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    câu 3- l,m,n

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    câu 3- l,m,n

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    câu 3- l,m,n

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    Ngôn ngữ học đối chiếu

    3. State briefly the relationship between contrastive analysis and translation.


    * Contrastive Analysis:
    - It identifies similarities and differences between the learner’s first language (L1) and the
    target language (L2).
    - The goal is to predict potential difficulties and guide teaching by focusing on areas
    where the two languages differ.
    - It assumes that learners will naturally transfer elements from their L1, and thus areas of
    difference should be practiced explicitly.

    *Translation:
    - Translation relies on understanding both L1 and L2 structures and applying this
    knowledge to convert meaning from one language to the other.
    - However, the text highlights that relying on translation in learning reinforces the habit of
    falling back on L1, which can hinder fluent, native-like use of the target language.

    * The relationship between contrastive analysis and translation:


    - Translation can be seen as a practical application of contrastive analysis, but the text
    critiques its role in language learning. It argues that over-reliance on translation encourages
    learners to think in L1, rather than developing an independent, internalized system for L2
    (referred to as an "emic view").
    - Effective teaching based on contrastive analysis should present both similarities and
    differences explicitly, helping learners avoid unnecessary reliance on L1 and instead build a
    "coordinate system" for mastering L2.

    => In summary, while contrastive analysis informs language teaching by identifying


    linguistic differences, translation, when overused, can undermine the goal of fluent, native-
    like language use by reinforcing dependence on L1 structures.
    Kiểm tra đánh giá
    l/ State your understanding about testing. Distinguish achievement tests from
    proficiency tests. Give examples (apart from the textbook) where possible.
    * Testing:
    - Testing is the process of evaluating a system, product, or process to ensure it meets
    specified requirements, functions correctly, and is free from defects. It involves running the
    system under controlled conditions to identify errors, verify functionality, and assess
    performance.
    In software development, testing can include unit testing, integration testing, system
    testing, and user acceptance testing, among other types. The goal is to ensure quality,
    reliability, and that the product behaves as expected in real-world scenarios.

    * Distinguish achievement tests from proficiency tests:


    Aspect Achievement Tests Proficiency Tests
    Measure how well learners have Assess overall ability or
    achieved specific learning competence in a language,
    Purpose
    objectives in a course or regardless of how or where it was
    curriculum. learned.
    Curriculum-based: Evaluates Global competence: Measures
    knowledge or skills tied to a language skills for general or
    Focus
    specific syllabus or instruction specific purposes (e.g., academic,
    period. work).
    Includes material taught during Broadly evaluates multiple skills
    the course (e.g., grammar, (e.g., reading, writing, listening,
    Content
    vocabulary, reading skills from speaking) across contexts.
    the syllabus).
    Time of Administered after a lesson, unit, Administered independently of any
    Administratio or term of study. learning period or specific course.
    n
    Examples A final exam for a semester-long IELTS exams assess English
    English grammar class. language proficiency for academic
    or professional purposes.
    Provides diagnostic or formative Usually summative and norm-
    Feedback feedback for improvement in referenced, with limited feedback.
    specific areas.

    m/ What are Proficiency Tests and Aptitude Tests? Give examples.


    * Proficiency Tests:
    - Proficiency tests are designed to measure an individual's overall language ability,
    regardless of how or where the language was learned. These tests evaluate a wide range of
    skills, such as grammar, vocabulary, reading, writing, listening, and speaking. They are
    typically summative and norm-referenced, providing scores that compare the test-taker's
    performance against a standard or group. Proficiency tests are commonly used for academic
    or professional purposes, like university admissions or job requirements.
    Examples: TOEFL, IELTS or Cambridge English exams: includes levels like B2 First, C1
    Advanced, and C2 proficiency for learners of English.

    * Aptitude Tests:
    - Aptitude tests assess a person’s potential or capacity to learn a foreign language before
    starting formal instruction. They evaluate cognitive abilities like memory, sound
    discrimination, and pattern recognition to predict future success in language learning.
    Although once widely used, aptitude tests are now less common and are primarily used for
    identifying language learning challenges or providing personalized learning strategies.
    Examples: Modern Language Aptitude Test (MLAT), Pimsleur Language Aptitude Battery
    (PLAB).

    n/ State your understanding about Behavioral Influences on Language Testing. Give


    examples.
    - Behavioral influences on language testing: stem from the mid-20th century when
    behavioral psychology and structural linguistics shaped both language teaching and testing.
    These fields emphasized breaking language into smaller components and testing those
    components independently. The primary focus was on sentence-level grammar, vocabulary,
    and translation, rather than on real-world communication. This approach assumed that
    language could be segmented into discrete units such as phonology, morphology, lexicon,
    syntax, and discourse, and that testing these components separately could effectively
    measure language proficiency.

    Examples:
    - Discrete-point Testing: A common example includes multiple-choice grammar and
    vocabulary tests. For instance, a test might ask students to choose the correct verb form in a
    sentence or identify the meaning of a word.
    - Translation Exercises: Tasks where students translate isolated words, sentences, or short
    paragraphs between their first and second languages.
    - Standardized Tests: The Michigan Test of English Language Proficiency (1961) and the
    Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL, 1963) are examples of standardized tests
    developed under this framework. These tests aimed to assess various language skills and
    discrete points of linguistic knowledge using a psychometric-structuralist approach.
    => This method highlighted validity, reliability, and objectivity in testing but placed limited
    emphasis on authentic, communicative competence. Despite this, discrete-point formats
    remain widely used, particularly in large-scale standardized entrance exams.

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