Global Environmental Movements:
The environmental movement might be said to have begun centuries ago as a response to
industrialization. In the nineteenth century, the British Romantic Poets extolled the beauties
of nature, while American writer Henry David Thoreau praised the return to a simpler life,
guided by the values implicit in nature. It was a dichotomy that continued well into the
twentieth century.
In the aftermath of the Second World War, the rise of the nuclear age introduced fears of a
new kind of pollution from deadly radiation. The environmental movement gained new
momentum in 1962 with the publication of Rachel Carson’s book “The Silent Spring”, which
warned about the agricultural use of synthetic chemical pesticides. A scientist and writer,
Ms. Carson stressed the need to respect the ecosystem in which we live, in order to protect
human health as well as the environment.
In 1969, the first, iconic photos of the Earth from outer space touched the hearts of humanity
with Its simplicity and beauty. Seeing for the first time this “big blue marble” in an immense
galaxy brought home to many that we live on One Earth — a fragile, interdependent
ecosystem. And our responsibility to protect the health and well-being of that ecosystem
began to dawn on the collective consciousness of the world.
With the ending of the tumultuous decade of the 1960s, its highest ideals and visions began to
be translated into practical form. Among these was the environmental vision — now, quite
literally, a global phenomenon. As universal concern about the healthy and sustainable use
of the planet and its resources continued to grow, the UN, in 1972, convened the United
Nations Conference on the Human Environment, in Stockholm.
It was a landmark event, and its final Declaration contains 19 principles that represent
an environmental manifesto for our times. In addressing the need “to inspire and guide the
peoples of the world in the preservation and enhancement of the human environment”, it laid
the groundwork for the new environmental agenda of the United Nations system.
“A point has been reached in history when we must shape our actions throughout the world
with a more prudent care for their environmental consequences. Through ignorance or
indifference we can do massive and irreversible harm to the earthly environment on which
our life and well being depend. Conversely, through fuller knowledge and wiser action, we
can achieve for ourselves and our posterity a better life in an environment more in keeping
with human needs and hopes …"
“To defend and improve the human environment for present and future generations has
become an imperative goal for mankind.”
from the Declaration of the UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm, 1972),
para. 6
Picking up on the energy generated by the Conference, the General Assembly, in December
1972, established the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), which leads the
efforts of the United Nations family on behalf of the global environment. Its current
priorities are environmental aspects of disasters and conflicts, ecosystem management,
environmental governance, harmful substances, resource efficiency, and climate change.
In 1983, the Secretary-General of the United Nations invited Dr. Gro Harlem Brundtland, a
medical doctor, master of public health and former Prime Minister of Norway, to establish
and chair a World Commission on Environment and Development.
Dr. Brundtland was a natural choice for this timely role, as her vision of health had long
extended beyond the confines of the medical world into environmental issues and human
development. In April 1987, the Brundtland Commission, as it came to be known, published
its groundbreaking report, “Our Common Future” — which brought the concept of
sustainable development into the public discourse.
“Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”
“A world in which poverty and inequity are endemic will always be prone to ecological and
other crises. … Sustainable development requires that societies meet human needs both by
increasing productive potential and by ensuring equitable opportunities for all.”
“Many of us live beyond the world's ecological means, for instance in our patterns of energy
use. … At a minimum, sustainable development must not endanger the natural systems that
support life on Earth: the atmosphere, the waters, the soils, and the living beings.”
“In essence, sustainable development is a process of change in which the exploitation of
resources, the direction of investments, the orientation of technological development; and
institutional change are all in harmony and enhance both current and future potential to meet
human needs and aspirations.”
— from the Brundtland Report, “Our Common Future”
The wide-ranging recommendations made by the Commission led directly to the holding of
the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, which placed the issue
squarely on the public agenda in a way it had never been before. Meeting in Rio de Janeiro,
in 1992, the “Earth Summit”, as it came to be known, adopted its “Agenda 21”, a blueprint
for the protection of our planet and its sustainable development.
Agenda 21, represented the culmination of two decades of focused attention, which began
with the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, held at Stockholm in 1972.
Based on its conclusions, the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) was created, to become
the world’s leading environmental agency. By 1992, the link between environment and
development, and the imperative need for sustainable development was seen and recognized
worldwide.
In Agenda 21, governments outlined a detailed blueprint for action that could move the world
away from its present unsustainable model of economic growth towards activities that will
protect and renew the environmental resources on which growth and development depend.
Areas for action included: protecting the atmosphere; combating deforestation, soil loss and
desertification; preventing air and water pollution; halting the depletion of fish stocks; and
promoting the safe management of toxic wastes.
But Agenda 21 went beyond these purely environmental issues to address patterns of
development which cause stress to the environment. These included: poverty and external
debt in developing countries; unsustainable patterns of production and consumption;
demographic stress; and the structure of the international economy. The action programme
also recommended ways to strengthen the part played by major groups — women, trade
unions, farmers, children and young people, indigenous peoples, the scientific community,
local authorities, business, industry and NGOs — in achieving sustainable development.
To ensure full support for the goals of Agenda 21, the General Assembly in 1992 established
theCommission on Sustainable Development, as a functional commission of the Economic
and Social Council.
The Earth Summit also led to the adoption of the UN Convention on Biological
Diversity (1992) and the UN Convention to Combat Desertification in Countries
Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa (1994). In 1994,
a Global Conference on the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States,
held in Barbados, adopted a Programme of Action that set forth policies, actions and
measures at all levels to promote sustainable development for these states.
In what was called the “Earth Summit + 5”, the General Assembly held a special session in
1997 to review and appraise the implementation of Agenda 21, and make recommendations
for its further fulfillment. The session’s final document recommended the adoption of legally
binding targets to reduce emission of greenhouse gases leading to climate change; moving
more forcefully towards sustainable patterns of energy production, distribution and use; and
focusing on poverty eradication as a prerequisite for sustainable development.
The principles of sustainable development have been implicit in many UN conferences,
including: the Second UN Conference on Human Settlements (Istanbul, 1996); the Special
Session of the General Assembly on Small Island Developing States (New York, 1999); the
Millennium Summit (New York, 2000) and its Millennium Development Goals (Goal 7 seeks
to “Ensure Environmental Sustainability”); and the2005 World Summit.
In 1988, UNEP and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) came together to create
theIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which has become the pre-eminent
global source for scientific information relating to climate change. The main international
instrument on this subject, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC) was adopted in 1992. And its Kyoto Protocol, which sets binding targets
for 37 industrialized countries and the European community for reducing greenhouse gas
emissions, was adopted in 1997.
In 2002, the World Summit on Sustainable Development was held in Johannesburg, South
Africa, from 26 August to 4 September 2002, to take stock of achievements, challenges and
new issues arising since the 1992 Earth Summit. It was an “implementation” Summit,
designed to turn the goals, promises and commitments of Agenda 21 into concrete, tangible
actions.
Member states agreed to the Johannesburg Declaration on Sustainable Development and a
Plan of Implementation detailing the priorities for action. The Division for Sustainable
Development of the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs – which provides the
secretariat for the Commission on Sustainable Development, and was already engaging in
monitoring implementation of Agenda 21 and the 1994 Barbados Programme of Action for
the Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States– began doing the same with
regard to the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation.
In January 2005, the international community met at Mauritius to conduct a 10-year United
Nations review of the Barbados Programme, approving a wide-ranging set of specific
recommendations for its further implementation. The Mauritius Strategy addresses such
issues as climate change and rising sea levels; natural and environmental disasters;
management of wastes; coastal, marine, freshwater, land, energy, tourism and biodiversity
resources; transportation and communication; science and technology; globalization and trade
liberalization; sustainable production and consumption, capacity development, and education
for sustainable development; health; culture; knowledge management and information for
decision-making.
At the Earth Summit, it was agreed that most financing for Agenda 21 would come from
within each country’s public and private sectors. However, new and additional external funds
were deemed necessary to support developing countries’ efforts to implement sustainable
development practices and protect the global environment.
Addressing this need, the Global Environment Facility (GEF) was established in 1991 to help
developing countries fund projects that protect the global environment and promote
sustainable livelihoods in local communities. It has provided $8.8 billion in grants and
generated over $38.7 billion in cofinancing from recipient governments, international
development agencies, private industry and NGOs, to support more than 2,400 projects in
more than 165 developing countries and economies in transition. – It has also made more
than 10,000 small grants directly to nongovernmental and community organizations.
GEF projects — principally carried out by UNDP, UNEP and the World Bank — conserve
and make sustainable use of biological diversity, address global climate change, reverse the
degradation of international waters, phase out substances that deplete the ozone layer, combat
land degradation and drought, and reduce and eliminate the production and use of certain
persistent organic pollutants.
To help advance the cause of sustainable development in a continuous fashion, the General
Assemblyalso declared the period 2005-2014 as the United Nations Decade of Education for
Sustainable Development. The Decade, for which the United Nations Educational, Scientific
and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is the lead agency, aims to help people to develop the
attitudes, skills and knowledge to make informed decisions for the benefit of themselves and
others, now and in the future, and to act upon those decisions.
The list of UN bodies active in support of the environment and sustainable development
includes the World Bank, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the
International Maritime Organization (IMO), the UN Industrial Development Organization
(UNIDO), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the UN
Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT), the United Nations Educational, Scientific
and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).
The UN Global Compact engages the international business community in the observance of
environmental principles, and the Global Environment Facility (GEF), a World Bank-UNDP-
UNEP initiative, helps to fund it all.
In view of the crucial importance of the environmental perspective and the principle of
sustainability, the General Assembly has declared a number of observances to catalyze
positive action worldwide.
Among those currently in effect are the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable
Development(2015-2014), and the International Decade for Action, “Water for Life”, which
began on 22 March 2005. In addition, the world community will observe the International
Year of Natural Fibres in 2009, the International Year of Biodiversity in 2010, and
the International Year of Forests in 2011.
Annual environment-related observances declared by the Assembly also include World Water
Day (22 March), the International Day for Biological Diversity (22 May), World
Environment Day (5 June), World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought (17 June),
International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer (16 September), International Day
for Preventing the Exploitation of the Environment in War and Armed Conflict (6
November), and International Mountain Day (11 December).
Source:
http://www.un.org/en/globalissues/environment/
