plans of coming back home
As early as 1884, Rizal wanted to go back to the Philippines for the following reasons:
- Financial difficulties in Calamba
- Dissatisfaction with his studies in Madrid
- Desire to prove that there is no reason to fear going home.
- His belief that the Spanish regime will not punish the innocca
Decision to return home
- After five years of his memorable sojournin Europe, Rizal returned to the Philippines
- However, Rizal was warned by the following not to return to the Philippines because his Noli Me
Tangere angered the friars:
1. Paciano Mercado - Rizal's adviser and only brother.
2. Silvestre Ubaldo - Rizal's brother in law; husband of Olimpi
3. Jose MacCello (Changgoy) - one of Rizal's closest
- Rizal was determined to come back to the Philippines for the following reasons
1. To operate his mother's eyes
2. To serve his people who had long been oppressed by Spanish tyrants.
3. To find out for himsell how the Noli Me Tangere and his other writings were affecting
Filipinos and Spaniards
4. To Inquire why Leonor Rivera remained silent.
Rizal arrives in Manila
- Rizal left Rome by train to Marseilles, a French port and boarded Djemaah, the same steamer
that brought him to Europe five years ago.
- There were 50 passengers: 4 Englishmen, 2 Germans, Chinese, 2 Japanese, 40 Frenchmen, and
1 Filipino (Rizal)
- When the ship reached Aden, the weather became rough and some of Riza's book got wet.
- In Saigon (Ho Chi Minh), Vietnam - he transferred to another steamer, Haiphong, that brought
him to ivania
Happy Homecoming
- When Rizal arrived in Calamba, rumors spreading he was a:
1. German spy
2. An agent of Otto Von Bismarck - the liberator Germany.
3. A Protestant
4. A Mason
5. A soul halfway to damnation
- Paciano - did not leave him during the first days after acrival to protect him from any enemy
assault.
- Don flancisco - did not permitium to go out alone
In Calamba
- Rizal established a medical clinic.
- Doña Teodora was Rizal s first patient
- Rizal treated her eyes but could not perform any surgical operation because her cataracts were
not yet ripe.
- He painted several beautiful landscapes in Calamba.
- He translated German poems of Von Wildc math in Tagalog.
- Doctor Uliman - Rizal was called this name because he came from German. He earned P900 in a
few months and P5,400 before he left the Philippines.
- Gymnasium - was opened by Rizal for the young people.
- He introduced European sports fencing and shooting to discourage them from cockfighting and
gambling.
Sad moments while Rizal was in Calamba
- Leonor Rivera - Rizal tried to visit her in Tarlac but his parents forbade him to go because
Leonor's mother did not like him for a son-in- law.
- Olimpia Mercado-Ubaldo - died because of childbirth.
Storm over the Noli Me Tangere
- As Rizal was peacefully living in Calamba, his ene mies plottea his doon.
- Governor General Emilio Terrero - wrote to Riza requesting to come to Malacañang Palace.
A. Somebody had whispered to his ear that the Not contains subversive ideas
B. Rizal explained to him that he merely exposed the truth, but did not advocate subversive
ideas.
C. He was pleased by Rizal's explanation and curious about the book, he asked for a copy
of the novels
D. Rizal had no copy that time but promised to send one for him.
Rizal visited the Jesuits
- Rizal visited the Jesuit fathers to ask for their feedback on the novel.
- He was gladly welcomed by the following friars:
1. Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez
2. Fr.Jose Bech
3. Fr. Federico Faura - told Rizal that everything in the novel was the truth and warned him
that he may lose his head because of it.
- Governor-General Emilio Terrero - a liberal minded Spaniard who knew that Rizal's life was in
jeopardy because the friars were powerful. Because of this he gave Rizal a bodyguard to protect
him.
Jose Taviel de Andrade
- A young Spanish lieutenant who came from a noble family
- He was cultured and knew painting
- He could speak French, English and Spanish.
- They became good friends.
Attackers of the Noli
- Archbishop Pedro Payo a Dominican
- Archbishop of Manila
- Sent a copy of the Noli to Fr. Grerorio Echevarria, Rector of the University of Santo Tomas to
examine the novel.
UST and Rizal
- The committee that examined the Noli Me Tangere were composed of Dominican professors.
- The report of the faculty members from UST about the Noli states that the novel was:
A. Heretical impious and scandalous the religious orders, and anti-patriotic, subversive of
pubic order, injurious to the government of Spain and its function in the Philippine Islands
in the politica order
- Governor-General Terrero - was not satisfied with the report so he sent the novel to the
Permanent Commission of Censorship which was composed of priests and lawyers.
- Fr. Salvador Font - Augustinian friandurate of Tondo was the head of the commission.
A. The group found that the novel contained subversive ideas against the Church and Spain
and recommended that the importation, reproduction and circulation of the pernicious
book in the islands benholttely prohibited.
- The newspaper published Font's written report
- The banning of the Noli Me Tangere served to make it popular
- The masses supported the book.
- Fr. Jose Rodriguez - Augustinian Prior of Guadalupe
A. Published a series of eight pamphlets under the heading Questions of Supreme interest
to blast the Noli and other anti-Spanish writing.
B. Copies of anti-Rizal pamphlets were sold after mass
C. Many Filipinos were forced to buy them in order not to displease the friars.
Noli Me Tangere in Spain
- The novel was fiercely attacked in the session hall of the Senate of the Spanish Cortes.
- Senators
1. General Jose de Salamanca
2. General Luis de Pando
3. Sr. Fernando Vida
- Vicente Barantes - Spanish academician of Madrid who formerly occupied high government
position in the Philippines bitterly criticized the hovel in an article published in the Madrid
newspaper La España Moderna.
Defenders of the Noli Me Tangere
- Propagandists such as Marcelo H. del Pilar Graciano Lopez-Jaena, Antonio Ma. Regidor,
Mariano Ponce rushed to uphold the truths of the Noli.
- Father Francisco de Paul Sanchez - Rizal's favorite teacher in Ateneo defendeand praised the
novelhin public.
- Don Segismundo Moret-former Minister of the Crown.
- Prof. Miguel Morayta-historian and stateman
- Proi. Ledvand Blumentritt Rizal's best friend
- Rev. Fr. Vicente Garcia a Filipino Catholic priest scholar, a theologian of the Manila Cathedral and
a Tagalog translator of the famous Invitation of Christ by Thomas Kempis. Under the pen name
Justo Desidation Magalang he wrote a defense of the novel published in Singapore.
- Rizal cried because of his gratitude to his defenders especially to Fr. Garcia who defended him
unexpectedly.
- He attacked Barantes by exposing his ignorance of Philippine affairs and mental dishonesty
which is unworthy of an academician.
- Because of the interest of both enemies and protectors of the Noli the price of the book Increased
vom five pesetas per copy to 50 pescias por copy
Agrarian Problem in Calamba
- Influenced by the novel Governor-General Emilio Terrero ordered a government investigation of
the friar estates to remedy whatever inequities might have been present in connection with land
taxes and with tenant relations
- One of the triar estates affected was the Calamba hacienda by the Dominican order since 1883.
- Upon hearing about the investigation, the people of Calamba asked for help from Rizal to gather
facts and list the grievances so that the government might institute certain agrarian reforms.
Findings submitted by Rizal
- The Hacienda or the Dominican Order comprised not only the lands around Calamba, but the
whole town of Calamba.
- The profits of the Dominican Order continually increased because of the arbitrary increase of the
rentals paid by the tenants.
- The hacienda owner never contributed a single centavo for the celebration of the town fiesta, for
the education of the children, and for the improvement of agriculture.
- Tenants who spent much labor in clearing the lands were dispossessed of the said lands for
flimsy reasons
- High rates of interest were arbitrarily charged the tenants for delayed payment of rentals
- When the rentals could not be paid, the hacienda management confiscated the work animals,
tools, and farm implements of the tenants.
Friars Reaction
- Rizal's exposure to the deplorable condition angered the friars.
- The friars exerted pressure to Malacañang to eliminate Rizal.
- They asked Gov. Gen. Terrero to deport Rizal but the latter refused for there is lack of charges
against Rizal in court
- Anonymous threats in Rizal's lite alarmed his parents, siblings, Andrade his bodyguard, friends,
and even Terrero, thus they all advised him to leave the country
Rizal's reasons for leaving the Philippines
- His presence in Calamba was jeopardizing the safety and happiness of his family and friends.
- He could not fight his enemies better and serve his country's cause with greater efficacy by
writing in foreign countries.
Himno Al Trabajo
- A poem for Lipa - shortly before Rizallert in 1888, he was asked by a friend to write a poem in
commemoration of the town's cityhood.
- Himno Al Trabajo (Hymn To Labon - title of the poem dedicated to the industrious people of Lipa.
Farewell Philippines
- On February 3, 1888 Rizal left his country with a heavy heart.
- But this is for his own good and the safety of his family and friends.
JOSE RIZAL In HongKong
YOU WILL BE ABLE TO KNOW:
- Reason why Jose Rizal went to Hong Kong
- Rizal being sick during his voyage
- Marked dates (departure & arrival)
- Victoria Hotel
- Hong Kong as to Rizal
- Experiences in Hong Kong
