VILLAGE INFORMATION SYSTEM (VIS)

Development of Village Economy through

Space Technology
Kiran Jalem* and A.K. Singh**

Abstract
Paradox prominently persists in Jharkhand in terms of resource base and regional/socio-
economic development and natural resource management. Peace and freedom, though,
are not necessarily outcome of economic development, it is a must to have the
affordability to the minimum level of basic needs like food, shelter, health, education, and
decent living conditions in the marginalized/underdeveloped regions/societies.
Village Information System (VIS) is an interdisciplinary approach with Remote
Sensing, GIS and GPS technologies conceptualized to bring about the development in such
regions through creating/updating, disseminating information related to resources and
aspects of development.VIS, a GIS based customized information system, aims to integrate
various datasets at micro-level (village, panchayat & block). This project is being carried
out for Namkum block of Ranchi district in Jharkhand on pilot basis which will later on
be implemented to the entire state. The objectives include the Geospatial technology based
thematic mapping on various natural resources viz. Geology, Geomorphology, Soils,
Landuse/Landcover and Forest type & density as well as Socio-Economic profile consisting
of amenities/infrastructure like healthcare, schools, roads, power, drinking water, etc., to
help meet the above stated goals in the villages of Jharkhand.
The project also attempts to integrate and generate comprehensive information
including Computerization of Land Records (Land Records Information System) to
develop various development action plans which addresses issues like Land Utilization,
Rural Development and Poverty Alleviation, Tribal Development, Natural Resource

* Asstt. Professor, Disaster Management Centre (DMC), Shri Krishna Institute of Public Administration (SKIPA), ATI Main Building,
Meur's Road, Ranchi-834008.
** Director General, Shri Krishna Institute of Public Administration (SKIPA), ATI Main Building, Meur's Road, Ranchi-834008

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Development of Village Economy through Space Technology

Management & Utilization, Wasteland, Watershed Prioritization, Infrastructure

Planning finally leading to the overall Regional Development. The information will be
made available and accessible to the people ranging from the policy makers,
administrators, plan executors, researcher and academicians, NGOs to the villagers and
other people concerned.
This study is being carried out using Indian Remote Sensing Satellite data (LISS-III
and LISS - IV) and Quick Bird Data of 2004-05, Census 1991 and 2001 Data and Primary
Survey Data on Household, Village Information, Health Information and Education
Information Survey.

Introduction
Paradox prominently persists in Jharkhand in terms of resource base and
regional/socio-economic development and natural resource management. Peace and
freedom, though, are not necessarily outcome of economic development, it is a must to
have the affordability to the minimum level of basic needs like food, shelter, health,
education, and decent living conditions in the marginalized/underdeveloped
regions/societies. Jharkhand is one of the largest producers of mineral resources of the
country spreading over majority of the districts with a paradox to be among the bottom
lying states in terms of development till now. It has got the vast resources in flora and
fauna or biodiversity too. In terms of human reserve the state is rich, which can be
converted into quality human resources through proper efforts and intervention. The
other endowments, like scenic beauty, all over the state with a vast potential for tourism
are also unutilized or underutilized. The figures indicate that a considerable portion of
the land is under agricultural wastelands that have to be beneficially utilized for rural
development.
The state has also received the special development plans as hill and tribal region (as
Chotanagpur Plateau prior to the Jharkhand State). Yet the development indicators
indicate the poor results of the plan efforts. To uplift the State in terms of development,
the development of rural areas is a prerequisite. Since the rural areas are regionally
heterogeneous at micro-level, it is necessary to have local specific plans and
programmes. For any kind of development plan or programme the most required aspect
is availability of reliable real-time database/information at easy access to the
policy/decision makers, administrators, executors and the people converned. It may
also motivate the participation of the villagers in local/village level decision making and
development activities with understanding about their settlement locations, resources
and environment or village ecology with an input of indigenous/local expertise or

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technology. Therefore, it is necessary to design and develop a comprehensive and

systematic database to attain the goal in sustainable manner. Therefore, this work is
oriented towards creating and providing information on all resources related to land,
water, forests, minerals, soils, agriculture and human and socio-economic development,
infrastructure and facilities, etc. The integration of these sets of information would fill
the data gaps to some extent in planning process and development efforts. This is an
endeavour by geo-spatial technology like Remote Sensing, GIS, GPS, etc, and
application projects for the development of the state.

The Need
Urban population is increasing in India at an alarming rate, but urban development
trend is affected by shortage of resources and environmental problems. Hence optimum
use of natural resources like water, which forms the part of basic amenities in urban
settlement, is the need of the hour. Jharkhand state has blessed with abundance Natural
resources like Minerals, Rivers, Forests etc, but its improper management is acting as a
hindrance for development. Especially the capital "Ranchi" lacks either the proper
assessment or development or Management of basic infrastructure facilities. The
present condition of utility services in the state capital needs Preparation of Landuse
map, Management & updation of other Utility services.

Development of any settlement rural or urban can be broadly categorized into 4 phases:
O Pre-planning phase

O Planning and implementation phase.

O Monitoring and Evaluation phase.

O Re-planning for existing and future development phase

Planning, Development and management at settlement, village or urban level, need

information not only for the initial stage but on regular interval so that the whole
process of planning can be systematized in terms of data sources, data collection,
storage, processing, updating, retrieval and meaningful efficient use, which acts as the
basic information required for the urban utility services.
This project "Village Information System" on completion will address to all the above
issues and will help in Updation, Analysis, Development, Assessment, Management and
Retrieval of data related to above mentioned urban utility services.
Village Information System (VIS) is an interdisciplinary approach with Remote
Sensing, GIS and GPS technologies conceptualized to bring about the development in

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VILLAGE INFORMATION SYSTEM (VIS)
Development of Village Economy through Space Technology

such regions through creating/updating, disseminating information related to

resources and aspects of development. VIS, a GIS based customized information
system, aims to integrate various datasets at micro-level (village, panchayat & block).
This project is being carried out for Namkum block of Ranchi district in Jharkhand on
pilot basis which will later on be implemented to the entire state. The objectives
include the Geospatial technology based thematic mapping on various natural
resources viz. Geology, Geomorphology, Soils, Landuse/Landcover and Forest type &
density as well as Socio-Economic profile consisting of amenities/infrastructure like
healthcare, schools, roads, power, drinking water, etc., to help meet the above stated
goals in the villages of Jharkhand.
The project also attempts to integrate and generate comprehensive information
including Computerization of Land Records (Land Records Information System) to
develop various development action plans which addresses issues like Land Utilization,
Rural Development and Poverty Alleviation, Tribal Development, Natural Resource
Management & Utilization, Wasteland, Watershed Prioritization, Infrastructure
Planning finally leading to the overall Regional Development. The information will be
made available and accessible to the people ranging from the policy makers,
administrators, plan executors, researcher and academicians, NGOs to the villagers and
other people concerned.
The other dimension of this project is to take the utility and fruits of this geospatial
technology to the door steps of even the remote villagers through printed maps and
also through the network accessible at Info-Kiosks or Village Resource/Information
Centers (VRCs) connected by VSAT. In nutshell, it will be of immense help in proper and
effective development intervention in the same paradigm of 'bottom up approach' in
regional development.

Objectives
The main objectives of VIS are:
1. To generate and integrate information on various natural and human
resources
2. Integration of thematic information in GIS environment to draw up area-
specific and location-specific action plans like Land Resources Development
Action Plan, Water Resources Development Action Plan, Watershed
Prioritization, etc.
3. To disseminate these information to the policy makers, administrators, plan
executors, villagers and people concerned

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4. To customize user-based softwares for browsing and query

5. Training and transfer of technology to various users/departments

Data Base
Spatial/Maps:
Since there are many aspects involved in VIS, different materials and methods have been
used. The materials used for this project are Survey Of India toposheets, latest Remote
Sensing Data (LISS-III, LISS-IV, IKONOS and Quickbird) of 2004-2005. Theme wise data
sources have been given below:

Geology:
1. Quadrangle Geological Map of Geological Survey of India.
2. IRS P-6 LISS -IV data to modify the Litho Units

Geomorphology:
IRS P-6 LISS -IV data to interpret and delineate the geographic units (Valley Fill, Valley
Slope, Plateau (Weathered & Dissected), Tors & Domes, Denudational Hills, etc.

Landuse/Landcover:
IRS LISS-III and LISS-IV

Soil:
IRS P-6 LISS -IV data to map Soil Series

Slope:
SOI Toposheet (1:50000)

Drainage:
IRS P6 LISS IV data

Forest Resource Assessment (FRA)

IRS P-6 LISS -IV

Computerization of Land Records (Land Information System or LIS)

1. Revenue or Khasra Maps collected from the Block or District Nazarath Office,
2. Quick Bird Satellite Data

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Attribute Data
1. Census of India, 2001- Village Directory and /PCA
2. District and Block Offices (Document II, Anganbari Centers, BPL, etc)
3. Primary Survey based on questionnaire for Village Information, Education
Information, Health Information, and Household Information
The other thematic, tabular and textual secondary and ancillary information have
also been obtained supplemented by the field survey and ground truthing.

Methodology
Different methods have been followed for generating different themes in this project.
The methods are following (the methodology and approach have been shown in the flow
charts given subsequently):
1. Village Boundary Mapping: Boundary map acquired from the Census of India
and confirmed with the Block about the present boundary, since it falls partly
in the urban area now. The paper maps were scanned, georeferenced,
digitized, village-codes assigned and socio-economic data attached for
thematic mapping.
2. Landuse/Land Cover Mapping: Landuse/Landcover mapping of Namkum
Block was carried out using IRS LISS-III and LISS-IV Satellite Image. Visual
interpretation techniques and adequate ground verifications was considered
to identify various Landuse/Landcover classes. Major emphasis was given to
delineate the landuse classes such as agricultural, fallow land (kharif, rabi,
double cropping seasons), agricultural plantations, forest, wasteland, built-up
land, quarrying sites and water bodies.
3. Soil Mapping: Soil resource mapping of Namkum Block on 1:25000 scale was
carried out by using LISS-IV satellite data. Soil series were mapped occurring
on different physiographic units. The detailed morphological, properties of
the soil were studied in the filed and physio-chemical analysis was carried out
in the laboratory. The soil samples were classified as per the soil taxonomy.
4. Geology: Geological mapping of Namkum was done using Quadrangle
Geological map of Geological Survey of India and litho units were
modified/updated on the basis of IRS P-6 LISS-IV data and limited field
checks.
5. Geomorphology: IRS P6 LIS-IV data supported with limited field checks were
used for interpretation and delineation of geomorphic units of Namkum
Block.

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6. Forest Mapping: Forest type and Forest cover mapping of the Namkum Block
was carried out by using LISS-IV data. Both Forest Type and Forest Cover were
mapped using onscreen visual interpretation techniques. Sample plots were
laid out in the forest for community ecosystem analysis with adequate field
checks.
7. Slope: Maps were prepared based on contour spacing of consecutive
elevation.
8. Drainage: Drainage were demarcated based on Survey Of India Toposheets
and updated by IRS P6 LISS IV data and limited field checks.
Socio-Economic Profile: Village wise socio-economic thematic maps have
been prepared based on data availability from the Census of India (2001)
that includes Social Composition, Sex Ratio, Literacy Workers
Classification, where as Health Facilities, Educational Facilities, Safe-
Drinking Water Facilities, Post and Telegraph Facilities, Power Supply, etc.
were collected from the primary survey on village information, health
information, educational information and household information. A
detailed village level primary survey is carried out to collect the latest socio-
economic data for household, village, school and health related
information. In addition, latest information regarding hand-pumps by
their working conditions from the Public Health Engineering Department
and school information from Jharkhand Education Project Council (JEPC)
have also been collected and mapped.
9. Water Resource Development Plan: Water Resource Development Action
Plan has been prepared on the basis of integration of information on
geology, geomorphology, hydrological characteristics, surface water
availability, drainage, land use and current status of ground water
exploitation keeping in view of both immediate and long term needs of
water in the area.
10. Land Resources Development Action Plan: Land Resources Development
Action Plans has been prepared based on the integration of land use,
geomorphology, soils, ground water, rainfall, socio-economic data and
irrigation facilities available in Namkum area.

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The Pilot Area: Namkum Block (Ranchi District, Jharkhand)

Namkum Block of Ranchi has been taken as a pilot block. It is roughly located between
85o13'33" N and 85o14'4" N and 23o10'0" E and 85o23'31" E. It falls partially under the
Ranchi city. Part of Namkum village has developed as an urban centre along with Tati, a
Census Town (CT). The Ranchi Municipal Corporation boundary has also been now
extended. The Namkum Block has been surrounded by the Kanke block in the north,
Angara in the north, north-east, Ratu in the west north-west, Karra in the west, Khunti
in the south Bundu in he south south-east and Sonahatu in the east. The average annual
rainfall is 1293 mm.

A large part in the block is under the cantonment area. It has also got a number of
industrial units varying from small to large notable among them is Usha Martin, Vaxpol
India, High Tension Insulator Factory, Daewoo Motors, along with the Software
Technology Park of India, etc.

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The Census of India, 2001 Table 2: Socio-Economic Profile of

suggests that there are 21156 Namkum Block, Part II
households with a population of Indicators Total Rural Urban
114397 in the Namkum block out of Total 65.8 64.3 87.8

Workers
which only 9.2 per cent population Male 75.2 73.7 90.6

Agricultural Cultivators Main

resides in the urban area (table 1). Female 49.5 49.2 65.1
The Scheduled Tribes (ST) are the Total 46.2 49.9 6.8
largest constituents of the total Male 40.4 44.7 4.6
population in the block with 63.2 per Female 61.7 62.5 31.4
cent share followed by the Others
Total 4.7 5.0 0.7
(31.8 per cent) and the Scheduled
Male 4.2 4.6 0.5
Castes (SC) with only 5.0 per cent
Labour

Female 6.0 6.1 3.6

share. The main community, ST, is
primarily rural as only 7.6 per cent
Total 3.2 3.2 2.3
resides in the
Household

Male 2.6 2.7 1.8

Industry

urban localities. The sex-ratio is

Female 4.7 4.6 8.2
little above the national average for
all (940), which is better in the rural
Total 45.9 41.8 90.1
areas (951).
Others

Male 52.8 48.0 93.1

There is diversity in the
Female 27.6 26.8 56.7
economic activities blending the Total 49.1 45.1 92.5
Workers Primary

modern traditional and

Sector

Male 55.4 50.7 94.9

Non-

conventional occupations with the Female 32.2 31.4 64.9

modern hi-tech white and blue Total 63.0 61.8 74.4
collar jobs. For example half of the Male 54.3 53.9 58.1
Non-

population is engaged with the Female 72.2 70.2 93.8

agricultural and allied primary Source: Census of India, 2001
activities and half of the population
is involved with the secondary sector like household industry and manufacturing
industry other than household industry, construction and building, and tertiary sector
like trade and commerce, transport and communications and other services.
A sizable population is engaged as main workers in the block (65.8 per cent). Out of
the total main workers little above half of the population has the occupation related to
agriculture, where 46.2 per cent are cultivators and 4.7 per cent are still agricultural
labours. In both cases, percentage of females goes higher than males indicating their
positions in the society. The data also shows the significant percentage of female workers

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as the agricultural labourers. Surprisingly household industry registers only 3.2 per cent
workers in the block. Diversifications has taken place in the block as 45.9 per cent main
workers are engaged in Other activities (incl. construction, trade and commerce and
other services) and 49.1 per cent workers are engaged in the non-primary sectors. Thus,
still half of the workers are engaged in the agricultural and allied activities constituting
the primary sector in the block.
There are significant variations across the villages of Namkum block in the above
indicators. As a block partially falling in the Ranchi Urban Area, there is much contrast
over the space. Even the population density is widely variable in the block.

Project Team
The following team has been involved in the project right from the project formulation
to the database creation, survey, database integration, thematic mapping and the
preparation of action plan maps and application development:
O JSAC, Dept. of IT, Govt. of Jharkhand - Scientific Team

Outcome And Discussion

The following maps and data have been generated under this project:
Village Boundary, DEM, Roads and Railways, Soil, Landuse and Landcover, Slope,
Drainage, Geology, Geomorphology, Watershed, Wasteland, Forest, Land Information
System (LIS) or computerization and updation of land records, Demographic
information like social composition, sex ratio, literacy, occupational structure,
educational facilities, health
Map 1.
facilities, communication
facilities, safe drinking
water facilities, electricity
connections, Action Plan
Maps like Water Resource
Development Action Plan
and Land Resource
Development Action Plan.
More maps, reports and
data integration are also in
progress especially based on
the data collected through
primary survey. Important

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among them is the mapping of tolas with houses, roads, amenities, and service centres
based on the layout sketch from the field survey and the quick bird satellite data.
Subsequently this will be integrated with the household level information for each
individual. Similarly other features like road, school, health centre, wells, handpumps
will also be integrated with the associated data collected from the field work and the
respective departments.
Landuse/Landcover: Landuse/landcover (Map 1) is an essential component of VIS,
which will be used as a basic unit in conjunction with other natural resources as well as
socio-economic data for Land and Water Resource Development Action Plan.
Soil: The soil database (Map 2) is created and interpreted as per the user needs like
Soil Irrigability Classification, Soil Site Suitability for different crops, Soil Fertility Status,
Soil Erosion Status, and Land Capability Classification. This information is used for
preparing the detailed Land Resource Development Plan on sustainable basis.

Map 2.

Geology: It is observed that the area is predominantly composed of granite Gneiss

and Granite rocks. Various geological units/features were mapped and integrated with

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geomorphology/ hydrology of the region to finalize Ground Water Prospects zones there
by contributing as one of the major components in preparation of Land & Water
Resources Development Action Plan.

Map 3.

Geomorphology: Geomorphologically, area has been classified into Valley Fill, Valley
Slope, Plateau (weathered and dissected), Tors & Domes, Denudational Hills, etc. These
geomorphic units were used as the base ground water zonation for Water Resource
Development Action Plan.
Forest: The resultant maps showing Dense Forest Blanks, Open Forest, Scrub Forest,
etc. being used for deriving Land Resources Development Action Plan.
Drainage: The Subarnarekha is the main river passing through the block, which
originates south of village Nagri, 15 km west and south- west of Ranchi town. It contains
treacherous quick sand, which is dangerous to cross. The name means streak of gold and
gold is found in its bed in minute quantities. The other important drainages of the block

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are Sapahi Nadi, Raru Nadi, Kocha Nadi and Kanchi Nadi. Mostly, perennial rivers are
effluent in nature in which ground water seeps continuously. The drainage map of
Namkum block has been shown in Map 3.
Fig 1.

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Slope: The study area is basically part pf Chhotanagpur plateau but locally
characterized by flat to undulating terrain with some high rising hills in North- West and
Southern part of the block. The general slope of the terrain is towards south and
southeast. The altitude from mean sea level varies from 360 m in valley portions to as
high as 750 m on hill tops.
Computerisation of Land Records (Land Information System or LIS): It has been a
great effort to mechanize the maintenance and updation of land related information
and better land management, land base and land use planning, agriculture planning,
infrastructure planning (roads, drainages, canals etc.), planning developmental
schemes to eradicate rural poverty and improve village income, minimization of land
disputes, etc. Map showing village boundaries shown in Figure 1.
Socio-Economic Data Survey for the Effective Planning: Any kind of plan or
programme aims directly or indirectly to the well-being of society. And the information

Map 4.

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Map 5.

is a must for better and meaningful planning. Moreover, socio-economic background is

also an inevitable component in policy making. One of the major activities and
achievements is the latest data collection on tola wise village information, health
information, educational information and household information for entire Namkum
Block. The survey covers 327 tolas in 93 revenue villages covering 20,861 households and
108,489 populations. It covers the 27 government health centres and nine private health
centres and clinics, and 136 government and private educational institutions in the rural
areas of Namkum block. It gives useful information regarding the infrastructure,
amenities and facilities in the tolas and villages, unserved areas, community wise
housing condition, poverty, literacy and educational levels, economic infrastructure and
activities, safe drinking water, etc. The analysis and translation in map is in progress
(Map 4 & 5).
Water Resource Development Plan: The map (Map 6) shows different geomorphic
units and its ground water prospects based on field survey, well data and existing
literature. Different water harvesting structures like check dams, desilting of tanks,

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Map 6.

percolation tanks, farm ponds, etc., have been proposed for exploitation and sustainable
development of ground water as well as surface water.
Land Resources Development Action Plan: Recommendations are made for land
resources management on long term sustainable basis (Map 7). Measures are suggested
for better return from the land by proposing sites for agro-horticulture and also new
crop varieties with proper crop rotations. Allied agricultural activities recommended
includes conversion of single cropped area into double cropped area by exploiting
ground water, as well as increasing area under oil seeds, pulses, vegetables and fruit
crops with emphasis on dairying, fishing and bee-keeping. The management of forest
land is also proposed by way of protection and improvement in crown cover and
afforestation in forest blank areas.

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Map 7.

Limitations And Future Scope

Limitations
1. Data Unavailability
2. Data Inaccessibility
3. Resources

Future Scope
1. It will have complete coverage of Individuals, Households, Tolas, Villages,
Blocks, Districts and State in the process of balanced regional development and
well-being. VIS will help in leading to the real development, decentralization,
self-governance and ensured public participation towards the destination of
Gram-Swaraj. Through VIS, every remotest area in the state will be covered.
2. The household level information will be integrated with household map
drawn with the help of Quickbird data and layout maps of tolas. Similarly
information regarding tolas/villages, health and educational centres will be
integrated with the collected attribute data.

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3. The project is expected to help in e-governance in the State.

4. The information technology will be at the doorstep of every villager of
Jharkhand with very simplified visual understanding. The information
generated under this project will be of immense help for the planners and
bureaucrats as well.
5. The priority villages (relatively backward) will be identified on the basis of
certain parameters condensed in a single Village Development Index (VDI) to
bring into the mainstream of development.
6. The VIS will benefit the government departments (administrative, agriculture,
irrigation, forest & environment, land records and revenue, post &
telecommunication, urban development, industry, transport, health,
education, electricity board, tourism, art and culture, tribal development),
local bodies (municipality, block officials, panchayat officials), common users
(farmers, villagers and academicians), NGOs and private companies.
7. It will be available on the Internet/Public domain for universal accessibility
through customized software to disseminate all the information on intra and
internet.

Conclusions
Thus the VIS has made attempts towards providing information on various development
and management scenarios to decision-makers and the public for the integrated
balanced and sustainable development of resources at the Village, Panchayat, Block,
District and the State Level. The project attempts to generate and integrate
comprehensive information on priority areas like Land Utilization, Tribal Development,
Natural Resource Management and Utilization, Wasteland, Rural Development,
Infrastructure and Amenities, Poverty Alleviation, Overall Development, e-Governance
and other aspects to meet the goal of overall development of the State through grassroot.
It has been an inter-disciplinary approach to generate and integrate necessary
information for the multi-dimensional development in the Block and State.

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