Eritrean International school Luanda Angola

Date: 22/01/2024
I. Introduction Page 3

I. What Causes Poverty? .........................................................Page 4

 Lack of Education..................................................................................Page 4...5

 Conflict....................................................................................................Page 5
 Corruption.............................................................................................Page 6
 Climate Change.......................................................................................Page 7...8
 Unemployment.......................................................................................Page 8
 Inaccessible Healthcare.....................................................................Page 9
 Poor Infrastructure...............................................................................Page 10...11
 Environmental Degrading................................................................Page 11...12
 Lack of Reserves......................................................................................Page 12...13

III. Preventing Poverty ..................................................................Page 14

 Preventing Lack of Education......................................................Page 14...15

 Preventing Conflict..............................................................................Page 16...17
 Preventing Corruption......................................................................Page 18...19
 Preventing Climate change...........................................................Page 20...21
 Preventing Unemployment...........................................................Page 21...22
 Preventing Inaccessible Healthcare.........................................Page 23...24
 Preventing Poor Infrastructure...................................................Page 24...25
 Preventing Environmental Degrading....................................Page 26...28
 Preventing Lack of Reserves..........................................................Page 28...30

2|Page
I. Introduction

CPoverty is a state or condition in which one lacks the financial resources and essentials for a certain
standard of living. Poverty can have diverse social, economic, and political causes and effects.[1] When
evaluating poverty in statistics or economics there are two main measures: absolute poverty compares
income against the amount needed to meet basic personal needs, such as food, clothing, and shelter;
[2]
relative poverty measures when a person cannot meet a minimum level of living standards, compared to
others in the same time and place. The definition of relative poverty varies from one country to another or
from one society to another.[2]

Statistically, as of 2019, most of the world's population live in

poverty: in PPP dollars, 85% of people live on less than $30
per day, two-thirds live on less than $10 per day, and 10% live
on less than $1.90 per day.[3] According to the World Bank
Group in 2020, more than 40% of the poor live in conflict-
affected countries.[4] Even when countries
experience economic development, the poorest citizens of
middle-income countries frequently do not gain an adequate share of their countries' increased wealth to
leave poverty.[5] Governments and non-governmental organizations have experimented with a number of
different policies and programs for poverty alleviation, such as electrification in rural areas or housing first
policies in urban areas.

3|Page
II. What causes Poverty?
The causes of poverty may vary with respect to nation, region, and in comparison with other countries
at the global level. Yet, there is a commonality amongst these causes. Philosophical perspectives, and
especially historical perspectives, including some factors at a micro and macro level can be considered in
understanding these causes.[1]

There are behavioural, structural and political theories on the causes of poverty: "Behavioural theories
concentrate on individual behaviours as driven by incentives and culture. Structural theories emphasize the
demographic and labour market context, which causes both behaviour and poverty. Political theories contend
that power and institutions cause policy, which causes poverty and moderates the relationship between
behaviour and poverty.

In addition there are several causes of Poverty which are:

1. Lack of Education: Millions of children globally cannot attend school because they live on
less than $1.90 a day. The article explores the relationship between SDGs 1 and 4.

We understand that poverty is a significant issue in our world today, affecting millions of people globally. There
are numerous reasons why people fall into poverty, including limited access to education and a lack of basic
needs such as food, clean water, and shelter. In this article, we aim to explore the connection between
education and poverty and how education can be a powerful tool in breaking the poverty cycle.

Education is a Key Factor in Poverty Reduction

Education is considered to be one of the most effective ways to combat poverty. It has been proven that
education has the power to transform people's lives and create opportunities for personal and economic growth.
In fact, research shows that every year of education can increase an individual's income by up to 10%.
Education can also provide people with the skills and knowledge they need to secure employment and become
financially independent.

Lack of Education Leads to Poverty

On the other hand, a lack of education can perpetuate poverty and hinder economic growth. When individuals do
not have access to education, they may not acquire the necessary skills and knowledge to find employment or
create economic opportunities for themselves. This can lead to a cycle of poverty, where individuals and families
struggle to make ends meet and are unable to improve their standard of living.

The Importance of Early Childhood Education

4|Page
Early childhood education is crucial in breaking the poverty cycle. Research has shown that children who receive
quality early education are more likely to succeed in school, have higher earning potential, and have better
health outcomes. Unfortunately, access to early childhood education is limited in many parts of the world,
particularly in developing countries. Governments and non-profit organizations must invest in early childhood
education to ensure that every child has access to quality education.

[Link]: There is consensus in the literature that conflict impacts on poverty, but
evidence on how this impact occurs is often limited, unsystematic, and sometimes contradictory.
Much of the literature also discusses how poverty can contribute to conflict and the possibility of
cycles of poverty and conflict as a result.

Overall the latest evidence suggests that violent conflict causes and intensifies poverty and its
persistence but that context is very important. Literature published since 2010 discusses the
following themes and issues:

Violent conflict contributes to poverty in a number of ways, including causing: damage to

infrastructure, institutions and production; the destruction of assets; the breakup of
communities and social networks; forced displacement and increased unemployment and
inflation.

Displaced households and households with widows, orphans, elderly and disabled individuals
are most vulnerable to falling into poverty as a result of conflict. Households which are already
poor risk falling further into poverty.

Vulnerability to being targeted by violence (for example, due to ethnicity) can also make even
well-off households vulnerable to poverty, as was the case in Rwanda.

Individual’s or household’s ability to respond to economic shocks can determine the impact of
conflict on their poverty levels in the short and long term.

Changes to the social and institutional environment as a result of conflict can affect people’s
vulnerability and ability to respond to poverty.

The most conflict-affected provinces and districts have the highest levels of poverty within
affected countries such as Columbia, Syria, Rwanda, and Uganda.

The least developed countries struggle most to escape and recover from conflict related
poverty.

The long-term country wide and individual effects of conflict on poverty are not clear.

Recovery time from conflict can take upwards of 14 years and often longer. Recovery at the
macro level appears to be quicker than at the micro level.

5|Page
3. Corruption: Corruption can cause poverty in several ways:
Misallocation of resources: When corruption is prevalent, public funds and
resources intended for poverty alleviation programs, infrastructure
development, and social services are often siphoned off or misappropriated.
This leads to a lack of funds for essential services such as healthcare,
education, and infrastructure, which disproportionately affects the poor.

Loss of investment and economic growth: Corruption discourages both

domestic and foreign investments. Investors are less likely to invest in
countries with high levels of corruption due to the increased risks and
uncertainty involved. This lack of investment hampers economic growth and
job creation, ultimately leading to higher poverty rates.

Inefficient public services: Corruption can lead to the erosion of public

institutions and the weakening of public service delivery. When public officials
are corrupt, they may demand bribes or engage in other illegal practices to
provide basic services. This can result in inadequate provision of healthcare,
education, clean water, and other essential services, perpetuating poverty
among the most vulnerable populations.

Unequal distribution of resources: Corruption often leads to an unequal

distribution of resources, with the powerful and elite gaining disproportionate
access to wealth and opportunities. This further exacerbates poverty by limiting
equal access to resources and opportunities for socio-economic mobility among
the poor.

Undermining of rule of law and property rights: Corruption erodes the rule of
law and weakens property rights. When institutions are compromised,
individuals and businesses face uncertainty and risk when engaging in
economic activities. This can discourage entrepreneurship, investment, and
economic development, thereby perpetuating poverty.

It is important to note that corruption and poverty can create a vicious

cycle, as poverty can also contribute to corruption. Corruption can
further undermine poverty alleviation efforts, which highlights the
need for effective anti-corruption measures and good governance to
address these intertwined issues.

6|Page
4. Climate Change: Climate change can contribute to poverty through
several interconnected pathways:

Agriculture and Food Security: Climate change disrupts agricultural

productivity, with increased temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and more
frequent extreme weather events. These changes can lead to crop failures,
reduced yields, and increased vulnerability to pests and diseases. Subsistence
farmers and rural populations who rely on agriculture for their livelihoods are
particularly affected, leading to food insecurity and economic instability.

Natural Resource Scarcity: Climate change impacts the availability and quality
of natural resources such as water, forests, and fisheries. Droughts and
changing precipitation patterns can lead to water scarcity, making it difficult for
communities to access clean water for drinking and irrigation. This, in turn,
hinders agricultural productivity and other economic activities dependent on
water resources, exacerbating poverty in vulnerable communities.

Displacement and Migration: Climate-related disasters, such as floods,

hurricanes, and droughts, can displace populations from their homes and
destroy infrastructure and livelihoods. Displaced communities may face
challenges in finding new sources of income and basic services, leading to
increased poverty. Additionally, climate change-related environmental
degradation can drive migration as people seek better opportunities in other
areas, increasing urbanization and straining already limited resources in cities.

Health and Education: Climate change can impact health and education
outcomes, which are important determinants of poverty. Extreme heat waves,
increased disease prevalence, and inadequate access to clean water and
sanitation facilities can lead to higher healthcare costs and loss of productivity.
Furthermore, disruptions in education, such as school closures due to extreme
weather events, can hinder educational attainment and decrease future
earnings potential.

Economic Instability: The impacts of climate change, such as increasing costs

related to disasters, damage to infrastructure, and declining agricultural
productivity, can strain economies and result in economic instability. This
particularly affects developing countries with limited resources and weaker
adaptive capacities. As economies struggle, poverty rates can increase,
exacerbating existing disparities.

7|Page
Social Inequality: Climate change can exacerbate existing social inequalities
and further marginalize vulnerable populations. Inequitable access to resources
and socio-economic disparities make marginalized communities more prone to
the adverse impacts of climate change. Limited access to financial resources,
technology, and information hampers their ability to adapt and cope, leading to
higher poverty rates among these groups.

Addressing climate change and its impacts is crucial to mitigate the

consequences and reduce poverty. This requires global efforts to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions, support adaptation and resilience-building
measures, and ensure equitable access to resources and opportunities for
vulnerable communities.

5. Unemployment: Unemployment can contribute to poverty in several ways:

Loss of income: When individuals are unemployed, they do not have a regular source of income, which can lead to
financial hardship. Without a steady pay check, it becomes difficult to cover basic necessities like food, housing, and
healthcare. The longer the period of unemployment, the greater the financial strain.

Limited job opportunities: High unemployment rates often mean there is fierce competition for available jobs. This
can make it challenging for individuals to find suitable employment, particularly if they lack the necessary skills or
qualifications. Limited job opportunities can result in prolonged spells of unemployment, further exacerbating
poverty.

Erosion of skills and employability: Long-term unemployment can erode an individual's skills, knowledge, and work
experience. Skills that were once valuable in the job market may become outdated, making it harder to secure
employment in the future. This cycle of unemployment and skill deterioration can create a long-term barrier to
escaping poverty.

Psychological and social impacts: Unemployment can have significant psychological effects, such as decreased self-
esteem, increased stress, and a sense of social isolation. These factors can further impede an individual's ability to find
employment and break free from poverty. Moreover, the psychological and social impacts of unemployment can
extend to other family members, particularly if the primary wage earner is unemployed.

Reduced access to social services: Unemployment often leads to a loss of benefits and access to social safety nets. For
instance, individuals may lose access to healthcare coverage or government assistance programs tied to employment.
This loss of support can increase the risk of falling into poverty or deepen existing poverty levels.

Cycle of intergenerational poverty: Unemployment and poverty can form a cycle that extends across generations.
Children growing up in poverty-stricken households are more likely to face limited educational opportunities and
reduced access to resources. This can impede their ability to secure stable employment in the future, perpetuating the
cycle of poverty.

It is worth noting that the relationship between unemployment and poverty is complex and influenced by
various factors, including economic conditions, labour market policies, and social support systems. However, in
general, unemployment can be a significant contributor to poverty by reducing income, limiting opportunities,
eroding skills, and affecting individuals' well-being and access to essential services.

8|Page
6. Inaccessible healthcare: Can contribute to poverty in several ways:
Financial burden: In many countries, healthcare costs can be substantial, particularly for major illnesses, chronic
conditions, or emergency care. When individuals do not have access to affordable or subsidized healthcare, they may
be forced to pay for medical expenses out of pocket. These expenses can quickly accumulate and place a significant
financial strain on individuals and families, potentially pushing them into poverty or worsening their existing poverty
levels.

Limited preventive care: Inaccessible healthcare can result in limited access to preventive services such as
vaccinations, screenings, and regular check-ups. Without adequate preventive care, individuals may be more
susceptible to developing serious health conditions that require costly treatments or hospitalizations. The absence of
early intervention can lead to a decline in overall health, decreased productivity, and increased healthcare costs in the
long run.

Reduced productivity and employment opportunities: Poor health can hinder an individual's ability to maintain
employment or find new job opportunities. When people are unable to access necessary healthcare services, their
health conditions may worsen, leading to increased absenteeism, reduced productivity, or even disability. These
factors can limit their earning potential and employment prospects, perpetuating or deepening their poverty.

Increased healthcare disparities: Inaccessible healthcare can exacerbate existing healthcare disparities,
disproportionately affecting vulnerable populations who are already at a higher risk of poverty. Marginalized
communities, including low-income individuals, racial and ethnic minorities, and rural populations, often face barriers
such as lack of healthcare facilities, transportation difficulties, or language barriers. These disparities can result in
delayed or inadequate healthcare, leading to poor health outcomes and a higher likelihood of poverty.

Interplay with other poverty factors: Inaccessible healthcare can interact with other poverty-related factors, creating a
cycle of poverty. For example, poor health can lead to increased medical expenses, which in turn reduce available
income for other essential needs like food, housing, or education. The inability to address health issues effectively can
limit an individual's capacity to improve their socio-economic status and break free from poverty.

9|Page
Efforts to improve healthcare accessibility, such as expanding health insurance coverage, increasing the
availability of healthcare facilities, and implementing preventive care programs, can help mitigate these

challenges and reduce the impact of inaccessible healthcare on poverty.

7. Poor Infrastructure: Poor infrastructure can contribute to poverty in several ways:

Limited access to basic services: Inadequate infrastructure, such as unreliable transportation
systems, lack of clean water and sanitation facilities, or insufficient energy supply, can hinder
access to basic services that are crucial for human well-being. Without access to clean water, proper
sanitation, reliable transportation, and electricity, individuals and communities face significant
challenges in meeting their daily needs, obtaining education, healthcare, and job opportunities, and
engaging in economic activities that can help lift them out of poverty.

Constraints on economic growth: Poor infrastructure can impede economic development and hinder
opportunities for income generation. Inadequate transportation networks, including roads, bridges,
and ports, can limit the movement of goods and people, increasing transportation costs and reducing
market access. Insufficient energy supply or unreliable power grids can hamper productivity and
limit the growth of businesses and industries. These limitations can result in fewer job opportunities,
lower wages, and constrained economic growth, ultimately perpetuating or exacerbating poverty.

Limited educational opportunities: Access to quality education is crucial for breaking the cycle of
poverty. However, poor infrastructure can pose barriers to education. Inadequate school facilities,
lack of transportation options, or inadequate internet connectivity can make it difficult for children
to attend school or access educational resources. Limited educational opportunities can hinder
individuals' ability to acquire the necessary skills and knowledge required for better employment
prospects, trapping them in a cycle of poverty.

Vulnerability to natural disasters: Poor infrastructure can increase vulnerability to the impacts of
natural disasters. In regions with inadequate infrastructure, such as weak or poorly constructed
buildings, lack of early warning systems, or insufficient drainage systems, communities are more
susceptible to the devastating effects of disasters like floods, hurricanes, or earthquakes. These

10 | P a g e
disasters can destroy homes, infrastructure, and livelihoods, pushing affected individuals and
communities further into poverty and making it harder for them to recover.

Disparities between urban and rural areas: In many cases, poor infrastructure is more prevalent in
rural and remote areas compared to urban centers. Insufficient road networks, limited access to
electricity and modern communication technologies, and inadequate healthcare and educational
facilities disproportionately affect rural communities. These disparities can lead to a cycle of
poverty, as limited infrastructure inhibits economic opportunities and access to essential services,
forcing individuals to migrate to urban areas in search of better prospects.

8. Environmental Degrading: Environmental degradation can contribute to poverty

in several ways:

Decline in natural resource-based livelihoods: Many communities rely on natural resources such as
forests, fisheries, and agricultural land for their livelihoods. Environmental degradation, such as
deforestation, overfishing, or soil degradation, reduces the availability and productivity of these
resources. As a result, communities dependent on these resources may experience a decline in
income and food security, pushing them further into poverty.

Loss of agricultural productivity: Environmental degradation, including soil erosion, desertification,

and water scarcity, can significantly impact agricultural productivity. These factors reduce crop
yields and make it more challenging for farmers to sustain their livelihoods. Decreased agricultural
productivity not only affects the income of farmers but also contributes to rising food prices,
making it difficult for poor households to afford an adequate diet.

Increased vulnerability to natural disasters: Environmental degradation, such as deforestation and

improper land management, can increase the vulnerability of communities to natural disasters.
Deforested areas are more prone to landslides and floods, while degraded coastal ecosystems can
exacerbate the impacts of storms and tsunamis. Disasters of this nature can destroy homes,
infrastructure, and livelihoods, leading to increased poverty levels.

Health impacts: Environmental degradation can have severe health consequences, particularly for
poor communities with limited access to healthcare. Pollution, contaminated water sources, and
exposure to hazardous substances can result in a range of health problems, including respiratory
diseases, waterborne illnesses, and chronic conditions. These health issues not only impose direct

11 | P a g e
costs on individuals and families but also reduce productivity and increase healthcare expenses,
which can push households deeper into poverty.

Displacement and migration: Environmental degradation can lead to forced displacement and
migration. For example, climate change-related events such as sea-level rise, droughts, or extreme
weather events can render certain areas uninhabitable or unsuitable for agriculture. Displaced
individuals often face challenges in finding new sources of income and may become trapped in
poverty or face further marginalization in their new locations.

Economic impacts: Environmental degradation can have broader economic impacts at national and
regional levels. For instance, the decline of natural resources can affect industries such as tourism,
fishing, and forestry, leading to job losses and reduced economic growth. This can have ripple
effects throughout the economy, affecting various sectors and exacerbating poverty.

9. Lack of Reserves: The lack of reserves can contribute to poverty in several ways:
Economic instability: Reserves play a crucial role in stabilizing an economy. They provide a buffer
during times of economic downturns, allowing governments to stimulate the economy and provide
support to individuals and businesses. Without an adequate reserve, governments may struggle to
respond effectively to economic crises, leading to prolonged recessions or depressions, high
unemployment rates, and reduced income opportunities, all of which can contribute to poverty.

Inadequate social safety nets: Reserves are often used to fund social safety net programs such as
unemployment benefits, healthcare, education, and poverty alleviation initiatives. Insufficient
reserves can limit the government's ability to invest in these programs and provide adequate support
to vulnerable populations. This can result in limited access to essential services, increased
inequality, and a higher risk of poverty for those who rely on these programs for assistance.

12 | P a g e
Limited investment in human capital: Reserves are also essential for investing in human capital,
such as education and skills development. Insufficient reserves may lead to underfunding of
education systems, inadequate infrastructure, and limited access to quality education and vocational
training. As a result, individuals may lack the necessary skills and qualifications to secure well-
paying jobs, perpetuating the cycle of poverty.

Reduced infrastructure development: Reserves are often used to finance infrastructure projects, such
as transportation networks, energy systems, and water and sanitation facilities. Insufficient reserves
can hinder infrastructure development, leading to inadequate access to basic services and limiting
economic opportunities. For instance, without proper transportation infrastructure, individuals may
struggle to access job opportunities or market their products, further exacerbating poverty.

Limited investment in entrepreneurship and job creation: Reserves can be used to stimulate
entrepreneurship and job creation through small business loans, grants, and incentives. Insufficient
reserves can curtail the government's ability to provide financial support to entrepreneurs and start-
ups, hindering the creation of new businesses and job opportunities. This can result in high levels of
unemployment and underemployment, making it difficult for individuals to escape poverty.

13 | P a g e
II. Prevention of Poverty.
Poverty prevention requires collaboration among governments, civil society, the private sector, and
international partners to create an enabling environment for sustainable development. And as in
addition, the prevention of poverty will be the solution for each causes of it.

1. Preventing the Lack of Education: Preventing the lack of education from

causing poverty is crucial for breaking the cycle of poverty and promoting socio-economic
development. Here are some strategies to address this issue:

Universal access to quality education: Governments should prioritize education as a fundamental

right and work towards providing universal access to quality education. This includes ensuring that
schools are available and accessible in all areas, especially in marginalized and remote
communities. Efforts should be made to eliminate barriers to education, such as distance,
transportation, and discrimination.

Eliminate financial barriers: Poverty should not be a barrier to education. Governments can
implement policies and programs to eliminate or reduce direct and indirect costs associated with
education, such as school fees, textbooks, uniforms, transportation, and meals. Scholarships, grants,
and conditional cash transfer programs can help financially disadvantaged families afford education
expenses.

Improve school infrastructure and resources: Lack of adequate infrastructure, teaching materials,
and resources can hinder access to quality education. Governments should invest in improving and
maintaining school infrastructure, including classrooms, libraries, laboratories, and sanitation
facilities. Access to textbooks, educational materials, and digital resources should be ensured.

14 | P a g e
Enhance teacher training and support: Well-trained and motivated teachers are vital for quality
education. Governments should invest in professional development programs to improve the skills
and knowledge of teachers. Providing competitive salaries, supportive working conditions, and
opportunities for career advancement can help attract and retain qualified educators in underserved
areas.

Address gender disparities: Gender inequality often contributes to the lack of education, particularly
for girls. Governments should promote gender equality by eliminating discriminatory practices and
ensuring equal access to education for girls. Strategies can include providing safe and inclusive
learning environments, addressing cultural barriers, and implementing policies that encourage girls'
enrolment and retention in schools.

Promote adult education and lifelong learning: Education should not be limited to children and
youth. Governments should invest in adult education programs that provide opportunities for adults
to acquire literacy, numeracy, vocational skills, and knowledge relevant to their livelihoods.
Lifelong learning initiatives can enhance individuals' ability to adapt to changing economic
conditions and improve their socio-economic status.

Strengthen education systems and governance: Governments should focus on strengthening

education systems and governance to ensure effective delivery of education services. This includes
developing appropriate curricula, monitoring and evaluation mechanisms, and accountability
frameworks. Collaboration with relevant stakeholders, including civil society organizations and
communities, can contribute to better education governance.

Promote community engagement and awareness: Engaging parents, communities, and local
stakeholders is crucial for promoting the value of education. Governments should facilitate
community participation in decision-making processes related to education, encourage parental
involvement in schools, and raise awareness about the benefits of education for individuals and
society as a whole.

Leverage technology for learning: Technology can help bridge gaps in access to education,
especially in remote or underserved areas. Governments can invest in digital infrastructure, provide
internet connectivity to schools, and promote the use of educational technology tools and platforms.
This can enhance access to educational resources, facilitate distance learning, and provide
opportunities for lifelong learning.

15 | P a g e
By prioritizing education, ensuring inclusivity, and addressing the specific barriers that
prevent access to schooling, societies can break the cycle of poverty and empower individuals
with knowledge and skills necessary for socio-economic advancement.

[Link] Conflict: Addressing the root causes of conflict is essential for preventing
its devastating impact on poverty. While each conflict is unique, there are several strategies that can
contribute to resolving conflicts and mitigating their effects on poverty:

Promote inclusive governance and political participation: Inclusive and participatory governance
can help address grievances and reduce the likelihood of conflicts. Governments should ensure that
marginalized groups, including women and minority populations, have a voice in decision-making
processes. Strengthening democratic institutions, promoting respect for human rights, and ensuring
the rule of law are crucial for fostering a peaceful and inclusive society.

Invest in conflict prevention and early warning systems: Early detection and prevention of conflicts
can help minimize their impact on poverty. Governments and international organizations should
invest in conflict monitoring and early warning systems to identify potential sources of tension and
take proactive measures to address them. This includes strengthening local conflict resolution
mechanisms and promoting dialogue and mediation.

Address socio-economic inequalities: Socio-economic inequalities often contribute to conflicts.

Governments should implement policies that promote equitable distribution of resources, provide
access to basic services, and create economic opportunities for all. This can include targeted poverty
reduction programs, job creation initiatives, land and agrarian reforms, and inclusive economic
policies that address the root causes of inequality.

Support peace building and reconciliation processes: Investing in peace building efforts is crucial
for long-term conflict resolution and poverty reduction. This involves supporting dialogue,
reconciliation, and transitional justice processes to heal divisions, build trust, and foster social
cohesion. International support for post-conflict reconstruction, including infrastructure
development, education, healthcare, and livelihood programs, can help rebuild communities and
create sustainable peace.

16 | P a g e
Strengthen education and social cohesion: Education plays a vital role in preventing conflicts and
breaking the cycle of poverty. Governments should invest in quality education that promotes
tolerance, diversity, and critical thinking. Education programs should aim to bridge divides,
promote social cohesion, and foster a culture of peace and non-violence.

Facilitate access to justice and security: Strengthening the justice sector and providing reliable and
accessible legal systems are essential for resolving conflicts peacefully. This includes ensuring the
independence and impartiality of the judiciary, promoting legal awareness, and supporting
alternative dispute resolution mechanisms. Governments should also prioritize security sector
reform to build professional and accountable security forces that protect citizens and uphold the rule
of law.

Foster regional and international cooperation: Conflicts often have regional and international
dimensions. Cooperation among neighbouring countries, regional organizations, and the
international community is crucial for preventing conflicts and addressing their consequences.
Diplomatic efforts, peacekeeping missions, and support for regional conflict resolution mechanisms
can contribute to stability and poverty reduction.

It is important to recognize that each conflict requires context-specific approaches and a

comprehensive understanding of its underlying causes. Sustainable peace and poverty
reduction require long-term commitments, collective efforts, and the involvement of all
stakeholders, including governments, civil society, local communities, and international
partners.

17 | P a g e
[Link] Corruption: Preventing corruption from causing poverty is crucial for
promoting equitable and sustainable development. Here are some strategies to address this issue:

Strengthen anti-corruption laws and institutions: Governments should enact and enforce robust anti-
corruption laws that criminalize corrupt practices and establish appropriate penalties. Independent
and well-resourced anti-corruption institutions, such as ombudsman offices or anti-corruption
commissions, should be established to investigate and prosecute corruption cases. These institutions
should have the authority to hold public officials and individuals accountable for their actions.

Promote transparency and accountability: Governments should promote transparency in public

administration and decision-making processes. This includes implementing mechanisms for public
disclosure of information, such as budgets, procurement processes, and public contracts.
Whistleblower protection laws and mechanisms should be established to encourage individuals to
report corrupt practices without fear of retaliation. Strengthening accountability mechanisms, such
as audits and inspections, can also serve as deterrents to corruption.

Enhance financial oversight and management: Effective financial oversight and management
systems can help prevent corruption. Governments should establish robust financial management
systems, including budgeting, expenditure tracking, and auditing processes. Implementing
electronic payment systems and reducing cash transactions can minimize opportunities for bribery
and embezzlement.

Encourage citizen participation and civil society engagement: Citizens and civil society
organizations play a crucial role in preventing corruption. Governments should encourage citizen
participation in decision-making processes, establish mechanisms for public feedback and
complaints, and promote collaboration between government and non-governmental organizations.
Civil society organizations can monitor and report corruption cases, advocate for transparency and
accountability, and raise awareness about the negative impact of corruption on poverty.

Implement effective anti-corruption measures in public procurement: Public procurement processes

are particularly vulnerable to corruption. Governments should establish transparent and competitive
18 | P a g e
procurement procedures, including clear criteria for vendor selection and evaluation. Implementing
e-procurement systems and ensuring the involvement of independent oversight bodies can help
reduce corruption risks in public procurement.

Promote ethical leadership and integrity: Governments should promote a culture of ethical
leadership and integrity at all levels of society. This can be done through training programs that
emphasize ethical conduct, integrity, and anti-corruption measures for public officials. Encouraging
public officials to declare their assets and interests, and implementing conflict-of-interest
regulations, can also help prevent corruption.

Enhance international cooperation and anti-corruption initiatives: Governments should collaborate

with international organizations, regional bodies, and other countries to combat corruption.
Participating in international anti-corruption initiatives, such as the United Nations Convention
against Corruption (UNCAC), can provide a platform for sharing best practices, improving legal
frameworks, and recovering stolen assets.

Foster a culture of zero tolerance for corruption: Changing societal attitudes towards corruption is
essential. Governments should launch public awareness campaigns to educate citizens about the
negative impacts of corruption on poverty and development. Promoting a culture of integrity,
accountability, and zero tolerance for corruption can help create social pressure against corrupt
practices.

Preventing corruption requires a multi-faceted and sustained effort from governments, civil
society, and international partners. By implementing these strategies, societies can reduce
poverty and promote sustainable development by ensuring that public resources are directed
towards the well-being of all citizens.

19 | P a g e
4. Preventing Climate Change: Addressing climate change to prevent its impact on
poverty requires a multi-faceted approach involving mitigation and adaptation strategies. Here are
some key solutions:

Mitigation: Transition to renewable energy: Shifting away from fossil fuels towards renewable
energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydropower can significantly reduce greenhouse gas
emissions. Governments can promote renewable energy through supportive policies, incentives, and
investments in clean energy infrastructure.

Energy efficiency: Encouraging energy-efficient practices and technologies in industries, buildings,

transportation, and appliances can help reduce carbon emissions and lower energy costs.
Governments can implement regulations, provide incentives, and raise awareness about the benefits
of energy efficiency.

Sustainable land use and agriculture: Promoting sustainable land management practices, such as
reforestation, forestation, and sustainable agriculture, can help sequester carbon dioxide and
preserve ecosystems. This approach can also enhance resilience to climate change impacts and
protect livelihoods dependent on agriculture.

Green transportation: Encouraging the use of public transportation, promoting electric vehicles, and
investing in sustainable transportation infrastructure can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions from
the transportation sector.

Adaptation: Climate-resilient infrastructure: Developing infrastructure that is resilient to climate

change impacts such as floods, storms, and rising sea levels is crucial. This includes designing
buildings, roads, and water management systems to withstand extreme weather events and ensuring
that vulnerable communities have access to basic infrastructure services.

Enhancing agricultural resilience: Supporting farmers with climate-resilient agricultural practices,

such as crop diversification, efficient irrigation systems, and improved water management, can help
protect livelihoods and food security in the face of changing climatic conditions.

20 | P a g e
Strengthening early warning systems: Investing in early warning systems for extreme weather
events can help communities prepare and respond effectively, reducing the impact on lives and
livelihoods. This includes improving meteorological data collection, communication networks, and
community-based disaster preparedness.

Social protection and insurance: Implementing social protection programs that provide a safety net
for vulnerable populations can help alleviate the impact of climate-related disasters on poverty.
Insurance schemes specifically designed to cover climate risks can also provide financial support to
communities affected by extreme weather events.

Knowledge and capacity-building: Enhancing awareness, education, and training on climate change
adaptation strategies at all levels is crucial. This includes empowering local communities with
knowledge and skills to manage climate risks, promoting climate-resilient practices, and facilitating
access to climate information and technology.

International cooperation and financing: Addressing climate change and its impact on poverty
requires global collaboration. Developed countries can provide financial and technological support
to developing nations to implement adaptation measures. International climate funds and
mechanisms can help mobilize resources for climate-resilient projects and programs.

It is important to note that these solutions should be integrated into broader poverty
reduction efforts and take into account the specific socio-economic contexts of different
regions. Furthermore, addressing climate change requires the collective effort of governments,
civil society, businesses, and individuals to achieve meaningful and sustainable results.

5. Preventing Unemployment: To address unemployment and its impact on

poverty, several solutions can be considered:

Promoting economic growth: Governments can implement policies and create an enabling
environment that encourages economic growth. This can involve investing in infrastructure,
supporting entrepreneurship, attracting investment, and fostering innovation. Economic growth
generates job opportunities and reduces unemployment rates, thereby helping to alleviate poverty.

21 | P a g e
Enhancing education and skills development: Improving access to quality education and vocational
training equips individuals with the skills needed to secure employment. Governments can invest in
education systems, provide scholarships or grants, and collaborate with industries to ensure that
education aligns with market demands. This approach can enhance employability and reduce the
risk of poverty.

Supporting job creation: Governments can implement measures to stimulate job creation,
particularly in sectors with high potential for growth. This can involve providing incentives to
businesses, encouraging entrepreneurship, and promoting industries that have a significant
employment impact. Job creation initiatives can help reduce unemployment rates and lift individuals
out of poverty.

Strengthening social safety nets: Robust social safety net programs, such as unemployment benefits,
income support, and job training programs, can provide temporary relief to individuals and families
facing unemployment. These programs should be designed to provide adequate support while also
helping individuals reintegrate into the workforce and acquire new skills.

Encouraging labour market flexibility: Labour market regulations should strike a balance between
protecting workers' rights and providing flexibility for businesses to hire and adapt to changing
economic conditions. Policies that foster a favourable business environment can encourage job
creation and reduce unemployment.

Promoting entrepreneurship: Governments can create an environment that supports entrepreneurship

by providing access to financing, business development services, mentorship, and regulatory
simplification. Entrepreneurship can create job opportunities and contribute to poverty reduction.

It is important to note that these solutions should be implemented as part of a comprehensive

and context-specific approach to address unemployment and poverty. Collaboration among
governments, businesses, civil society organizations, and international partners is crucial to
achieving sustainable and inclusive economic growth.

22 | P a g e
6. Preventing Inaccessible Healthcare: Preventing inaccessible healthcare from
causing poverty is crucial for promoting social well-being and reducing inequalities. Here are some
strategies to address this issue:

Universal healthcare coverage: Governments should prioritize the establishment of universal

healthcare systems that provide essential healthcare services to all citizens, regardless of their ability
to pay. This can be achieved through a combination of public financing, health insurance schemes,
and subsidies for vulnerable populations. Universal healthcare coverage ensures that everyone has
access to necessary medical services without facing financial hardship.

Improve healthcare infrastructure and resources: Governments should invest in improving

healthcare infrastructure, including hospitals, clinics, and health centers, particularly in underserved
areas. This includes ensuring the availability of medical equipment, essential medicines, and
qualified healthcare professionals. Adequate staffing levels, training programs, and retention
strategies for healthcare workers are essential to ensure quality and accessible healthcare services.

Reduce financial barriers: Medical expenses can lead to financial burdens and push individuals into
poverty. Governments should implement policies to reduce financial barriers to healthcare, such as
out-of-pocket payments and user fees. This can be achieved through low-cost or free healthcare
services, health insurance programs, and targeted subsidies for vulnerable populations.

Strengthen primary healthcare: Emphasizing and strengthening primary healthcare services is

essential for preventing and managing health conditions before they become severe and costly.
Governments should invest in primary healthcare facilities, promote preventive care, and ensure
access to essential services such as vaccinations, maternal and child health services, and chronic
disease management. This can reduce the need for costly hospitalizations and specialized care.

Improve healthcare workforce distribution: Unequal distribution of healthcare workers between

urban and rural areas can result in limited access to healthcare services in remote regions.
Governments should implement strategies to address this disparity, such as providing incentives for
healthcare professionals to work in underserved areas, establishing telemedicine services, and
deploying mobile healthcare units to reach remote communities.

23 | P a g e
Enhance health literacy and awareness: Promoting health literacy and awareness can empower
individuals to make informed decisions about their health and seek appropriate healthcare services.
Governments should invest in health education programs that provide information on preventive
measures, healthy lifestyles, and the importance of early medical intervention. This can help
individuals take proactive steps to maintain good health and reduce the risk of illness.

Foster public-private partnerships: Collaboration between public and private healthcare sectors can
help improve accessibility. Governments can engage with private healthcare providers to expand
service delivery, particularly in areas where public facilities are limited. Public-private partnerships
should be guided by clear regulations, standards, and oversight to ensure equitable access,
affordability, and quality of care.

Implement targeted healthcare programs: Governments should design and implement targeted
healthcare programs to address the specific healthcare needs of vulnerable populations, such as low-
income individuals, children, older adults, and people with disabilities. These programs can include
specialized services, subsidies, and outreach initiatives to ensure that marginalized groups can
access healthcare services without facing financial hardship.

Leverage technology and innovation: Advancements in technology can help overcome geographical
barriers and improve access to healthcare services. Governments should explore the use of
telemedicine, mobile health applications, and digital health platforms to provide remote
consultations, medical advice, and health monitoring. This can be particularly beneficial for
individuals in rural or remote areas with limited access to healthcare facilities.

Preventing inaccessible healthcare requires a comprehensive approach that combines policy

interventions, infrastructure development, financial protection mechanisms, and community
engagement. By addressing barriers to healthcare access, societies can reduce the poverty
impact of medical expenses and improve overall health outcomes.

24 | P a g e
7. Preventing Lack of Infrastructure: Preventing the lack of infrastructure from
causing poverty is crucial for promoting economic development and improving living conditions.
Here are some strategies to address this issue:

Infrastructure investment and planning: Governments should prioritize infrastructure development

as a key component of their economic growth strategies. This includes investing in transportation
networks (roads, railways, airports), energy systems (electricity, renewable energy), water and
sanitation facilities, communication networks, and social infrastructure (schools, hospitals, public
spaces). Long-term infrastructure planning should consider the needs of both urban and rural areas,
ensuring equitable distribution of resources.

Public-private partnerships: Collaboration between the public and private sectors can help mobilize
resources and expertise for infrastructure development. Governments can encourage private sector
participation through public-private partnerships (PPPs) and other innovative financing models.
PPPs can leverage private investment, technical knowledge, and operational efficiency to accelerate
infrastructure projects while ensuring public interest and affordability.

Access to financing: Lack of financing is a significant barrier to infrastructure development,

particularly in low-income countries. Governments should work to secure domestic and
international financing sources, such as development banks, foreign direct investment, and
infrastructure funds. They should also promote transparent and accountable financial management
to attract investments and build confidence among investors.

Targeted infrastructure investments: Governments should prioritize infrastructure investments in

areas with the highest poverty rates and where access to basic services is limited. This includes
investing in rural infrastructure, where agricultural productivity and connectivity are critical for
poverty reduction. Targeted investments can improve access to markets, health services, education,
and clean water, thereby empowering communities and stimulating economic activities.

Sustainable and resilient infrastructure: Infrastructure development should integrate principles of

sustainability and resilience. Sustainable infrastructure aims to minimize environmental impact,
reduce resource consumption, and promote renewable energy sources. Resilient infrastructure can
withstand natural disasters and climate change impacts, minimizing disruptions and the subsequent
economic setbacks.
25 | P a g e
Capacity building and knowledge sharing: Governments should invest in building the capacity of
their institutions responsible for infrastructure planning, implementation, and maintenance. This
includes training staff, improving technical expertise, and enhancing project management
capabilities. Knowledge sharing platforms and partnerships with international organizations can
facilitate the exchange of best practices and lessons learned in infrastructure development.

Participatory and inclusive planning: Infrastructure planning should involve the participation of
local communities and stakeholders. Governments should engage in inclusive decision-making
processes, considering the needs, preferences, and priorities of the communities affected by
infrastructure projects. This approach ensures that infrastructure development aligns with the social,
economic, and environmental context of the area, minimizing negative impacts and maximizing
benefits.

Maintenance and asset management: Neglecting infrastructure maintenance can lead to its
deterioration and reduced effectiveness over time. Governments should prioritize asset management
systems that ensure regular maintenance, repairs, and upgrades of infrastructure. Adequate funding
mechanisms, maintenance plans, and skilled workforce are essential for sustaining infrastructure
investments and preventing the infrastructure gap from widening.

Leveraging technology and innovation: Technological advancements can help optimize

infrastructure planning, design, and management. Governments should explore the use of digital
tools, geographic information systems (GIS), and data analytics to improve decision-making,
enhance efficiency, and reduce costs in infrastructure projects. Innovation in construction
techniques, materials, and sustainable technologies can also contribute to more cost-effective and
resilient infrastructure solutions.

By prioritizing infrastructure development, particularly in underserved areas, governments

can create an enabling environment for economic growth, job creation, and poverty reduction.
Strategic investments in infrastructure can improve access to essential services, enhance
productivity, and stimulate economic activities, ultimately breaking the cycle of poverty.

26 | P a g e
8. Preventing Environmental Degrading: Preventing environmental
degradation from causing poverty is crucial for promoting sustainable development and ensuring
the well-being of communities. Here are some strategies to address this issue:

Sustainable land and resource management: Governments should implement sustainable land and
resource management practices to prevent environmental degradation. This includes promoting
responsible land use planning, protecting ecosystems, and conserving natural resources such as
forests, water bodies, and biodiversity. Strategies like reforestation, a forestation, and sustainable
agriculture practices can help restore degraded lands and ensure long-term environmental
sustainability.

Climate change mitigation and adaptation: Climate change exacerbates environmental

degradation and disproportionately affects vulnerable communities. Governments should
prioritize climate change mitigation efforts, such as transitioning to clean and renewable energy
sources, promoting energy efficiency, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally,
adaptation measures should be implemented to help communities cope with the impacts of
climate change, such as extreme weather events, sea-level rise, and changing rainfall patterns.

Environmental regulations and enforcement: Governments should establish and enforce stringent
environmental regulations to prevent pollution, deforestation, habitat destruction, and other
harmful activities. This includes setting emission standards, regulating industrial activities, and
enforcing environmental impact assessments for development projects. Effective enforcement
mechanisms, penalties for non-compliance, and public participation in decision-making processes
are essential for ensuring the effectiveness of environmental regulations.

Conservation and protected areas: Governments should establish and effectively manage
protected areas, national parks, and nature reserves to conserve biodiversity and ecologically
sensitive areas. These protected areas serve as important habitats for wildlife, contribute to
ecosystem services, and provide opportunities for sustainable tourism. Proper management,
monitoring, and enforcement are necessary to prevent encroachment and illegal activities within
these areas.

Sustainable water management: Access to clean and sufficient water is critical for poverty
reduction. Governments should prioritize sustainable water management practices, including
watershed protection, water conservation, and efficient irrigation systems. This can help ensure a
reliable water supply for communities, agriculture, and industries, while minimizing water
pollution and depletion of water resources.

Education and awareness: Promoting environmental education and awareness is essential for
changing behaviours and fostering a culture of environmental stewardship. Governments should
integrate environmental education into school curricula, support public awareness campaigns, and
engage communities in environmental conservation initiatives. Empowering individuals with
knowledge about the importance of environmental protection can drive sustainable practices at
the individual and community levels.

27 | P a g e
Sustainable livelihoods and green economy: Governments should promote sustainable livelihood
options that do not contribute to environmental degradation. This includes supporting and
incentivizing green sectors such as renewable energy, sustainable agriculture, eco-tourism, and
environmentally friendly industries. By promoting green jobs and sustainable economic activities,
governments can create income-generating opportunities while preserving the environment.

International cooperation and agreements: Environmental degradation is a global challenge that

requires international collaboration. Governments should participate in international
environmental agreements, such as the Paris Agreement, and work together to address issues like
climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution. Sharing knowledge, technology transfer, and
financial assistance from developed countries can support the efforts of developing nations in
preventing environmental degradation and its impact on poverty.

Preventing environmental degradation requires concerted efforts from governments, civil

society, and international organizations. By implementing these strategies, societies can protect
their natural resources, preserve ecosystems, and ensure a sustainable and prosperous future
for all.

9. Preventing Lack of reserves: Inclusive and prosperous societies. Preventing

the lack of reserves from causing poverty entails building financial resilience and safeguarding
individuals and communities from economic shocks. Here are some strategies to address this issue:

Establish emergency savings: Encourage individuals and households to establish emergency

savings. This can be achieved through financial education programs that emphasize the importance
of saving for unforeseen circumstances. Governments can also incentivize savings by offering tax
benefits or matching contributions to savings accounts for low-income individuals.

Social safety nets: Develop and strengthen social safety net programs that provide financial
assistance to individuals and families facing economic hardship. These programs can include cash
transfer programs, unemployment benefits, and targeted assistance for vulnerable populations,
ensuring they have a safety net to prevent falling into poverty during times of crisis.

Microfinance and micro insurance: Promote access to microfinance services, which provide small
loans and financial services to low-income individuals and entrepreneurs. Microfinance institutions

28 | P a g e
can help individuals build savings, access credit, and develop income-generating activities.
Similarly, micro insurance can protect against risks and provide a safety net for unforeseen events,
reducing the likelihood of poverty caused by emergencies.

Economic diversification: Encourage economic diversification to reduce reliance on a single sector

or industry. Governments should support the development of diverse economic activities, including
small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), agriculture, tourism, and other sectors. By diversifying
the economy, communities are less vulnerable to shocks that can lead to poverty when a single
industry faces challenges.

Strengthen financial institutions: Ensure the availability of reliable and accessible financial
institutions, such as banks, credit unions, and cooperatives. Governments should regulate and
supervise these institutions to maintain their stability and protect depositors' funds. Strengthening
the financial sector can promote savings, facilitate access to credit, and support economic growth.

Disaster risk reduction and resilience: Invest in disaster risk reduction and resilience-building
measures to mitigate the impact of natural disasters and other crises. This includes early warning
systems, infrastructure improvements, land-use planning, and community-based disaster
preparedness and response mechanisms. By reducing the vulnerability of communities to disasters,
the risk of falling into poverty due to such events can be minimized.

Education and skills development: Enhance education and skills development programs to equip
individuals with the knowledge and capabilities to navigate economic challenges. This includes
promoting vocational training, entrepreneurship education, and job placement services. By
enhancing human capital, individuals are better prepared to adapt to changing circumstances and
avoid poverty.

Access to credit and financial services: Improve access to credit and financial services, particularly
for marginalized populations and SMEs. Governments can support the establishment of
microfinance institutions, promote financial inclusion initiatives, and encourage the development of
innovative financial technologies (fetch) to expand access to affordable credit and other financial
services.

Strengthen fiscal management: Governments should maintain sound fiscal management practices,
including prudent budgeting, debt management, and efficient public expenditure. This helps build
fiscal buffers and reserves that can be utilized during economic downturns or emergencies.
29 | P a g e
Additionally, transparent and accountable public financial management systems reduce the risk of
corruption and ensure that resources are allocated efficiently to poverty alleviation initiatives.

By implementing these strategies, governments can reduce the risk of poverty resulting from a
lack of reserves. They can enhance financial resilience, protect vulnerable populations, and
promote sustainable economic growth, ultimately fostering.

30 | P a g e
Resource
 Sage Poe AI chat and Chat GPT 3.5
 [Link] ,what is poverty

31 | P a g e
Conclusion
In conclusion, poverty is a complex issue influenced by multiple factors, including lack of
education, poor infrastructure, unemployment, inaccessible healthcare, environmental
degradation, conflict, corruption, lack of financial reserves, and climate change. These factors
often interact and reinforce each other, creating a vicious cycle of poverty and inequality.

To effectively combat poverty, a comprehensive and multi-faceted approach is necessary. It

requires a combination of strategies that address the root causes of poverty while also
providing immediate relief and support to those in need.

Investing in education is crucial as it empowers individuals with knowledge and skills, opening
doors to better job opportunities and economic mobility. Accessible and quality education,
from primary to vocational training, should be a priority to ensure that individuals have the
tools to break free from the cycle of poverty.

Improving infrastructure, including transportation networks, electricity, water, and

communication systems, is essential for economic development and improving living
conditions. It enhances connectivity, promotes trade and investment, and facilitates access to
vital services, bringing opportunities to underserved areas.

Addressing unemployment requires policies that promote job creation, entrepreneurship, and
skills development. This can be achieved by fostering a conducive business environment,
supporting small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), and providing vocational training
programs that align with market demands.
32 | P a g e
Ensuring accessible healthcare for all is crucial in preventing individuals from falling into
poverty due to high medical expenses. Universal health coverage, combined with investments
in healthcare infrastructure, access to essential medicines, and preventive care, can alleviate
the burden of healthcare costs and improve overall well-being.

Environmental degradation poses significant challenges to poverty reduction efforts.

Sustainable environmental practices, conservation efforts, and addressing climate change are
necessary to protect livelihoods and ensure the long-term viability of communities. This
involves implementing sustainable land and resource management, promoting renewable
energy, and mitigating the impacts of climate change through adaptation measures.

Conflict and corruption undermine social and economic stability, exacerbating poverty.
Promoting peace, stability, and good governance are crucial for poverty alleviation. This
includes investing in conflict prevention, peace building, anti-corruption measures, and
transparent governance practices that ensure resources are allocated efficiently and equitably.

Building financial resilience and social safety nets are vital in mitigating the impact of
economic shocks on vulnerable populations. Encouraging savings, establishing social safety
net programs, supporting microfinance initiatives, and maintaining prudent fiscal
management practices help individuals and communities weather financial hardships and
prevent them from slipping into poverty.

In conclusion, addressing poverty requires a holistic and integrated approach that tackles the
interrelated factors contributing to its persistence. It demands collaboration between
governments, civil society organizations, international institutions, and the private sector to
implement effective and sustainable solutions. By investing in education, infrastructure,
healthcare, sustainable practices, and good governance, we can create inclusive societies
where poverty is reduced, and individuals have the opportunity to thrive and reach their full
potential.

33 | P a g e