Q1.
ISLAMIC ECONOMIC SYSTEM- LABOR SILENT FEATURES
In Islamic terminology, economics takes on a distinct meaning. It is the study of
activities involving money, its exchange, and transactions among people in
accordance with the principles and teachings of Islam. The Islamic economic
system is rooted in the principles and guidelines derived from the Quran and the
teachings of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). It aims to establish an
economic framework that is ethical, just, and equitable, ensuring the well-being
and prosperity of society as a whole. In the Islamic economic system, labor is
given great importance and is considered a fundamental factor of production. Islam
recognizes the physical and mental efforts of individuals in producing goods and
services. The Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) emphasized the
significance of labor by urging the prompt payment of wages before the worker's
sweat dries, highlighting the importance of fair compensation and timely payment.
Islam encourages employers to treat their workers with kindness and compassion,
ensuring that they receive a salary that allows them to meet their basic needs and
live a dignified life. It discourages the exploitation of labor and prohibits excessive
workloads that go beyond a worker's capacity. Employers are encouraged to
provide a safe and healthy working environment, ensuring the well-being and
welfare of their employees.
Islamic teachings also promote a sense of responsibility towards workers' overall
well-being. Employers are encouraged to assist their workers in times of difficulty
and help them overcome their problems. This includes providing support for their
health needs and fulfilling their reasonable requirements. Islam promotes a culture
of cooperation and assistance between employers and employees, fostering a
harmonious and productive work environment.
Furthermore, Islam recognizes the inherent value and dignity of all forms of labor,
regardless of the nature of the work or social status. It encourages individuals to
engage in productive work and contribute to the development of society. Islam
appreciates the diversity of skills and talents and encourages the pursuit of
knowledge and continuous learning to enhance productivity and contribute to
economic growth.
Q2. ISL CULTURE AND CIVILISATION, ANY 2 ELEMENTS
Culture and civilization are interconnected aspects that shape the identity and way
of life of a society. In the case of Islamic culture and civilization, they are deeply
rooted in religion, faith, customs, traditions, moral values, and social and ethical
norms. Islam provides a comprehensive framework that influences various aspects
of life, including law, dress, food, ideology, and attitudes towards other religions.
One prominent element of Islamic civilization is the approach towards dealing with
the non-Muslim world. Islamic teachings emphasize the importance of peaceful
coexistence and maintaining harmonious relations with people of other faiths. The
Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) set an example of tolerance and respect
towards non-Muslims, and this principle is reflected in Islamic civilization.
Historically, Islamic societies have demonstrated a willingness to engage in trade,
cultural exchange, and diplomacy with non-Muslim nations. For instance, during
the Islamic Golden Age, Muslim scholars and traders established extensive
networks that facilitated the exchange of knowledge, ideas, and goods between the
Islamic world and Europe, Asia, and Africa.
Internal peace is another essential element of Islamic civilization. Islam promotes
the establishment of a just and harmonious society where individuals coexist
peacefully, free from violence and oppression. Islamic teachings emphasize the
importance of resolving conflicts through peaceful means and treating others with
kindness and compassion. This principle is evident in the concept of "sulh" or
reconciliation, which encourages individuals and communities to seek peaceful
resolutions to disputes. Throughout history, Islamic civilizations have
demonstrated a commitment to maintaining internal peace. For example, the
establishment of the Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad during the Islamic Golden Age
brought stability and peace to a vast and diverse empire, fostering an environment
conducive to intellectual and cultural flourishing.
Q3. THE HOLY QURAN AND SCIENCE
Science is a branch of knowledge that has been bestowed upon humanity by Allah
Almighty, as mentioned in the Holy Quran: "Taught the human being what he was
not known." The Quran is a book of signs, but it is not a book of science. However,
the facts and realities mentioned in the Holy Quran have been verified by science
today, aligning with the Quranic verse that states, "He will create those things
which you don't know."
The main purpose of science and inventions is to make life easier and more
comfortable. Islam is not opposed to a comfortable life but emphasizes obedience
to the orders of Allah Almighty and the teachings of the Holy Prophet Muhammad
(peace be upon him). In the past, humans used to travel by foot, but now quicker
and better modes of transportation have been invented.
Water Cycle: The Quran mentions the water cycle in various verses, highlighting
the process of evaporation, condensation, and precipitation. Surah Az-Zumar
(39:21) states, "Do you not see that Allah sends down rain from the sky and makes
it flow as springs in the earth?" This description accurately reflects the scientific
understanding of the water cycle, which plays a vital role in the Earth's ecosystems.
Water is essential for living; water system is mentioned in Holy Quran; Allah
Almighty himself has taken the responsibility to provide water to every living
creature; science verified the water system after thirteen hundred years, because
the first scientist Bernard Palsy presented his theory in 1580 about the water cycle
system where as Holy Quran 1400 years ago told the humanity about this water
system. Quran says:
“From His signs there is a lightening that He shows you for fear and hope, and He
sends down water from the sky which revives the earth after its death with a clear
water system.” Science proved the fact of the Holy Quran.
Q4. ISLAMIC POLITICAL SYSTEM -PRINCIPLES OF ISLAM.
The Islamic political system is based on the principles outlined in the Quran and
Sunnah, with the ultimate sovereignty resting in Allah. In an Islamic state, political
authority is delegated by Allah to selected individuals. The Quranic law serves as
the foundation of the public law, and no law can be framed that contradicts the
Quran and Sunnah. This ensures that the Islamic state operates within the
boundaries defined by Islamic teachings. One of the key purposes of an Islamic
state is to promote goodness and prevent evil. Muslims are obliged to adhere to the
teachings of the Quran and Sunnah, and the state plays a vital role in guiding its
citizens in all aspects of life, including religion. The Islamic state seeks to establish
peace and order within its society.
Several characteristics distinguish an Islamic state from other forms of governance.
Firstly, it is a government that recognizes the sovereignty of Allah. The authority
of the Khalifa (Caliph) derives from the supremacy of Allah, and the state operates
under this divine mandate. It is important to note that an Islamic state is not a
democracy in the modern sense, nor is it a theocracy; rather, it can be described as
a theo-democracy. The Islamic state is based on the principles and teachings of the
Quran and Sunnah, which serve as the guiding light for its governance.
The basic principles of an Islamic state revolve around justice, consultation,
freedom of speech, accountability, equality, adherence to the Quran and Sunnah,
independence of the judiciary, and citizen participation. Justice, known as "Adal"
in Arabic, is a fundamental principle in Islamic governance. The Quran emphasizes
the importance of fair and just decision-making, and an Islamic state seeks to
uphold this principle in all its affairs. Mutual consultation, known as "Majlis-e-
Shoora," is encouraged in an Islamic state, and decisions are made through the
collective deliberation of relevant stakeholders.
Freedom of speech and expression is another crucial principle in an Islamic state. Muslims are
encouraged to promote good and prevent evil, and they are expected to speak the truth. The
Khalifa, as the leader of the state, is responsible both to Allah and the public. This dual
responsibility ensures accountability and prevents abuse of power. Equality is a core principle in
Islam, and an Islamic state tries to eliminate discrimination based on race, color, or creed. The
law in an Islamic state is derived from the Holy Quran and Sunnah, providing a solid foundation
for governance. The judiciary in an Islamic state operates independently of the executive branch.
The Khalifa, despite being the head of state, is considered an ordinary citizen in the eyes of the
judiciary, ensuring impartiality and fairness. Finally, the ruler or Khalifa should be elected based
on the will of the citizens, and their opinions should be sought and considered in the process.
Q.5 IJMA KIND LEGAL STATUS
Ijma, in Islamic jurisprudence, refers to the consensus of opinions among Muslim
jurists on a particular legal issue. It is derived from the Arabic word "ijma," which
means agreement or consensus. The consensus is reached through the expression
of opinions by the jurists, discussions, and deliberations. There are three ways in
which Ijma can be manifested:
Firstly, "Qauli" or "Tongue Ijma" refers to the agreement of jurists expressed
through their opinions and statements. When all the jurists unanimously agree on a
particular legal point, it is considered Ijma-i-Azimah, or a strong consensus.
Secondly, "Fayli" or "Practical Ijma" is established when there is unanimity in
practice among the jurists. If the majority of jurists agree and act upon a particular
ruling, it is termed Ijma-i-Rukhsa, or a consensus of convenience.
Thirdly, "Sukuti" or "Silent Ijma" occurs when a jurist does not express agreement
or disagreement with a particular opinion. In this case, the silence of the jurist is
considered as tacit approval of the consensus.
The legal status of Ijma is derived from the verses of the Holy Quran and the
sayings of the Prophet Muhammad. The Quran states "Do not be like those who
became divided and differed after clear proofs had come to them." This emphasizes
the importance of unity and consensus among Muslims. Additionally, the Quran
instructs believers to obey the Prophet and those in authority among them. The
Prophet Muhammad himself emphasized the significance of Ijma. He stated,
"Follow the most numerous body" and warned against separating from the main
body of believers. He also emphasized that opposing the decision of the jurists
would lead to negative consequences.
The Quran states, "And whoever opposes the Messenger after guidance has
become clear to him and follows other than the way of the believers - We will give
him what he has taken and drive him into Hell, and evil it is as a destination"
(Quran 4:115). This verse indicates the importance of following the consensus of
the believers, which includes the scholars who have deep knowledge of the Islamic
principles.
Additionally, numerous traditions of the Prophet Muhammad emphasize the
significance of Ijma. The Prophet (peace be upon him) said, "My community will
never agree upon an error." This hadith highlights the idea that the collective
agreement of the Muslim scholars, who are well-versed in Islamic teachings, is a
safeguard against errors in understanding and applying Islamic law.
Q6. TAQWA-DEGREES AND IMPORTANCE
Taqwa is a fundamental concept in Islam that refers to the fear of Allah,
consciousness of His presence, and being mindful of His commandments in all
aspects of life. It is often translated as "piety," "God-consciousness," or "fear of
God." Taqwa plays a crucial role in shaping a Muslim's beliefs, actions, and
character.
The importance of taqwa in Islam is highlighted in the Quran, where it is
mentioned numerous times as a quality that believers should strive to develop.
Taqwa is considered a means of achieving righteousness, attaining closeness to
Allah, and seeking His pleasure. It serves as a guide for individuals to navigate
through life, make ethical choices, and avoid wrongdoing. The Prophet
Muhammad (peace be upon him) emphasized the importance of taqwa in his
teachings and described it as the most noble quality a person can possess. He said,
"Verily, the most noble of you in the sight of Allah is the most righteous (i.e., the
one with the most taqwa) among you" (Quran 49:13).Taqwa encompasses several
dimensions. It involves recognizing Allah's sovereignty and acknowledging His
presence at all times. It entails refraining from acts that are forbidden or
displeasing to Allah and striving to fulfill His commands.
DEGREES OF TAQWA
1. Lower degree – means a Muslim is only saving himself from major sins. This
involves fulfilling the obligatory acts of worship, such as prayer, fasting, and
charity. This level of taqwa is the minimum requirement for every Muslim and
serves as a foundation for spiritual growth. The Holy Quran says, “But those who
believe and doing good deeds”
2. The second degree of taqwa is Middle degree – means a Muslim is saving him
from both kinds of sins; major and minor. It involves exercising caution and
avoiding actions or situations that may lead to sin or compromise one's faith. This
level of taqwa reflects a higher level of mindfulness and consciousness of Allah's
presence. Quran states, “He who has piety has great honor in the eyes of Allah.”
3. The third degree of taqwa (Highest degree) is known as "Ihsan" or excellence in
faith. It goes beyond merely abstaining from sin and encompasses a constant
awareness of Allah's presence and seeking His pleasure in every aspect of life. This
level of taqwa involves performing good deeds, showing kindness and compassion
towards others, and maintaining a deep spiritual connection with Allah. The Holy
Quran says: “Allah is friend of those who have Taqwa.”
Q7. Islamic Socio System Duties and Rights of Husband and Wife.
The Islamic social system encompasses all aspects of life, both religious and
worldly, based on the principles of justice. It recognizes the importance of the
individual and the society, providing a stable and permanent framework for human
interaction. Within the Islamic social system, the relationship between husband and
wife holds great significance. Islam recognizes the equal status of husband and
wife, emphasizing the importance of mutual trust, harmony, and love in their
relationship. In a sermon, the Holy Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him)
discussed the rights of husband and wife, highlighting their equality and mutual
responsibilities.
Both husband and wife have rights and duties towards each other. The husband is
responsible for providing for the family, ensuring their financial needs are met. He
should treat his wife with kindness, respect her wishes and desires, and create an
atmosphere of love and trust. He should support his wife in fulfilling her duties and
responsibilities and protect her honor and modesty. The Holy Prophet (peace be
upon him) emphasized that the best among people is the one who is the best in his
treatment of his wife.
On the other hand, the wife has the right to be treated with kindness, fairness, and
respect. She should be obedient to her husband in matters that are in accordance
with the teachings of Islam. At the same time, the husband should consider the
opinions and wishes of his wife, creating an atmosphere of mutual consultation and
decision-making. In the Islamic social system, the rights and duties of husband and
wife are balanced, emphasizing mutual respect, care, and cooperation. The Islamic
teachings aim to establish a harmonious and loving relationship between spouses,
based on the principles of justice, equality, and mutual responsibility. By fulfilling
their respective duties and respecting each other's rights, husband and wife
contribute to the strength and well-being of the family and society as a whole.
Q8. RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF NON MUSILM
Islam upholds the rights and duties of non-Muslims, promoting tolerance and
respect for their religious practices and personal freedoms. Islam recognizes that
individuals should not be forced or compelled to accept Islam, as stated in the Holy
Quran: "There is no compulsion in religion."
In matters of personal and criminal laws, there is no differentiation between
Muslims and non-Muslims. The same rules and regulations apply to all individuals,
ensuring equal treatment and justice for everyone. Non-Muslims are permitted to
govern their own conventions, religious practices, marriages, and other family-
related matters. The Holy Quran states, "Say, 'O non-Muslims, I do not worship
what you worship, nor are you worshipers of what I worship... To you, your way,
and to me, mine.'"
However, due to the ideological nature of the Islamic system, the headship of a
Muslim state is reserved for a Muslim leader, as the Khalifa must believe in Islam
and prioritize the promulgation of Islamic laws. This does not undermine the rights
and privileges of non-Muslims in society but ensures the implementation of
Islamic principles at the state level.
Islam places great importance on the duty of an Islamic government to protect the
life and property of its non-Muslim citizens. The government is responsible for
safeguarding the rights and well-being of non-Muslims, ensuring their safety, and
providing them with equal opportunities. Non-Muslims are free to engage in
various occupations such as agriculture, trade, and even military services if they
choose to do so.
As an international religion, Islam advocates for the utmost respect for the religion,
lives, honor, prosperity, traditions, and religious practices of non-Muslims. Islam
encourages harmonious coexistence and accommodation with non-Muslims,
fostering good relations and peaceful interactions. The teachings of Islam promote
understanding, cooperation, and tolerance among different nations and cultures,
emphasizing the importance of living together in harmony.
