FORCES and MOTION

I. OBJECTIVES :

The learners demonstrate an understanding of Newton’s three

A. Content Standard
laws of motion and uniform circular motion.
The learners shall be able to develop a written plan and
B. Performance Standard
implement a “Newton’s Olympics”.
At the end of the lesson, the student shall be able to:
a. Describe the relationship between force and motion;
C. Learning Competencies
b. Distinguish the factors affecting motion; and
c. Share an application of the Newton’s Three Laws of
Motion.

II. CONTENT :

 Target Year Level: Grade 8 – Science

 Materials:

 PowerPoint presentation (Virtual Museum)

 Picture
 Instagram Board
 Ball
 Pen
 String
 Science 8 Learner’s Module First Edition, 2013

III. LEARNING RESOURCES :

 Science and Technology IV: Physics Textbook for Fourth Year. Rabago, Lilia M. Ph.D.,
ET AL. 2001. Pp. 106 – 108

IV. PROCEDURES :

Teacher’s Activity Students’ Activity

A. PRELIMINARIES

Greetings
Morning ladies and gents. Good morning to you too, Ma’am.
Prayer
Levi, it is now your turn to lead the prayer today. Come
to the front. Everyone please rise. (Levi goes to the front and prayer starts)

Settle yourselves
Checking of Attendance
Class Monitor Ishmael, everyone’s here? Class Monitor: Yes Ma’am. And you can just “Call
me Ishmael”, Ma’am.
That’s good and I shall call you that since you insist.

Checking of Assignment
(students pass their assignments)
Please pass your assignment forward.
Review
Okay, let us proceed. Look at the screen. What do you
see?

Who among the scientists, you can associate the picture A man and an apple.
with?

Yes Ayla? Ayla: I think I knew it! Sir Isaac Newton, isn’t it?

Yes, it is. Sir Isaac Newton. Please read the brief Newton, Sir Isaac (1642-1727), a mathematician
information about the knighted scientist. and a physicist and one of the foremost scientific
intellects of all time. He developed the three laws
of motion of which form the basic principles for
modern physics.

What can you say about him, class? He is amazing. Cool!

Indeed he is. He is one of the great intellect in science.

B. LESSON PROPER

 Motivation

Before we formally start our lesson, let’s have first a

preliminary activity.

This warm-up game is inspired by the android game ‘4

Pics 1 Word’. The same mechanics is applied to this
activity. Ready Class? Yes, we are!

Okay then, I am looking forward who will go beyond . . . . PLUS ULTRA!

 Discussion

(Put a ball on the table)

Obviously, this ball is not moving. Instead of waiting for

the right time for the ball to move, why not we make it
Yes Ma’am, we’ll do the honor!
move? Shall we class?

Indeed. Finch, will you make our ball move? Finch: Right away Ma’am

(pushes the ball)

Thank you. Now that our ball is moving, how will we Wolkzbin: Ma’am, let me!
make it go faster to the direction it is taking? Anyone?

Yes Wolkzbin, you may. (Wolkzbin pushes the ball harder to the same
direction as the former)

Scout: Woah! The ball gain more speed Ma’am. It

goes fast and furious. It may arrive on the other
end in a flash. Faster than Lightning Mcqueen.
Kachow!

Precisely, Scout.

Now then, let us teach the ball that life is a long ride. Dill: My pleasure, Ma’am.
Dill, will you slow down the ball? (pushes the ball from the opposite
direction)

What again you first two classmates did to the ball? (Students raise their hand to answer)

Yes Volkzki. Go ahead. Volkzki: They pushed the ball to the same direction
though the latter pushed harder.

And what change it causes to the ball? Vitale? Vitale: The ball which was initially at rest move
towards the direction of the push the two have
done to it and it went faster, as Scout stated, when
it was pushed harder.

That‘s correct. but its momentum was disturbed Coleman: When Dill, Ma’am, pulled back the ball
when….. Yes Coleman? causing it to change its direction and to decelerate
which may gradually put a stop to it.

Yes.

Class, what was again the first answer in our activity Force!
awhile ago?

It is Force. In physics, a push or a pull on an object is

simply Force.

From what your classmates have done to the ball, what Jem: Ma’am, Force can make an object move, stop,
can we say more about force? Jem? or change its speed and/or direction.

Correct. Force can cause change/s in object’s motion.

Let us further examine cases involving force.

(Suspend a pen using a string)

You still remember gravitational force, I assume. What is T: Gravitational Force is the attraction between any
it again, T? two objects with mass. All things on earth are
attracted towards the center of the Earth.

Very Good. Our pen here is suspended by a string, Isn’t Nix: It is. But the string prevents it from falling……,
it supposed to fall due to gravitational force? uhmmm… falling into the ground, Ma’am.

Yes. Earth’s gravity pulls the pen downward but the Hunt: Like when we add +5 and -5, it cancels out?
force exerted by the string on the pen, or specifically That is why it remains stationary or hanging.
referred to as Tension, opposes the downward pull.

Indeed, Hunt. From that, we say that objects at rest or Yes Ma’am.
moving at constant speed do not necessarily mean
absence of force. In fact there are forces present but it is
balanced. Get it class?

But how was it when Dill pull the ball from the direction Lily: Perhaps because he pulled the ball with
it’s taking did not put the forces on the ball into different amount of force.
equilibrium state?

Yes. Thus, our ball continued to move. To balance an

object – the forces on the object must be equal in
Crystal clear, Ma’am.
magnitude but opposite in direction. Otherwise, it is
unbalanced. Understand?

With that, we gather that if the forces acting on an

object are unbalanced, the state of the motion of the
object will change.

Anyway, first and foremost, what is motion?

I’ll give a statement and let us derive what is motion

from it.

“I walked 1 km westward from home to school within 15 Boo: Ma’am, motion is a change in object’s position
minutes. “ from initial to terminal point.
Very good, what else? Jarvis: Motion has a direction.

Yes, another? Friday: It requires time for it to takes place.

Those are all correct description of motion.

There are three laws of motion formulated by Sir Isaac

Newton.

The first law of motion is known as the Law of Inertia,

which states that “an object will stay at rest or move at
constant velocity unless acted upon by an unbalanced
external force.”

From that statement, we say that Inertia is the tendency

of any object to resist change in motion.

How can we measure the inertia of an object? Vlad: By its mass, Ma’am?

Elaborate to your classmate why by simply looking into Vlad: For example, well, uhm.. no offence
the object’s mass, we can determine its resistance to intended, heavy persons are harder to push than
change in motion? lighter ones.

Exactly.

Likewise, seat belts are installed in our vehicles because How come, Ma’am?
of inertia.

Because how will your body react when you or someone You plunge forward.
suddenly pull the brakes of the car?

Yes. By inertia, your body keeps on moving forward.

Thus, to prevent injuries, seat belt is built within.

So what must we do now when riding a car? To always Buckle up!

We can say that, there are two mantras of Inertia

- for at rest objects? “I don’t want to move.”

- for moving objects? “I don’t want to stop.”

When Finch applied force on the stationary ball by Yes Ma’am.

pushing it, the ball moves and you noticed too that it
Guv: Therefore, if we increase the force on an
accelerates as greater force was applied on it.
object, its acceleration increases alongside.

Yes, but that only applies on objects of the same mass. Huck: Oh. That’s right. Objects of different masses
can’t have the same acceleration when same
amount of force is applied.

Exactly. Acceleration also varies with the mass of the

object.

By that, the Second Law stated that “The acceleration of

an object is directly proportional to the magnitude of
the net force acting on it and is inversely proportional to
its mass.”

Jo, will you write the mathematical representation of Jo: I’ll try, Ma’am.
the aforementioned statement?
F
a=
a = acceleration m
F = Force
m = mass

Very good. You also notice that, by mathematics, we can

rewrite the equation into various forms depending on
what the circumstances require you to find.

When you are The given are Equation to be

looking for used
Mass and m
Force F=
acceleration a
mass Force and
m=Fa
acceleration
acceleration Force and mass m
a=
F

Second law also implies that objects move along the

direction of the force.
Darcy: I was made to move a distance from
Darcy, when you were pushed, what direction you were whoever pushed me away yet along with the
forced to take? direction of the force Ma’am.
I came back though.
Of course you had.

Lastly, we are now on Newton’s Third Law of Motion: “For every action, there is an equal but opposite
Law of Interaction or Action-Reaction, which states reaction.”
that…

Forces come in pairs. This is the essence of the third law Ben: What makes it different from the balanced
of motion. When a force is exerted on an object, the forces then, Ma’am?
object exerts an equal force in the opposite direction.

However the two forces act simultaneously, they do not Tom: Isn’t it just like in Tug-of-war. If you pull your
cancel each other because they act on different objects. rival he then pulls you too? I read it in a book, I
reckon. Then I went out with my friends to do it.

Very good example, Tom. You can label the first to pull I surmised as much Ma’am.
as the action and the other as the reaction.

Another example is when a car pulls forward on a trailer

(action) and the trailer pulls back on the car (reaction) –
making it go slower.

Any other examples? Patsy: When you push against the wall (action), the
wall pushes back on you (reaction) and you move
away from the wall. Because the wall is anchored
to the floor and ceiling it cannot move.
Anyway, I ain’t going to push a wall. Only I would
get hurt.
All the same when you touch – You cannot touch
without being touched.

What were you saying Tiny? Tiny: It would be much better if it happens to real-
life relationships.

Oi.. No hard feelings.

Well, it does happen but not always. Let us just pray it Amen.
will happen to you class and to me too, of course.

 Generalization

Can you see now the importance of the three laws in

describing and even predicting motions around us? Yes Ma’am.

Any questions? We got everything clear, Ma’am.

Okay then. May the Force be with us all!

V. EVALUATION :

Direction: Answer the following the following questions:

1. What term correctly matches this statement: it occurs when the net force of the object does
not equal zero?
2. Forces that cancel each other are called .
3. Which law of motion says that when you kick a ball, there is an equal force on your foot as
there is on the ball?
4. Which law of motion says that the harder you kick a ball, the farther it will go?
5. It explains why you may lean sideways in a car if the driver turns a corner too quickly?

VI. ASSIGNMENT :

Direction: Write your answer on a one-whole sheet of white paper. Answers will be presented
orally.

 Observe your surroundings. Choose one phenomenon in which the three laws of motion
is applied.