SCALES 11

will carry no meaning. But if the 1 unit on the map represents

measurement 1,000,000 of

it
is expressed in terms of R.F. becomes ground
same scale

it
|: 84,000 verst is equal to 84,000 Paletz. or. 1 inche on the map represents 1,000,000 inches

1
one who uses an inch as the unit of ground

it
Obviously to

will be 1" = 84,000" and to one who uses centimetre or. I inch represents I,000,000/63,360 = 15.78 miles.
as the unit will be I cm 84,000 cm. =

it
Scale is about 15.78 miles to the inch.

map distance
Thus R.E. =
ground distance Design and Division of Scales
() The scale should always be expressed on a

Scales map in all the three ways mentioned, ie., (a) there
Converting
be a

2 1. Find the R.F. when the scale is 2 inches to

should linear scale, (6)the scale should be

the mile.
stated in figures e.g., 1" = mile, and (c) the R.F.

I
should also be mentioned. On a manuscript map
2" = mile I
which is to be printed on the same size the scale
= 63,360" = 63,360
PTE SCALES 2" (1 mile inches)
may be indicated as above but if the map is to be
Now the R.F. is always expressed in terms of a reduced or enlarged for prining, the scale may be
fraction in which the numerator is one. conveniently shown only in àgraphic form.
We have 2"= 63.360" (in) The length of the scale should be between
1. By such a statement as "3 inches to the 1" =63,360/2 = 31,680 4 to 6 inches and thus a round number should be
Definition IB mile to the inch". or, the R.F. is 1/31,680 or :31,680.
mile or

I
guessed which could be represented by a length
The danoes on the mar are smaller than the
with inch distances and, thus, 2. Find the R.E. when the scale 1" 3 miles. between 4" lo 6".
the
We are familiar is to
on actual ground. But
correpaondrng stances
can read off miles on the map. 1" =3miles (ii) convenient make
mp awys bears a definite proporton to thc casily

as shown in Fig. 4.
or 1" =3x 63,360" = 190,080"
distance
It is

which is
to

a multiple of 10.
the scale represent

ppe The the proportion 2. By a graphic scale

arca scalc undcatcs
So, R.F. is 1 : 190,080.
whach a dastanoe betwccn two points on a map straight line is divided into number of
a (iv) There are two designs of Scale division
Here a
3. Find the R.E. when the scale is I centimeter
bears to the drstance betwecn the corresponding equal parts and is marked to show what these (a) Fully divided. The scale is divided into small
to kilometer.*
ponts on he acutal ground I1 for instance. an drvisons represent on actual ground.
I
divisions throughout length.

its
acutal distance of S mlcs is represented on the map cm = |km
1
divided into large
By a Representative Fraction. (b) Open divided. The scale is
by a drstance of 1 inch. the scale s I" = 5 miles.
3.
or. cm = 100,000 cm the first
called "primaries" and

1
divisions
This expresses the proportion of the scale by a
So, R.F. is 1: 100,000. into
According o our nccd we can have "small fracion in which the numerator is one and the
4. The scale of a map is 1 centimetre =
primary
smaller
on the left

called
is subdivided
"secondaries".
scales and "large scales. The we choosc divisions

I
scale denominator also in the same unit of length. For
kilometer. Find the scale in inches to the mile.
prmarly depends on (1) he size of area to be example. if the Representative Fraction (Commonly
mapped. (2) the amount of delails to be shown, and Icentimetre = 1 kilometre = 100,000 centimetres Use of Graphic Scale
written as R.F)is stated to be 1/100,000, or
(3)the sZe of the paper "Small scales" show miles The R.F. is 1 :100,000. To mneasure distances between two points
I:100.000. this means that one unit on the map (a)
the
to the ndh, as. fox nstance. (he cyclng and
moloring represents 100.000 of the same unit on So, 100,000 inches would be represented by 1 on the map. To use the scale for measuring
the ground. the map, take a sheet
maps which are generally eithr miie lo e tnch This unit may inch. distance between two
points on
be an inch or a centimetre or any
or 2 miles to the inch. The atias maps are drawn on of paper and mark off the two points of the map on
63,360 inches (1 mile) would be represented by
other foreign unit. If it is an inch, then 1" on the 3). Now apply this
a still smaliet scale Thcsc may vary from a lew the edge of the sheet (See Fig.
A coincides
miles to the tnch o several hundred miles o the
map represents
1.58 miles. If
I00,000"
itis a
on the
cm on the
centimneter,
then
ground, i.e., about
63,360 = 0.63 inch. piece of paper on the scale
(See Fig.
so that

4),
mark
and the other
100,000 scale
"Large scales" with zero of the
I
inch. are scales of inches to the mile.
5 mile marks.
Navigator's charts and prupernty survey plans, for
map represents cm on the ground, i.e., Icm
100,000
The scale is 0.63 inch the mile or 1" = 1.58 point is found to lie between 4 and
the
to the left and bring
I kilometer. The advantage of expressing of paper
example, are drawn on large cales uf say 6" to presents miles. Now shif the piece that A
and is found
the scale in terms of the R.F. that one can judge B poin to the 4th division

it
or 25" to What is the 3/4.
Íis
or evcn 5. The R.P. of a map
mile, mile larger. is I/1,000.000. division marked
the secondary
I
distances on a foreign map even if he is not familiar
in terms of miles to the inch ? point coincides
with the linear measurements of that country. o
Scale
J000 metres = l kilometre
Representation 100 centimetres l metre
instance. if on a Russian map il is stated that one "10 millimetres = l centimetre.
I-B.
There are thrce ways in which the scale is and conversion, see Appendix
of measurements

depicted on the map.

Paleiz = one verst, then 10 a person who s For details of units

familiar with the Russian SVstem of linea

marking
points
intervals
inch.
scale by

1.2
help with easily made divisions eight then equal taken
line
i

*
Fig.
can

of
it
on
be
4"
to
ofto
at AC

the
be
is

a
the
proportions. other reduced been have printing which drawings
6
on
in

or
original correspond etc., lines dimensions chapter figures other Fig. !*In
5

all
and

to
AB
of
of
1000
the
the
3:2 the
the
3000 1000
7000 5000 Yards
9000
Fig.
Yards
4
number this
8,000
12,000
other
and
chain,
be
can

or
Fig. convenience only
each

will
division
show
Divided
one
scale
first
primary
the
for

of

(See
equal
or of
understand clearly
the
parts
any the

7)
number round
the
taken
equal Miles
into
parts
10
represent
and
the
furlong.
inches
that
represent
is
Here
and
should student
each
100,000
Draw
one
will
part
line years.
will
inches
number, 63,360
the
divide
it.
0.634".
into 10,000
eight
of
length
a
220

and

it
(secondary) division
x
represent
yds
furlong.
find
and
say,
1
Or,
in
out
=
drawing. scale
Take,
what
furlongs therefore,
round
will

for
first Divide mile.
any

6"
parts primary
mile) inches 63.360
represented
Again,
a
this
Le., each one
number
the
mile convenient
into

and

Now
are
(l

an
is
primary these
by
represent divisions
odd

and
:.

8
inches I00,000
not
represented
of
inch
Each

8I
will
by
are

divide
0,560 eight
parts. equal
R.F. 11,666
miles. show
S0,
into
AB

o
squares
parallel lines
=
These
/I00,000.
Construct
set
scale
draw
1.

to
through
will
is
RF.
The

other
points
to
1 a
Constructing
B
Scales
represents
to
inches 10,560
and

36
the

wB.with
x6=
of
these
help
the
points
1"
70,000
Plain

3
6"
35,000 Join
I.

Mark
63,360 equal
inches parts
and
e,
d,
a,

g
dividers.
h.
f.
dividers.**
represents
of

70,000/36
as the
with

b, help

of
c,of
Distances
a
mile about could
25°. measured
1"

yd
divide with
line
represent. into
is
also

Now
or
20°
be

l
help
the

6 =6"= = = 6"=6"
AC
From points
miles.
=
angle
h 8

R.F
number find
draw
yards
A

so
AC

the
scale that
a
be
will

scale graphic would

the
line

?
division secondary
CAB
pair the that
furlongs
to
between distance
chains.
of
out
What divided
8

of
parts. equal
to
a
want
show
6"
scale
The

length, poinl
and
the

into
scale primary
is
be

a
to
If
Draw mile.
of
point
draw
we
equal
inches*
are
we
Sth

of
8

The
the

map
represents piece
of

6"

to
70,000
is
a
and

3.
inches paper
1
3/4
the

6"
70,000/36
The

along
a
AB
scalc
5.1
line

and
equal
1"
to
is
it
parts
of

scale.
a

Suppose
yd.
the

6)
secondaries following
and

method distance
roquired
two the the
on
mark

1/70,000.
of it

Fig.
=
miles.
with

division secondary
yd
Place
100
help
represent
the
to of

when
the

the
inches
mcasure
R.F.
scale divide
is

primaries 1,000 certain

will

100
Draw

Divide
is, tbe of

length
primary first
8

5.1
a

parts equal
(b)

Draw
and
To

line

show
into
it

to
a
out

and
is yd
2.

the
suitable miles
into
(See each yds.
a

length
the

yds. and
Now
from

parts equal Fig. drawing.

represent part each
will

1000
this

be
is

8x0.634=5.07
inches
4=

shows
then
ten
for
approximately
10 will
length
5
4

inches, between
5.14 line Draw point
divide inches
into
the
This

or

5.1
that

of
the

and
miles that
a
two

it
represented
seen
is
It

:
inches =5.143
will

be

by
8

Fig.
M
35,000
3

35
inches
10,000 6x3x
=
180
10,000
represented
SMiles
are
yds

by
6
inches represented yds. 35,000/3
by
are
So,

6
taken.
represents
furlong.
always number round difficulty this remove
one

to
divided
is
secondaries
a
order from distances measure inconvenient which
this
into

In
to
of
shown
each

it.
in
scale, Obviously original
primary
case thus form

as equal
in
distances
The

very
will
draw

be
it
we
if
5.
points
division
inches. yds., represent
and

the
Fig. join
cqual).
of
these
two
and
this one
1944
will
perpendiculars
foot
is thus
division parts equal eight
be

divide
angle
Mark

along
off
used,
each
and
alternate
six
into
and

it
inches angles
should
yds. 11,6664 represent
can

also

be

the
but
other
below
(Lines
of
So
and

line
take
drawn
6
the

a
will inches other
length that. divided,
relation
erect
perpendiculars
it.

any

of
The

a
is

6
then. happens
number,
one
first
the
primary
At

see
let
line

us

what
round
cach

take
two end

method
of

Supposing
the

drawn.
preferable.
abovewhich

do

any
to
is

not
we
be

to
be
scale
is

which paper
size
large divisions
required
on

is
of

the
the
the
for
the

small
very
either represent following
should
are

small

dividing
too
or
and

be
the
primary
not
it
inches
so
of
In

length secondarics
number,
case

round
will
ELEMENTS
into
a

the

in

that
but
sCALES PRACTICAL
GEOGRAPHY
OF

13
Fig.
Fig.
10

12
Metres
Metres 400 300 200 100 100
Hundred
500
500
Links Links
15
10

25
20

55
50
45
40
R5
30
5
Fig.
9
1000
4
1

3
Yard 1000
0

6
Yard
11
10
6
Metres
5

8
Kilometres
Thousand
9
represent division secondary each
coincide. yds.
13). Fig.
yds. in.= kilometres.
will
and

100
64
Divide yds. 1,000
sq.
sq-

(See
scale parts into primary first
other above
that draw /100.000, R.F.
points =512 read scale
ten
the

so
is
5.

the
one
equal eight divide
to

zero
the
The

represent each parts

sq-
a
kilometre miles. quarter
in.
sq.
scale
yds.
7 I8

into

will
and
scale
the
Draw
represent
the
and
mile. draw way, usual
8).
Fig.

1
Sub-divide inches 5.07 line
of
primary first secondary
represent division
the

it In
corresponding
of
yards. scale
the

and
a
?

the
Divide
mile into
will

this
one
parts equal primary first
read
will parts equal
the
to
represents
is

25

into
R.F.
inches. 5.07
ten
the

each
and
ten
into

(Seeeach
mileand

an
equal
of
parts
area
miles represent will
512
represented miles.
Draw
inches. 6.34
sq.
Divide
Whatyds.

=
square area
inches
144
a
drawing
each
and

will
10
or,

by
An

be
ten

of
line Draw
in
inches
7.
nine into divide
and

100,000 I:792 R.F.

of
a

S0,000
it
5.7

represented yds. 8,000

inch 0.634
by
are
lx63,360
.:.
8,000 or
79

inches 5.69
=
36
1"

22

x
12
x

792
=

==
8 x3
=
450

represented mile) inches 63,360

represented
or

yds
=22

36
1"

by
are
or

(1
by
50,000 15.8
are
So,
represented inches 100,000 links miles
yds.
inch
represented
byx90
I"
inches
I"=

by
are
100
are
90

represent
links.
..

I
10).
inches 100,000
inches length
represent would that
10
primary first
(See
miles 15.8
Fig.
equal represented
the

|"
parts
it.
in
round
the

100,000 yds., 8,000 say, number,

find
into
by

ten
are

parts equal
and

will
each

R.E

1:
represent
1"

inches
links. represent would
and
Take
Divide
a

==
each
and
in

will
scale mile
100
round
number
it
that

length
divide
miles
yds. 1388.88
36

the
find
Draw

of Jeneth
of

a
represent each parts into
and
6"
metres.
1"
into
it
90

50,000 inch.
and

this
the

number
6
to

will
and
For ten
=
take
100
an
is
But

primary first Sub-divide represent will

the
odd

and

out so

line What

Construct
we

scale
a

R.E.
field
showing
links
the
km.
50,000
1
Divide represent
each parts
of 63350
is a
I6.

i.e.,
50,000" R.F.
?a metres. miles I5.8
100
(approOximately).
Fig.
into
km.
15

and
15
1"=

it
1"
LO00,000
will length whole line Draw
= =
parts
(See

9).

=
secondary
=

cm
of
division
the
and
represent
and

each

1000,000
=1:100,000 yards.
will

T
kilometre.
Divide
100
primary first
cm
into
km
of
cqual
I=

R.F
15 or
scale
the

yards show parts equal show

a=
First metres. miles
scale draw
ten
scale kilometre division
to
represent
and
I

the
each
so

the
For
that

I/50,000.
will
comparative Draw
comparative
scale
kilometres divide
miles. into 100,000
The

is
Draw

1.
of

R.E.
cm

show
and
12
line

and
to
units Different
it or. construct
12
l

kilometre. represents centimetre kilomctre

4.

Draw scale
RE
The

(a)
a

one
to

Comparative
that French statement Scales 10,000
: :
cm

map

is
on
II.
a cm I

2.
cm

one
a
The
==

12). Fig.
Fig. (See scale. metre point zero with
each
|
represent
yard.
of
11). Fig.
8

will

one
coincide should scale yard point zero that
Divide
primary first
(See
eight
parts equal
the the
the the
the
taken should care case this one. previous
into
parts equal
10

20

division
of In
represent
be
the
70
60

80

below just this Draw metres. represent will part

each
and

will
Miles
Draw
length
divide
500
8
of
parts into divided metres Fig.
a
6.000
and
6"
line

and yds.six
into
it
Chains
each
12
when
and
represent will
7

length take
of
If

it
cm,
12
12)
(8
x
10

we
188

a
R.E

3
metres.
I
=

or

500
50,000
cm
cm cm
Furiong
1
==
1/50,000. R.F.
also scale metre
inch

J64
I

yds.

is
Furlong
the
8

the
For
=
x =

11
Fig.
Furiongs
8

Yards
0

24
16

32
Yards
14

ELEMENTS
SCALES PRACTICAL
GEOGRAPHY
OF

15
Fig.
15
Fig.
Furlongs
18
Miles
Metres
270
90
18
24
Metres 810
15
12
12

180

360
6
6

450
9
3

630
540

720
HH
Paces
240
600 1200
600 100
120
Paces 1080
120
80
60
40

360
20

480
Seconds
720
0 0
Minutes
960
840
Yards
100
400
Yards
100

200
0

300

500
furlongs.
700
600
(See
900
800
paces.
and

and
Fig.
18
15
15).
Fig.

yd.
division secondary each
equal primary seconds represent will
(See
2

parts
represent
17
PACES
into
100

Fig.and

will
parts primary first divide
16).each
10
paces.
PACES sub-divide Further
200
200 first
600 400
1200 1000 800
into
the
the

1600 1400
180
and
12
1800
on

yds.
left
minutes represent will
the
equal march. mile
division parts
represent
20

ten
or Divide
each
and
and Sub
equal
will
division parts
150

HH
1,500 represent
750 600 450
300 150
150 Divide
paces. 1,800 yards
3
into

1050 900
each
and
1350 1200
line

Divide
covering equal line
miles.
it
inches
length
into
the the

of
Draw
minutes' hours
and
or 5.I
miles. covering march
into will
the
line
a
paces. 1,200
120
or

1,760
18 18
which inches line Draw
revolutions represent will
with
circumference
length 1,500=
wheel. inches
of

or
represent will
1,000
a

length
of
ascertained represented miles
the
66 6

5.1

the
A
2
multiplying inches.
number
x

of

yds

and
5"

can
are

by
byx

be
18

18

bicycle
the
number represented miles
revolutions
6

30
noted paces. Or 1,500
represented
=

of
and
7,200
measured
and
240
by

by
1".

are
yds
covered miles
riding miles hour,
=
3

..
hours.
9

by
be
represented 1760
now
the may

on
in

the the
are per

22/7 Again
two
18

radius ropresents
distance wheel. 7,200
Now

by
are
Draw hour.
and

r=
scale
yds.

6".
miles
be
to
The
1"
also
formulae from found 2.112
per

where
of
map
Le., for

cavalry
1"

be
marching
1,800= rate
2r
1,500 miles
of the

n
=

revolution
36
ground. along =7,200"
A

circumference yds.
a is

x
1,760
=
the
at
2.

yd.
of

7,200
the

can
The
200
1"
39

circumference
found Fig.
complete trial
=
=

by
14

is

one
tape I:7,200 R.F. paces 1,800
round tied represented
frontwheel
of
Miles
is
is
will

the
be
Miles
its
and
by
with rapidly measured paces
..
piece bicycle. help represented
Scale or.
of
2,1

A
the
will
12
1

Yard
For
2

a
be
country
by
distance suitable,
9
3

yds.
1760

()

If
scale
the

is

be
can
2,112
30
paces.
40
60

Scales Revolution
20

Minutes
equal
0 0

case pace
metre 63,360 Hours
to
75
and

(d)
of
in
one
cm,
inches
the
=
equal
paces. case pace
18). Fig. scale yard
to

in
:
march.
one
length
120
yards represent will
the
of
metres
(See
when
metres represent will division each parts I/n,200.
Take
of
A
(See

and

and
6"
14).
Fig.

secondary
R.E
the

and
division
90
is
Draw represent
30
showing scales comparative i.e., 10,560", minutes'
equal into divide 12.5 line draw i.e., paces, miles. Or.
cach

will

of
Süb-divide
10

primary first
10
it
cm,
.: 1"

3.
equal
a
1
6"
parts
scale, metre draw scale this Below paces. paces. metres
=

Fig. (See R.F.

= l/10,560.
equal
into

parts
and

the
120
and
and
represent
is

cqual hour's
6

yds. represent will division each parts equal parts march.

division
represent
the and

yards
will
each

paces
1/10,560. R.F.
one

Draw
100
and
cach
200 and
line
17).will
inches
150
show

divide
and

into divide line draw First Draw into

for

line
into divide
a
length
a

and

10
it
pace
of6

and
5"
of
scale
it

10
of

a
and

it
cm,
a
4

will miles
10
of

covered
the

paces 1,200
to
hours.
draw
is
If

12.5 and paces. 2,000

a

a
of 30",
1.
in

standard
be

military
and

96
rate
x
march
miles
The

length hour,
metres 1,500 represent will
of

metres represents 12.5

is

between
of
The

an

measured points
is

30".

of
So
paces.
so

12

cm
10

cm
miles
900
43

two
any

by
be
pacecan

paces.
==
employed
known should
12
6

distance
200
=

126,720"
paces miles
30
length
then
and

represents paces.
the

metres length
person
and

96
1"=

7,200
So

cm
of
1/126,720.
2

help

and
a a

150
=

l
of

beThe

=
the
of
of

time,
pace

then
is

distances
measured
with
miles
hour.
metres represents 15,000 scale
and

75
whose
can

paces. possible R.F.

the
chain
an

cm
cm
shortage
Draw

cm

So,
1
for

15,000
map

to

marchìng scout
200
paces.
=
use
a

7,200
to

rate
and

1
of

During
due

rapid
=
be tape
A

reconnaissance,
boy

or

72 96
ais

cm
cm
of
the
at

1/15,000. R.E. Scales Time

:7,200 equal pace Take
=
a

I
may
it

be
not
3

Pace
Scales
to
1. (b)

cm.
75

I=is
1
R.E.
paces scale Draw
when metres
(c)

Scale Metre (ii)

of
is 2.

and
a

the
Fig.
For
13

Furlongs
Fig.
16
Miles
Steps
1

Steps
4
0
8

180
360 180
1620 1440 1260 720 540
1080 900
150
150
1350 1200 600 300 1000
1050 900 750
Yards
450
0

Yards
11

Metres
14
4

10

13
12
9
2

6
3

8
7

Kilometres
5

SCALES
ELEMENTS
PRACTICAL
GEOGRAPHY
16

OF
Fig.
graph).
shown circle
20
made
57.3"
of
area
the

the

in
as
is
circular made
(also graphs
23
known
Fig.
straight
line
Here of
is
lengths these
Draw
as
distribution
quantitative certain
a
elements
mark
and

off
Foot
use the
Sometimes
pie the
50,000,000 geographical
showing maps
7,071
of in
1.41
1

for
45,000,000
Square
6,708 Scales Root
1.34
(a)
40,000,000
6,325
inches 1.13
will scale.
1.26 from
directly
and
Fig.
so
of

on.
be
35,000,000
it
3°
and
the
5,916 inches 1.13 will representing length read
off

22
slope degree
contours,
1.20 successive
of
of

be
2°
for The
be
can
V.I.
the
30,000,000
between
5.477 measured
Equivalent
Horizontal
1.10 1,760
100
=
is
20,000,000
inches 1.13
4,472 2,000 that
Interval, Vertical given
slope
0.88
a

if

two the

x
of

for

15,000,000
degree
=
3,873 Equivalent Horizontal
length
0.77
so to

the
of

5
the

represented
3,162 10,000,000 2,000 relation show prepared
scale
0.63
by
yd
of

4
to

are
the
A

the can

be

represented 1,760
or. Equivalent. Horizontal
by
yd
inch distance,
3
are

1"
the

smaller slope,
Figure 1,760 63,360" steeper slope. degree
root Square i.e.,
Representing
the

yd.
the
The
of

1"
with varies length
2
obviously, and, (H.E.),
=
=
l/63,360 R.F.
the
TABLE
Equivalent Horizontal
is
contours successive
1
follows found
its the
is

distances
(See calculated two between distance horizontal feet.
Table 100
as
2,000 representing inches length
be

be
can
The

l).
square Similarly,
yd
in
said (V.L)
representing roots Interval Vertical then feet,
be
can
the
1/63,360 R.F. when case, this map.
to
of

the

the
and
the
100

interval drawn
In
of
are map contours the
the
the
R.F. proportion
on

etc., 1,000 2,000

is an
at
a
If

represented
2,235
is to
inch. 0.4I
the
Types Special
yd,
yd,

in

inch
:

og
by
equal
is
distances 1,000 2,000 equal
X
R
to
II.

if
to

=
yd,
yd,
distances mark line straight draw then
Fig.
root square
on
that 5.000,000
BD
it
and
and

and
2,235
so
a
19

on.
above shown H.E. length calculate first
measured
The

of
towards from
D

is
represented Revolutions Revolutions
of

the
the

will
it
4°
for
feet, V.I. 1/63,360
B;
length will R.F. whose 1080 960 840 720 600 480 360 240 120 120
equal
1".
by
and
square
we
as is

a
25,000,000 root
BD
on
is

for
mark
100
the
5,000 that
be BD
to
3°
slopes scale prepare
parallel
have
Fig.
of
instance,
The

is
of
to
we
If

300
map
for

from
are

a
a
others
For
follows
it.

the
(See
27
24
21
18
15
12

proportionately
22).
dividing
6

drawing
3
0 0

Yards
as
Yards
for
by
on. and
length calculate 25,000,000
BD
the
so

radius
and
other lengths
line
slopes degrees Hundred
obtained
the
the
and

of
for
representing radius inch slope
root square
can
4

length horizontal
be
slope. represent
Similarly, Fig. (See revolutions.
of

of
yd

for
one

the
4°
for
500
yd

the
25,000,000 root square
for
300

take 5,000.
the
120
and

a
parallel
20

into divide
19).

represent will line division each parts

100
x

of
will
is

we
Now
:
to
ten

drawing actual proceed

EO
of 2° The
AB.
it

EO
that find
and

line
slope
bisect 1,200
line Draw revolutions.
To
from slope length; this
a

for

the
we
E
of

E
BD
of

2°,
yds

of

and
at
million. upto million million,
yd

draw
3°
for
a

distance horizontal 100 length

666

contours adjacent between represent will inches

3,000
20

on
so
3 x

and
15
of

for the
and So,

4.2
a

million, roots square showing drawn equal

50 5
length.
2

of
slope 1,760
the
be
10 can
and
1,000
Join
of
AC

get
fifty million varies
and
slope 3,000=
To
scale million.
AD.
inches.
A
perpendiculars erect
of
yd

2°
for

B
of

from

Now
and
Now
BD 1°.
4.2

to
20

CD two

a
at

five
acreage Supposing
x

100
x

states different distance horizontal

adjacent between
contours
2.5

in
a

the

the
slope
for
1

determined. circle represented acreage representing inches 1.13 line Draw 2,000 H.E.
3,000
represented will
a
of
yd

by
AB
1°
for

the
and
the
=
by
be
yrd

scale measured radius that

=
= =
20

100
x

same 2.5".
on
of
shown scale
way. different
the
be
can
any
the
different
prepared scale root square convenience, slopes. degrees
can
The

in
be
1,760 sketch
a

a
represented
can

be
of
on
Now

the

sake proportionately). drawn length feet,

by
are
yrd

calculated H.E.
1,200
3,000
so of
Fig.
of

can

the
For
are
the
J00

for
be
2.5

others inch equal

21
(V.I,) Interval Vertical supposing
25,000,000 root
x

1,200
yrd.

revolutions
represent
and
to
distance
of

one
the the
Now
=

is

square radius
(take i.e., proportionately,
and

will
it

convenience
of

drawing scale
the the
for
a

slope. take
the
degree
D

where
For

circles draw acreages

of
the

different roots
of
we

H.E.

3.050
D=

and
x 20
x

the
square find have
2.5

first shall India,

states 100 V.I.
90°
yd.

=
2.5
(::

revolutions 1,220
to
=

yd.)

of of
distance cover
the
1,220
we
=

angles.
different
land cultivated acreage showing
=
will

of
a

wheel
in
of
given 90".
the
graphs circular prepare
Supposing length finding formula
a

smal H.E.
and

for

scale
R.F

to
ig.
scale that
of

mile.
the
for
l

21)
circumference
for
a

particular
Inverval Vertical relation This
was of

(See a
expressed
to

quantity. root square terms

mind

scale
the
2"

revolutions showing
for
different
of

degrees
in

yards
can
the

we of
slope.
of
be

sketch
are the
the
should
proportional borne yds.
radius
obvious revolutions
The and

for

on

bicycle
is of
successively wheel.
comparative
will

to
be
It

it
lengths
the
representing
of

constant, say
that
being value
mark
a

V.I.
off
Draw

being circle foot, certain

is a
feet H.E. distance
the
aa

57.3
be of
covered
20 1°

construct
and

straight scale, 1,220

the
and
is
A

proportionat
of
line
or
1.

represented. quantities
is

From
the

Fig.
is

To

slopc
by

r
the

when
draw

to
is

in the and

he

area
The
one 20

a
seen
is
it

the
that

SCALES
ELEMENTS
GEOGRAPHY PRACTICAL
19
OF
24). Fig.
scale
Fig.
is
Fig.
27
(See
the
So,
respectívely, inches
CD AB
0.84, 0.73,
29
and
0.57,
0.92
length. decreasing represented will
These lakhs. four
A

2
10

0
in
are
they
be

6
by
and

100
though ground elevation same indicating lakhs three lakhs, lakh, roots cube
B
200
on
of
to

the
the
two
the

(Fig. porportional distances

lines which
300
0
one off
mark
then
and
79.4

are
the
in
27)

EF
AB,
horizon i.e., lakhs, root cube represent length
it 5
point vanishing foreground
400
of
on of
to

CD on
to
the

and the
the

03
a
inch line draw scale, prepare
from decreases scale perspective IV). (Chapter
A
of
To

500
one
the

a
ctc. field-sketches, diagrams, drawings-block
scale. radius measuring
on
by

the
its

landscape used scale Perspective

directly determined poulation
in
A

is
can
city
any
the

be
of

Scale Perspective radius, length variation show

and
of
on

the
the
the

(d)
prepared
easily scale root cube
to
be
A

ground. represents photo half Le.,

can

on
CD

C
the
Referring
length that find Fig.
length.
line Consider
step first 0.58 46.4 lakh
to

AB.
the
25,

on
The
bx.

the
1

portion
1/10 they
Fig.
0.73 lakhs
xy
to
58.5
and
top
the at
the
25

are
the
portion
equal bottom
so

ab
The
and
top
0.84 66.9 lakhs
the
at
top,
C
bottom 1/10
with
is 2
of

of
GROUND
the

of
the
on. the

the
bottom point theO Join
point with line 0.92 73.7 lakhs
HORIZON
the
POINT VANISHING
the the
of
right
1
successively left
3
1.00 79.4 lakhs
to

2,
1,
0,
the

and
as
divisions these
equals'1/10. division
23 4 5

lengin convenient
perpendiculars
on.the
so from
Mark
inch rOotS
of
DB
Radius, Cube Number
any
parts equal into line
and
CA
each that
Draw parts. equal into divided inch,
so
CD

ten
top
the
line bottom divide lines. parallel
to

ten
be
is
equal which line Supporting TABLE
the
Now

AB
parts equal into sides
to
is
AB
divide
two one
the
2

and by
DB
CA
parts. equal short dividing
and
Table represented 79,4 that
the
erect case previous
CADB rectangle
into
is

line

in
2).

and
by

a
conveniently scale diagonal
the
(See

used remembering figure, such such

a
inch equal line draw Again
A

be
can

a
for
and

and

as
to
AB

one
cube

Diagonal
ALTITUDE
would what find
Scales length
radius
Fig.
out
for and

IV.
1" root the
be

the
of

calculate lakhs than

5

28
roots cube
each
and

Fig.
for
the

inch.
populations with cities
less
26
up

B
Now

we
take

lakhs, root
(Lens) radius
1/10
of
the

O
of of
by
79.4
Le.

one
cube

from
a

lakhs. lakh
represent suppose
to

to
We
one

5
3/10
0
population that
cities
1

6
3
2
varies
55

Furlongs
find
We

of
the

FOCAL
the

---
figures.
LENGTH
Fig. (See furlong. represent will
proportional
roots cube
5
population
26)
one
A
be

to

division each parts equal eight into divide

over. lakh
PHOTO Here
radii
spheres
and
it
will
7
or

prepare
of of

inches; line draw scale

Uttar
the the

cities Pradesh
population
To
which
of
photograph
4.2
the
taken.
one map

a
the the
of

Suppose
with

represent
of

with
was
he

spheres
15,000
from altitude lens
length focal
to
are
we

inches .e.,
i
miles.
on

on
of

spheres.
the
and
a

the

to
4.2
depends photograph
scale
8
on

the
quantities
the

proportionate wiln
The

28). Fig. (See equal which

appcar
the the

to
lo

1,20,000
of

sphere volume
AB.
radi

12)" (10,000
in

is
reached
in
plan

line
of

roots
of as

ultimately vertically
x
downwards
case

details
map.

is
quantities
of

CD
scale The
the
be is

represeated
the
a

and
the cube
nror

third sphere.
and

on
so
2/10" Since
the
and

,
equal step second
the

vertical
of

photos
3/
=
where
to
camera volume
43 by

is

the
and
of the

spheres
10" the
8
the

1/10" equal
are

proportional
ypes

diagonal
side right
of
The

common cultural