HISTORY AND THE GAME

Basketball - a sport played by two teams of five players on a rectangular court - one of the world's
most popular and widely viewed sports -a team can score a field goal by shooting the ball through the
basket during regular play.

Game Objective: to shoot a ball through a hoop 18 inches (46 cm) in diameter and 10 feet (3.0 m)
high mounted to a backboard at each end.

December 1891 Canadian American Dr. James Naismith, a physical education professor and
instructor at the International Young Men's Christian Association Training School (YMCA) (today,
Springfield College) in Springfield, Massachusetts, USA), was trying to
keep his gym class active on a rainy day.

The first games used peach basket nailed to the wall for rims. In
1893, he replaced the peach basket with iron hoops and a hammock-
style basket. The first ball used was a soccer ball. The first balls made
specifically for basketball were brown, and it was only in the late 1950s
that Tony Hinkle, searching for a ball that would be more visible to
players and spectators alike, introduced the orange ball that is now in
common use.

Dribbling was not part of the original game except for the "bounce
pass" to teammates passing the ball was the primary means of ball movement. Dribbling was eventually
introduced but limited by the asymmetric shape of early balls. Influenced by the children’s game named
Duck on a Rock. The first official game was played in the YMCA gymnasium in Albany, New York on
January 20, 1892 with nine players By 1897–1898 teams of five became standard.

Basketball is played by two teams of 5 players. Each team shall consist of no more than 12 team
members entitled to play, including a captain. The 5 players during playing time can be substituted.

The game shall consist of 4 periods of 10 minutes

EQUIPMENT

1. Court: A regulation basketball court in international games is 91.9 feet long and 49.2 feet wide. In
the NBA the court is 94 feet by 50 feet. Most courts have wood flooring, usually constructed from
maple planks running in the same direction as the longer court dimension. The name and logo of
the home team is usually painted on or around the center circle.
2. Line: All lines shall be drawn in white color, 5 cm in width and clearly visible.
3. Basketball: MEN- 29.5 inches in circumference (size 7, or a "295 ball") and weighs 22 oz WOMEN-
28.5 inches in circumference (size 6, or a "285 ball") with a weight of 20 oz. It is round and the
outer casing should be Leather, Rubber, or other suitable Synthetic materials.
4. The basket is a steel rim 18 inches diameter with an attached net affixed to a backboard that
measures 6 feet by 3.5 feet and one basket is at each end of the court. The white outlined box on
the backboard is 18 inches high and 2 feet wide.
5. Game clock: This is the clock that runs whenever the ball is in play and stops whenever the ball
goes out of bounds or when a foul is committed.
6. Scoreboard: It is a large board for publicity displaying the score in a game or match.
7. Clothing:
Loose-fitting shorts for mobility, and sleeveless vests are the standard attire.
Basketball shoes should be rubber-soled and with protected ankle supports, although these are not
necessary.

Other equipment includes Twenty-four Second Clock, Score sheet, Player-foul Marker, Team Foul
Marker, Alternation Possession Arrow
BASIC SKILLS

 Positioning- since the 1980s, more specific positions have evolved,

namely:
Point guard: usually the fastest player on the team, organizes the
team's offense by controlling the ball and making sure that it gets
to the right player at the right time.
Shooting guard: creates a high volume of shots on offense, mainly
long-ranged; and guards the opponent's best perimeter player on
defense.
Small forward: often primarily responsible for scoring points via cuts to the basket and dribble
penetration; on defense seeks rebounds and steals, but sometimes plays more actively.
Position Power forward: plays offensively often with their back to the basket; on defense, plays under the
basket (in a zone defense) or against the opposing power forward (in man-to- man defense).
Center: uses height and size to score (on offense), to protect the basket closely (on defense), or to rebound.

 Shooting –(1)the act of attempting to score points by throwing the ball through the basket, methods varying
with players and situations. (2) A player faces the basket with both feet facing the basket. (3) A player will
rest the ball on the fingertips of the dominant hand (the shooting arm) slightly above the head, with the
other hand supporting the side of the ball. (4) The ball is usually shot by jumping (though not always) and
extending the shooting arm. (5) The shooting arm, fully extended with the wrist fully bent, is held
stationary for a moment following the release of the ball, known as a follow-through. (6) Players may shoot
directly into the basket or may use the backboard to redirect the ball into the basket.
3 TYPES OF SHOOTING
a. JUMPSHOT b. LAY-UP c. SLAM DUNK
 Rebounding -the objective of rebounding is to successfully gain possession of the basketball after a missed
field goal or free throw, as it rebounds from the hoop or backboard -this plays a major role in the game, as most
possessions end when a team misses a shot.
OFFENSIVE REBOUNDS - in which the ball is recovered by the offensive side and does not change
possession
DEFENSIVE REBOUND - in which the defending team gains possession of the loose ball
 PASSING - a method of moving the ball between players - most passes are accompanied by a step forward to
increase power and are followed through with the hands to ensure accuracy.
6 TYPES OF PASS
1. CHEST PASS - the ball is passed directly from the passer's chest to the receiver's chest. A proper
chest pass involves an outward snap of the thumbs to add velocity and leaves the defence little time
to react
2. BOUNCE PASS – (1) the passer bounces the ball crisply about two-thirds of the way from his own
chest to the receiver, (2) the ball strikes the court and bounces up toward the receiver, (3) the
bounce pass takes longer to complete than the chest pass, but it is also harder for the opposing
team to intercept (kicking the ball deliberately is a violation), (4) players often use the bounce pass
in crowded moments, or to pass around.
3. OVERHEAD PASS - used to pass the ball over a defender - the ball is released while over the
passer's head
4. OUTLET PASS - occurs after a team gets a defensive rebound - next pass after rebounding
5. NO LOOK PASS - a special way of doing this is passing the ball without looking at the receiving
teammate
6. BEHIND-THE-BACK PASS - advanced style of passing the ball - involves throwing the ball behind
the passer's back to a teammate
 DRIBBLING - the act of bouncing the ball continuously with one hand, and is a requirement for a player to
take steps with the ball - a player pushes the ball down towards the ground with the fingertips rather than
patting it; this ensures greater control
 BLOCKING - performed when, after a shot is attempted, a defender succeeds in altering the shot by
touching the ball

OFFICIALS

OFFICIAL is a person who has the responsibility to enforce the rules and maintain the order of the game.
 REFEREE
1. Crew chief – the lead official usually performs the jump ball
2. Umpires – a.k.a. Referees same responsibilities with the lead official only that they are only assistants
 SCORER - The one who will record the points, violations and fouls gained by each team - Uses score sheet for
documentary purposes and scoreboard for letting the teams know about their status in the game
 TIMEKEEPERS: -responsible for monitoring the time of the game

VIOLATION

 24-Second Violation - teams must attempt a shot within 24 seconds

 Three in the Key - An offensive or defensive player cannot remain in the lane (key) for more than three seconds
at a time
 Double Dribble - A violation in which a player dribbles the ball, stops, then begins to dribble again
 Charging - A violation in which an offensive player runs into a stationary opponent
 Travelling - A violation in which a player takes too many steps without dribbling the basketball
 Eight-Second Violation - After a basket, the offensive team has eight seconds to get the ball over midcourt
 Palming - A violation in which a player moves his hand under the ball and scoops it while dribbling
 Goaltending - When a defensive player interferes illegally with a shot on the rim or on a downward path to the
hoop; the shot is assumed in and the offensive team receives the basket
COMMON FOULS (personal)
 Blocking - When a player uses their body position to prevent their opponent from advancing
 Charging - When an offensive player runs into a defender who has an established position
 Elbowing - When a player swings their elbows in an excessive manner and makes contact with their opponent
 Illegal Screen - the player setting the screen is still moving when the defender makes contact with them. This is
a form of blocking which prevents the defender from moving around the screen
 Hand Check - when a defender intermittently or continuously uses one or both hands on an opposing player,
usually the ball handler
 Holding - using the hands to interfere with or limit an opponent's freedom of movement Over-the-Back -
jumping on and over the back of an opposing player who is attempting to rebound the basketball
 Reaching In - when attempting to steal the basketball, the defender extends their arm and hand and makes
contact with the ballhandler
 Tripping - when a player uses their foot or leg to cause their opponent to fall or lose their balance

BASKETBALL FOULS

 Flagrant Foul - A foul committed in an violent and harmful manner.

 Intentional Foul - A foul committed on purpose, usually by a defensive player, to stop the clock or prevent a
basket.
 Shooting Foul - When a defender makes contact with an offensive player who is in the act of shooting the
basketball
 Technical Foul - Violations and misconduct that are detrimental to the game. These are penalized by free-throw
opportunities
 Personal Foul - Possession of the basketball out of bounds. One-and-one free throw situation if the team is
above their foul limit.
 Shooting Foul - Two or three free throws depending on the type of shot taken.
 Technical Foul - Two free throws and possession of the basketball out of bounds.