12 THERMODYNAMICS

FACT/DEFINITION TYPE (c) Mass (d) None of these

QUESTIONS 10. Which of the following is a state variable?
(a) Heat (b) Work
(c) Internal energy (d) All of these
1. The branch of physics that deals with the concepts 11. The internal energy of an ideal gas is a function of
of heat and temperature and the interconversion of (a) pressure (b) volume
heat and other forms of energy is called (c) temperature (d) All of the above
(a) calorimetry (b) thermometry
12. The internal energy of an ideal gas depends upon
(c) thermodynamics (d) Pyrometry
(a) specific volume (b) pressure
2. Thermodynamics is concerned in part with
(c) temperature (d) density
transformations between
13. At a given temperature the internal energy of a
(a) different forms of heat energy
substance
(b) internal energy at various temperatures
(a) in liquid state is equal to that in gaseous state.
(c) one form of mechanical energy into other
(b) in liquid state is less than that in gaseous state.
forms
(c) in liquid state is more than that in gaseous
(d) heat, internal energy and mechanical work
state.
3. A system X is neither in thermal equilibrium with
(d) is equal for the three states of matter
Y nor with Z. The systems Y and Z
14. The variable defined by Zeroth law of
(a) must be in thermal equilibrium
thermodynamics is
(b) cannot be in thermal equilibrium
(a) temperature (b) internal energy
(c) may be in thermal equilibrium
(c) work (d) All of these
(d) None of these
15. The internal energy of an ideal gas does not
4. When two bodies A and B are in thermal
equilibrium depend upon
(a) the kinetic energies of all the molecules of A (a) temperature of the gas
and B will be equal (b) pressure of the gas
(b) the potential energies of all the molecules of A (c) atomicity of the gas
and B will be equal (d) number of moles of the gas
(c) the internal energies of the two bodies will be 16. If AQ and W represents the heat supplied to the
equal system and the work done on the system
(d) the average kinetic energy of the molecules of respectively, then the first law of thermodynamics
the two bodies will be equal can be written as
5. Temperature is a measurement of coldness or (a) Q = U + W (b) Q = U - W
hotness of an object. This definition is based on (c) Q = W -U (d) Q = W -U
(a) Zeroth law of thermodynamics 17. Which of the following is incorrect regarding first
(b) First law of thermodynamics law of thermodynamics?
(c) Second law of thermodynamics (a) It is a restatement of principle of conservation
(d) Newton’s law of cooling of energy.
6. The first law of thermodynamics expresses (b) It is applicable to cyclic processes
(a) law of conservation of momentum (c) It introduces the concept of entropy
(b) law of conservation of energy (d) It introduces the concept of internal energy
(c) law of conservation of mass 18. First law of thermodynamics states that
(d) All of the above (a) system can do work
7. The first law of thermodynamics is a special case (b) system has temperature
of (c) system has pressure
(a) Newton’s law (d) heat is a form of energy
(b) the law of conservation of energy 19. Which of the following statements is correct for
(c) Charle’s law any thermodynamic system?
(d) the law of heat exchange (a) The change in entropy can never be zero
8. Energy transfer brought about by moving the (b) Internal energy and entropy and state
piston of a cylinder containing the gas is known as functions
(a) work (b) heat (c) The internal energy changes in all processes
(c) pressure (d) temperature (d) The work done in an adiabatic process is
9. Which of the following macroscopic variable is always zero.
not measurable ? 20. For one mole of solid, at constant pressure how is
(a) Pressure (b) Volume C related to R? (C moler specific heat,
12 THERMODYNAMICS

Runiversal gas constant) (d) Number of moles

3R 29. Which of the following is not a thermodynamics
(a) C = (b) C = 3R co-ordinate?
T
(a) P (b) T
1 1 (c) V (d) R
(c) C = RT (d) C = R 30. The specific heat of a gas in an isothermal process
3 3
21. If CP and CV are specific heat capacities at constant is
pressure and constant volume respectively, then (a) infinite (b) zero
for an adiabatic process of an ideal gas (c) negative (d) remains constant
(a) PV = constant (b) PV- = constant 31. The work done in an adiabatic change in a
particular gas depends only upon
P (a) change in volume
(c) PV  = constant (d) γ = constant
V (b) change in temperature
22. For an ideal gas, the molar specific heat capacities (c) change in pressure
A at constant pressure and volume satisfy the relation (d) None of these
(a) CP+CV = R (b) CP –CV = R 32. Which one of the following is an isoentropic
process?
CP CV (a) Isothermal (b) Adiabatic
(c) =R (d) =R
CV CP (c) Isochoric (d) Isobaric
33. In all natural processes, the entropy of the universe
23. Which of the following formula is wrong? (a) remains constant
R R (b) always decreases
(a) Cv = (b) Cp =
γ −1 γ −1 (c) always increases
(c) Cp / Cv =  (d) Cp - Cv = 2R (d) may increase or decrease
24.  for a gas is always 34. During isothermal expansion, the slope of P-V
(a) negative (b) zero graph
(c) between zero and one (d) more than one (a) decreases (b) increases
25. The specific heat of a gas at constant pressure is (c) remains same
greater than the specific heat of the same gas at (d) may increase or decrease
constant volume because 35. Which of the following processes is adiabatic ?
(a) work is done in the expansion of the gas at (a) Melting of ice
constant pressure. (b) Bursting of tyre
(b) work is done in the expansion of the gas at (c) Motion of piston of an engine with constant
constant volume speed
(c) the attraction between the molecules increases (d) None of these
at constant pressure. 36. For adiabatic processes (Letters have usual
(d) the molecular attraction increases at constant meanings)
volume (a) PV = constant (b) TV = constant
-1
26. Which of the following holds good for an (c) TV = constant (d) TV = constant
isochoric process? 37. We consider a thermodynamic system. If U
(a) No work is done on the gas represents the increased in its internal energy and
(b) No work is done by the gas W the work done by the system, which of the
(c) Both (a) and (b) following statements is true?
(d) None of these (a) U = -W in an adiabatic process
27. Which process will increase the temperature of the (b) U = W in an isothermal process
system without heating it? (c) U = - W in an isothermal process
(a) Adiabatic compression (d) U = W in an adiabatic process
(b) Adiabatic expansion
(c) Isothernal compression 38. Ice contained in a beaker starts melting when
(d) Isothernal expansion (a) the specific heat of the system is zero
28. The state of a thermodynamic system is represent (b) internal energy of the system remains constant
by (c) temperature remains constant
(a) Pressure only (d) entropy remains constant
(b) Volume only 39. Which of the following parameters does not
(c) Pressure, volume and temperature characterize the thermodynamic state of matter?
(a) Temperature (b) Pressure
12 THERMODYNAMICS

(c) Work (d) Volume 47. No heat flows between the system surrounding.
40. A point on P – V diagram represents Then the thermodynamic process is
(a) the condition of a system (a) isothermal (b) isochoric
(b) work done on or by the system (c) adiabatic (d) isobaric
(c) work done in a cyclic process 48. The coefficient of performance of a refrigerator is
(d) a thermodynamic process given by
41. The slopes of isothermal and adiabatic curves are θ2 θ1
related as (a) (b)
(a) isothermal curve slope = adiabatic curve slope θ1−θ2 θ1−θ2
(b) isothermal curve slope =  x adiabatic curve θ1−θ2 θ1−θ2
slope (c) (d)
θ2 θ1
(c) adiabatic curve slope =  x isothermal curve
slope 49. A refrigerator is a
1 (a) heat engine
(d) adiabatic curve slope = x isothermal curve (b) an electric motor
2
slope (c) heat engine working in backward direction
42. A sample of gas expands from volume V 1 to V2. (d) air cooler
The amount of work done by the gas is greatest 50. Air conditioner is based on the principle of
when the expansion is (a) Carnot cycle
(a) isothermal (b) isobaric (b) refrigerator
(c) adiabatic (d) equal in all cases (c) first law of thermodynamics
43. Choose the incorrect statement related to an (d) None of these
isobaric process. 51. ‘Heat cannot by itself flow from a body at lower
temperature to a body at higher temperature” is a
V statement or consequence of
(a) = constant
T (a) second law of thermodynamics
(b) conservation of momentum
(b) W =PV
(c) conservation of mass
(c) Heat given to a system is used up in raising (d) first law of thermodynamics
the temperature only.
(d) Q>W 52. The second law of thermodynamics implies
(a) whole of the heat can be converted into
mechanical energy
44. In thermodynamic processes which of the
(b) no heat engine can be 100% efficient
following statements is not true?
(c) every heat engine has an efficiency of 100%
(a) In an isochoric process pressure remains
(d) a refrigerator can reduce the temperature to
constant
absolute zero
(b) In an isothermal process the temperature
53. In a cyclic process, work done by the system is
remains constant.
(a) zero
(c) In an adiabatic process PV = constant
(b) equal to heat given to the system
(d) In an adiabatic process the system is insulated
(c) more than heat given to the system
from the surroundings
(d) independent of heat given to the system
45. When heat is given to a gas in an isothermal
54. Which of the following processes is reversible?
change, the result will be
(a) Transfer of heat by conduction
(a) extent work done
(b) Transfer of heat by radiation
(b) rise in temperature
(c) Isothermal compression
(c) increase in internal energy
(d) Electrical heating of a nichrome wire
(d) external work done and also rise in
55. Which of the following processes is irreversible?
temperature
(a) Transfer of heat by radiation
46. Which of the following statements about a
(b) Adiabatic changes performed slowly
thermodynamic process is wrong?
(c) Extremely slow extension of a spring
(a) For an adiabatic process Eint = -W
(d) Isothermal changes performed slowly
(b) For a constant volume process Eint = +Q
56. In a reversible cyclic process of a gaseous system
(c) For a cyclic process Eint = 0
(a) Q = U (b) U = W
(d) For free expansion of a gas Eint > 0
(c) W = 0 (d) U = 0
57. Choose the correct relation between efficiently 
12 THERMODYNAMICS

of a Carnot engine and the heat absorbed (1) and (c) cyclic and work
released by the working substance (2). (d) adiabatic and heat
θ2 θ1 66. A thermodynamic process is reversible if the
(a)  = 1 + (b)  = 1 + process can be turned back such that both the
θ1 θ2 system and the surrounding return to their ….X….
θ1 θ2 with no other ….Y….. any where in the universe.
(c)  = 1 - (d)  = 1 - Here, X and Y respectively refer to
θ2 θ1 (a) normal states and change
(b) original states and change
58. Universal relation in a Carnot cycle is (c) final states and change
θ1 T 2 θ1 T 1 (d) None of these
(a) = (b) =
θ2 T 1 θ2 T 2 67. An ideal gas is compressed to half its initial
volume by means of several processes. Which of
θ1 P 1
(c) = (d) All of these the process results in the maximum work done on
θ2 P 2 the gas?
59. The correct relation between coefficient of (a) Isobaric (b) Isochoric
performance and efficiency of refrigerator is (c) Isothermal (d) Adiabatic
¿
(a)  = 1+ ¿
¿
(b)  = 1− ¿
68. A measure of the degree of disorder of a system of
❑ ❑ a system in known as
(a) enthalpy (b) isotropy
(c)  = 1 +  (d) None of these
(c) entropy (d) None of these
60. A Carnot engine works between a source and a
sink maintained at constant temperatures T 1 and STATEMENT TYPE QUESTIONS
T2. For efficiency to be the greatest
(a) T1 and T2 should be high
69. Which of the following statements are incorrect?
(b) T1 and T2 should be low
I. If Q > 0, heat is added to the system.
(c) T1 should be low and T2 should be high
II. If W > 0, work is done by the system.
(d) T1 should be high and T2 should be low
III. If W = 0, work is done by the system.
61. Efficiency of Carnot engine is 100% if
(a) II and III (b) I, II and III
(a) T2 = 273 k (b) T2 = 0 k
(c) I and II (d) I and III
(c) T1 = 273 k (d) T1 = 0 k
70. Choose the false statement(s) from the following.
62. The first operation involved in a Carnot cycle is
I. Specific heat of a substance depends on the
(a) isothermal expansion
mass of substance.
(b) adiabatic expansion
II. Specific heat of substance depends on the
(c) isothermal compression
temperature of the substance.
(d) adiabatic compression
III. Specific heat depends on the nature of
material.
63. Which of the following statements is incorrect?
(a) All reversible cycles have same efficiency
(a) I only (b) II only
(b) Reversible cycle has more efficiency than an
(c) I and II (d) I, II and III
irreversible one
(c) Carnot cycle is a reversible one
71. Which of the following statements is/are true about
(d) Carnot cycle has the maximum efficiency in
internal energy?
all cycles
I. Internal energy of a gas does not change in an
64. Even Carnot engine cannot give 100% efficiency
isothermal process.
because we cannot
II. Internal energy of a gas does not change in an
(a) prevent radiation
adiabatic process
(b) find ideal sources
III. Internal energy of a gas change in an
(c) reach absolute zero temperature
isothermal process
(d) eliminate friction
(a) I only (b) II only
65. Heat engine is a device by which a system is made
(c) III only (d) II and III
to undergo a….X… process that result in
72. Select the false statement(s) from the following.
conversion of ….Y…. into work
I. Two isothermal curves can never intersect
Here, X and Y refer to
each other.
(a) isothermal and heat
II. When air rises up it cools.
(b) cyclic and heat
12 THERMODYNAMICS

III. A gas cooled on compression. Choose the correct option regarding above
(a) I only (b) II only statements.
(c) III only (d) I and II (a) I and III (b) II, III and IV
73. Which of the following statements are correct (c) I, III and IV (d) I and IV
about isothermal and adiabatic changes? 79. Choose the correct statements from the following.
I. Isothermal system is thermally conducting to I. Free expansion of gas is an irreversible
the surroundings. process.
II. Adiabatic system is thermally insulated from II. The combustion reaction of a mixture of petrol
the surroundings. and air ignited by a spark is irreversible.
III. Internal energy changes in isothermal process. III. The leaking of a gas from the kitchen cylinder
(a) I and II (b) II and III cannot be reversed by itself.
(c) I and II (d) I, II and III IV. The transfer of heat from one heated part of a
74. Which of the following is/are the statements of liquid to the other colder part is a irreversible
Second law of thermodynamics? process.
I. No process is possible whose sole result is the (a) I, II and IV
absorption of heat from a reservoir and (b) III and IV
complete conversion of heat into work. (c) II, III and IV
II. No process is possible whose sole result is the (d) I, II, III and IV
transfer of heat from a colder object to a hotter
object. MATCHING TYPE QUESTIONS
(a) I only (b) II only
(c) I and II (d) None of these 80. Match column I and II.
75. Consider the following statements and select the
correct option. Column –I Column –II
I. A real engine has efficiency greater than that
(A) Isothermal (1) Q = 0
of Carnot engine.
(B) Isobaric (2) Volume constant
II. A real engine can’t have efficiency greater
(C) Isochoric (3) Pressure constant
than that of Carnot engine.
III. Working substance in Carnot engine is an (D) Adiabatic (4) Temperature constant
ideal gas.
(a) I only (b) II only (a) A(4); (B)(3); (C)(2); (D)(1)
(c) I and II (d) I, II and III (b) A(1); (B)(4); (C)(3); (D)(2)
76. Choose the correct statements from the following. (c) A(2); (B)(3); (C)(1); (D)(4)
I. Efficiency of Carnot engine cannot be 100%. (d) A(3); (B)(1); (C)(2); (D)(4)
II. Two systems in thermal equilibrium with a
third system are in equilibrium with each 81. Column –I Column –II
other. (A) The coefficient of (1) decrease in
III. Change in internal energy in the melting volume expansion at pressure
process is due to change in internal potential constant pressure
energy. (B) At constant (2) at all
(a) I and II (b) II and III temperature, an temperature
(c) I and III (d) I, II and III increase in volume
77. Which of the following statements are incorrect? results in
I. Carnot cycle consists of three isothermal (C) An ideal gas obeys (3) same for all
process connected by one adiabatic process. Boyle’s and Charle’s gases
II. Carnot engine is a reversible engine. law
III. Efficiency of Carnot engine is 100%. (D) A real gas behaves as (4) at high
an ideal gas at low temperature
(a) II and III (b) I, II and III pressure
(c) I and II (d) I and III
78. Internal energy
I. is microscopic state variable. (c) A(3); (B)(1); (C)(2); (D)(4)
II. is microscopic state variable. (d) A(4); (B)(3); (C)(2); (D)(1)
III. depends on the state of the system, not how
that state is achieved. (c) A(1); (B)(2); (C)(3); (D)(4)
IV. is a thermodynamics state variable
12 THERMODYNAMICS

(d) A(2); (B)(4); (C)(3); (D)(1) DIAGRAM TYPE QUESTIONS

84. A thermodynamic system is taken through ABCD

as shown in figure. Heat rejected by the gas during
82. The P-V diagram of 0.2 mol of a diatomic ideal
the cycle is
gas is shown in figure. Process BC is adiabatic , 
= 1.4.

Column –I Column –II (a) 2PV (b) 4 PV

(A) QAB (J) (1) 602 1
(c) PV (d) PV
(B) WBC (J) (2) -644 2
(C) UCA (J) (3) 1246 85. An ideal gas goes from state A to state B via three
(D) UBC (J) (4) -602 different processes as indicated in the P-V diagram

(a) A(1); (B)(3); (C)(4); (D)(2)

(b) A(3); (B)(1); (C)(2); (D)(4)
(c) A(3,4); (B)(3); (C)(2); (D)(1)
(d) A(1); (B)(2); (C)(3); (D)(4)

83. A gas undergoes a process according to the graph. If Q1, Q2, Q3 indicate the heat absorbed by the
P is pressure, V is volume, W is work done by the gas along the three processes and U1, U2, U3
gas, U is change in internal energy of the gas and indicate the change in internal energy along the
Q is heat given to the system. Match the two three processes respectively, then
columns. (a) Q1 > Q2 > Q3 and U1 = U2 = U3
(b) Q3 > Q2 > Q1 and U1 = U2 = U3
(c) Q1 = Q2 = Q3 and U1 > U2 > U3
(d) Q3 > Q2 > Q1 and U1 > U2 > U3
86. When a system is taken from state I to state f along
the path iaf, it is found that Q = 50 cal and W = 20
cal. Along the path ibfQ = 36 cal. W along the
path ibf is

Column –I Column –II

(A) For process AB (1) U>0, Q>0
(B) For process BC (2) U<0, Q<0
(C) For process CD (3) Qx UxW=0
(D) For process DA (4) Q x U<0
(a) 14 cal (b) 6 cal
(a) A(1); (B)(2); (C)(4); (D)(3) (c) 16 cal (d) 66 cal
(b) A(3); (B)(1); (C)(2); (D)(2)
(c) A(2); (B)(1); (C)(4); (D)(3) 87. The P – V diagram of a gas system undergoing
(d) A(4); (B)(3); (C)(2); (D)(1) cyclic process is shown here. The work done
during isobaric compression is
12 THERMODYNAMICS

(a) 100 J (b) 200 J

(c) 600 J (d) 400 J

88. Which of the following is the P-V curve for

isothermal and adiabatic of an ideal gas?

90. A thermodynamic system undergoes cyclic process

ABCDA as shown in fig The work done by the
system in the cycle is

(a) P0V0 (b) 2P0V0

P0V 0
(c) (d)
2
Zero
89. An ideal gas goes through a reversible cycle
abcd has the V – T diagram shown
below. Process da and bc are adiabatic.

91. Figure below shows two paths that may be taken

by a gas to go from a state A to a state C.
12 THERMODYNAMICS

ASSERTION-REASON TYPE QUESTIONS

In process AB, 400 J of heat is added to system
and in process BC, 100 J of heat is added to the Directions: Each of these questions contains two
system. The heat absorbed by the system in the statements, Assertion and Reason. Each of these
process AC will be questions also has four alternative choices, only one of
(a) 500 J (b) 460 J which is the correct answer. You have to select one of
(c) 300 J (d) 380 J the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) give below.
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a
92. One mole of a diatomic ideal gas undergoes a correct explanation for assertion.
cyclic process ABC as shown in figure. The (b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is not
process BC is adiabatic. The temperatures at A, B a correct explanation for assertion.
and C are 400 K, 800 K and 600 K respectively. (c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect.
Choose the correct statement: (d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct

94. Assertion: Zeroth law of thermodynamics explain

the concept of energy.
Reason: Energy depends on temperature.

95. Assertion: Mass of a body will increase when it is

heated.
Reason: The internal energy of a body increases on
heating.

(a) The change in internal energy in whole cyclic 96. Assertion: Heat cannot be added to a system
process is 250 R. without increasing its temperature.
(b) The change in internal energy in the process Reason: Adding heat will increase the temperature
CA is 700 R. in every situation.
(c) The change in internal energy in the process
AB is -350 R. 97. Assertion: The heat supplied to a system is always
(d) The change in internal energy in the process equal to the increase in its internal energy.
BC is -500 R. Reason: When a system changes from one thermal
equilibrium to another, some heat is absorbed by
93. The temperature –entropy diagram of a reversible it.
engine cycle is given in the figure. Its efficiency is
1 1 98. Assertion: In isothermal process whole of the heat
(a) (b) energy supplied to the body in converted into
4 2 internal energy.
2 1 Reason: According to the first law of
(c) (d) thermodynamics Q =  U – W.
3 3
99. Assertion: First law of thermodynamics is a
A restatement of the principle of conservation.
Reason: Energy is fundamental quantity.

100. Assertion: At a given temperature the specific heat

of a gas at constant volume is always greater than
12 THERMODYNAMICS

its specific heat at constant pressure. Reason: The highest temperature can be produced
Reason: When a gas is heated at constant volume according to second law of thermodynamics.
some extra heat is needed compared to that at
constant pressure for doing work in expansion. 110. Assertion: When a glass of hot milk is placed in a
101. Statement -1 : The specific heat of a gas in an room and allowed to cool, its entropy decreases
adiabatic process is zero but it is infinite in an Reason: Allowing hot object to cool does not
isothermal process. violate the second law of thermodynamics.
Statement -2: Specific heat of a gas directly
proportional to heat exchanged with the system 111. Assertion: The efficiency of a reversible engine is
and inversely proportional to change in maximum.
temperature. Reason: In such a device no dissipation of energy
takes place.
102. Assertion: Adiabatic expansion is always
accompanied by fall in temperature. 112. Assertion: Reversible systems are difficult to find
Reason: In adiabatic process, volume is inversely in real world.
proportional to temperature. Reason: Most processes are dissipative in nature.

103. Assertion: When a bottle of cold carbonated drink 113. Assertion: Thermodynamic processes in nature are
is opened a slight fog forms around the opening. irreversibel
Reason: Adiabatic expansion of the gas causes Reason: Dissipative effects can not be eliminated.
lowering of temperature and condensation of water
vapours. 114. Assertion: In cyclic process, initial and final state
are same. Therefore net work done is zero.
104. Assertion: In an adiabatic process, change in Reason: Initial and final temperature is equal,
internal energy of a gas is equal to work done on therefore change in internal energy is zero.
or by the gas in the process.
Reason: Temperature of gas remains constant in an 115. Assertion: Efficiency of a Carnot engine increase
adiabatic process. on reducing the temperature of sink.
Reason: Efficiency of a Carnot engine is defined
105. Assertion: The isothermal curves intersect each as the ratio of net mechanical work done per cycle
other at a certain point. by the gas to the amount of heat energy absorbed
Reason: The isothermal change takes place slowly, per cycle from the source.
so the isothermal curves have very little slope
116. Assertion: The Carnot cycle is useful in
106. Assertion: In an isolated system the entropy understanding the performance of heat engines.
increases. Reason: The Carnot cycle provides a way of
Reason: The processes in an isolated system are determining the maximum possible efficiency
adiabatic. achievable with reservoirs of given temperatures.

107. Assertion: In an adiabatic process, change in CRITICLAL THINKING TYPE QUESTIONS

internal energy of a gas is equal to work done
on/by the gas. 117. When the state of a gas adiabatically changed from
Reason: Because adiabatic process is a variable an equilibrium state A to another equilibrium state
process and so internal energy depends on the B and amount of work done on the system is 35 J.
work done. If the gas is taken from state A to B via process in
which the net heat absorbed by the system is 12
108. Assertion: Two isothermal curves can never cal, then the network done by the system is (1
intersect each other. cal=4.19 J)
Reason: At the intersection point, at two different (a) 13.2 J (b) 15.4 J
temperatures, volume and pressures of gas will be (c) 12.6 J (d) 16.8 J
same which is not possible. 118. The internal energy change in a system that has
absorbed 2 kcals of heat and done 500 J of work is
109. Assertion: The temperature of the surface of the (a) 6400 J (b) 5400 J
sun is approximately 6000 K. If we take a bigh (c) 7900 J (d) 8900 J
lens and focus the sunrays, we can produce a 119. The specific heat at constant pressure of an ideal
temperature of 8000K.
12 THERMODYNAMICS

5R 1
gas, Cp = . The gas is kept in a closed cylinder is compressed adiabatically to rd of its
2 3
vessel of volume 0.0083 m3 at 300 K and a volume?
pressure of 1.6 x 106N/m2. 2.49 x 104 J of heat (a) Final pressure will be three times less than
energy is supplied to the gas. The final initial pressure.
temperature and the pressure respectively are (b) Final pressure will be three times more than
initial pressure.
(a) 567.2 K and 6.3 x 106N/m2
(c) Change in pressure will be more than three
(b) 675.2 K and 3.6 x 106N/m2 times the initial pressure.
(c) 275.2 K and 2.3 x 106N/m2 (d) Change in pressure will be less than three
(d) 465.6 K and 4.2 x 106N/m2 times the initial pressure.
120. The specific heat capacity of a metal at low 127. In a heat engine, the temperature of the source and
temperature (T) is given as Cp(kJK-1kg-1) = sink are 500 K and 375 K. If the engine consumes

( )
3
T 25 x 105 J per cycle, the work done per cycle is
32 . A 100 g vessel of this metal is to be (a) 6.25 x 105 J (b) 3 x 105 J
400
(c) 2.19 x 105 J (d) 4 x 104 J
cooled from 20 K to 4 K by a special refrigerator
operating at room temperature (27C). The amount
128. 1
A refrigerator with coefficient of performance
of work required to cool in vessel is 3
(a) equal to 0.002 kJ releases 200 J of heat to a hot reservoir. Then the
(b) greater than 0.148 kJ work done on the working substance is
(c) between 0.148 kJ and 0.028 kJ 100
(d) less than 0.028 kJ (a) J (b) 100 J
3
121. The amount of heat supplied to 4 x 10 -2 kg of
200
nitrogen at room temperature to rise its (c) J (d) 150 J
temperature by 50C at constant pressure is 3
(Molecular mass of nitrogen is 28 and R = 8.3 J 129. If the co-efficient of performance of a refrigerator
mol-1K-1) is 5 and operates at the room temperature 27C, the
(a) 2.08 kJ (b) 3.08 kJ temperature inside the refrigerator is
(c) 4.08 kJ (d) 5.08 kJ (a) 240 K (b) 250 K
122. When 1 kg of ice at 0C melts to water at 0C, the (c) 230 K (d) 260 K
resulting change in its entropy, taking latent heat 130. By running a refrigerator with open door in a
of ice to be 80 cal/C, is room
(a) 273 cal/K (b) 8 x 104 cal/K (a) the temperature of the room will reduce a little
(c) 80 cal/K (d) 293 cal/K
(b) the room can be cooled considerably but this
123. A mass of diatomic gas ( = 1.4) at a pressure of 2
atmospheres is compressed adiabatically so that its will take a long time
temperature rises from 27C to 927C. The (c) the room will get a little hotter
pressure of the gas in final state is (d) None of these.
(a) 28 atm (b) 68.7 atm 131. If an air conditioner is put in the middle of a room
(c) 256 atm (d) 8 atm and started working
124. A diatomic gas initially at 18C is compressed (a) the room can be cooled slightly
adiabatically to one eighth of its original volume. (b) the temperature of the room will not change
The temperature after compression will be (c) the room will become slightly warmer
(a) 18C (b) 668.4K (d) the same temperature will be attained in the
(c) 395.4C (d) 144C room as by putting it on the window in the
125. 2 k mol of hydrogen at NTP expands isobarically standard position.
to twice its initial volume. The change in its 132. A monatomic gas at a pressure P, having a
internal energy is (Cv = 10 kJ/kg.K and atm volume V expands isothermally to volume 2V
pressure = 1 x 105 N/m2) and then adiabatically to a volume 16V. The
(a) 10.9 MJ (b) 9.10 MJ 5
final pressure of the gas is : (take  = )
(c) 109 MJ (d) 1.09 MJ 3
126. What will be the final pressure if an ideal gas in a (a) 64 P (b) 32P
12 THERMODYNAMICS

P 1
(c) (d) 16 P and T2 has efficiency . When T2 is lowered by 62
64 6
133. A spring stores 1 J of energy for a compression of 1
1 mm. The additional work to be done to compress K its efficiency increases to . The T1 and T2 are,
3
it further by 1 mm is
respectively
(a) 1J (b) 2 J
(a) 372 K and 330 K (b) 330 K and 268 K
(c) 3 J (d) 4J
(c) 310 K and 248 K (d) 372 K and 310 K
134. The change in internal energy of a thermo
dynamical system which has absorbed 2 kcal 142. In a Carnot engine, the temperature of reservoir is
of heat and done 400 J of work is (1 cal=4.2 J) 927C and that of sink is 27C. If the work done by
(a) 2 kJ (b) 8 kJ the engine when it transfers heat from reservoir to
(c) 3.5 kJ (d) 5.5 kJ sink is 12.6 x 106J, the quantity of heat absorbed
by the engine from the reservoir is
135. In an air condition room, the heat exchange (a) 16.8 x 106J (b) 4 x 106J
6
between the room and the space outside the room (c) 7.6 x 10 J (d) 4.2 x 106J
(a) will be more when the air conditioner is off 143. The coefficient of performance of a refrigerator is
(b) will be more rapid when the air conditioner is 5. If the inside temperature of freezer is -20C,
on then the temperature of the surroundings to which
(c) will not take place at all it rejects heat is
(d) will depend upon the floor area of the room (a) 41C (b) 11C
136. If internal energy of a box is U and the box is (c) 21C (d) 31C
moving with some velocity, then which of the 144. A Carnot engine, having an efficiency of  =
following is not to be included in U? 1
(a) Kinetic energy of the box as heat engine, is used as a refrigerator. If
10
(b) Translational kinetic energy of molecules of
the work done on the system is 10 J, the
the gas
(c) Rotational kinetic energy of molecules of the amount of energy absorbed from the reservoir
gas at lower temperature is
(d) Vibrational kinetic energy of the molecules of (a) 99 J (b) 90 J
the gas (c) 1 J (d) 100 J
137. If the temperatures of source and sink of a Carnot 145. A Carnot engine operating between temperature T 1
engine having efficiency  are each decreased by and T2 are respectively
100 K, then the efficiency
(a) remains constant (b) becomes 1 (a) 200 K, 150K (b) 250 K, 200K
(c) decreases (d) increases (c) 300 K, 250 K (d) 300 K, 200 K
138. A Carnot engine takes 3 x 10 6 cal. of heat from a
reservoir at 627C, and gives it to a sink at 27C. 146. If the energy input to a Carnot engine is thrice the
The work done by the engine is 0. work it performs then, the fraction of energy
(a) 4.2 x 106J (b) 8.4 x 106J rejected to the sink is
(c) 16.8 x 106J (d) zero 1 1
139. A Carnot engine, having an efficiency of  = 1/10 (a) (b)
3 4
as heat engine, is used as a refrigerator. If the work
done on the system is 10 J, the amount of energy 2 2
absorbed from the reservoir at lower temperature is (c) (d)
5 3
(a) 100 J (b) 99 J
(c) 90 J (d) 1 J
140. A diatomic ideal gas is used in a car engine as the
working substance. If during the adiabatic
expansion part of the cycle, volume of the gas
increases from V to 32 V, the efficiency of the
engine is
(a) 0.5 (b) 0.75
(c) 0.99 (d) 0.25
141. A Carnot engine operating between temperature T 1
12 THERMODYNAMICS

HINTS AND SOLUTIONS or by the gas. V is constant

FACT/DEFINITION TYPE QUESTIONS 27. (a) 28. (c)
29. (d) R is the universal gas constant.
30. (a) In isothermal process temperature remains
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (c) constant.
5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (b) i.e., T = 0. Hence according to
8. (a) Work is energy transfer brought about by
Q
moving piston of a cylinder containing the C= C =∞
gas, by raising or lowering some weight m ∆T iso
connected to it. 31. (d) In adiabatic process, no heat is taken or
9. (d) Pressure, volume, temperature and mass are given by the system i.e, Q = 0U= -W
all macroscopic variables which can be If W is negative (work done on system) ,
measured. then U increases & temperature increases
10. (c) Heat and work are not state variables. They and vice-versa. So work done in adiabatic
are energy, transfer to a system which change in particular gas (ideal gas)
change the internal energy of a system, depends on change in temperature.
which is a state variable. 32 (a) 33. (c) 34. (a) 35. (b) 36.(c)
11. (c) Internal energy of an ideal gas depends only 37. (a) From first law of thermodynamics,
on the temperature. H = u + w
12. (c) 13. (b) In adiabatic process H = 0
14. (a) Zeroth law defines temperature and first u = -w
law defines internal energy. 38. (c) During melting temperature remains
15. (b) constant
16. (b) From FLOT Q = U + W 39. (c)
Heat supplied to the system so 40. (a) Every point on this isothermal curve
Q  Positive represents the condition of a system.
and work is done on the system so 41. Slope of adiabatic curve
W  Negative (c) =¿ ¿
Slope of isothermal curve
Hence + Q = U - W

( ) CP
17. (c)
18. (d) Heat always refers to energy transmitted So slop to adiabatic curve is  ¿
from one body to another because of
CV
temperature difference. times of isothermal curve, as clear also from
19. (b) Internal energy and entropy are state
function, they do not depend upon path but figure.
on the state.
20. (b) For one mole of a solid, the total energy.
U = 3KBT x NA = 3RT
At constant pressure, Q = U + PV
U, since for a solid V is negligible
Q U
C= = =3 R
T T
21. (c) For an adiabatic process of an ideal gas.
CP
PV = const where  =
CV 42. (a) 43. (c)
22. (b) 23. (d) 44. (a) In an isochoric process volume remains
constant whereas pressure remains constant
24. CP in isobaric process.
(d)  = & it is always larger than unity,
CV 45. (a)
even if gas is mono, dia or polyatomic. 46. (a) For adiabatic process Q = 0
 = 1.67 monatomic gas By first law of thermodynamics,
 = 1.40 dia-atomic gas Q = E + W
 = 1.33 polyatomic gas   E∫ ¿¿= -W.
25. (a) Cp - CV = work done 47. (c) in an adiabatic process Q = 0
26. (c) In an isochoric process, no work to done on 48. (a) 49. (c) 50. (b)
12 THERMODYNAMICS

51. (a) External amount of work must be done in on the gas will be maximum for adiabatic
order to flow heat from lower temperature process.
to higher temperature. this is according to
second law of thermodynamics.
52. (b)
53. (b)
54. (c) For process to be reversible it must be quasi-
static. For quasi static process all changes
take place infinitely slowly. Isothermal
process occur very slowly so it is quasi-
static and hence it is reversible.
55. (a) Slow isothermal expansion or compression
of an ideal gas is reversible process, while
the other given processes are irreversible in
68. (c)
nature.
56. (d) In reversible cyclic Process
U = 0 STATEMENT TYPE QUESTIONS
57. W
(d) Efficiency  = and W = θ1−θ 2 69. (a)
θ1 70. (a) Specific heat of a substance does not depend
θ1−θ2 θ2 on mass. It depends only on temperature and
 = =1- nature of the material.
θ1 θ1
58. (b) 71. (a) In isothermal process, the temperature
59. (b) remains constant so that the internal energy
60. T2 does not change but in adiabatic process, the
(d)  = 1 - So for  be high T1 must be high temperature changes and hence the internal
T1
energy also changes.
and T2 must be low.
61. (b)
72. (c) Work done in compressing the gas
62. (a) 63. (a)
incr4eases the internal energy of the gas.
64. (c) Absolute zero temperature is practically not
reachable.
73. (c)
65. (b) Heat engine is device by which a system is
74. (c) (a) Kelvin – Planck’s statements, and (b)
made to undergo cyclic process that result in
Clausius statement of second law of
conversion of heat into work.
thermodynamics. Both the statements are
completely equivalent.

75. (a) For a Carnot engine, (i) there is absolutely

no friction between the walls of cylinder
and the piston. (ii) working substance is an
ideal gas. In a real engine, these conditions
cannot fulfilled and hence no heat engine
When gas (system) in heat engine undergoes
working between the same two
process 1  2 3  4  1, then work
temper5atures can have efficiency greater
done by gas = area enclosed by figure
than that of Carnot cycle.
formed by joining 1, 2, 3, 4.
Work is positive if arrows move clockwise.
76. (d) 77. (c)
66. (b) A thermodynamic process is reversible
78. (c) Internal energy is a macroscopic state
process can be turned back such that both
variable that depend on the system not how
the system and the surroundings return to
that state is achieved. It is thermodynamic
their original states, with no other change
state variable.
anywhere in the universe.
79. (d) all five statements are correct and so that in
67. (d) Since area under the curve is maximum for
nature irreversibility is a rule.
adiabatic process so, work done (W-PdV)
12 THERMODYNAMICS

By first law of thermodynamics,

MATCHING TYPE QUESTIONS ∆ U =Q−W =50−20=30 cal
For path ibf,
❑
80. (a) Type of processes Feature Q =36 cal
Isothermal Temperature ❑
W =?
constant ❑ ❑ ❑
Or, W =Q −∆ U
Isobaric Pressure
constant Since, the change in internal energy does
Isochoric Volume not depend on the path, therefore
❑
constant ∆ U =30 cal
❑ ❑ ❑
adiabatic ∆ Q=0 W =Q −∆ U =36−30=6 cal

81. 1 87. (d) Isobaric compression is represented by

(a) (A) 3 C v = /℃ same for all gases curve AO
273
workdone =area under AO
1 = 2* 102 * (3 – 1)
(B)  1 PV =cos A → P ∝
V = 4 * 102 = 40 J
(C)  2 ideal gas obey gas law at each
range of temperature. 88. (c)
(D)  4 At high temperature,
intermolecular forces become zero and so 89. (b) In VT graph
real gas behaves like ideal gas ab – process : isobaric, temperature
increases
82. (b) A r; B p; C Q; D s bc – process : adiabatic, pressure decreases
cd – process : isobaric, volume decreases
83. (b) A (3); B (1); C (2); D (2) da – process : adiabatic, pressure increases
the above processes correctly represented in
DIAGRAM TYPE QUESTIONS P-V diagram (b)

84. (a) Internal energy is the state function. 90. (d) Work done by the system in the cycle =
In cycle process; ∆ U =0 Area under P-V curve and V - axis
According to 1st law of thermodynamics
∆ Q=W + ∆U
∆ Q=W =areaunder the curve
¿−( 2V )( P ) =−2 PV
1
2 [()
¿ ( 2 P0−P0 ) ( 2 V 0−V 0 )+ −
1
2
( 3 P0−2 P0 ) ( 2 V 0−

So heat rejected = 2 PV P 0 V 0 P0 V 0
¿ − =0
85. (a) Initial and final condition is same for all 2 2
process.
∆ U 1=∆ U 2=∆ U 3 91. (b) In cyclic process ABCA
From the first law of thermodynamics Qcycle=W cycle
∆ Q=W + ∆U Q AB +QBC +QCA =¿ ar. of ∆ ABC + 400
Work done 1
+100 + Q C → A = ( 2∗10 ) ( 4∗10 )
−3 4
∆ W 1> ∆ W 2 > ∆W 3(area of P.V. graph) 2
so, ∆ Q 1 > ∆ Q 2> ∆ Q 3  Q C → A =−460 J
 Q A → C =+ 460 J
86. (b) For path iaf,
Q = 50 cal
92. (d) In cyclic process, change in total internal
W = 20 cal
energy is zero.
∆ U cycle=0
1∗5 R
∆ U BC =n c v ∆ T = ∆T
2
12 THERMODYNAMICS

Where, c v = molar specific heat at constant Temperature will change in adiabatic

volume, process.
For BC, ∆ T = - 200 K 105. (e) As isothermal processes are very slow and
so the different isothermal curves have
∆ U BC = - 500 R different slopes so they cannot intersect
each other.
93. (d) 106. (b) 107. (c) 108. (a)
109. (d) According to second law of
thermodynamics, this is not possible to
transfer heat from a body at lower
temperature to a body at higher
temperature without the aid of an external
agent. Since, the given information
produces a contradiction in second law of
ASSERTION – REASON TYPE thermodynamics, therefore it is not
QUESTIONS possible to produce temperature of 8000K
by collecting the sun rays with a lens.
94. (d) 0th law of thermodynamics tells about the 110. (b) When milk cools, its energy content
thermal equilibrium. decreases.
111. (a) 112. (a) 113. (a) 114. (a)
95. (b) On heating a body it absorbs the energy, 115. T2
so its mass will increase accordingly as (a)  = 1 - ; clearly when T2 is decreases 
per the equation. T1
2 will increase.
E=m v 116. (a) Carnot cycle has maximum efficiency.
96. (d) Heat can be added to a system without
increasing its temperature e.g., melting CRITICAL THINKING TYPE
and boiling. QUESTIONS

97. (d) According to the first law of 117. (b) In the first-case adiabatic change,
thermodynamics, Q = 0, Q = 35 J
∆ Q=W + ∆U =W + P ∆ V . If heat is From 1st law of thermodynamics,
supplied in such a manner that volume Q = U + W
does not change ∆ V =0. i.e., isochoric Or 0 = U – 35
U = 35J
process, then whole of the heat energy
In the second case
supplied to the system will increase
Q = 12 cal = 12 x 4.2 J = 50.4 J
internal energy only. But, in any other
W = Q - U = 50.4 – 35 15.4J
process, it is not possible.
118. (c) According to first law of thermodynamics
Also heat may be adsorbed or evo9lved
Q=+W
when state of thermal equilibrium
U = Q – W
changes.
= 2 x 4.2 x 1000 – 500
`
= 8400 – 500
98. (d) In isothermal process, = 7900 J
∆ T =0∧so ∆ U =0. 119. (b)
t h us ,Q=0+W =W PV
n=
99. st
(c) 1 law of thermodynamics is restatement RT
of the principle of conservation of energy

[ ]
as applied to heat energy. 6
=
1.6 x 10 x 0.0083 = 5.33
100. (a) 101. (b) 102. (d) 8.31 x 300
Q = nCvT
103. (a) The opening of bottle is the rapid or Z
104. (c) In adiabatic process , Q = o
0 = U + W or U = -W.
12 THERMODYNAMICS

or 2.49 x 104 = 5.33 x ( 3 x 8.31

2 )
x T
T 2=273+927=1200 K
For adiabatic process,
1−γ γ
or T = 375 K
P T =constant
 P1−γ γ 1−γ γ
1 T 1=P2 T 2
Tf = Ti + 375 = 675 K.
120. (c) Heat required to change the temperature of
vessel by a small amount dT

P1 (
P2 1−γ T 1 γ
=
T2 ) ( )
( ) ( )
-dQ = mCpdT 1−γ γ
P1 T2
Total heat required  =
4 T2 T1
( )
3
T −3
∫ 32 dT = 100 x 10 x 32
( ) ( )
-Q =m P1 1−1.4 1.4
400 ¿¿ 1200
20  =
P2 300
[ ]
4 4
T

( )
−0.4
4 P1 1.4
20  =( 4 )
 Q = 0.001996KJ P2
Work done required to maintain the
( )
0.4
P2
temperature of sink to T2  =4 1.4
P1
W = Q1 – Q 2 =
Q1−Q2
Q2
Q2 =
T1
T2 (
−1 Q2
) 
P2=P1 4 =P1 4
( 1.4
0.4 ) ( 72 )
W = ¿ Q2
For T2 = 20 K  ¿ P1 ( 27 )=2∗128=256 atm
300−20
W1 = x 0.001996 = 0.025 kJ
20 124. (b) Initial temperature(T1) = 18°C = 291
For T2 = 4 K K
300−4 Let initial volume (V1) = V
W2 = x 0.001996 = 0.148 kJ Final volume (V2) = V/8
4
As temperature is changing from 20k to 4k, According to adiabatic process,
work done required will be more than W 1 but TV γ −1 = constant
less than W2. According to question,
121. (a) Given, m = 4x 10-2kg = 40g, T = 50C γ −1
T 1 V 1 =T 2 V 2
γ−1
m 40
( )
γ −1
Number of moles, n = = = 1.43 V1
M 28  T2 = 293
As nitrogen is a diatomic gas, molar specific V2
heat at constant pressure is  T2 = 293
Cp = 7
−1
7 7 −1 −1 −1 −1 (8 ) 5
=293∗2.297=669.4 K
R= ∗8.3 J mol K =29.05 J mol K

[ ]
2 2 Cp 7
As ∆ Q=nC p ∆ T for diatomic gas γ = =
Cv 5
∆ Q=1.43∗29.05∗50
3
¿ 2.09∗10 J 2.08 J 125. (a) ∆ U =π C v ∆ T
122. (d) change in entropy is given by = 2 * 103 * 20 * 273
= 10.9 MJ
dQ ∆ Q m Lf
dS = or ∆ S= =
T T 273 126. (c) P1 V γ1=P2 V 2γ (adiabatic process)
1000∗80
∆ S= =293 cal/ K
273
( ) ( )
γ γ
V1 V1 γ
P2=P1 =P1 =P 2 ( 3 )
123. (c) T 1=273+27=300 K V2 V 1 /3
12 THERMODYNAMICS

spring
127. (a) Here, T1. =500 K, T2 = 375 K k = spring constant of the spring
Q1 = 25 * 105J as per equation, for x = 1 mm = 1 * 10 -3
η = 1 – T2/T1 = 1 – 375/500 = 0.25 m
W = η Q = 0.25 * 25 * 105 = 6.25 * 105 J U = (1/2)k(1 * 10-3 m)2 = 1 J …..(i)
If spring is further compressed by 1 mm
128. (d) The co-efficient of performance of a then
refrigerator is given by U´ = (1/2) K( 2 * 10-3 m)2 ……..(ii)
α = Q2/W = Q2/(Q1-Q2) Dividing eq. (ii) by (i) we get,
substituting the given values, we get U´/U = 4 (or) U´=4U
1/3 = Q2/(200 – Q2) Work done
 200 – Q2 = 3Q2 4Q2 = 200 W = U´-U = 4U – U
 Q2 = 200/4 J = 50 J = 3U = 3 * 1 J =3J
 W = Q1 – Q2 = 200 J – 50 J =
150 J 134. (b) According to first law of
thermodynamics,
129. (b) Here, coefficient of performance ( β ) Q = W + ∆U
=5 Given : Q = 2 k cal = 2000 * 4.2 = 8400 J
T1 = 27 °C = (27 + 273) K = 300 K W = 400 J
As, β = T2 /(T1 – T2)  5 = T2/(300 – T2) ∆ U = Q – W = 8400 – 400 = 8000 J
or 1500 – 5T2 = T2 or 6T2 = 1500
T2 = 1500/6 = 250 K 135. (c) The heat exchange between the air
conditioned room and the space outside
130. (c) by running a refrigerator with open the room will not take place at all.
door in a room. The room will get a little
hotter because now compressor will do 136. (a) Kinetic energy of box is not included
more work which in turn increases the in the internal energy of the gas.
room’s temperature.
137. (d) Efficiency, η = (1- (T2 /T1))*100
´
131. (c) The working of an air conditioner is η = [1 – ((T2 - 100) / (T1 – 100))] * 100
similar to the working of a refrigerator. =[(T1 – 100 – T2 + 100)/(T1 – 100)]* 100
An air conditioner removes heat form the Comparing with η we get, the efficiency
room, does some work and rejects the increases.
heat to the surroundings. As air 138. η = ((627 + 273) – (273 + 27)) / (627 +
conditioner is put in the middle of the 273)
room then due continuous, external work = (900 – 300)/900 = 600 / 900 = 2 / 3
the room will become slightly warmer. Work = (η ) * Heat = (2/3) * 2 * 10 6 * 4.2
J
132. (c) for isothermal process P1V1 = P2V2 = 8.4 * 106 J
 PV = P2(2V)  P2 = P/2
For adiabatic process, P2V γ2 = P3V γ3 139. (c) The efficiency (η ) of a carnot engine
(P/2)(2 v )γ = P3(16 v)γ and the coefficient of performance ( β ) of
a refrigerator are related as
()
5/ 3
3 1
 P3 = =P/64 β = (1-η )/η
2 8 Here, η = 1/10
β = (1- (1/10))/(1/10) = 9
133. (c) As we know, energy stored in a
Also, co-efficient of performance ( β ) is
spring
given by β = (Q2 / W), where Q2 is the
U = (1/2) kx2
energy absorbed from the reservoir.
x = extension (or compression) in the
Or, 9 = Q2/10 = 90 J
12 THERMODYNAMICS

temperature.
140. (b) The co-efficient of cycle is
η = 1- (T2/T1) 145. (b) when efficiency of carnot engine, η =
For adiabatic process, 0.2
TV γ −1= constant Efficiency of a carnot engine,
For diatomic gas γ = 7/5 η = 1 – (T2/T1) or, 0.2 = [1 –(T2/T1)]
γ −1 γ −1 or (T2/T1) = 0.8 ……(i)
T1V 1 = T2V 2
when T2 is reduced by 50 K its

( )
γ −1
V2 efficiency becomes
T1 = T2
V1 0.4 = [1 – (T2 – 50)/T1] = 0.6 …….(ii)
7 Dividing eqn (i) by (ii)
T1 = T2 ( 32 ) 5 −1=T2 (25)(2/5) = T2 * 4 [T2/(T2 – 50)] = 0.8/0.6 = 4/3
T1 = 4T2 3T2 = 4T2 – 200 or T2 = 200 K
η = (1- (1/4)) = (3/4) = 0.75 From eqn (ii) T1 = [(T2 – 20)/0.6] = [(200
– 50)/0.6] = 250 K
141. (d) [η1 = 1 – (T2/T1)]  [1/6 = 1- (T2/T1)]
 [(T2/T1) = 5/6] …..(i) 146. (d) Efficiency η = (Woutput/Heatinput)
= (w/3w) = 1/3
[η2 = 1 – (T2 – 62)/T1] η = 1-(Q2/Q1) = 1/3
 [1/3 = 1- (T2-62)/T1] …..(ii) Q2/Q1 = 2/3

On solving eqn (i) and (ii)

T1 = 372 K and T2 = 310 K

142. (a) As we know, η = W/Q1 = [1- (T2/T1)]

 η = [1 – (300K/1200K)] = ¾
3/4 = W/Q1
 Q1 = W * (4/3)
 Q1 = 12.3 * 106 * (4/3)
 Q1 = 16.8 * 106 J

143. (d) coefficient of performance

Cop = T2/(T1 – T2)
5 = [(273 – 20) / (T1 – (273 – 20)]
= 253 / (T1 – 253)
5T1 – (5 * 253) = 253
5T1 = 253 + (5 *253) = 1518
T1 = 1519/5 = 303.6
Or, T1 = 303.6 – 273 = 30.6 ≅ 31 °C

144. (b) Efficiency of carnot engine

N = 1 – T2/T1 i.e., [1/10 = 1 –T2/T1]
 T2/T1 = 1- (1/10) = 9/10
 (T1/T2 = 10/9)
 W = Q2 * (T1/T2 – 1)
 i.e., 10 = Q2 (10/9 – 1) *10
 = Q2 (1/9)
 Q2 = 90 J
So, 90 J heat is absorbed at lower