HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND CRISIS MANAGEMENT

Prepared by:

Beima Fulgencio - Obias

WHAT TO EXPECT?

Area: Human Behavior and Crisis Management

Topics: Understanding Human Behavior; Theories of Human Behavior: Human

Development; People Interaction and Transaction; Abnormal Behaviors such as
Personality Disorder, Neuroses, Psychoses; Sexual Deviancy; Crisis Management;
Hostage Taking Situation; Hostage Negotiation and Recovery; and Concept of
Terrorism.

I.

UNDERSTANDING HUMAN BEHAVIOR

A. Definition

Human Behavior- voluntary or involuntary attitude of a person adopts to fit society’s

idea of right and wrong.

Two Basic Types of Human Behavior

1. Inherited Behavior- Behavioral response or reflex exhibited by people due to their

genetic endowment or the process of natural selection: Considerations- physical and
mental traits.

2. Learned Behavior- Involves cognitive adaptation that enhances the human beings
ability to cope with changes in the environment and to manipulate the Environment in
ways to improve the changes for service: Consideration- environments, training & efforts
of the will

Characteristics of Human Behavior

1. Primarily native or learned.

2. Evoked by external stimuli or internal need.

3. Automatic, voluntary, conscious motor or intentional.

Attributes of Behavior

1. Duration- the time during which the behavior lasts

2. Extensity- spatial characteristics

3. Intensity- magnitude disintegrative

4. Quantity- normal or abnormal; unacceptability

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Causes of Human Behavior

1. Sensation- feeling or impression of stimulus

1.1 Visual- sight

1.2 Olfactory- smell

1.3 Cutaneous- touch

1.4 Auditory- hearing

1.5 Gustatory- taste

2. Perception- knowledge of stimulus

3. Awareness- psychological activity, it is accordance with the interpretation and

experience of objects of stimulus.

Viewpoints in the Study of Human Behavior

[Link]/Biological- views behavior from the perspective of biological

functioning.

[Link]- focuses on observable behavior which can be measured.

Viewpoints in the Study of Human Behavior

3. Cognitive- focuses on how people know, understand, and think about the world.

4. Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytical- based on the belief that behavior is motivated

by inner forces over which the individual has little control.

5. Humanistic- suggests that people are in control of their lives.

Notes:

Humanistic model is considered as the newest of the major

approaches. It emphasizes free will i.e. human ability to make decisions about one’s
life.

Factors that Affect Human Behavior

1. Heredity- genetic transmission of characteristics from parents to their offspring.

2. Environment- consists of the conditions and factors that surround and influence on
individual.

3. Learning- is the process by which behavior changes as a result of experience or

practice.

Causes of Conflicts in Human Behavior

1. Physical Causes- refer to natural causes, like typhoon, and earthquake, fire, flood,
storm.

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2. Social Conflicts- restrictions or rules in the home’ school and community.

3. Economic Conflicts- result from one’s inability to acquire material things because
of poverty, or other financial obligations

Personality Dimensions that Affect Human Behavior

1. Extraversion- Frequently seek stimulation, excitement and thrills.

2. Neuroticism- Intensely react to stress, generally moody, touchy, sensitive to slights

and anxious or nervous.

3. Psychoticism- Cold cruelty, social insensitivity, disregard for danger, troublesome

behavior, dislike of others, attraction towards the unusual

II.

THEORIES OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR

1. The Needs Theory of Human Motivation

✓ States that throughout the life, desires, wishes and drives, collectively called
needs, motivate all.

✓ When not fulfilled, these needs place the individual under stress and in order to
relieve the tensions created, one has to strive for appropriate satisfactions.

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

1. Physiological needs: hunger, thirst, elimination, warmth, sleep, pain avoidance,

sexual release

2. Safety needs: protection from environment [ housing, clothing, crime]

3. Love and belongingness: intimate relationships, social groups, friends

4. Esteem Needs: achievements, confidence, approval, recognition, status, prestige

5. Self-Actualization: Fulfillment of unique potentials

The Psychodynamic Theory

Sigmund Freud’s perspectives which emphasizes the importance of unconscious

motives and conflicts as forces that determine behavior.

Personality is characterized by conflicts. External and internal.

External- Drives like sex, aggression, and the need for superiority come into conflict
with laws, social rules and moral codes.

Internal- When at some point laws and social rules are brought inward or internalized,
the conflict is then between opposing inner forces, hence, behavior, thoughts and
emotions represent the outcome of these inner contests.

Freud’s Human Iceberg

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Freud concluded that the human mind is like an iceberg. Only the tip of the
iceberg rises above the surface of the water; the great mass of it lies hidden in the
depths.

At the tip is the conscious part of the mind that pokes into the light of
awareness. Below are the preconscious which contains ideas that are out of awareness
but can be made conscious by focusing on them and the unconscious which contain
primitive instincts such as sex and aggression.

Freud’s Human Iceberg

Components of Personality According to Freud

1. Id - pertains to the raw, unorganized, inherited part of personality whose sole purpose
is to reduce tension created by primitive drives related to hunger, sex, aggression, and
irrational impulses.

Note:

These drives are fueled by “psychic energy” or libido. The id operates

according to the pleasure principle, in which the goal is the immediate reduction of
tension and the maximization of satisfaction.

2. Ego- part of personality that provides a buffer between the id and the outside world.
In contrast to the pleasure-seeking nature of the id, the ego operates according to the
reality principle, in which instinctual energy’s restrained in order to maintain the safety
of the individual and help integrate the person in society.

Note:

Ego makes decisions, control actions, and allows thinking and problem
solving of a higher order than the id is not capable. It is a set of higher cognitive abilities
such as intelligence, thoughtfulness, reasoning and learning.

3. Superego - The part of personality that represents the morality of society as

presented by parents, teachers and others.

Note:

Superego becomes part of personality when children learn right from

wrong and continues to develop as people begin to incorporate into their own standards
the broad moral principles of the society in which they live.

Parts of the Superego

1. Conscience- part of the superego that prevents a person from doing what is morally
wrong.

2. Ego- Ideal- The part of superego that motivates a person to do what is morally
proper.

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✓ Psychoanalytic Theory- Freud’s theory that unconscious forces act as
determinants of personality

III.

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

Development – a progressive series of changes that occur as a result of maturation and

experience.

The Goal of Developmental Changes

The goal of developmental changes is to enable people to adapt to the

environment in which they live; achieve through self realization or as it sometimes
called self actualization.

Note:

Because self realization plays an important role in mental health, people

who make good personal and social adjustments must have opportunities to express
their interests and desires in ways that give them satisfaction but at the same time,
conform to the accepted standards. Lack of these opportunities will result in frustrations
and generally negative attitudes toward people and toward life in general.

Stages in the Life Span

1. The Prenatal Period: Begins at conception and ends at birth (270-280 days)

2. Infancy: Birth to the end of 2nd week

[Link]: End of 2nd week to end of 2nd year

4. Early Childhood: 2 to 6 years

5. Late Childhood: 6 to 10 or 12 years

6. Puberty or Preadolescence: 10 or 12 to 13 or 14 years (prepubescent, pubescent

and post pubescent stages)

7. Adolescence: 13 or 14 to 18 years

8. Early Adulthood: 18 to 40 years

9. Middle Age: 40 to 60 years

10 . Old Age or Senescence: 60 years to death

Stages of Personality Development According to Freud’s Psychoanalytic

Theory

IV.

PEOPLE INTERACTION AND TRANSACTION

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Social Psychology- study of how humans react, perceive and behave about their
environment and how interact and influence with other people and how this interaction
and interpersonal relationships affect their own personal behavior as a function of both
the person and the situation.

Theories of Social Behavior

1. Schematic Processing- Perceiving and interpreting of incoming information in

terms of simplified memory called schemata.

✓ Constituted of vivid information and events that will be encoded, processed and
stored only the unique or most prominent features of a new object or event.

Elements: primary effect-first information receives produces schema; stereo typing

2. Self-Perception Theory-Individual makes judgments about themselves using

inferential processess and commits the fundamental attribution error [similar with
being judgmental].

3. Escape Theory of Prejudice- Person’s hostility is shown in blaming a particular

group who he perceived as the same with whom he is hostile.

4. Theory of Cognitive Dissonance/ Festinger’s Theory- changing attitudes by

changing behavior, but it is also possible for a person to change his attitude by first
getting him to perform a behavior that is inconsistent with the attitude.

People’s Interaction

1. Parent Ego State- They are protective, idealistic, righteous, and refers to the laws,
rules and standards.

2. Adult Ego State- More on reasons, factual, flexible, worthy and reasonable human
being.

3. Child Ego State- Dependent, rebellious, selfish, demanding and emotional

Transactional Analysis- Study of social interaction of people, to provide better

understanding how people relate to each other to develop improved communication.

Attitudes- Refer to the likes and dislikes-positive and negative evaluations af and
reactions to objects, people, situations or any other aspects of the world.

Components: Cognitive-beliefs and perceptions about things and people e.g.

Stereotypes; Affective- feelings toward person or group, e.g. Prejudice and bias;
Behavioral- negative or positive actions against or towards a person or group, e.g.
Discrimination.

Types of Attitude

1. Positive-Innate or learned good reactions to people, events and things based on

accepted moral, ethical and legal norms of society.

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✓ It bring about positive behavior towards other people that result in harmony and
peace.

2. Negative- Reaction perceptions that cause unfavorable behavior towards other people
and produce interpersonal disharmony, conflicts and confusion.

Formation of Attitude

1. Classical Conditioning- learned from parents, family or from interaction with

others.

2. Instrumental Conditioning- reinforcement of desirable and undesirable behavior

by reward and punishment.

3. Imitation- learned through observation

Major Influences on Attitude Formation

1. Parents- from birth to puberty.

2. Peer Group- 12 to 22 years old

3. Education and Media- 23-to 80 years old; attitudes are crystallized and could not be
changed.

Interpersonal Attraction- Considered as the most important attitude because it

concerns other people.

✓ Attraction starts with liking and how to maintain the relationship whether
friendly or romantic.

Factors that Influenced Liking

1. Physical attractiveness

2. Proximity

3. Being familiar with each other because of constant interaction

4. Compatibility

Loving- Characterized by a deeper attachment and caring.

Kinds

1. Passionate-intense emotional state in which tender and sexual feelings, elation and
pain, anxiety and relief, generosity and jealousy coexist in a confusion of feelings.

2. Compassionate- it is based on trust, caring, tolerance of negative personality traits

of the partner and the relationship is filled with warmth and affection. The longer it
lasts the stronger it gets.

Components of Love

1. Intimacy- emotional component of closeness and sharing of feelings.

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2. Passion- motivational force that attracts each other romantically and sexually and
makes one feels “being in love”

3. Commitment- an intellectual decision to stay in the relationship and focus one’s

mind and soul to one particular person.

Stress, Coping and Vulnerability

Stress- refers to people’s reactions to situations that pose demands, constraints, or

opportunities.

Coping- refers to how people deal with difficulties and attempt to overcome them.

Coping Skills- techniques available to an individual in making such attempt

Vulnerability- refers to how likely, persons are to respond maladaptively to certain

situations.

Conflict

An emotional state or condition in which people have to make difficult

decisions about two or more competing motives, behaviors, or impulses.

Three Types of Conflict

1. Approach-Approach Conflict –Conflict that results from having to choose between

two equally attractive alternatives or goals.

2. Avoidance- Avoidance Conflict – Conflicts that results from having to choose

between two equally distasteful alternatives or goals.

3. Approach-Avoidance Conflict – Conflicts that result from having to choose an

alternative or goal that has both attractive and repellant aspects.

Frustration

Definition

Frustration- the emotional state or condition that results when a goal is

thwarted or blocked. Sustained frustration may be characterized by anxiety, irritability,
fatigue or depression.

Manifestation of Frustration

1. Anxiety

2. Irritability

3. Emotional tension

4. Depression

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5. Fatigue

Reasons for Failure IN Achieving Goals

1. Unrealistic Goals – it can be seen when a person’s level of aspiration is much higher
than his level of achievement.

2. Harmful or Antisocial Goals – when a person’s desire or intention to reach his goal
is harmful to others.

3. Conflicting Goals – when two or more goals of a person redound to his personal
interest and the benefit of the goal is one sided.

4. Environmental Difficulties – when goals cannot be simply attained due to so many

hindrances within a person.

Coping Mechanism

Coping mechanism- Defined as the way people react to frustration.

Note:

People differ in the way they react to frustration. This could be attributed
to individual differences and the way people prepared in the developmental task they
faced during the early stages of their life.

Developmental Task – refers to the task imposed on the individual by

maturation and culture that prepares a person to the next stages of their life.

Frustration Tolerance

The ability to withstand frustration without developing inadequate

modes of response such as being emotionally depressed or irritated, becoming neurotic,
or becoming aggressive.

Classification of Frustration Reaction

Fight – manifested by fighting the problem in a constructive and direct way by means of
breaking down the obstacles preventing the person reaching his goals.

Flight – manifested by sulking, retreating, becoming indifferent and giving up.

Types of Reactions to Frustration

1. Direct approach - Seen among people who handle their problems in a very objective
way. They identify first the problem, look for the most practical and handy way to solve
it, and proceeded with the constructive manner of utilizing the solution which will
produce the best results.

2. Detour – Realizing that in finding for the right solution of the problem, he always
end up with a negative outcome or result, the person tries to deviate or change direction
first and find out if the solution or remedy is there.

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3. Substitution – Arise when an original plan intended to solve the problem did not
produce the intended result; the most practical way to face the problem, is to look for
most possible or alternative means.

4. Withdrawal or Retreat – The running away from the problem or flight which to
some is the safest way.

5. Developing a Feeling of Inferiority – It comes when a person is unable to hold on

to any solution which gives a positive result. Being discourage to go on working for a way
to handle a frustration could result to diminishing self-confidence.

6. Aggression – It is a negative outcome of a person's inability to handle frustration

rightly. Manifestation in physical behavior can be observed in one's negative attitudes
towards life both in the personal and professional aspect.

7. Use of Defense Mechanism – The most tolerated way of handling frustration. It is a

man’s last resort when a person attempts to overcome fear from an anticipated situation
or event.

Defense Mechanism

An unconscious psychological process that serves as safety valve that

provides relief from emotional conflict and anxiety. A form of self-deception that a person
may not be aware of. It is often resulted to whenever equilibrium is threatened by severe
emotional injury arising from frustration.

Common Defense Mechanisms

1. Denial – Refusal to acknowledge the anxiety-arousing aspects of the environment.

2. Displacement – Shift of feelings and attitudes from one object to another, more
acceptable substitute.

3. Dissociation- A separation of function of some mental processes , as seen in multiple

personality disorder.

4. Identification with the Aggressor– Adopting the traits or mannerisms of feared

person.

5. Intellectualization- Dealing with problems as interesting events that can be

explained rationally and that have no anxiety or emotional content attached to them.

6. Projection – Characteristics or impulses that arouse anxiety are externalized by

attributing them to others.

Note: Used by psychotics

7. Rationalization - It enables individuals to justify their behavior to themselves and

others by making excuses or formulating fictitious, socially approved arguments to
convince themselves and others that their behavior is logical and acceptable

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8. Reaction Formation- Unconscious feelings are denied and opposite attitudes and
behavior are adopted. E.g. A mother who feel angry and rejecting his child constantly
check whether he is safe

9. Regression – Going back to earlier ways of behaving that were characteristic of

previous development level. E.g. a wife who goes home every time she quarreled with her
husband .

10. Altruism - An individual unselfishly assist others.

11. Humor - Reduces anxiety.

12. Repression – An unconscious process whereby unacceptable urges or painful

traumatic experiences are completely prevented from entering consciousness.

Note:

Sometimes confused with Suppression which is a conscious activity

by which an individual attempts to forget emotionally disturbing thoughts and
experiences by pushing them out of his mind.

13. Sublimation – A socially useful course of action developed when more direct forms
of gratification are blocked. It is a positive and constructive mechanism for defending
against own unacceptable impulses and needs. E.g. Someone with strong erotic feelings
expresses them in socially approved way by becoming a painter of nudes.

V.

ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR

Definitions

Abnormal Behavior- a behavior that fails to meet the characteristics of a normal

person such as: Free expression of personality, Adequate security feeling, Efficient contact
with reality, Adaptability to group norms, Emotional maturity, Adequate self- knowledge
and Integrated and consistent personality.

Criminal Psychology - study that deals on criminal behavior.

Guidelines for Judging Abnormal Behavior

1. Appropriateness i.e. assessment of not only the behavior itself but also the situation
it is happening.

2. Flexibility i.e. normal behavior tends to be flexible as a sign of healthy behavior.

3. Impulsivity i.e. normal behavior is more likely to be a result of a consideration of its

consequences with important decisions being given careful thought before

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implementation. Abnormal behavior, being controlled or partially controlled needs and
drives, tends to be impulsive.

Factors Affecting Abnormal Behavior

1. Heredity

2. Incestuous marriage

3. Impaired vitality

4. Poor moral values, training and breeding e.g. worrying, grief, unhygienic
surroundings, birth trauma etc.

5. Psychic factors i.e. emotional disturbance such as love, anger, passion, frustration
and disappointment

6. Physical factors: toxic or non-toxic

A. PERSONALITY DISORDER

✓ Disorders characterized by inflexible and long-standing maladaptive ways of

dealing with the environment, which typically cause stress and/or social or
occupational problems.

✓ Prolonged patterns of maladaptive behavior that shows immature and

inapropriate ways of coping with stress or solving problems.

Note:

Maladaptive implies that problem exist; it also suggests that either

vulnerability in the individual, inability to cope, or exceptional stress in the environment
has to led to problems of living

It originates during early development process leading to maladaptive

behavior.

Adaptive and Maladaptive Behavior

Adaptation- the balance between what people do and want to do, on the one hand, and
what the environment ( the community) requires, on the other.

✓ People’s ability or inability to modify their behavior in response to changing

environmental requirements.

Factors Affecting Adaptation

1. Personal characteristics: skills, attitudes, physical condition

2. Nature of the situations confronted: family, conflict, disaster

Adaptation and Adjustment

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✓ Adaptation refers to survival of the species.

✓ Adjustment refers to individual mastery of the environment and the sense of

being at peace with oneself

Causes of Personality Disorders

1. Failure to receive appropriate input from parents and others.

2. Negative early experiences such as unreasonable demands, and accepting no excuses

when children fail to meet expectations

3. Lack of flexibility

Classification of Personality Disorder

1. Odd or Eccentric

1.1 Paranoid- tense; guarded; suspicious; hold grudges.

1.2 Schizoid- socially isolated with restricted emotional expression.

1.3 Schizotypal-peculiarities of thought, appearance, and behavior that are

disconcerting to other; emotionally detached and isolated.

2. Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic Behavior

2.1 Histrionic Personality- Seductive behavior; needs immediate gratification

and constant reassurance; rapidly changing moods; shallow emotions.

2.2 Narcissistic Personality- exaggerated sense of self-importance; expect and

demand special treatment from others; interpersonally exploitative in serving their own
goals; envious of attention to others

2.3 Borderline- Cannot stand to be alone; intense, unstable moods and personal
relationships; chronic anger; drug and alcohol abuse; display intense anger outburst
with little provocation. Low frustration tolerance is common.

2.4 Anti- Social- Manipulative; exploitive; dishonest; disloyal; lacking in guilt;

habitually breaks social rules; childhood history of such behavior; often in trouble with
law.

Family Background of Psychopaths

1. Early parental loss and emotional deprivation. A number of psychopathic

personalities reveal that they had experienced intense trauma of losing a parent at a
tender age either through the separation or divorce of parents.

2. Parental rejection and inconsistency. Severe parental rejection and utter lack of
parental affection and concern.

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3. Family parental models and family interactions. It emphasizes the influence
exerted by faulty parental modelling- usually a mother who overindulged her son and a
father who is highly successful, driving and critical.

Sociocultural Background

1. Environmental Level- characterized by the absence or breakdown of social norms

and regulations, undesirable peer models, disorganization, loose morality, and pervasive
alienation from the broader spectrum of society.

2. Family Level- characterized by family discord, parental rejection and harsh

inconsistent way of disciplining the children, that consequently lead to distrust, a
perplexed sense of personal identity, self devaluation, and feelings pf pain and
antagonism.

3. Anxious or Fearful Behavior

3.1 Avoidant- easily hurt and embarrassed; few close friends; sticks to routines to avoid
new and possibly stressful experience; inability to relate comfortably with other people
becomes a source of acute distress and low self-esteem.

3.2 Dependent- wants others to make decisions; needs constant advice and
reassurance; fears being abandoned lack self-confidence and social skills and feel
helpless even when they have actually developed good working skills and other
competencies.

3.3 Obsessive-Compulsive- perfectionist; overconscientious; indecisive; preoccupied

with details; stiff; unable to express affection.

3.4 Passive-Aggressive- characterized by hostility express in indirect and

nonviolent ways. These persons resent and manage not to comply with the demands
others make on them.

The behavior is most apparent in their work environment and their social
relationships.

Resentment against authority figures and lack of assertiveness is very

typical.

B. NEUROSES

Neuroses or psychoneuroses- behavioral disorder brought about by emotional

tension resulting from frustration, conflicts, repression or insecurity. They compromise
with reality by developing imaginary ailments, phobias, obsessions, compulsion, anxiety
or depression.

Classification Of Neuroses

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1. Anxiety Reactions

2. Hysteria: amnesia; fugue; multiple personality; and somnambulism

3. Psychastenia: Phobias; Obsession; and compulsion

4. Traumatic Neurosis

5. Operational Fatigue

Behavioral Characteristics of Neurotic Reactions

1. Presence of anxiety

2. Inability to function at capacity level

3. Rigid or repetitive behavior

4. Egocentricity

5. Hypersensitivity

6. Immaturity

7. Somatic complaints

8. Unhappiness

9. A great deal of unconsciously motivated behavior

Classification of Neuroses According to the Most Striking Symptoms

1. Anxiety Reactions

These are principally manifested in diffused and consciously experience feelings

of anxiety and apprehension for which there seem to be no specific basis in reality.

2. Hysteria

A disorder in which the individual manifests, without identifiable physical

pathology, one or more symptoms usually due to organic disease. Disabilities developed
include paralysis of the limbs, intense aches and pains, deafness, blindness, loss of voice,
continuous vomiting, head or hand tremors.

Forms of Hysteria

a. Amnesia- a disorder in which the individual cannot recall his or her name and
remembers little or nothing about the past.

Types of Amnesia

1) Anterograde- the inability to retain information which has just been seen or read.

2) Retrograde- the inability to recall any event which took place during certain period
of time.

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3) Localized- the inability to recall events which are related to a particular situation.

b. Fugue- an amnesia state where one wonders away from his or her home or usual
surroundings and when awareness set in, there is no recollection as to how he or she
came to be there.

c. Multiple Personality- a dramatic form of Hysteria where the patient develops two
or more separated and very different personalities.

d. Somnambulism- a dreamlike state where the person walks about and carries on
certain activities which are not remembered later.

3. Psychasthenia

A psychoneurotic condition accompanied by a vast range of mental and emotional

symptoms which cannot be controlled. The person is fear-ridden by unreasonable
dreads or phobias, obsessions and compulsion. Other symptoms of Psychastenia are
unreasonable elation, constant depression or over inhibition.

Forms of Psychasthenia

a. Phobias- an irrational or exaggerated fear of an object, person, act or situation.

[PHOBOS-Greek God of fear]

Characteristics of Phobia

1) Reasons for the fear do not make sense.

2) The fear paralyzes instead of enhances the ability to deal with the problem.

3) The fear seems to be caused by the threat of a discharge of self destructive

aggressions.

General Categories of Phobia

1. Simple Phobias- rare type of phobia that involves irrational fear not related to
either unfamiliar situations or social interactions [fear of shut-up places fear of specific
animals].

2. Social Phobias- irrational fear of situations in which a person will be exposed to the
scrutiny of others [fear of blushing, public speaking, eating in public, writing in public,
and using public toilet facilities]

3. Agoraphobia- pathological fear of open spaces.

Some Examples of Phobias

Achluophobia or nyctophobia- fear of dark

Acrophobia- fear of high places

Aerophobia- fear of flying

Agoraphobia- fear of open spaces

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Ailurophobia- fear of cats

Anglophobia- fear of pain

Amaxophobia- fear of vehicles and driving

Antlophobia- fear of flowers

Androphobia- fear of people

Aquaphobia- fear of water (fear of drowning)

Some Examples of Phobias

Arachnophobia- fear of spiders

Astraphobia- fear of thunder, lightning or storms

Chemophobia- fear of cold

Claustrophobia- fear of closed places

Gynophobia- fear of dogs

Dipsophobia- fear of drinking

Ecophobia or Oikophobia - fear of home

Electrophobia- fear of electricity

Erythrophobia- fear of blushing

Some Examples of Phobias

Gamophobia-fear of marriage

Hematophobia- fear of blood

Hydrophobia- fear of water (due to rabies)

Ideaphobia- fear of thoughts

Ochlophobia- fear of crowds

Ophidiophobia- fear of snakes

Ornithophobia- fear of birds

Pathophobia- fear of disease

Phobophobia- fear of developing a phobia

Rypophobia- fear of dirt

Sitophobia- fear of eating

Taphophobia- fear of being buried alive

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Thermophobia- fear of heat

Xenophobia- fear of strangers

b. Obsession- an idea or series of ideas which recur so frequently that it interferes with
normal thinking.

c. Compulsion- an irresistible tendency to perform an act or ritual which the individual

feels to compelled to carry out even though it recognized as irrational- he or she must do
so in order to reduce the tension.

Examples of Compulsion

Arithmomania- the impulse to count everything.

Dipsomania- the impulse to drink liquor

Homicidal mania- the impulse to kill

Kleptomania- the impulse to steal

Megalomania- the impulse for fame or power

Pyromania- the impulse to set things on fire

Suicidal mania- the impulse to take one’s life

4. Traumatic Neuroses

✓ Manifested in a situation where the individual fears for his or her safety.

5. Operational Fatigue

✓ Otherwise known as war neuroses,

✓ Manifested in response to a battle environment.

C. PSYCHOSES

Serious mental illness where behavior is unpredictable. Psychotic persons have a

wholly unrealistic interpretation of the self and the life around them. Their ego has lost
control over the personality. They have great mood swings- extreme depression to
extreme exaltation. They are quit and docile at one moment and hyperactive, even
violent, the next. They are socially inept.

Classification of Psychoses

1. Organic/Somatogenic

2. Functional: Schizophrenia [ simple, hebephrenic, catatonic and paranoid]; Affective [

manic, depressed and mixed]; Paranoia [persecutory, litigious, erotic, exalted and jealous]

1. Organic/ Somatogenic

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✓ Psychoses that stem from a wide variety of causes, but damage or injury to the
brain or other parts of the central nervous system is always involved.

Symptoms

1. Impairment of intellectual functions

2. Emotional instability, shown by general irritability or violent mood swings

without apparent cause,

3. Inappropriate behavior and changes in general conduct, including lack of interest

in personal appearance,

4. Neglect of responsibilities

5. Anti social behavior.

Types of Organic Psychoses

a. Psychoses associated with infectious disease

b. Psychoses associated with toxins

c. Psychoses associated with head injuries

d. Psychoses associated with old age

2. Functional Psychosis

Functional Psychosis is a serious mental disorder involving the total personality

with no observable tissue damage. Having no organic basis, these ailments are believed
to result from years of living under emotional stress.

Forms of Functional Psychosis

a. Schizophrenic Disorder

Schizophrenia is a psychotic condition marked by withdrawal from reality,

indifference concerning everyday problems, and tendency to live in a world of fantasy. It
was formerly called dementia praecox by Emil Kreaplin, a German Psychiatrist. The
term schizophrenia was given by Eugene Bleuler which literally means “splitting of
the minds”.

Symptoms of Schizophrenia

1. Disorganized patterns of feeling and thinking where there is no logic or reason in

thoughts and feelings expressed.

2. Apathy or absence of feelings and emotions in situations which call for such
reactions.

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3. Bizarre actions, which include absurd and eccentric gestures or such activities as
hoarding and over self-decorating

4. Seclusiveness or narrowing of interests and social contacts

5. Disorganized pattern of speech

6. Delusions and hallucinations (usually auditory)

7. Deterioration of conduct and personal habits

Note:

Types of Delusion

1. Delusion of grandeur- person imagines that he is powerful or superior or

omnipotent.

2. Delusion of persecution-person feels that everybody is plotting against him; and

frequently a target of conspiracy.

3. Delusion of reference- person imagines himself to be the target or center of events

or happenings

Types of Schizophrenia

1) Simple Schizophrenia- manifests a gradual decline of interest and ambition. The

person withdraws from practically all social contacts, as well as become irritable and
inattentive.

2) Hebephrenic Schizophrenia- usually begins in early adolescence and develops

gradually. The person has fits of laughter or childish giggling, grimacing for hours
without apparent reasons.

3) Catatonic Schizophrenia- it is marked by cycles of psychomotor reactions in

stupor (partial or complete loss of consciousness) and excitement phases.

4) Paranoid Schizophrenia- it is marked by delusions and hallucinations which are

illogical and loosely organized, as well as grandiose and/ or persecutory nature.

b. Affective Disorder

Affective reactions or manic-depressive psychosis are characterized by periods of

depression or elation or both.

Forms of Affective Disorder

1) Manic- types are marked by periods of elation where the patients are unduly
boastful, excited and hyperactive.

2) Depressed- person feels sad and hopeless.

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3) Mixed types- person manifest symptoms of both manic and depressive types.

c. Paranoia

Another psychotic reaction where the main symptom is characterized by

suspicion.

Common Types of Paranoia

1) Persecutory Paranoia- having delusions of persecution. The person believes that

some persons are plotting to harm him or her in some way.

2) Litigious Paranoia- having delusions of both persecution and grandeur, and may go
to great lengths to bring alleged persecutors to court.

3) Erotic Paranoia- also called amorous paranoia- having delusions that a certain
person is in love with him or her.

4) Exalted Paranoia- having grandiose delusions and believes him/ herself as someone
with great power or importance; usually a religious crusader, a social reformer, or
inventor.

5) Jealous Paranoia- the most numerous, marked by extreme and irrational jealousy.

VI.

SEXUAL DEVIANCY

Definitions

✓ Abnormal Sexuality/ Sexual Deviancy - sexual behavior which seek

stimulation and gratification by means other than heterosexual.

Development of Sexual Preference

1. Sexual preference is likely to be established by adolescence, even there is much sexual

activity.

2. Sexual feelings of attraction seemed much more important than early sexual activity
in the determination of homosexual preference

3. Adult homosexuals did not lack heterosexual experiences in childhood; however, they
did not tend to find these gratifying.

4. Children who did not conform to gender roles in childhood had somewhat increased
probability of homosexual feelings and behavior in adolescence

✓ Homosexual Behavior- sexual behavior with member of one’s own sex.

✓ Homosexuals- individuals who prefer to engage in sexual activity with members

of their own sex over an extended period.

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Homosexual Relationships

1. Close-Coupleds- Closely bonded partners whose relationships were similar to those

in heterosexual marriages.

2. Open-Coupleds- Live with special partner but less happy than close-coupled. More
outside sexual partners, whom picked up by cruising.

3. Functionals- Consisted of “swinging singles” whose lives were organized around

sexual experiences. Engaged in frequent cruising, had many friends, and felt that they
were adjusted.

4. Dysfunctionals- Poorly adjusted. Had a large number of partners and a high level of
sexual activity, but they saw themselves as sexual unappealing and their lives were
marked by distress and conflict.

5. Asexuals- Lack involvement. Have few partners and engaged in little sexual activity.
Exclusively homosexual, lonely and unhappy.

Bisexual Behavior- A behavior by which a person preferred to be sexually engaged

with either sex at different times.

Bisexuals- persons who are sexually attracted to members of either sex and often
engage in sexual activity with both men and women.

The Paraphilia - Sexual deviation that involves choice of inapropriate sexual partners
or inapropriate goals for the sex act [ Attraction to the deviant].

Classes of Paraphilias

1. Preference for the use of nonhuman object for sexual arousal.

2. Repetitive sexual activity with humans that involves real or simulated suffering or
humiliation.

3. Repetitive sexual activity with nonconsenting partners.

Classification of Sexual Abnormalities

a. As to Choice of Sexual Partner

b. As to Instinctual Sexual Urge

c. As to the Mode of Sexual Expression or Way of Sexual Satisfaction

Note:

✓ Sadomasochistic needs are satisfied by autoerotic practices or solo sex-

related activities which lead to autoerotic asphyxia.

✓ Autoerotic asphyxia- The practice of artificially restricting the oxygen supply

during sexual self-stimulation in order to enhance sexual enjoyment.

d. As to the Parts of the Body

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e. As to Visual Stimulus

f. As to Number

g. Other Sexual Deviates

VII.

CRISIS MANAGEMENT

Definitions

✓ Crisis refers to a turning point in the course of any situation; it is decisive; comes
into a crucial stage of event.

✓ Also denotes a period of great peril, danger, or trouble whose outcome decides
whether there may be possible bad consequences that will follow.

✓ Considered to have originated from either an act of god or man-made which may
be intentional or accidental.

✓ Derived from the GREEK word CRISIS, which means to SEPARATE. It is a

turning point in the progress of an affair or a series of events.

✓ Emergency- Came from the LATIN word EMERGENTIA, which means

DIPPING; PLUNGING. It is a sudden condition or state of affairs calling for
immediate action.

Emergency, Crisis and Disaster Distinguished

✓ If the situation is still controlled and the response given is for the purpose of
containing the situation from getting out of control then it is just an
EMERGENCY. If the situation is already beyond normal control what is
happening is already a CRISIS. If the effects of the crises can no longer be
controlled even by its author, it is now a DISASTER.

Types of Crises /Emergencies

1. Natural: Fire, Marine/Air Disaster, Structural Collapse, Hazardous Spills, Utilities

Failure, Nuclear Accidents, Food Scarcity/ Famine, Fuel Shortage, Pestilence/Epidemic,
Floods, Volcanic Eruption, Earthquake, Tidal Wave, Typhoons, Drought.

2. Man-Made: Civil disturbance, Revolt, Revolution, Border Incident, War, Kidnapping,

Hijacking, Hostage-taking, Terrorists Activities, Attacks /Raids on government
installations/facilities & vital facilities

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Stages of State of Emergency

1. Sudden and/or unforeseen events or state of affairs

2. Immediate response for the purpose of:

a) Correction

b) Mitigation

c) Remedy

3. Recovery and restoration

Stages of the State of Crisis

1. Progressive sequence of events, build-up of instability and growth of tension

2. Turning point and decision making

3. Change, continuity and survival

Crisis Management Concepts and Principles

Definition

Crisis Management- An expert handling of a crisis or emergency to reduce or

eliminate danger or damage, or the like, especially on the part of the government.

Two Essential Elements of Crisis Management

1. Incident Management- Refers to an act containing the situation within certain

level mostly by law enforcement interventions.

2. Consequence Management- An act focused on mitigation of adverse effects

that may be brought about by the incident by utilizing non-law enforcement
elements such as medical and fire services.

Purpose of Crisis Management

✓ SALVARI VITAS (to save lives)

Objectives of Crises Management

1. Resolved without further incident

2. Safety of all participants

3. Apprehension of all participants

4. Accomplish the task within the framework of current

community standards.

Theory of Crises Management

1. Contain and Negotiate

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2. Protect the innocent from harm

3. Allow passage of time so that the perpetrators can be

reasoned with through negotiation

4. Allow the passage of time so that the response force can

evaluate the situation gather information, explore
alternatives and formulate a plan of action

Musts in Crisis Management

1. Rely on continuous flow of information from all sources

2. Press perpetrators to abandon their position

3. Receive, analyze and disseminate all information

4. Prepare for a rapidly escalating series of events

Phases of Crisis Management

A. Proactive Phase

1. Prediction

2. Prevention

3. Preparation

B. Reactive Phase

4. Performance (Implementation of Contingency Plan)

a) Initial Action

b) Action (Negotiation or Tactical Action/

Intervention)

c) Post Action

VIII.

HOSTAGE TAKING SITUATION

Hostage

✓ Derived from the Latin word hostis and French- ostage meaning
“stranger”, later “enemy”.

A person or entity held by anyone of two belligerent parties to the other or seized as
security for the carrying out of an agreement, or as preventive measure against war.

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✓ Person who is seized by a criminal abductor in order to compel another
party to act, or refrain from acting, in a particular way, often under threat
of serious physical harm to the hostage/s after expiration of an ultimatum.

Hostage Taker- A person who seizes one or more hostages.

Hostage Taking Situation- A set of circumstances wherein a suspected law violator is

holding a person captive with the use of force and threat of violence while the law
enforcement officers are in close contact with the suspect and his captive.

Note:
If the hostages are present voluntarily, then the receiver is known as “host”.

Facts that Apply to All Hostage Taking Situations

1. Hostage taker wants to obtain something

2. The target of the hostage taker is not the hostage but the third party that can provide
whatever the hostage taker wants.

3. The hostages are bargaining chips. They have symbolic value, but the hostages
themselves could be anyone.

Stages in Hostage Taking Situations

1. Initial Stage- Violent and brief and last as long as it takes for hostage taker to make
their assault and subdue hostages. The end of this phase is often mark by the
presentation of the hostage taker’s demands.

2. Negotiation Stage- The law enforcement officials are on the scene and the demands
have probably been received.

3. Termination Stage- Brief and sometimes violent. It results to either peaceful

surrender of the hostage taker, assault by the law enforcers and the arrest or killing of
the hostage takers, or granting of the hostage taker demands and allow him to escape

Motives in Hostage Taking

1. In political terrorism, reasons include showing the public that the government is
unable to protect its own citizens.

2. Hostage taking guarantees immediate media coverage, and after repeated

hostage incidents, it is the hope of the hostage takers that the government might
overreact and become excessively restrictive with its own citizen, thus causing
civil discontent and a grassroots movement to overthrow the government.

3. Warring nations seek peace after exchange of hostages a guarantee of reciprocity

5. In urban guerrilla warfare, hostages are taken with little regard for law
and order.

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6. Law enforcement officers will most likely encounter hostage incidents that
involve either criminal or the mentally-disturbed.

7. A husband or wife may take a child hostage in custody battles.

8. A mentally disturbed person may take hostage in order to right what he

believed to be wrong.

9. Whatever the initial reason for hostage taking it is clear that the motive
for holding hostages may changes.

Categories of Hostage-Taker

1. Persons in Crisis - People who take hostages during a

period of prolonged frustration, despair and problems.

2. Psychotics - Mentally-ill people who take hostage during a

period of psychiatric disturbance.

3. Common Criminals - People who take hostages for

personal, rather than ideological reason.

4. Prisoner - People who take hostages because of

dissatisfaction and discontent regarding their living
condition in prison.

5. Political Terrorist - Ideologically-inspired individuals or

groups of people who take hostages because of political and
ideological beliefs.

Priorities in Hostage Situation

1. Preservation of Life

2. Apprehend hostage taker

3. To successfully negotiate; there must be need to live on the

part of the hostage taker and a threat of force by the
authorities.

Four Courses of Action that Can be Taken in a Hostage Taking Incident

1. The use of chemical agents to force the hostage-taker

out of position.

2. Direct assault on the hostage-position either deception or

by uniformed entry team

3. The use of marksmen to shoot and maim the hostage taker.

4. Negotiation for the release of the hostages.

Tactical Procedures

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1. Containment of the Hostage Position

1.1 Stabilize the incident

1.2 Determine the exact location of the hostage-taker

1.3 Physically contain the action to the smallest area

1.4 Isolate the scene

1.5 Evacuating the adjoining areas

1.6 Blocking avenues for escape

Tactical Procedures

2. Communication

2.1 By the use of telephone

2.2 By written notes

2.3 By the use of loudspeaker

2.4 By the use of bullhorn

2.5 By the use of megaphone

Tactical Procedures

3. Visual and Audio Surveillance

3.1 Binoculars

3.2 Telescopes

3.3 Portable searching lights

3.4 Night vision devices

3.5 Television camera

3.6 Spike or contact microphone

3.7 Telephone

3.8 Intercoms

Tactical Procedures

4. Assault Alternative

4.1 When the victims are in imminent danger of injury

4.2 When the victims are in imminent danger of death

4.3 When the hostage takes gained the control of crime or potential victims

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4.4 If hostages have already been killed

Important Factors to be Considered in a Hostage Taking Incident

1. Intelligence Gathering- It must focus on identifying the hostage takers and

hostages, determining the hostage-takers capabilities to resist an assault and
identifying the weapon being used.

Important Factors to be Considered in a Hostage Taking Incident

2. Motive- Determines first what type of hostage-takers you are dealing with,
identifying the hostages takers will lead to his motives.

3. Hostage Location- The exact location of the hostages and how they are secured.

Important Factors to be Considered in a Hostage Taking Incident

4. Setting- A detailed knowledge of the hostage scene’s immediate vicinity.

✓ A complete reconnaissance of the hostage area; terrain leading to the hostages

site; obstruction; areas of concealment; viewing points; possible and/or potential
escape route; location of doors, windows and entrances; exits and fire escapes.

Important Factors to be Considered in a Hostage Taking Incident

5. Formulation of the Plan- In case that assault will be opted:

✓ Must be planned to occur at a time that permits the assault team members to
take their position without detection.

✓ Limit the opportunity of the hostage takers to resist because when the surprised
element is used, the hostage-takers have a reduced capability to react violently,
escape, hide or harm the hostages.

The Command Post

Command Post Considerations

1. Establish outer and inner perimeters

2. Safe accessible routes to responding personnel

3. Defense against snipers, mobs onlookers

4. Sufficient parking

5. Adequate staging area

6. Availability of water supplies, restrooms and telephones

7. Accessibility to helicopters

8. Maintain communication lines

9. Notify administrators

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10. Maintain command post chronological log

11. Only authorized personnel will be given access

12. Public Information Officer (PIO) to give press briefings

Command Post Staffing

1. Commander

2. Asst. Commander

3. Negotiators

4. Emergency Services team Tactical Adviser

5. Radio Operator

6. Intelligence Officers

7. Investigators

8. Staff Psychologists

8. Chronographers

9. Communications Specialists

10. Liaison Personnel

11. Police Administrators

Time-Frames in the Operational Approach to Crisis Management

Time-Frames in the Operational Approach to Crisis Management

Note:

The average domestic crisis negotiation team response is about 45

minutes to 1 hour. Therefore, the most crucial moments of the situation will be with
the talents of the first responding officers.

Approaches of the First Responding Officers {ICER Concept}

1. Isolate: Keeping the onlookers beyond the safety line.

2. Contain: Holding the hostage taker’s mobility to the smallest location in the building
or exterior area and denying him the opportunity to observe the police presence
activities.

3. Evaluate: Gathering cursory information of the situation; assessing the threat and
estimate the location of the command post, the number and proposed position of back up
officers needed to establish temporary inner perimeter.

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4. Report: Report the number and identities of hostage takers and hostages and their
clothing, descriptions, precipitating events, size and locations of the dangerous zones,
entry routes, types of weapons involved and directions of the line of fire.

IX.

HOSTAGE NEGOTIATION AND RECOVERY

Definition

Negotiation Approach- a systematic process of starting to work on a task of

negotiating and dealing with hostage takers, wherein the primary consideration are the
arrangements of terms and conditions between the authorities and suspects necessary
for the release of the hostages.

Principles of Hostage Negotiation and Recovery

1. The hostage has no value to the hostage-taker. His only value is a tool to
get what the he wants; not from the hostage but from the authorities.

2. Priorities in hostage situations is preservation of life apprehension of

hostage taker, recovery, and protection of property.

3. Hostage situation must not go violently, for the interest of the hostage, the hostage
taker and the authorities. In any case, if it goes violent, the authorities must always
come out the victor.

4. To successfully negotiate, there must be a need to live on the part of the hostage taker
because a hostage taker who is bent of killing himself is a non-negotiable case.

Guidelines for the Initial Stages of Hostage Negotiations

1. Asses the situation by immediately attempts to identify the cause of the crisis and
what you do to defuse the hostility.

2. Take immediate corrective action ach other. If arrest is warranted, do so

immediately by separating the combatants and isolate them from end have them
removed. If medical help is needed, see that the appropriate help is provided.

3. Listen and Observe by exerting an effort see exactly what is happening. Attempt to
be totally non-judgmental and devote full attention to what the principal actors in the
crisis are saying or doing.

4. Employ Crisis Diffusion Techniques by keeping your voice lowly and slowly; non-
verbal communication should indicated openness and willingness to listen; establish eye
contact with the person you are addressing (This often indicates sincerity and
willingness to listen); touching the person you are talking may help keep the
lines of communication open; attempt a compromise.

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5. Follow-up by making a follow-up reports as soon as the arrangement for
professionals in psychology, family counseling and spiritual guidance or whatever other
need there appears to be and devote full attention to what the principal actors in the
crisis are saying or doing.

The Crisis Negotiating Team (CNT)

General Objectives

✓ It provides verbal and tactical support to the SWAT Team, and responsible for
controlling a barricaded suspect or hostage situation.

Three Key Objectives:

1. Safety for all people involved

2. Safe release or rescue of hostage

3. Apprehension and prosecution of suspect involved

D. The Crisis Negotiating Team (CNT)

Composition

1) Team Supervisor (Negotiation Team Leader)

2) Primary Negotiator

3) Secondary Negotiator

4) Intelligence/Recorder Negotiator

5) Board negotiator

6) Psychologist

Notes:

Commander should Not Serve as Negotiator because:

1. HT will have a sense of importance;

2. He may make impossible demand, knowing that he is dealing with Commander;

3. Conflict of Commander as negotiator and Commander; and

4 . As a cardinal rule, Commander don’t negotiate, negotiator don't command.

Immediate Actions of the Negotiator Upon Arrival at the Scene of Incident

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✓ Never tell him your rank; the hostage taker might think you
can give all, So he may ask for impossible demand.

✓ Neither, should the negotiator give the feeling that he has

the authority to decide. Do not bluff.

3. Time Lengthening - Give more time for the police to organize and coordinate plan of
action.

4. Telephone Negotiation technique - Be the caller, plan and prepare; be ready with
graceful exit, and discipline yourself to listen.

✓ Where a demand is impossible to get, stale time by explaining that you need to
talk to other people.

✓ Hold on to your concession; but release of sick old people in exchange.

✓ When there is no demand, hostage taker may really have no demand at all.

5. Need face to face - Don't be over anxious, prepare for proper psychological, physical
and emotional confrontation.

✓ Wear body armor, posses a weapon, but if ask to come

without a weapon, ensure that they should too should lay
down arms before entering.

✓ In entering, see to t that you re protected with tactical

back-up. And consider that hostage taker might have bobby
trap in some portions of the area, door or window of the
building.

✓ Coming up on face-to-face situation, maintain proper

distance, observe their movement. Elicit a promise or
motivate them to surrender.

✓ In retreating, or in getting out of the room, face hostage

taker slowly back out the door with good cover or tactical
back-up.

6. Surrender Approach- Starts with a positive approach; act as if hostage taker will
surrender. Do not talk too much. Gradually ask him to surrender. Reassurance is the
wisest thing to do. Talk details of surrender process. And explain why not is better than
later.

Advantage of Telephone Negotiations

1. Easier to say No

2. Easier to conclude the conversation

3. Conversation is quicker

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4. Important items are more easily committed

5. Caller has the advantage

Hostage-Takers' Demands

Demands of Hostage-Takers

1. Negotiable

a. Food

b. Cigarettes

c. Drinks

d. Alcohol

e. Transportation

f. Media Coverage

g. Freedom

2. Non Negotiable

a. Weapons/Ammunition

b. Drugs

c. Release of prisoners

d. Exchange of hostages

Hostage Takers' Demands

Handling Demands

1. Avoid asking for demands

2. Avoid offering anything

3. Do not give anything not specifically asked for and should not give more than
absolutely necessary to fulfill the agreement

4. Never give anything without getting something in return

5. Avoid dismissing any demand as trivial

6. Ignore deadlines and do not set deadlines for the incident resolution

7. Negotiate first for the sick or injured hostages

8. Monitor the types of demands

9. Asses the personality type of the hostage taker based on the types of the demands
made

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10. Delay, impress hostage taker even simple demands are hand to get; that you need
to talk with commander or other people etc.

Effects of Time in the Negotiation

Positive Effect of Time

1. Hostage taker will wear down emotionally/psychologically

2. Hostage taker have more demand for food and water

3. Anxiety reduces; hostage taker will be given a chance to organize his true self.

4. Hostage taker's rationally increase

5. Hostage taker-negotiator relationships get improve

6. Hostage- taker's demand may be reduced

7. Stockholm Syndrome may develop

Negative Effect Of Time

✓ Exhaustion and boredom may have creeping effects on both hostage takers and
authorities; hostage takers may eventually commit suicide or may forget all
demands altogether.

On Life and Death Negotiation

1. Keep in mind that in one H.T., show of force may be unnecessary

2. Speak firmly but not in threatening manner

3. Do not be overfriendly, it may be interpreted as weakness

4. HT should not be driven to desperation (give hope, security etc.)

5. Show of force is necessary if there are several hostage takers (HT)

Failure of Negotiation ( or Situation Permits)

1. Final move must be made swiftly without looking back

2. Any assault must proceed with skill and professionalism, when:

a. HT begins executing hostage; and

b. HT throws out first body.

Concluding a Hostage Incident

1. Remove perpetrators as quickly as possible

2. Secure the Scene

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3. Brief Media

4. Collect Evidence

5. Assemble involved personnel

6. Retrieve equipment

7. Identify all property damaged

8. Identify critique data and handle debriefing

X.

TERRORISM

Terrorism

✓ The calculated use of violence or the threat of violence to attain goals, often
political or ideological in nature. Through fear, intimidation or coercion.

✓ Usually involves a criminal act often symbolic in nature and intended to influence
an audience beyond the immediate victim.

✓ A violent criminal behavior designed to generate fear in the community or a

substantial segment of it, for political purposes.

Three Groups or Terrorist

1. National Terrorist- a terrorist who operates and aspires to win political power
within a single nation.

2. Transnational Terrorist- a terrorist who operates across national borders, whose

actions and political aspirations affect individual of more than one nationality.

3. International Terrorist- a terrorist who is controlled by, and whose actions

represent the interest of a sovereign state.

Group Classification and Motivation of Terrorist

1. Minority Nationalistic Group - groups fighting the majority of the community

where the support base will depend on ethnic, religious, or linguistic minorities at odds
with the majority community.

2. Marxist Revolutionary Group- the terrorist movement is characterized by its

possession of coherent Marxist, ideology, or any persuasion, and of a long-term strategy
for bringing about a socialist revolution.

3. Anarchist Group- there who bring lawlessness and disorder, which is natural state
in which human exist.

4. Pathological Groups- A phenomenon of individuals rather than specific groups.

Their motivations normally have more to do with personal inadequacy, hatred of family
or specifically identified persons or things, than with acquired ideology.

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1. Neo-Fascist and Extreme Right Wings Groups- Those
who appear to counter the activities of the left and may pose
a more serious threat to security forces than the more
traditional terrorist groups.

2. Ideological Mercenaries- It is new for of terrorism from

man and women, who for the sake of shared ideology and
common faith in worldwide revolution, rather than money,
are ready to cross-frontiers to pursue their causes.

Basic organizational Structures of Terrorist Groups (James Fraser, 1984)

1. Command- The smallest group, responsible for leadership, makes policy and plans
while providing general direction.

2 The Active Cadre- Responsible for carrying out the mission of the terrorist
organization

3. Active Supporters- Responsible in keeping the terrorists in the field. They maintain
communication channels, provide safe houses, gather intelligence, and ensure all other
logistical needs are met.

4. Passive Supporters- The largest category in the group. They do not readily join
terrorist groups and simply represent a favorable element of the political climate.

The Al Qaeda

- Arabic for “The Base” ; founded by Osama bin Laden, Muhammed Atef, and
Ayman al-Zawahiri to continue the Jihad internationally.

Al Qaeda’s Organizational Structure

1. The Emir (Chief)

2. The Chief Counsel

3. Shura, or Consultation Council

A group of seasoned terrorists and confidants kown as majilis al shura who

approve major decisions such as terrorist attacks and the issuance of fatwas (edicts). The
council members play leadership roles in the organization’s major committees, made up
of lower-ranking Al Qaeda members.

4. The Committees

a. The Military Committee- oversees recruitment, war, training, and the

purchase of the arms.

b. The Islamic Study Committee- makes rulings on religious law and trains
all recruits in the teachings of the Koran and Jihad.

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c. The Finance Committee- oversees corporate holdings, including the travel
office and several other companies.

5. The Cells

The network of terrorist recruitment and training has sites throughout the world.
Each cell engages in missions independent of the others, and the members and activities
of the other cells are kept secret.

D. Phases of a Terrorist Attack

1. Pre-incident Phase - The planning of the event, normally based on the intentions
short-range objectives and long-term strategy and on information and experience.

✓ The most important; it involve intelligence-gathering activities through

surveillance, target penetration, use of informants, logistics preparations,
including acquisition and transportation of radios, arms, ammunition and
explosives, and rehearsals.

✓ Secrecy and operations security are of outmost important for success.

2. Initiation Phase - This is the point of no return. The event that marked the
beginning of the operation.

✓ Marked by movement of the objective, followed by the

detonation of a bomb, or an ambush, physical taking of
hostages.

✓ The most unnerving for the terrorist since they have no

absolute control over the consequences.

3. Climax Phase- It may follow the initiation phases as in a single bomb incident, or
may host for days or weeks as in a live hostage situation.

✓ The climax marks the end of the incident.

4. Post-Incident Phase- it us the time when the terrorist regroup and engage in self-
criticism.

✓ The criticism will provide valuable input for the pre-incident

phases of subsequent operations.

Common Tactics of Terrorist

1. Assassination

2. Bombing

3. Hoaxes

4, Arson

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5. Hijacking

6. Ambush

7. Kidnapping

8. Hostage-taking

THREE-TIERED DEFENSE SYSTEM AGAINST TERRORIST ATTACK

[Lee Tom Ridge]

1. Intelligence: To know the enemy and identify their potential targets.

2. Target Hardening: Making it difficult to terrorist to succeed in their targets.

3. Incident Management: To manage effectively the incident and mitigate the

effects of the blast.

It is worse to be sick in soul than in body, for those afflicted in body only suffer,
but those afflicted in soul both suffer and do ill.

-Plutarch, Moralia

Affections of soul and body, sec. 501 E

About 95 A.D.

“GLOIRE À DIEU”

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