Exercises

Exercise 1. Comment on the phenomenon of homonymy. Arrange the following homonyms into three groups:
a) perfect homonyms, b) homographs, c) homophones.
Air (n), heir (n); ball (n), ball (n); be (v), bee (n); bear (n), bear (v); can (v), can (n); capital (n), capital (adj);
dear (adj), deer (n); ear (n), ear (n); fir (n), fur (n); flat (n), flat (adj); hare (n), hair (n); heel (n), heal (v); here
(adv), hear (v); I (pr), eye (n); lead (v), lead (n); lie (v), lie (v); minute (n), minute (adj); night (n), knight (n);
pale (adj), pail (n); peace (n), piece (n); rain (n), reign (n); right (adj), write (v); sale (n), sail (n); sea (n), see
(v); seal (n), seal (n); so (adv), sew (v); some (pr), sum (n); son (n), sun (n); tear (n), tear (v); week (n), weak
(adj); well (n), well (adv); wind (n), wind (v); won (v), one (num).
Homonyms can be classified into three categories:
Perfect Homonyms: Words that have the same spelling and pronunciation but differ in meaning.
Homographs: Words that share the same spelling but have different pronunciations and meanings.
Homophones: Words that have the same pronunciation but differ in spelling and meaning.
a) Perfect Homonyms
Ball (n) /bɔːl/ - м’яч / a spherical object used in sports – Ball (n) /bɔːl/ - бал / a formal dance or gathering
Bear (n) /beə(r)/ - ведмідь / a large, heavy mammal – Bear (v) /beə(r)/ - нести / to carry or support
Can (v) /kæn/ - могти / to be able to do something – Can (n) /kæn/ - бляшанка / a metal container for liquids
Ear (n) /ɪə(r)/ - вухо / the organ for hearing – Ear (n) /ɪə(r)/ - колос / the part of a plant, like corn, that holds
seeds
Flat (n) /flæt/ - квартира / an apartment – Flat (adj) /flæt/ - плоский / level or smooth without bumps
Lie (v) /laɪ/ - лежати / to recline or rest – Lie (v) /laɪ/ - брехати / to say something untrue
Seal (n) /siːl/ - тюлень / a marine animal – Seal (n) /siːl/ - печатка / a mark or stamp used for closure or
security
Tear (n) /tɪə(r)/ - сльоза / a drop of liquid from the eye – Tear (v) /teə(r)/ - рвати / to rip or pull apart
Well (n) /wel/ - криниця / a source of water from the ground – Well (adv) /wel/ - добре / in a good or
satisfactory way
Wind (n) /wɪnd/ - вітер / moving air in the atmosphere – Wind (v) /waɪnd/ - витися / to twist or turn in a spiral
shape
b) Homographs
Capital (n) /ˈkæpɪtl/ - столиця / the main city of a country or region – Capital (adj) /ˈkæpɪtl/ - смертельний /
involving a death penalty
Lead (v) /liːd/ - вести / to guide or direct in a course – Lead (n) /led/ - свинець / a heavy metal
Minute (n) /ˈmɪnɪt/ - хвилина / a unit of time equal to 60 seconds – Minute (adj) /maɪˈnjuːt/ - дуже
маленький / extremely small
c) Homophones
Air (n) /eə(r)/ - повітря / the invisible gaseous substance around us – Heir (n) /eə(r)/ - спадкоємець / a person
entitled to inherit property
3. Be (v) /biː/ - бути / to exist or to take place – Bee (n) /biː/ - бджола / an insect that produces honey
Dear (adj) /dɪə(r)/ - дорогий / cherished or valued – Deer (n) /dɪə(r)/ - олень / a type of animal
Fir (n) /fɜː(r)/ - ялиця / a type of evergreen tree – Fur (n) /fɜː(r)/ - хутро / animal hair or coat
Hare (n) /heə(r)/ - заєць / a fast-running mammal similar to a rabbit – Hair (n) /heə(r)/ - волосся / strands that
grow on the head or body
Heel (n) /hiːl/ - п’ята / the back part of the human foot – Heal (v) /hiːl/ - зцілювати / to make healthy again
Here (adv) /hɪə(r)/ - тут / in this place – Hear (v) /hɪə(r)/ - чути / to perceive sound
I (pr) /aɪ/ - я / the pronoun for oneself – Eye (n) /aɪ/ - око / the organ of vision
Knight (n) /naɪt/ - лицар / a person granted an honorary title – Night (n) /naɪt/ - ніч / the time after sunset and
before sunrise
Pale (adj) /peɪl/ - блідий / light in color or lacking color – Pail (n) /peɪl/ - відро / a container used to carry
liquids
Peace (n) /piːs/ - мир / absence of conflict or war – Piece (n) /piːs/ - шматок / a part of something
Rain (n) /reɪn/ - дощ / water that falls from clouds – Reign (n) /reɪn/ - панування / the period of rule by a king
or queen
Right (adj) /raɪt/ - правильний / correct or opposite of left – Write (v) /raɪt/ - писати / to inscribe or form letters
on a surface
Sale (n) /seɪl/ - продаж / the act of selling something – Sail (n) /seɪl/ - вітрило / fabric that catches wind on a
boat
Sea (n) /siː/ - море / a large body of salt water – See (v) /siː/ - бачити / to view or perceive with the eyes
So (adv) /səʊ/ - так / thus or therefore – Sew (v) /səʊ/ - шити / to stitch with a needle and thread
Some (pr) /sʌm/ - деякі / a certain quantity – Sum (n) /sʌm/ - сума / the result of addition
Son (n) /sʌn/ - син / a male child – Sun (n) /sʌn/ - сонце / the star at the center of our solar system
Week (n) /wiːk/ - тиждень / a period of seven days – Weak (adj) /wiːk/ - слабкий / lacking strength
Won (v) /wʌn/ - виграв / past tense of win – One (num) /wʌn/ - один / the number 1

Exercise 2. Choose appropriate homophones.

1. My (sole, soul) is dark. 2. Honey is (sweet, suite). 3. Don’t (sale, sail) the (bear’s, bears) skin before you
have (court, caught) it. 4. After (reign, rain) comes fine (whether, weather). 5. (No, know) living man all things
can. 6. Make hay while the (sun, son) shines. 7. (To, two) heads are better than (one, won). 8. Out of (site, sight)
out of mind. 9. (Too, two) many cooks spoil the broth. 10. (New, knew) wine in old bottles. 11. One can (here,
hear) the grass grow. 12. One’s (hart, heart) goes into (once, one’s) boots. 13. Like (father, farther) like (sun,
son). 14. It never (reigns, rains) but it (paws, pours).
1. My soul (душа) is dark. / Sole (підошва)
2. Honey is sweet (солодкий). / Suite (номер у готелі)
3. Don’t sell (продавати) the bear’s (ведмедя) skin before you have caught (зловив) it. / Sale (продаж), bears
(ведмеді), court (суд)
4. After rain (дощ) comes fine weather (погода). / Reign (правління), whether (чи)
5. No (ні) living man all things can. / Know (знати)
6. Make hay while the sun (сонце) shines. / Son (син)
7. Two (два) heads are better than one (один). / To (до), won (виграв)
8. Out of sight (зір) out of mind. / Site (місце)
9. Too (надто) many cooks spoil the broth. / Two (два)
10. New (нове) wine in old bottles. / Knew (знав)
11. One can hear (чути) the grass grow. / Here (тут)
12. One’s heart (серце) goes into one’s (чиєсь) boots. / Hart (олень), once (одного разу)
13. Like father (батько), like son (син). / Farther (далі), sun (сонце)
14. It never rains (дощить) but it pours (ллє як з відра). / Reigns (править), paws (лапи)

Exercise 3. Comment on the phenomenon of paronymy. Make distinctions between the following paronyms.
Bear ‒ beer; bare ‒ beer; canal ‒ channel; career ‒ carrier; cause ‒ course; collar ‒ colour; company ‒
campaign; conscience ‒ conscious; contents ‒ context ‒ contest; courage ‒ carnage; corps ‒ corpse; cost ‒
coast; crash ‒ crush; draught ‒ draughts; draught ‒ drought; hare ‒ heir; hair ‒ hear; human ‒ humane; lay ‒ lie;
law ‒ low; lawyer ‒ lower; major ‒ mayor; modal ‒ model; Paul ‒ poll; pair ‒ pier; pear ‒ pier; personal ‒
personnel; petrol ‒ patrol; pour ‒ poor; price ‒ prize; quiet ‒ quite; raise ‒ rise; seize ‒ cease; sell ‒ sail; skirt ‒
shirt; sergeant ‒ surgeon; soil ‒ soul; suit ‒ suite.
1. Bear /beə(r)/ (нести, ведмідь) ‒ Beer /bɪə(r)/ (пиво): «Bear» refers to an animal or the act of carrying, while
«beer» is an alcoholic beverage.
2. Bare /beə(r)/ (оголений) ‒ Beer /bɪə(r)/ (пиво): «Bare» means uncovered or naked, while «beer» is a drink.
3. Canal /kəˈnæl/ (канал) ‒ Channel /ˈtʃæn.əl/ (канал, канал зв’язку): «Canal» is a man-made waterway, while
«channel» can refer to a natural waterway, a communication method, or a television station.
4. Career /kəˈrɪə(r)/ (кар’єра) ‒ Carrier /ˈkær.i.ər/ (перевізник): «Career» is a person’s professional path, while
«carrier» is someone or something that transports goods or people.
5. Cause /kɔːz/ (причина) ‒ Course /kɔːs/ (курс, напрямок): «Cause» is a reason or a justification, whereas
«course» can mean a direction, a series of lessons, or a meal.
6. Collar /ˈkɒl.ər/ (комір) ‒ Colour /ˈkʌl.ər/ (колір): «Collar» is a part of clothing around the neck, while
«colour» refers to hue or pigment.
7. Company /ˈkʌm.pə.ni/ (компанія) ‒ Campaign /kæmˈpeɪn/ (кампанія): «Company» is an organization or
group, while «campaign» is a series of organized actions to achieve a goal.
8. Conscience /ˈkɒn.ʃəns/ (совість) ‒ Conscious /ˈkɒn.ʃəs/ (свідомий): «Conscience» is a moral compass,
while «conscious» refers to awareness.
9. Contents /ˈkɒn.tents/ (вміст) ‒ Context /ˈkɒn.tekst/ (контекст) ‒ Contest /ˈkɒn.test/ (змагання): «Contents»
refer to items within something; «context» is the surrounding situation; «contest» is a competition.
10. Courage /ˈkʌr.ɪdʒ/ (сміливість) ‒ Carnage /ˈkɑː.nɪdʒ/ (кровопролиття): «Courage» is bravery, while
«carnage» refers to large-scale killing or destruction.
11. Corps /kɔː(r)/ (корпус, військовий загін) ‒ Corpse /kɔː(r)ps/ (труп): «Corps» is a group, especially in the
military; «corpse» is a dead body.
12. Cost /kɒst/ (вартість) ‒ Coast /kəʊst/ (узбережжя): «Cost» is the price or expense, while «coast» refers to
the edge of the land next to the sea.
13. Crash /kræʃ/ (аварія) ‒ Crush /krʌʃ/ (розчавити): «Crash» is a sudden collision, while «crush» is to press
and deform something.
14. Draught /drɑːft/ (ковток, протяг) ‒ Draughts /drɑːfts/ (шашки): «Draught» can mean a drink or air current;
«draughts» refers to the board game (checkers).
15. Draught /drɑːft/ (ковток, протяг) ‒ Drought /draʊt/ (посуха): «Draught» can mean a drink or breeze, while
«drought» is a period of no rainfall.
16. Hare /heər/ (заєць) ‒ Heir /eər/ (спадкоємець): «Hare» is an animal, while «heir» is someone who inherits.
17. Hair /heər/ (волосся) ‒ Hear /hɪər/ (чути): «Hair» is a body growth, while «hear» is the act of perceiving
sound.
18. Human /ˈhjuː.mən/ (людина) ‒ Humane /hjuːˈmeɪn/ (гуманний): «Human» refers to a person, while
«humane» refers to kindness or compassion.
19. Lay /leɪ/ (класти) ‒ Lie /laɪ/ (лежати, брехати): «Lay» means to put down, while «lie» can mean to recline
or to tell an untruth.
20. Law /lɔː/ (закон) ‒ Low /ləʊ/ (низький): «Law» is a system of rules, while «low» refers to a small height or
intensity.
21. Lawyer /ˈlɔː.jər/ (юрист) ‒ Lower /ˈləʊ.ər/ (нижчий): «Lawyer» is a legal professional, while «lower»
means to reduce height or intensity.
22. Major /ˈmeɪ.dʒər/ (головний, спеціальність) ‒ Mayor /ˈmeɪ.ər/ (мер): «Major» can mean important or a
field of study, while «mayor» is a city leader.
23. Modal /ˈmoʊ.dəl/ (модальний) ‒ Model /ˈmɒd.əl/ (модель): «Modal» refers to modes or manners, while
«model» is a representation or example.
24. Paul /pɔːl/ (ім’я Павло) ‒ Poll /pəʊl/ (опитування): «Paul» is a name, while «poll» is a survey.
25. Pair /peə(r)/ (пара) ‒ Pier /pɪər/ (пристань): «Pair» is a set of two, while «pier» is a structure extending into
water.
26. Pear /peə(r)/ (груша) ‒ Pier /pɪər/ (пристань): «Pear» is a fruit, while «pier» is a structure in water.
27. Personal /ˈpɜː.sən.əl/ (особистий) ‒ Personnel /ˌpɜː.səˈnel/ (персонал): «Personal» refers to an individual,
while «personnel» are employees or staff.
28. Petrol /ˈpɛt.rəl/ (бензин) ‒ Patrol /pəˈtrəʊl/ (патруль): «Petrol» is fuel, while «patrol» is a group or action
for guarding.
29. Pour /pɔːr/ (наливати) ‒ Poor /pʊər/ (бідний): «Pour» is to flow or spill, while «poor» means lacking
wealth.
30. Price /praɪs/ (ціна) ‒ Prize /praɪz/ (приз): «Price» is the cost, while «prize» is a reward.
31. Quiet /ˈkwaɪ.ət/ (тихий) ‒ Quite /kwaɪt/ (досить): «Quiet» means no sound, while «quite» is an intensifier
meaning fairly or very.
32. Raise /reɪz/ (піднімати) ‒ Rise /raɪz/ (підніматися): «Raise» means to lift something, while «rise» means to
move upward by itself.
33. Seize /siːz/ (захоплювати) ‒ Cease /siːs/ (припиняти): «Seize» means to take, while «cease» means to stop.
34. Sell /sɛl/ (продавати) ‒ Sail /seɪl/ (плисти під вітрилом): «Sell» is to exchange for money, while «sail» is
to move by boat.
35. Skirt /skɜːt/ (спідниця) ‒ Shirt /ʃɜːt/ (сорочка): «Skirt» is a garment for the lower body, while «shirt» is for
the upper body.
36. Sergeant /ˈsɑː.dʒənt/ (сержант) ‒ Surgeon /ˈsɜː.dʒən/ (хірург): «Sergeant» is a military rank, while
«surgeon» is a medical doctor.
37. Soil /sɔɪl/ (ґрунт) ‒ Soul /səʊl/ (душа): «Soil» is earth, while «soul» is the spiritual essence.
38. Suit /suːt/ (костюм) ‒ Suite /swiːt/ (номер в готелі): «Suit» is a formal set of clothes, while «suite» is a set
of rooms or matching items.

Exercise 5. Comment on the meanings of the adjective loose in the following sentences.
1. One can buy milk loose or in packets. 2. I’m afraid I’ll have to have my loose tooth out. 3. I find this
translation to be very loose. 4. Try to fix the loose end of the rope to the wall. 5. My shoe lace got loose. 6. I’ve
got some loose change in my pocket, but nothing else. 7. I Don’t like his manners, they are rather loose. 8. The
dog is too dangerous to be left loose. 9. The jacket is too loose in shoulders. 10. Does she always wear her hair
loose? 11. He had been leading a loose life since he got married. 12. Calculations must be exact, not loose. 13. I
can’t make out anything, your handwriting is very loose. 14. This material is very loose, I Don’t like it. 15. Be
careful with this book, some of its pages have become loose. 16. To say so would be loose grammar. 17. What
are you busy with at loose hours? 18. His cheeks are so loose after his illness. 19. She often has a loose tongue.
20. I hate tight clothes, I prefer loose ones.
1. One can buy milk loose or in packets. Unpackaged or not contained in a specific wrapping.
2. I’m afraid I’ll have to have my loose tooth out. Not firmly attached or insecurely placed.
3. I find this translation to be very loose. Lacking accuracy or exactness; not precise.
4. Try to fix the loose end of the rope to the wall. Unattached or not securely tied.
5. My shoelace got loose. Untied or not securely fastened.
6. I’ve got some loose change in my pocket, but nothing else. Separate, small pieces; not in a bundle or
container.
7. I don’t like his manners; they are rather loose. Lacking strictness or discipline; possibly immoral or
disrespectful.
8. The dog is too dangerous to be left loose. Not confined, free to move around.
9. The jacket is too loose in the shoulders. Too large or not fitting closely.
10. Does she always wear her hair loose? Not tied back; freely hanging.
11. He had been leading a loose life since he got married. Indulgent or morally unrestrained lifestyle.
12. Calculations must be exact, not loose. Lacking precision or exactness.
13. I can’t make out anything; your handwriting is very loose. Inaccurate or lacking in clarity and neatness.
14. This material is very loose, I don’t like it. Not tightly woven; with a low thread density.
15. Be careful with this book; some of its pages have become loose. Detached or not securely bound.
16. To say so would be loose grammar. Informal or incorrect; lacking strict adherence to rules.
17. What are you busy with at loose hours? Unscheduled or free time.
18. His cheeks are so loose after his illness. Sagging or lacking firmness.
19. She often has a loose tongue. Prone to speaking without restraint; may speak too freely or indiscreetly.
20. I hate tight clothes; I prefer loose ones. Not fitting closely; allowing freedom of movement.

Exercise 6. Comment on the polysemy of the verb to run.

1. «What distance have you ran?» «I have ran a mile.» 2. Every morning he ran his cattle to the pasture. 3. After
that attack the enemy ran. 4. Life runs smoothly for her. 5. This route runs every three minutes. 6. The traffic
does not run today. 7. Time runs fast. 8. Thoughts ran in his head. 9. This tune is constantly running in my ear.
10. The news ran like lightning. 11. The rumour ran through the town. 12. I felt the blood running to my head.
13. This law runs for five years. 14. The road ran up to the hill. 15. The scar runs across his left cheek. 16. The
wine ran all over the table. 17. This agreement has two years to run. 18. Rivers run into the sea. 19. Most
British rivers ran eastwards. 20. Tears were running across her cheeks. 21. His face was running with sweat. 22.
My pen Won’t write, the ink Won’t run. 23. Our conversation was running on the latest events. 24. The proverb
runs: To run one’s head into the lion’s mouth. 25. Who runs the house in your family? 26. Have you run the car
into the garage? 27. The motor runs smoothly. 28. This film has been running since Monday. 29. Trams run on
rails.
1. «What distance have you ran?» «I have ran a mile.» To move quickly on foot; to jog or sprint.
2. «Every morning he ran his cattle to the pasture.» To drive or guide animals to a specific location.
3. «After that attack the enemy ran.» To flee or retreat quickly from danger.
4. «Life runs smoothly for her.» To progress or operate without problems; to flow.
5. «This route runs every three minutes.» To operate or function (often referring to transportation schedules).
6. «The traffic does not run today.» To operate or function (specifically referring to vehicles or services).
7. «Time runs fast.» To pass quickly; to progress.
8. «Thoughts ran in his head.» To flow or occur continuously; to process mentally.
9. «This tune is constantly running in my ear.» To play or be heard repetitively.
10. «The news ran like lightning.» To spread rapidly; to circulate quickly.
11. «The rumour ran through the town.» To disseminate or circulate information widely.
12. «I felt the blood running to my head.» To flow; typically used in a physical or physiological context.
13. «This law runs for five years.» To be in effect or to continue for a specified duration.
14. «The road ran up to the hill.» To extend or stretch towards a destination.
15. «The scar runs across his left cheek.» To stretch or be marked along a surface.
16. «The wine ran all over the table.» To spill or flow across a surface.
17. «This agreement has two years to run.» To be in effect for a designated period.
18. «Rivers run into the sea.» To flow or discharge into another body of water.
19. «Most British rivers ran eastwards.» To flow in a specific direction.
20. «Tears were running across her cheeks.» To flow downwards, typically referring to liquid.
21. «His face was running with sweat.» To flow or drip from a surface; typically referring to perspiration.
22. «My pen won’t write; the ink won’t run.» To flow or be dispensed; often used in reference to liquids or
substances.
23. «Our conversation was running on the latest events.» To continue or proceed in a specific manner.
24. «The proverb runs: To run one’s head into the lion’s mouth.» To express or be stated; typically used in
reference to sayings or phrases.
25. «Who runs the house in your family?» To manage or be in charge of something.
26. «Have you run the car into the garage?» To drive a vehicle into a location.
27. «The motor runs smoothly.» To operate efficiently or without issues.
28. «This film has been running since Monday.» To be shown or screened in a theater.
29. «Trams run on rails.» To operate or travel along a specific path or track.