Modals and Modal Perfect

Bárbara Solana

MODALS AND MODAL PERFECT

CAN  poder/saber (habilidad)

CAN’T  no poder o no saber hacer algo
COULD  podría (pasado de CAN)
SHOULD / OUGHT TO  debería (consejos)
MIGHT/MAY  podría / debería (posibilidad) - no consejos
MUST  deber (obligatorio)
HAVE TO  deber (no tan obligatorio)  HAVEN’T TO
NEED  necesitar (porque quieres y puedes)
MUSTN’T  prohibición
NEEDN’T  no lo necesitas
 Sally should go to the doctor

 I told you we should have left before the rush-hour traffic
 He can’t have been at the supermarket – he was with Jean!
 She might/may join us for lunch – she’ll let us know
 Gerald must have finished repairing the car – he’s put all the tools away
 It’s getting cold. We really need to hurry up and get home.
 You don’t have to / don’t need to take the rubbish out. Simon has already done it.
 I could do all kinds of magic tricks back then, but I’ve forgotten most of them now.
 Perhaps it will be sunny next week (might)

 It might be sunny next week
 It would be a good idea if we went by public transport rather than take the car
(should)
 We should have gone by public transport rather than take the car
 I’m sure the library is open at this time (must)
 I’m sure the library must open at this time.
 He didn’t stay until the end, so I’m sure he was disappointed with what he saw
(must)
 He didn’t stay until the end; he must have been disappointed with what he saw.
 I didn’t go to that exhibition when I had the chance. (could)
 I didn’t go to that exhibition when I could.
 Do you mind helping me, please? (could)
 Could you help me, please?
** Cuando la oración está situada en el pasado, normalmente necesitaremos un modal

perfecto para que tenga sentido la oración.
Bárbara Solana
DEFINING AND NON DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES
Join the following pairs of sentences. There are defining and non-defining relative sentences.
1. She showed me a photograph of her son. Her son is a policeman.
She showed me a photograph of her son, who is a policeman.  non-defining
2. The new stadium will be opened next month. The stadium holds 90,000 people.
The new stadium, which holds 90.000 people, will be opened next month  non-defining
3. John is one of my closest friends. I have known John for eight years
John, who I have known for 8 years, is one of my closest friends.  non-defining
4. The boy is one of my closest friends. He is waiting for me.
The boy who is waiting for me is one of my closest friends  defining
5. Thank you for your letter. I was very happy to get your letter.
6. The letter is in the drawer. Peter has sent the letter to you.
7. Next weekend I’m going to Glasgow. My sister lives in Glasgow.
Next weekend I’m going to Glasgow, where my sister lives.  non-defining
8. Next summer we are visiting the town. My father was born in this town.
Next summer we are visiting the town where my father was born  defining
9. The storm caused a lot of damage. Nobody had been expecting the storm.
The storm, which nobody had been expecting, caused a lot of damage
10. That man over there is an artist. I don’t remember his name.
That man, who I don’t remember his name, is an artist.
That man, whose name I don’t remember, is an artist.
11. Mr Yates is retiring next month. He has worked for the same company all his life.
Mr Yates, who has worked for the same company all his life, is retiring next month
12. My sister is visiting us next week. You once met her.
My sister, who you once met, is visiting us next week
13. Mr Carter is very interested in our plan. I spoke to him last night.
Mr Carter, who I spoke to last night, is very interested in our plan.
14. I’ve just bought some books about astronomy. I’m very interested in astronomy.
I’ve just bought some books about astronomy, which I’m very interested in.
15. The man is in prison. Janet fell in love with this man.
Bárbara Solana
The man who/that Janet fell in love with is in prison  defining

Modals and Modal Perfect

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Bárbara Solana

MODALS AND MODAL PERFECT

CAN  poder/saber (habilidad)

CAN’T  no poder o no saber hacer algo

COULD  podría (pasado de CAN)

SHOULD / OUGHT TO  debería (consejos)

MIGHT/MAY  podría / debería (posibilidad) - no consejos

MUST  deber (obligatorio)

HAVE TO  deber (no tan obligatorio)  HAVEN’T TO

NEED  necesitar (porque quieres y puedes)

 Sally should go to the doctor

 Perhaps it will be sunny next week (might)

** Cuando la oración está situada en el pasado, normalmente necesitaremos un modal

DEFINING AND NON DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

1. She showed me a photograph of her son. Her son is a policeman.

She showed me a photograph of her son, who is a policeman.  non-defining

4. The boy is one of my closest friends. He is waiting for me.

The boy who is waiting for me is one of my closest friends  defining

7. Next weekend I’m going to Glasgow. My sister lives in Glasgow.

Next weekend I’m going to Glasgow, where my sister lives.  non-defining

That man, who I don’t remember his name, is an artist.

That man, whose name I don’t remember, is an artist.

12. My sister is visiting us next week. You once met her.

My sister, who you once met, is visiting us next week

Mr Carter, who I spoke to last night, is very interested in our plan.

The man who/that Janet fell in love with is in prison  defining

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