ACTIVE ONE

CLASS : 01
WE have 26 letters OR alphabets in English.
In which we have 5 vowel (a, e, i, o, u)
In the remains 21 letters are ‘Consonnat’

CLASS : 02

English Grammar: Articles

1. Definition
Articles are words that define a noun as specific or unspecific. They are used before
nouns in sentences.

2. Types of Articles
There are two types of articles in English:

2.1 Definite Article: ‘The’

‘The’ is used when referring to specific or particular nouns; both the speaker and
listener understand what is being referred to, even if it has not been mentioned before.

Example: “The dog that bit me ran away.” In this case, we’re talking about a specific
dog, the dog that bit me.

2.2 Indefinite Articles: ‘A’ and ‘An’

‘A’ and ‘An’ are used when the noun is not specific. The article ‘A’ is used before
words that begin with a consonant sound, and ‘An’ is used before words that begin
with a vowel sound.

Example: “I saw a lion in my dream.” In this case, we’re not talking about a specific
lion. We’re talking about any lion.
3. Usage with Adjectives
Articles can also be used with adjectives. They are used before the adjective in the
sentence.

Example: “She’s wearing a beautiful dress.” Here, ‘a’ is the article and ‘beautiful’ is
the adjective describing the dress.

Here are some more examples of indefinite articles:

1. A:
o “I saw a movie last night.”
o “She has a bicycle.”
o “He is a teacher.”
2. An:
o “I ate an apple for breakfast.”
o “She is an engineer.”
o “He opened an umbrella.”

Remember, ‘a’ is used before words that begin with a consonant sound, and ‘an’ is
used before words that begin with a vowel sound. I hope these examples help! 😊

CLASS : 03
Sure, here’s a structured explanation of the English grammar points ‘Noun’,
‘Pronoun’, and ‘Adjective’ that you can use for your notes:

English Grammar: Noun, Pronoun, Adjective

1. Noun
A noun is a word that names or identifies a person, place, thing, quality, idea, or
activity. Nouns can act as the subject, an indirect object, a direct object, a subject
complement, and an object complement1. They can be classified into:

1.1 Proper Nouns

Nouns that are used to name a person, place, or thing specifically are called a proper
noun. Proper nouns always begin with a capital letter.

1.2 Common Nouns

Common nouns are those nouns that refer to a generic item, group, or place1.

1.3 Singular Nouns

These are words that are used to name a single person, place, animal, bird, or object1.

1.4 Plural Nouns

Plural nouns refer to a number of people, places, animals, or things1.

2. Pronoun
A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun, noun phrase, or noun clause5678.
Pronouns can act as the subject, an indirect object, a direct object, a subject
complement, and an object complement5. They can be classified into:

2.1 Personal Pronouns

Personal pronouns represent specific people or things. They can be in the first person
(I, we), second person (you), or third person (he, she, it, they)5.

2.2 Possessive Pronouns

Possessive pronouns show ownership or possession5.

2.3 Reflexive Pronouns

Reflexive pronouns refer back to the subject of the sentence5.

2.4 Demonstrative Pronouns

Demonstrative pronouns point to and identify a noun or a pronoun5.

2.5 Interrogative Pronouns

Interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions5.

2.6 Indefinite Pronouns

Indefinite pronouns refer to people or things without saying exactly who or what they
are5.

3. Adjective
An adjective is a word that describes or modifies a noun or pronoun. They can
describe the qualities or states of being of nouns, or they can describe the quantity of
nouns. They can be classified into:

3.1 Comparative Adjectives

Comparative adjectives are used to compare two things.

3.2 Superlative Adjectives

Superlative adjectives indicate that something has the highest degree of the quality in
question.

1. Noun
A noun is a word that names or identifies a person, place, thing, quality, idea, or
activity. Nouns can act as the subject, an indirect object, a direct object, a subject
complement, and an object complement1.

Examples:

 “I saw a cat.” (Here, ‘cat’ is a noun)

 “She has a bicycle.” (Here, ‘bicycle’ is a noun)

2. Pronoun
A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun, noun phrase, or noun clause5678.
Pronouns can act as the subject, an indirect object, a direct object, a subject
complement, and an object complement5.

Examples:

 “John is reading a book. He finds it interesting.” (Here, ‘he’ is a pronoun that

replaces ‘John’)
 “This is my dog. It is very friendly.” (Here, ‘it’ is a pronoun that replaces ‘dog’)
3. Adjective
An adjective is a word that describes or modifies a noun or pronoun910111213. They can
describe the qualities or states of being of nouns, or they can describe the quantity of
nouns9.

Examples:

 “She’s wearing a beautiful dress.” (Here, ‘beautiful’ is an adjective that

describes the dress)
 “I have three apples.” (Here, ‘three’ is an adjective that describes the quantity
of apples)

CLASS : 04

Personal Pronouns
Personal pronouns are short words used to replace a person’s name or a noun in
speech or writing. They allow us to speak and write more concisely and avoid
repeating cumbersome proper nouns.

Here are some examples:

 First Person: “I”, “we”

o “I am going to the market.”
o “We are studying for the test.”

 Second Person: “you”

o “You are my best friend.”
o “You all need to submit your assignments.”

 Third Person: “he”, “she”, “it”, “they”

o “He is playing football.”
o “She is reading a book.”
o “It is raining outside.”
o “They are going on a trip.”

In these examples, the personal pronouns (“I”, “we”, “you”, “he”, “she”, “it”, “they”)
are used in place of the person or thing they are referring to. This makes the sentences
more concise and easier to understand.
CLASS : 05

1. Verb
A verb is a word that describes an action, occurrence, or state of being1234. It is one of
the most important parts of a sentence because it tells us what the subject is doing.

Example: “John plays football.” Here, ‘plays’ is the verb which describes the action
John is doing.

Sure, I’d be happy to explain the forms of a verb.

Verb Forms
In English, verbs have five different forms123:

1. Base Form (Infinitive): This is the verb as is, with no changes or conjugations.
It’s used as the infinitive form, with or without ‘to’, and for the present simple1.
For example, ‘run’, ‘enjoy’, ‘talk’.

Example: “I run five miles every day.”

2. Past Tense: This form indicates that an action occurred in the past. For regular
verbs, you add “-ed” or “-d” to the base form1. For irregular verbs, the past
tense can be different1.

Example: “He jumped on the bed.”

3. Past Participle: This form is used in perfect tenses and in passive

constructions1. For regular verbs, the past participle is the same as the past
tense1. For irregular verbs, it can be different1.

Example: “I have cleaned the bathroom.”

4. Present Participle: This form is used to indicate ongoing actions. You add “-
ing” to the base form to create the present participle1.

Example: “She is running in the park.”

5. Third-Person Singular: This form is used when the subject of the sentence is
he, she, or it. You add “-s” or “-es” to the base form to create the third-person
singular1.

Example: “He laughs at jokes.”

Remember, the way these forms are constructed depends on whether the verb is
regular or irregular. Regular verbs follow typical patterns, while irregular verbs do
not.

2. Subject
The subject of a sentence is the person, place, thing, or idea that is doing or being
something. It typically answers the question “who” or “what” before the verb.

Example: “Cats purr.” Here, ‘Cats’ is the subject because they are the ones doing the
action of purring.

3. Object
An object in a sentence is the noun, pronoun, or noun phrase that receives the action
done by the subject341011. It usually answers the question “what?” or “whom?” after the
verb.

Example: “She reads books.” Here, ‘books’ is the object because it is what is being
read by the subject ‘She’.

The term ‘BE’ in English grammar refers to the verb ‘be’, which is one of the most
fundamental verbs in the language. It’s used in a variety of ways and has several
forms.

The verb ‘be’ has the following forms:

 Infinitive form: be
 Present simple: I am, you are, he/she/it is, we are, you are, they are
 Past simple: I was, you were, he/she/it was, we were, you were, they were
 Past participle: been
 Present participle: being

Here are some examples of how ‘be’ is used:

1. To show a permanent or temporary quality, state, job, etc.

o “He is rich.” (permanent quality)
o “It is cold today.” (temporary state)
2. With the -ing form to make the continuous aspect
o “We were walking down the street.” (past continuous)
o “I am studying.” (present continuous)
3. With the past participle to make the passive voice
o “The house was built in 1890.” (past passive)
o “The cake is being made.” (present passive)

CLASS : 05

‘This’ in English Grammar

‘This’ is a demonstrative pronoun and determiner used to point to a person or thing
that is close to the speaker or writer, or to a thing that is happening now1234. It can be
used with both singular and uncountable nouns1.

Here are some examples:

1. As a determiner: ‘This’ can be used before a noun to specify which particular

person or thing you are referring to.
1
o "This form here is for you to sign."
1
o "These books are too heavy for me to carry."
1
o "We met this girl in the hotel."

2. As a pronoun: ‘This’ can be used to refer to things or ideas.

o "Put the butter, chocolate, and sugar in a saucepan. Heat this over a
low flame until it melts."1
o "We’re going to eat first and then go to the film. Are you happy with
that?"1

3. In time phrases: ‘This’ is often used with words describing time and dates like
morning, afternoon, evening, week, month, year to refer to ‘the one that’s
coming’ or ‘the one we’re currently in’1.
1
o "I’ll be with you sometime this evening."
1
o "Johan seemed very happy this afternoon."
1
o "Ian is in Germany all this week."

1. Demonstrative Pronoun
A demonstrative pronoun is a pronoun that points to a specific noun or noun phrase in
a sentence. It can substitute for the noun or noun phrase as long as what it represents
is clear within the context1. The demonstrative pronouns in English are ‘this’, ‘that’,
‘these’, and 'those’.

Example: “I want that.” Here, ‘that’ is a demonstrative pronoun that represents a

previously mentioned or implied word or phrase1.

2. Plural Form of ‘THIS’

The plural form of ‘this’ is 'these’56. We use ‘these’ to refer to multiple things that are
close to us56.

Example: “Are these your books?” Here, ‘these’ is used to refer to multiple books
that are close to the speaker.

3. Demonstrative Adjective
When ‘this’, ‘that’, ‘these’, or ‘those’ is used before a noun, it is called a
demonstrative adjective. Demonstrative adjectives are used to specify or identify a
noun.

Example: “This book is interesting.” Here, ‘this’ is a demonstrative adjective that

specifies which book is being referred to.

CLASS : 06

‘That’ in English Grammar

‘That’ is a very common word in English that is used in many different ways12. It can
be used as a determiner, a demonstrative pronoun, a relative pronoun, and a
conjunction12.

Here are some examples:

1. As a determiner: ‘That’ can be used before a noun to specify which particular

person or thing you are referring to12.
1
o "That green bowl over there is mine."
1
o "I quite like that one."

2. As a demonstrative pronoun: ‘That’ can be used to refer to things or ideas12.

o "Can you pass me that?"1
o "That sounds lovely."1

3. As a relative pronoun: ‘That’ can be used to connect two clauses12.

1
o "Tom bought the apples that the man was selling."
1
o "Peter invited the boy that was new in class."

4. In a clause as an object: ‘That’ can be used in clauses that act as the object of
a verb2.
2
o "Jennifer hinted that she would be late for class."
2
o "Doug knew that he needed to hurry up."

5. In a clause as a complement to a noun or an adjective: ‘That’ can be used in

a clause following a noun or an adjective as a complement2.
2
o "Peter is upset that his sister wants to drop out of high school."
o "Mr. Johnson appreciates our efforts that have brought in a lot of
donations."2

6. Clause as subject of a sentence: ‘That’ clauses can introduce a phrase acting

as the subject of a sentence2.
2
o "That it is so difficult is hard to understand."
2
o "That Mary feels so sad is very upsetting."

CLASS : 07

Possessive Pronouns
Possessive pronouns are pronouns that are used to indicate the ownership (or
possession) of something or someone by something or someone else1234. The English
possessive pronouns are ‘mine’, ‘ours’, ‘yours’, ‘his’, ‘hers’, ‘theirs’, and 'whose’1234.

Here are some examples:

1. “Mine is the red car in the parking lot.” Here, ‘mine’ replaces ‘my car’ and
indicates that the red car belongs to the speaker.
2. “This book is not yours, it’s hers.” Here, ‘hers’ indicates that the book belongs
to a specific woman or girl.
3. “We have our tickets and they have theirs.” Here, ‘theirs’ replaces ‘their
tickets’ and indicates that they have their own tickets.
Remember, possessive pronouns are used in place of nouns to make statements about
ownership more concisely, without needing to repeat the nouns representing the
owner and the possession5. For example, rather than saying, “The house belongs to
my sister and her husband,” you could simply say, “The house is theirs.”

Sure, some more examples of possessive pronouns:

1. “Mine is the blue car, not the red one.” Here, ‘mine’ indicates that the blue car
belongs to the speaker.
2. “This is your book, and that’s hers.” Here, ‘hers’ indicates that the other book
belongs to a specific woman or girl.
3. “The smaller piece is yours.” Here, ‘yours’ indicates that the smaller piece
belongs to the person being spoken to.
4. “They have their own house, and we have ours.” Here, ‘ours’ indicates that we
have our own house, separate from theirs.
5. “The cat is not his, it’s theirs.” Here, ‘theirs’ indicates that the cat belongs to a
group of people being referred to.

Remember, possessive pronouns are used to show ownership and to avoid repetition
in sentences. I hope these examples help! 😊

CLASS : 08

Prepositions in English Grammar

Prepositions are words that show direction, location, time, and the spatial relationship
between objects12. They are followed by an object in a sentence, which can be a noun
or a pronoun12. Although there may be other words between them, a prepositional
phrase begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun, acting as the
object12.

Here are some common examples of how prepositions function in a sentence. The
prepositions are in bold, and the object of the preposition is underlined:

 Direction: "I sent a package to you."1

 Location: "He’s at the theater."1
 Time: "It should be done by suppertime."1
 Spatial relationship: "The ball was placed before the hole."1
 Introducing an object: "We heard the howling of wolves."1
Most prepositions are single words, but some are made of pairs and groups of words.
These are often referred to as complex or compound prepositions. Here is an example:

 Simple preposition: "I rowed the boat across the lake."1

 Complex preposition: "I parked the car in front of your house."1

Some words that are prepositions can also be adverbs. However, an easy way to tell
the difference is if the word is followed by an object (noun or pronoun), it’s a
preposition. If it modifies (describes) a verb, it’s an adverb1. Here’s an example of
how the same word can be a preposition in one context and an adverb in another:

 Preposition: "There are a lot of people in line outside the movie theater."1
 Adverb: "My dog is outside."1

I hope this helps!

Absolutely, I’d be happy to help you prepare notes for your students. Here’s the
information about “imperative” in a structured format:

Imperative
Definition
 Adjective: Very important and needing immediate attention or action .
 Noun: A command, order, rule, or duty.

Shortcut to Remember
Think of the word as a combination of “im” and “perative”. The prefix “im” means
“not” or “the opposite of”, so when you add it to the word “perative”, you get
“imperative”, which means something that is not optional or not allowed.

Examples
 “It is imperative that you finish your homework on time.” This means that it is
very important and necessary for you to do so.

Mnemonic Devices
 I’m perceptive and I know what’s imperative.
 If it’s impermanent, it’s imperative.
 Imperatives are imperative.

I hope this structured format helps you in preparing notes for your students. If you
have any other questions or need further clarification, feel free to ask. 😊

OF THE
The phrase “of the” is a preposition that can be used to indicate different relationships
between words or phrases. Here are some of the common uses of “of the”:

 To show possession or belonging: He is a friend of mine. She is a citizen of

France. This book is of great value.
 To show origin or derivation: He is a descendant of Columbus. She is a product
of hard work. This painting is of Picasso’s style.
 To show cause, motive, or reason: He died of a heart attack. She left because
she was unhappy. This disease is caused by bacteria.
 To show part or element: The head of the snake was cut off. The water of the
lake was clear and blue. The main ingredient of this cake is flour.
 To show whole or quantity from which a part is removed or expended: He gave
half of his money to charity. She ate three slices of pizza and drank two glasses
of soda.
 To show characteristic or distinctive quality or possession: He has a good sense
of humor. She is a woman of courage. This car has a loud engine.
 To show position in time: He arrived at noon. She was born in 1999. They will
celebrate their anniversary next month.
 To show example belonging to the class denoted by the preceding noun: He
gave me an example of how to solve this problem. She showed me an example
of her latest work.

I hope this helps you understand the phrase “of the” better.

There and Here

Definition
 There: Used to point forward to a place or situation.
 Here: Used to refer to the place where you are.

Usage
There

 Distance or Position: “The house is over there.”

 Contrast or Comparison: “He went there, but I stayed here.”
 Addition or Continuation: “There is a problem here.”
 Emphasis or Surprise: “There you are! I’ve been looking for you
everywhere!”

Here

 Distance or Position: “She lives here in this town.”

 Contrast or Comparison: “He went there, but I stayed here.”
 Addition or Continuation: “We need to find a solution here.”
 Emphasis or Surprise: “Here comes the bus!”

Examples
There

 “There is a park near my school, but it’s not very clean.”

 “He left his keys over there on the table, so he couldn’t lock the door.”
 “There was a loud noise outside, so we turned on the lights.”

Here

 “She works here as a teacher, but she wants to travel the world.”
 “This is my favorite place in the world. I love it here.”

How Many and How Much

Definition
 How Many: Used to ask about the quantity of countable nouns.
 How Much: Used to ask about the quantity of uncountable nouns or the price
of something.

Usage
How Many

 Quantity: Used with plural countable nouns.

o Examples:
 “How many days are there in January?”
 “How many people work in your company?”
 “How many books did you buy?”

How Much

 Quantity: Used with uncountable nouns.

o Examples:
 “How much time do we have to finish the test?”
 “How much money did you spend?”
 “How much sugar would you like in your coffee?”
 Price: Used to ask the price of something.
o Examples:
 “How much is that painting?”
 “How much are those shoes?”
 “How much did your jacket cost?”

Note
Often the noun is omitted in the question when it is obvious what we are talking
about. For example:

 A: “I would like to buy some cheese.”

 B: “How much would you like?”

The noun “cheese” is not necessary after “how much” since we already know we are
talking about cheese. In fact, it is normally omitted to avoid sounding repetitive.

These and Those

Definition
 These: Used to point to people and things that are close to the speaker or
writer.
 Those: Used to point to people and things that are further away from the
speaker or writer.

Usage
These

 Physical Closeness: Used to point to things and people that are close to the
speaker or writer, or things that are happening now.
o Examples:
1
 "Shall I use these knives here?"
1
 "Do these belong to the Bradshaws?"

Those

 Physical Distance: Used to point to things and people which are not easy to
identify in a situation. They are often more distant from the speaker, and
sometimes closer to the listener.
o Examples:
1
 "What’s in that bottle over there?"
1
 "Could you blow out those candles near you?"

Note
“These” and “those” are plural forms of “this” and “that” respectively. They are used
as determiners and pronouns1. For example, "I want these, not those."

Absolutely, I’d be happy to help you prepare notes for your students. Here’s the
information about “What are they doing?” and “What is he doing?” in a structured
format:

What are they doing? / What is he doing?

Definition
 These phrases are used to ask about the current actions of people. They are
used in the present progressive tense, which is used to talk about ongoing
actions that are happening now.

Usage
What are they doing?

 This phrase is used to ask about the current actions of multiple people.
o Example:
 “What are they doing?”
 "They are playing soccer."

What is he doing?

 This phrase is used to ask about the current action of a single person.
o Example:
 “What is he doing?”
 "He is dancing."

Note
These phrases are often used in games and activities to teach the present progressive
tense to English language learners1. For example, in a game of charades, one student
acts out an action, and the other students guess what they are doing.

Yes/No Questions
Definition
 Yes/No Questions are questions that can be answered with “yes” or “no”. They
often begin with an auxiliary verb or a modal verb.

Usage
With an Auxiliary Verb

 Yes/No questions can be formed with an auxiliary verb (be, do, or have) +
subject + main verb.
o Examples:
 “Is she working very hard?”
 “Does that taste okay?”
 “Have they eaten yet?”

With a Modal Verb

 Yes/No questions can also be formed with a modal verb + subject + main verb.
o Examples:
 “Could you help me lift this?”
 “Should I open the window?”

Without an Auxiliary Verb

 When there is no auxiliary verb (be, have) or modal verb already present in the
statement, we use the auxiliary do, does, did.
o Examples:
 “Do you usually walk to work?”
 “Did you like disco music in the 70s?”

Note
 Yes/No questions are often used in surveys to gauge people’s attitudes with
regard to specific ideas or beliefs.
 When there is more than one auxiliary verb or a modal verb plus auxiliary
verb(s), we only put the first auxiliary or the modal verb before the subject and
the others after the subject.
 We only put auxiliary and modal verbs, not main verbs, before the subject.

Direct Object
Definition
 A Direct Object is a noun or pronoun that receives the action of the sentence. It
is the word or phrase that the verb is being done to.
Usage
With a Transitive Verb

 Direct objects follow a transitive verb (a verb that takes an object). They
answer the questions “what?” or “whom?” in relation to the verb.
o Examples:
 “The students eat cake.” (The students eat what? Cake.)
 “The family hugged their dog.” (The family hugged whom? Their
dog.)

With an Intransitive Verb

 Not all verbs use a direct object. Some verbs, like laugh and sit, can’t use direct
objects because it doesn’t make sense—you can’t laugh something or sit
someone. Verbs that do not take a direct object are called intransitive verbs.

Note
 Direct objects can be tricky, especially when used with indirect objects.
 Sometimes a verb can be both transitive and intransitive, depending on the
usage. If a verb has more than one meaning, some uses could be transitive
while others are intransitive.
 If you’re unsure whether a verb is transitive or intransitive, try asking “what?”
or “whom?” after the verb—if you get an answer, then it’s transitive, and if you
don’t get an answer then it’s intransitive.

Indirect Object
Definition
 An Indirect Object is a noun or pronoun that indirectly receives the action of a
verb. It often indicates to whom or for whom an action is performed.

Usage
With a Transitive Verb
 Indirect objects are used with transitive verbs (verbs that take an object) and
they typically answer the questions “to whom?”, “for whom?”, “to what?”, or
“for what?” in relation to the verb.
o Examples:
 “She gave her friend a gift.” (She gave a gift to whom? To her
friend.)
 “The teacher told the students a story.” (The teacher told a story to
whom? To the students.)

With a Ditransitive Verb

 Not all transitive verbs can use indirect objects—only a special type called
ditransitive verbs can use indirect objects. Ditransitive verbs are verbs that can
take two objects, a direct object and an indirect object.
o Examples:
 “I will send you the document.” (I will send what? The document.
To whom? To you.)
 “Can you show me the way to the station?” (Can you show what?
The way. To whom? To me.)

Note
 Indirect objects can only be used in sentences with direct objects. However, a
sentence can have a direct object without an indirect object.
 Sometimes, the indirect object is introduced by a preposition, usually “to” or
“for”. For example, “She gave a gift to her friend.” In this case, “her friend” is
still the indirect object of the verb “gave”.

Adverbials
Definition
 An Adverbial is an individual word (that is, an adverb), a phrase (an adverbial
phrase), or a clause (an adverbial clause) that can modify a verb, an adjective,
or a complete sentence. Like almost any adverb, an adverbial can appear in
many different positions in a sentence.
Usage
With a Verb

 When an adverbial modifies a verb, it changes the meaning of that verb. This
may be performed by an adverb or a word group, either considered an
adverbial: for example, a prepositional phrase, a noun phrase, a finite clause or
a non-finite clause.

Types of Adverbials

 The class of adverbial includes manner and degree adverbs (e.g. happily,
clumsily, quickly, very), temporal adverbials (e.g. now, when, today), spatial
adverbials (here, north, up, across), attitudinal adverbials (certainly, hopefully),
modal adverbials (not, no, probably, etc.), expectation adverbials (only, even,
again), and textual adverbials (firstly, finally).

Note
 Adverbs and adverbials are similar but not the same. Though they share the
same modifying function, their characters are different. An adverbial is a
sentence element or functional category. It is a part of a sentence that performs
a certain function. An adverb, on the other hand, is a type of word or part of
speech. We can say that an adverb may serve as an adverbial, but an adverbial
is not necessarily an adverb.

Have and Has

Definition
 “Have” and “Has” are different forms of the verb “to have”. The primary
meaning of “to have” is “to possess, own, hold for use, or contain.”

Usage
Have

 “Have” is used with the pronouns I, you, we, and they.

o Examples:
 “I have a headache.”
 “You have a new laptop.”
 “They have three cats.”
 “We have a big house.”

Has

 “Has” is used with the third person singular (he, she, it), a name or a singular
noun.
o Examples:
 “He has a cold.”
 “She has a pet dog.”
 “It has been raining all day.”
 “John has a new car.”

Note
 The main difference between “have” and “has” is that “has” is used with the
third person singular, while “have” is used for all other subjects.
 The exception to this is with negative statements and questions, where you
always use “have”.
 “Have” and “has” can both be used in the present tense to mean possession.

Uncountable Noun and Countable Noun

Definition
 Uncountable Noun: Refers to things which, in English, are treated as a whole
or mass. They cannot be separated or counted. Examples include ideas and
experiences (advice, information, progress, news, luck, fun, work), materials
and substances (water, rice, cement, gold, milk), weather words (weather,
thunder, lightning, rain, snow), names for groups or collections of things
(furniture, equipment, rubbish, luggage), and other common uncountable nouns
(accommodation, baggage, homework, knowledge, money, permission,
research, traffic, travel).
 Countable Noun: Refers to things which, in English, are treated as separate
items which can be counted. Examples include a car, three cars, my cousin, my
two cousins, a book, a box full of books, a city, several big cities.
Usage
Uncountable Noun

 Uncountable nouns are not used with a/an or numbers and are not used in the
plural.
o Examples:
 “We’re going to get new furniture for the living room.”
 “We had terrible weather last week.”
 “We need rice next time we go shopping.”

Countable Noun

 Countable nouns can be singular or plural. They can be used with a/an and with
numbers and many other determiners (e.g. these, a few).
o Examples:
 “She’s got two sisters and a younger brother.”
 “Most people buy things like cameras and MP3-players online
these days.”
 “These shoes look old now. I’ll take a few magazines with me for
the flight.”

Note
 When you learn a new noun, you should check if it is countable or uncountable
and note how it is used in a sentence.
 Some nouns always have plural form but they are uncountable because we
cannot use numbers with them. For example, “I bought two pairs of trousers.”
 Some nouns which are uncountable in English are countable in other languages
(e.g. accommodation, advice, furniture, information).

What, Who, Where

Definition
 What: Used to ask for information specifying something.
 Who: Used to ask for information about people.
 Where: Used to ask for information about place.
Usage
What

 “What” is used to ask for specific information about things or situations.

o Examples:
 “What is your name?”
 “What time is it?”

Who

 “Who” is used to ask for specific information about people.

o Examples:
 “Who is your favorite author?”
 “Who won the game?”

Where

 “Where” is used to ask for specific information about a place or location.

o Examples:
 “Where do you live?”
 “Where is the nearest restaurant?”

Note
 “What”, “Who”, and “Where” are all examples of wh-words, which are used to
ask questions. They can appear in both direct questions and indirect questions,
and they are used to begin wh-clauses.

Present Continuous Tense

Definition
 The Present Continuous Tense is used to denote an action that is ongoing or
occurring in the current moment. It is also referred to as the present
progressive tense as they represent the action that is progressing in the
present1.
Structure
 The structure of the Present Continuous Tense is: Subject + am/is/are +
present participle (verb+ing) + the rest of the sentence1.
 However, the structure can vary when the sentences are positive, negative,
interrogative, and negative interrogative1.

Usage
Activities at the Moment of Speaking

 The Present Continuous Tense is used to talk about activities that are
happening at the moment of speaking2.
o Examples:
 “I’m just leaving work. I’ll be home in an hour.”
 “Please be quiet. The children are sleeping.”

Future Plans or Arrangements

 The Present Continuous Tense is also used to talk about future plans or
arrangements2.
o Examples:
 “Mary is going to a new school next term.”
 “What are you doing next week?”

Something Which is Happening Before and After a Specific Time

 The Present Continuous Tense is used to describe something which is

happening before and after a specific time2.
o Examples:
 “At eight o’clock we are usually having breakfast.”
 “When I get home the children are doing their homework.”

Something Which We Think is Temporary

 The Present Continuous Tense is used to describe something which we think is

temporary2.
o Examples:
 “Michael is at university. He’s studying history.”
 “I’m working in London for the next two weeks.”
Something Which is New and Contrasts with a Previous State

 The Present Continuous Tense is used to describe something which is new and
contrasts with a previous state2.
o Examples:
 “These days most people are using email instead of writing
letters.”
 “What sort of clothes are teenagers wearing nowadays?”
 “What sort of music are they listening to?”

Something Which is Changing, Growing or Developing

 The Present Continuous Tense is used to describe something which is

changing, growing or developing2.
o Examples:
 “The children are growing up quickly.”
 “The climate is changing rapidly.”
 “Your English is improving.”

Something Which Happens Again and Again

 The Present Continuous Tense is used to describe something which happens

again and again2.
o Examples:
 “It’s always raining in London.”
 “They are always arguing.”
 “George is great. He’s always laughing.”

Possessive Personal Pronouns:

1. Mine: This word is used for things that belong to me or are associated with me.
o Example: “This book is mine.”
2. Yours: This word is used for things that belong to you or are associated with
you.
o Example: “This bike is yours.”
3. His: This word is used for things that belong to him or are associated with him.
o Example: “This is his hat.”
4. Hers: This word is used for things that belong to her or are associated with her.
o Example: “This is hers.”
5. Ours: This word is used for things that belong to us or are associated with us.
o Example: “This house is ours.”
6. Theirs: This word is used for things that belong to them or are associated with
them.
o Example: “The victory is theirs.”

These pronouns are used to show ownership or possession and can replace the noun in
a sentence. They help to avoid repetition and make sentences more concise.

Possessive Pronouns
Definition
 Possessive Pronouns are pronouns that are used to indicate the ownership of
something or someone by something or someone else. The English possessive
pronouns are mine, ours, yours, his, hers, theirs, and whose1.

Usage
 Possessive pronouns are used in place of nouns to make statements about
ownership more concisely, without needing to repeat the nouns representing
the owner and the possession1.
o Examples:
 “Randall says that the pencil case is his.” (Here, the possessive
personal pronoun “his” represents the noun “pencil case” and
shows ownership1.)
 “Build your reputation by helping other people build theirs.”
(Here, “theirs” replaces the noun phrase "their reputation."1)

Personal Pronouns
Definition
 Personal Pronouns are used to replace names or nouns when it is clear what
they refer to. We use personal pronouns to avoid repeating nouns2.

Usage
 Personal pronouns are used to represent people or things2.
o Examples:
 “I like my car, but I wish my parents would let me drive theirs
sometimes.” (Here, “theirs” replaces the noun phrase "their
car."1)
 “The building is about to collapse under its own weight.” (Here,
“its” replaces the noun phrase "the building’s."1)

Prepositions
Definition
 Prepositions are words that link nouns, pronouns, or phrases to other words
within a sentence. They act to connect the people, objects, time and locations of
a sentence.

Usage
In

 “In” is used to express that something is contained or enclosed, or at a point

within an area.
o Examples:
 “She is in the room.”
 “He lives in New York.”

On

 “On” is used to express that something is in a position above something else

and touching it, or that something is moving along a surface.
o Examples:
 “The book is on the table.”
 “She is walking on the road.”

Under

 “Under” is used to express that something is in a position below something

else.
o Examples:
 “The cat is under the table.”
 “We sat under a tree.”

Behind

 “Behind” is used to express that something is at the back of something else.

o Examples:
 “The car is parked behind the house.”
 “He hid behind the door.”

Beside

 “Beside” is used to express that something is at the side of something else.

o Examples:
 “She sat beside her friend.”
 “The house is beside a river.”

In Front Of

 “In Front Of” is used to express that something is ahead or before something
else.
o Examples:
 “The bus stop is in front of the school.”
 “He stood in front of the mirror.”

Near

 “Near” is used to express that something is at a short distance away from

something else.
o Examples:
 “The library is near my house.”
 “She lives near the park.”

Far

 “Far” is used to express that something is at a great distance away from

something else.
o Examples:
 “The hotel is far from the beach.”
 “His house is far away from the city.”