BUILDING MATERIAL -1
(BA21013T)
By-Prof.Jasmine Kaur Kohli, M.Arch (EA)
Basic construction Timber
material seasoning
stone use
sand form
aggregate defect
Cement and Lime
Artificial material
manufacture
Bricks (manufacture and
processes
properties)
properties
Construction of wall in
bricks, hollow concrete storage
blocks and stone types and importance
BASIC
CONSTRUCTION
MATERIAL-
STONE
By-Prof.Jasmine Kaur Kohli, M.Arch (EA)
BASIC CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL-
PROPERTIES OF STONE AS A CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL
Strength and Durability Aesthetic Appeal Fire Resistance
Stone is known for its Stone's natural beauty and wide Stone is highly resistant to fire,
exceptional strength and range of colors, textures, and making it a safe choice for
durability, making it a reliable patterns make it an attractive construction in areas prone to
choice for construction projects option for both interior and fires or high-heat environments.
that need to withstand heavy exterior design, allowing for
loads and weathering over time. unique and visually appealing
structures.
In summary, stone's exceptional properties, including its strength, durability,
aesthetic appeal, fire resistance, and versatility, make it a highly sought-
after construction material for a wide range of building projects.
STONE AS A CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL-USES
Versatility Thermal Mass Natural Beauty
Stone can be used in a wide range of Stone has high thermal mass, which helps Stone's natural patterns and textures
construction applications, from foundations regulate indoor temperature and improve provide a unique and visually appealing
and walls to decorative elements and energy efficiency in buildings. aesthetic for buildings and outdoor spaces.
landscaping.
Overall, stone is a highly valuable construction material that offers durability, versatility, thermal
efficiency, and natural beauty, making it an excellent choice for a wide range of building projects.
STONE AS A CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL:
PROPERTIES, USES, AND BENEFITS
Stone is a versatile and durable natural material that has been
used in construction for centuries. It offers a range of unique
properties, including strength, durability, and aesthetic appeal,
making it a popular choice for various building applications.
Stone's ability to withstand weathering, fire, and other
environmental factors makes it an excellent option for
constructing long-lasting structures.
STONE AS A CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL
Brief history of stone as a construction material
1000 AD
1200 BC The construction of 20th century
The construction of medieval cathedrals The continued use of
10,000 BC Stonehenge in and castles in Europe, stone in modern
Stone tools and England, using large featuring intricate architecture, including
shelters used by early upright stones as a stone carvings and skyscrapers and
humans for survival sacred monument masonry contemporary design
500 BC 1700s
The use of stone in the The use of stone in the
3000 BC construction of ancient construction of
The construction of Greek and Roman neoclassical buildings,
the ancient Egyptian architecture, including bridges, and
pyramids using temples, theaters, and monuments during the
massive stone blocks aqueducts Age of Enlightenment
IMPORTANCE IN MODERN AND
HISTORICAL ARCHITECTURE
Stone has been a prominent and widely used construction material
throughout history, contributing significantly to the development of
architectural styles and techniques. From ancient monuments like the
Pyramids of Giza to the grandeur of Gothic cathedrals, stone's
durability, versatility, and aesthetic appeal have made it an enduring
choice for builders and designers. In modern architecture, stone
continues to be utilized in both traditional and innovative ways, adding
depth, texture, and timeless elegance to contemporary structures.
STONE AS A CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL
Granite Sandstone Slate
A hard, igneous rock known for A sedimentary rock formed A fine-grained, metamorphic
its durability and resistance to from sand particles cemented rock that splits into thin, flat
weathering, commonly used in together, prized for its unique layers, often used for roofing,
building foundations, walls, and textures and colors, used in flooring, and exterior cladding.
landscaping. buildings and monuments.
Limestone Marble
A sedimentary rock composed A metamorphic rock known for
primarily of calcium carbonate, its distinct veining patterns and
often used in building facades, polished finish, commonly used
flooring, and as a structural in high-end buildings,
material. sculptures, and countertops.
SUSTAINABLE AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF STONE CONSTRUCTION
Energy Efficiency Minimal Waste
Stone construction helps maintain a stable indoor Stone construction generates less waste compared
temperature, reducing the need for energy- to other building materials, as it can be precisely
intensive heating and cooling systems. cut and shaped on-site.
Recyclability Local Sourcing
Stone materials can be reused or recycled in new Stone can often be sourced locally, reducing the
construction projects, minimizing waste and carbon footprint associated with transportation.
environmental impact.
Natural Insulation
The high thermal mass of stone walls helps regulate
interior temperatures, improving energy efficiency.
ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY
Durability and Longevity Recyclability
Stone is an exceptionally durable and long-lasting Stone can be easily recycled and reused in new
construction material, with a lifespan that can span construction projects, minimizing the need for virgin
centuries. This makes it an environmentally friendly materials and reducing waste. This circular approach to
choice, reducing the need for frequent replacements and stone usage aligns with sustainable principles.
minimizing waste.
Low Maintenance Local Sourcing
Stone requires minimal maintenance, reducing the need Many types of stone are readily available locally, reducing
for cleaning products, sealants, or other consumables the environmental impact of transportation and
that can have negative environmental impacts. This low- supporting local economies. This local sourcing further
maintenance nature contributes to the overall enhances the sustainability of stone as a construction
sustainability of stone as a construction material. material.
STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY AND SAFETY:
Load Bearing Capacity Low Maintenance Fire Resistance
Stone has a high compressive strength, Stone is a durable and long-lasting material Stone is inherently fire-resistant, making it
making it an excellent load-bearing material that requires minimal maintenance, making a safe and reliable material for building
for construction, able to support significant it a practical choice for construction construction, as it does not contribute to
weights without deformation or failure. projects that need to withstand the the spread of fire or the release of harmful
elements. fumes.
In summary, stone is a versatile and reliable construction material that offers
exceptional load-bearing capacity, low maintenance requirements, and superior
fire resistance, making it an ideal choice for a wide range of building projects.
STONE AS A CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL
Resistance to Weather Versatility
Stone is highly resistant to weathering, including Stone can be used in a variety of construction
exposure to wind, rain, and extreme temperatures, applications, from foundations and walls to
making it a suitable choice for outdoor structures countertops and flooring, offering flexibility in
and facades. design and construction.
ADVANTAGES OF USING STONE IN CONSTRUCTION
Durability Aesthetics Fire Resistance Thermal Mass
Stone is a highly durable Stone offers a wide range of Stone is a non-combustible The high thermal mass of stone
material that can withstand the natural colors, textures, and material, making it a safer helps regulate indoor
test of time, making it an ideal patterns, allowing for unique choice for construction in areas temperature, reducing energy
choice for long-lasting and visually appealing with high fire risk or in the consumption and improving
construction projects. architectural designs. event of a fire. energy efficiency in buildings.
In conclusion, the use of stone in construction offers numerous advantages,
including durability, aesthetic appeal, fire resistance, and energy efficiency,
making it a versatile and reliable choice for various building projects.
CHALLENGES AND CONSIDERATIONS
Availability and Sourcing of Stone Maintenance and Cleaning Requirements
Stone as a construction material is highly dependent on the Stone surfaces may require regular cleaning and maintenance to
geographical region and availability of natural stone deposits. preserve their aesthetic appeal and prevent buildup of dirt, stains, or
Accessibility to quarrying sites and transportation logistics can impact environmental pollutants. The appropriate cleaning methods and
the cost and feasibility of using stone. products should be selected to avoid damaging the stone.
Durability and Weathering Resistance Aesthetics and Design Flexibility
Stone is known for its exceptional durability and resistance to Stone's natural beauty, diversity of colors, and textural variations
weathering, making it a desirable choice for long-lasting construction make it a popular choice for architectural and design applications.
projects. However, some stone types may be more susceptible to However, the limited shaping and cutting capabilities of some stone
erosion or deterioration in certain environmental conditions. types may impact design flexibility.
Structural Integrity and Load-Bearing
Capacity
The structural integrity and load-bearing capacity of stone can vary
depending on the specific type, density, and quality of the material.
Proper engineering and design considerations are crucial to ensure
the stability and safety of stone-based structures.
CASE STUDY 1: THE BURJ KHALIFA'S STONE FACADE
The Burj Khalifa, the world's tallest building, features a stunning stone facade
that contributes to its architectural beauty and durability. The facade is
composed of a unique blend of natural stones, including granite and limestone,
which were carefully selected to withstand the harsh desert climate and
enhance the building's overall aesthetic.
CASE STUDY 2 -
RESTORATION OF
HISTORICAL BUILDINGS
Stone has been a popular and durable construction material
throughout history, used in the restoration and preservation of
historic buildings. Many ancient castles, churches, and monuments
have been built or repaired using stone, which can withstand the
test of time and weather. Stone's natural beauty and versatility
make it an ideal choice for preserving the architectural heritage of
a region.
CASE STUDY 3:
USE OF STONE IN MODERN URBAN PLANNING.
Stone has long been a popular and versatile construction material, with
its durability, aesthetics, and thermal properties making it a preferred
choice for many modern urban planning projects. From the use of
granite in high-rise buildings to the incorporation of natural stone in
public plazas and parks, stone plays a crucial role in shaping the look
and feel of contemporary urban environments.
CHALLENGES OF USING STONE IN CONSTRUCTION
Durability Concerns Weight Limitations Complex Shaping Availability Constraints
Stone can be susceptible to The high density of stone Cutting and shaping stone for The availability of certain types
weathering and erosion over materials can make them specific architectural designs of stone can be limited in some
time, requiring regular challenging to transport and can be a labor-intensive and regions, leading to increased
maintenance and repair to install, especially in large-scale time-consuming process, costs or the need to import
ensure structural integrity. construction projects. increasing construction costs. materials.
Despite these challenges, stone remains a popular and durable choice for construction
due to its aesthetic appeal and long-lasting properties. Careful planning and innovative
techniques can help mitigate the difficulties of using stone in construction.
FAMOUS STONE CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS
Great Pyramids of Giza Machu Picchu Stonehenge Sagrada Familia
Massive stone structures built Inca citadel constructed with Mysterious arrangement of Iconic unfinished cathedral in
as tombs for ancient Egyptian intricate stone masonry, massive stone monoliths in Barcelona, Spain, designed by
pharaohs, showcasing the perched atop a mountain ridge Wiltshire, England, believed to architect Antoni Gaudí,
engineering prowess of ancient in the Andes of Peru. have served as a religious or featuring intricate stone
civilizations. astronomical site. carvings and structures.
These examples demonstrate the enduring strength, versatility, and aesthetic appeal of stone
as a construction material, showcasing the skill and ingenuity of ancient and modern builders.
FUTURE TRENDS IN STONE CONSTRUCTION
1970s 1990s 2010s 2030s
Increased use of Widespread adoption Innovative Advancements in 3D
natural stone in of engineered stone applications of stone in printing and robotic
residential and products, providing architectural facades fabrication of
commercial more affordable and and interior design customized stone
construction. customizable options. elements. structures.
2000s
1980s Sustainable quarrying
Advancements in and fabrication 2020s
stone cutting and practices emerge, Incorporation of smart
polishing technologies, emphasizing and self-healing
enabling more environmental properties in stone
intricate designs. responsibility. construction materials.
Stone has been a popular construction material
for centuries, valued for its durability, strength,
and aesthetic appeal. It has been used in various
architectural structures, from ancient castles
and cathedrals to modern commercial and
residential buildings.
TYPES OF STONE FLOORING
Common Stone Types Stone Dimensions Concrete Base
The most commonly used stones for These stones are typically available in The stones are laid on a concrete base,
flooring are sandstones, slates, and gneiss. square or rectangular sizes ranging from 40 either lime concrete or cement concrete.
cm x 40 cm to 70 cm x 70 cm, with a
thickness of 6 cm to 8 cm.
These types of stone flooring are durable, non-slippery, and resistant to temperature
variations, making them suitable for railway platforms, warehouses, and storage godowns.
SANDSTONE FLOORING
Preferred Flooring for Commercial Filling the Joints
Spaces After laying all the stones, the mortar joints are raked out and
then flush pointed with a 1:4 cement mortar mixture.
Sandstone flooring is preferred for railway platforms,
warehouses, and storage godowns due to its durability and
suitability for high-traffic areas. Curing Process
The completed sandstone flooring is cured from the next day to
Not Suitable for Residential Use ensure proper bonding and durability.
Sandstone flooring is not commonly used in residential buildings,
as it may not be the most aesthetically pleasing or comfortable Superior Finishes
option for homes. For superior work, properly dressed and polished stones, slates,
and even marbles can be used for the sandstone flooring.
Laying the Concrete Base
The stones are laid on a concrete base, either lime concrete or
cement concrete, to provide a solid and level foundation.
Mortar Laying Technique
The stones are laid on the concrete base using cement mortar,
with two stones fixed at diagonally opposite corners and then
proceeding from both sides to maintain the level.
SLATE OR GNEISS FLOORING
Superior Stone Mortar Bed Leveling and Finishing
Concrete Base
Flooring and Laying Alignment Touches
For superior works, The stones are laid on The stones are laid on The level is connected After laying all the
properly dressed and a concrete base, a cement or lime by stretching a string slabs, the mortar
polished stones, either lime concrete mortar bed by fixing between two corner joints are raked out
slates, and even or cement concrete, two stones at slabs to ensure the and then flush
marbles are used for to provide a sturdy diagonally opposite stones are laid evenly pointed with 1:4
flooring. foundation. corners and then and to the proper cement mortar. The
proceeding from both slope. work is cured from
sides to maintain the the next day for
level. superior quality.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Values represent the degree or extent of each characteristic, with 100 being the highest
90% 85% 75%
30%
Non-Slipperiness Resistance to Cracking Ease of Cleaning Dust Accumulation
PRECAUTIONS DURING FLOORING
Avoid Using Very Fine Sand Adjust Water-Cement Ratio
Avoid the use of very fine sand for both mortar and Adjust the water-cement ratio for both mortar and
concrete, as it can reduce the strength and wearing concrete to prevent segregation and ensure proper
resistance of the floor. compaction of the concrete.
Avoid Dusting Neat Cement Ensure Proper Compaction
Do not dust neat cement on the wet concrete Proper compaction of the concrete is necessary to
surface to hasten the final troweling or smoother prevent segregation and ensure the desired
finish, as this may lead to cracking due to high strength and durability of the floor.
shrinkage.
STONE AS A CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL
Stone has been a vital construction material for centuries, with its
durability, strength, and natural beauty making it a popular choice
for a wide range of building projects. From ancient monuments to
modern skyscrapers, stone has proven its enduring importance in
the construction industry, offering unparalleled longevity and
resilience against the elements.
STONE AS A CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL
Sustainable and Eco-Friendly Durability and Longevity Unique Aesthetic Appeal
Stone, as a natural and renewable material, The inherent durability and longevity of stone Stone's timeless aesthetic qualities, from its
will continue to play a crucial role in make it an ideal choice for buildings that need diverse textures and colors to its ability to
sustainable and environmentally-conscious to withstand the test of time, ensuring blend seamlessly with natural environments,
construction practices, as it has a low carbon structures remain sturdy and well-preserved will continue to inspire architects and
footprint and can be easily recycled or for generations to come. designers to incorporate it into their
repurposed. innovative and visually striking creations.
Technological Advancements Cultural and Historical Significance
Ongoing technological advancements in stone fabrication, such as As a material that has been used in construction for centuries, stone will
automated cutting and shaping processes, will further enhance the maintain its cultural and historical significance, serving as a link to the
versatility and ease of working with stone, making it an even more past and a reflection of the enduring human desire to create lasting,
attractive option for contemporary building projects. meaningful structures.
