Megesina Construction Materials Suppliers PLC 2021

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL

IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR
BASALT AND SELECTED MATERIAL
PRODUCTION
Proponent: Megesina Construction Materials
Suppliers PLC, Bole Sub City, Woreda 12, Bole
Bulbula Locality
Contact person: - Keriya T/ Medhin
Submitted to: City government of Addis Ababa
Environmental Protection and green
development commission
Prepared by: - Sunlight Environmental Protection and Auditing
Consultancy
[email protected]
Phone: +251911 158521

May, 2021
Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

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Table of Contents
List of tables.....................................................................................................................................................................v
Abbreviations/Acronyms................................................................................................................................................vi
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY..........................................................................................................................................viii
1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................................1
1.1. Background...........................................................................................................................................................1
1.2. Main Objectives of the EIA study........................................................................................................................2
1.3. Approach/Methodology used to assess EIA of the quarry...................................................................................3
1.3.1. Field Observation..........................................................................................................................................3
1.3.2. Review of Literature.....................................................................................................................................3
1.3.3. Public consultation........................................................................................................................................4
1.3.4. Report structure.............................................................................................................................................4
1.4. Environmental Scoping........................................................................................................................................5
1.5. Limitation of the Study.........................................................................................................................................5
1.6. Valued Ecosystems within the study area to be impacted....................................................................................5
2. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT...........................................................................................................................6
2.1. Location of the project site...................................................................................................................................6
2.2. Objectives of the Project......................................................................................................................................8
2.3. Project Justification..............................................................................................................................................8
2.3.1. Construction phase:.......................................................................................................................................8
2.3.2. Operation phase:...........................................................................................................................................9
2.4. Product Process and Production capacity...........................................................................................................10
2.4.1. General production process.........................................................................................................................10
2.4.2. Raw Material and Inputs.............................................................................................................................10
2.5. Mining Method...................................................................................................................................................10
2.5.1. Quarry Site Preparation...............................................................................................................................11
2.5.2. Construction of drainage system.................................................................................................................11
2.5.3. Stripping......................................................................................................................................................11
2.5.4. Drilling........................................................................................................................................................11
2.5.5. Blasting.......................................................................................................................................................12
2.5.6. Excavation and loading...............................................................................................................................12
2.5.7. Hauling........................................................................................................................................................12
2.5.8. Crushing and Screening..............................................................................................................................12
2.6. Geology, Reserve Evaluation and life span........................................................................................................13

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2.6.1. Regional Geologic Formation.....................................................................................................................13

2.6.2. Geology of the Region................................................................................................................................13
2.6.3. Resource evaluation....................................................................................................................................17
2.6.4. Reserve Estimation.....................................................................................................................................17
2.6.5. Regime of operation....................................................................................................................................18
2.6.6. Life span of the deposit...............................................................................................................................18
2.6.7. Production capacity.....................................................................................................................................18
2.6.8. Production program.....................................................................................................................................18
2.7. Resource requirement.........................................................................................................................................19
2.7.1. Human resource..........................................................................................................................................19
2.7.2. Machineries.................................................................................................................................................20
2.7.3. Depreciation and Amortization...................................................................................................................21
2.7.4. Pre-production costs....................................................................................................................................21
3. BASELINE INFORMATION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT.............................................................................22
3.1. Bio-physical and Socio-Economic Baseline Information..................................................................................22
3.1.1. Climate........................................................................................................................................................22
3.1.2. Soil..............................................................................................................................................................22
3.1.3. Topography and Landscape........................................................................................................................22
3.1.4. Health..........................................................................................................................................................22
3.1.5. Educational Facilities..................................................................................................................................22
3.1.6. Road............................................................................................................................................................22
3.1.7. Power..........................................................................................................................................................23
3.1.8. Water...........................................................................................................................................................23
3.1.9. Population and Settlement pattern..............................................................................................................23
3.1.10. Historical, cultural, religious and archaeological resources.....................................................................23
3.1.11. Gender Equality........................................................................................................................................23
3.1.12. Public Attitudes and Perception................................................................................................................24
4. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK..............................................................................25
4.1. Constitution of the FDRE...................................................................................................................................29
4.2. Environmental Policy of Ethiopia......................................................................................................................30
4.3. Environmental Impact Assessment proclamation (proc. No 299/2002)............................................................31
4.4. Environmental impact assessment regulation 21/2006......................................................................................32
4.5. Environmental pollution control proclamation (proc. No 300/2002).................................................................32
4.6. Environmental protection organs establishment proclamation No 295/2002....................................................33
4.7. Ethiopian National Economic Development Strategy........................................................................................33
4.8. Industry Policy of Ethiopia.................................................................................................................................34

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4.9. Ethiopian investment Strategy............................................................................................................................34

4.10. Solid waste management proclamation No. 513/2007.....................................................................................36
4.11. International environmental related Agreement/protocol signed by Ethiopia.................................................36
4.12. Forest Proclamation No 542/2007....................................................................................................................38
4.13. Landholdings and Payment of Compensation Proclamation No. 455/2005.....................................................39
4.14. Mining proclamation (No 52/1993)..................................................................................................................40
4.15. Mining Regulation (No 1982/1994) Mining regulation has set the following basic restrictions while issuing
mineral extraction......................................................................................................................................................40
4.16. Mining Operations Proclamation No. 678/2010..............................................................................................41
4.17. Labor Proclamation (No. 377/2003).................................................................................................................41
4.18. Public health proclamation (No.200/2000)......................................................................................................42
4.19. National HIV/AIDS Policy and ERA’s HIV/AIDS Policy at Work Places.....................................................42
4.20. Institutional Framework...................................................................................................................................43
4.20.1. National.....................................................................................................................................................43
4.20.2. Environmental Protection Council............................................................................................................43
4.20.4. District/City/town......................................................................................................................................43
4.21. Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia (CSE).........................................................................................................43
5. IDENTIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS..........................45
5.2. Negative Impacts of the project..........................................................................................................................45
5.2.1. During Construction phase of the project...................................................................................................46
5.2.2. During operation phase of the project.........................................................................................................46
5.2.3. During decommissioning phase of the project............................................................................................51
5.3. Possible mitigation measures.............................................................................................................................53
5.4. Project of Alternatives........................................................................................................................................57
5.4.1. Site Selection...............................................................................................................................................58
5.4.2. Construction Technique..............................................................................................................................58
5.4.3. Air Emissions Treatment............................................................................................................................58
6. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MANAGEMENT PLAN..............................................................................................59
7. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN...........................................................................................................63
8. RESTORATION PLAN............................................................................................................................................68
9. PUBLIC CONSULTATION.....................................................................................................................................70
10. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS..................................................................................................71
10.1. Conclusions......................................................................................................................................................71
10.2. Recommendation..............................................................................................................................................71
11. REFERENCES........................................................................................................................................................73

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List of tables
Table 1: Quarry site UTM coordinates..........................................................................................................................6
Table 2: Yearly Production program...........................................................................................................................19
Table 3: number of personnel, Salary and other operational costs..............................................................................19
Table 4: cost of equipment and machinery..................................................................................................................20
Table 5: Summary of Initial investment costs..............................................................................................................21
Table 6: summary of the possible mitigation measures..............................................................................................55
Table 7: Environmental & Social Monitoring Plan......................................................................................................62
Table 8: Environmental monitoring Plan....................................................................................................................64
Table 9: Rehabilitation plan of the project for the coming 5 consecutive years..........................................................69

List of figures

Figure 1: Location and Layout Map of the Basalt and Select Material Mining Application Area.................................7
Figure 2: Diagram of Environmental Management Plan.............................................................................................59

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Abbreviations/Acronyms
ADLI-Agricultural Development led-industrialization

FDRE- Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

SWC- soil and water conservation

UNEP-United Nation Environmental Program

UNFCCC- United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

ITPGRFA- International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture

UNCLOS-United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

CITESWFF-Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna & Flora

NAPA- National Adaptation Program of Action

UNDP- United Nation Development Program

MEFCC- Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change Commission

ESIA-Environmental and social management plan

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Infrastructure situation of Ethiopia and that of Addis Ababa in particular is not adequate and below the
standard of metropolitan city even when compared to sub-Sahara African countries. Ethiopia, the second
more populated country in Africa is having more population both the labor input and consumer volume are
attractive for the development of the industry. Megesina Construction Materials Suppliers PLC is a private
investor on construction sector and quarry production and, wants to establish a previously terminated basalt
quarrying project in Addis Ababa, Bole, sub-city, Woreda 12, specifically know as Bole Bulbula locality.
The project is designed in a way that it could sell the product to the national market of the capital city of
the country. This 56356.5 m2area project area will create employment opportunity of 30 workers (20 youth
and 10 women). The material and inputs required by the plant comprises raw material, and utilities. The
major raw material is the stone and the utilities are water, electricity and diesel Oil. The production
capacity of the plant is 901,704m3 m 3 basalt rocks by 608 m3 per day crusher capacity within the coming 5
years. This EIA report explores the environmental impact of stone quarry site aims to provide suggestions
which could be easily monitored on how to reduce or eliminate any identified negative environmental
effects of the plant. Sunlight Environmental Protection and Auditing Consultancy, consisting of members
of the environmental and social experts of the consultant was took the responsibilities to conduct the
Environmental and social management plan and prepare the report. Accordingly, Environmental Policy and
Laws of Ethiopia, EIA guidelines and other related secondary data's which support this industry were
reviewed to undertake the study. For the achievement of this study, data were gathered through visual
observation of the site. Biophysical and socio-economic condition of the project area was also identified.
Positive and negative impacts of the project were identified based on available professional experiences,
exposure to similar projects and legal requirements. Review of related environmental policy, laws and
regulations of the country, EIA guideline and other related documents to the construction industry were
conducted during the study. Based on the analysis, possible environmental impacts were identified and
mitigation measures are forwarded to reduce or eliminate the environmental and social impacts. Major
environmental impacts were properly identified and mitigation measures were recommended which are
implemented by the proponent and monitoring activity will be conducted by AAEPGDC and its structure.
As stipulated in the environmental assessment study the major negative or adverse environmental impacts
of the project were dust emission, generation of noise, solid and liquid wastes, and heath and health related
hazards. Soil watering during soil works, providing all staff with protective equipment, use of machine

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with minimum noise, solid and liquid waste management in the appropriate dumping site, and regular
inspection of the machines are some of the proposed mitigation measures. It has been assigned a reasonable
rehabilitation fund (328,558.4 birr) to start the rehabilitation from the first and finish in a reasonable
amount of time. Additionally, environmental and social impact assessment and restoration is planned to
those impacts that require an ongoing monitoring in the lifetime and social management planned to the
project and to attend the unexpected environmental and social impacts. Hence, it is safe to recommend
approval of the findings since the establishment of the project meets the provisions of sustainability
principles in providing the benefits of economic advantages as well.

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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background
The general infrastructure situation of Ethiopia and that of Addis Ababa in particular is not adequate and
below the standard of metropolitan city even when compared to sub-Sahara African countries. Due to this
the country more focuses on construction industry to attract more investment and accelerate multi-
directional development in the country. Therefore; recently the wide range of infrastructure development
activities are under good progress in the city of Addis Ababa. As well knows the construction industry
require more supply of construction materials. Crushed stones, natural gravel, red-ash, etc. are among the
main required construction materials. The construction materials are the basic input and necessary for the
development of construction sectors which includes; road and bridge networks, multi-story buildings,
condominium houses, real estates, Schools, manufacturing industries and other public service giving
facilities. All these construction activities require a large volume of construction materials such as the
Basalts and Selected material under consideration in this report. Hence, to keep-up the sustainability of
these commodities both in quantity and quality, it should be given due attention for the development of
potential quarries and processing of such materials which are the basic ingredient in any concrete mix.

Sustainable development can only be achieved through consideration of wise use of natural resources are
integrated into development activities. Therefore, careful rational plan is important to preserve the quality
of the environment and the consumption of the natural recourses of a country’s spatially non-renewable
resources (i.e. construction mine) for continuous and rapid economic and social growth to be real in order
to achieved development. According to the construction sectored expansion and market assessment showed
there is a huge demand of crushed stone aggregate and select materials and the present supply is not
sufficient to satisfy the demand and also improper utilizations of the resources are play a great role for
insufficiency of the materials. Besides filling the ever increasing demand of construction minerals in the
construction sector of the country as well as the city, quarrying activities can also cause a considerable
negative impacts on the existing environment such that: removal of topsoil, destruction the existing natural
landforms and resulting in fast degradation of natural resources.

Generally, the net effects of mining operations could be an irreversible process unless such development
programs should take into account environmental considerations. This indicates that any development
activity has to be well aware of environmental issues that sustainable development will be achieved. That is
why the government has formulated and implemented a well-designed environmental policy, which is part

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of the development policy and strategy of the country as well as the regions. Besides filling the ever
increasing demand of minerals in the construction sector of the country as well as the city, quarrying
activities can also cause a considerable negative impacts on the existing environment such that: removal of
topsoil, destruction the existing natural landforms, air pollution and disturbance of the river ecosystem.

This 56356.5 m2quarry area project owned by Megesina Construction Materials Suppliers Plc. is aimed at
predicting/forecasting the negative impacts on the environment that could be consequence as a result of
implementation of the mining activity and forward the possible mitigation measure that should be taken
during and after mining activities. Major mitigation measures adopted for most mining activities included;
restoration of the completed mining area by refilling the topsoil and planting trees and grasses; adopt the
safest quarry utilization method; reduce steep walls, and covering slopes by soil and planting vegetation;
establishing a reasonable network of drainage in and around the quarry; and refilling and vegetation of
irregular and level surfaces.

This environmental and social impact assessment was conducted according to legal requirement of the EIA
proclamation of the government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, proclamation No.
299/2002. The report is submitted to Addis Ababa Environmental protection. Therefore this study is
conducted for a fruitful business entity and creation of an industry with a wealth competition which
consequently result in mutual benefit among cooperative and costumers with playing its share in enhancing
the production and productivity of construction industrial sectors for improvement of the living conditions
of the community surrounding the project area through conducting environmentally friendly natural gravel
production and basalt stone crushing quarrying activities.

1.2. Main Objectives of the EIA study

 To inform the process of decision making by identifying the potentially significant environmental
effects and risks of development projects and, to promote sustainable development by ensuring the
development projects do not undermine critical natural resources and ecological functions or the
wellbeing, lifestyle and livelihood of the communities and people who depend on them.
 To assess the likely environmental impacts of the project on soil, water, air and biodiversity as well as
socio-economics of the sorrounnding commuity and to indicate the major mitigation measures and
prepare rehabilitation plan that is going to implement with in the project period.

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1.3. Approach/Methodology used to assess EIA of the quarry

The methodology used to follow the normal model for EIA study and meets the requirements of the
country’s EIA guideline. Data were collected through project site observation, public consultation,
discussions with project promoter, the local people, and government institutions, and review of secondary
data.

1.3.1. Field Observation

The field observations were conducted on April 25/2021 and on the project site were collect; geographical
location of the site using standard GPS, resource assessment, suitable mining methods, physiographic of
the mining site, fauna and flora situations, status of settlement, road access and other infrastructure, etc.
Furthermore, GPS, camera, handbooks, pen etc. are some of the materials we applied during our field
observation.

1.3.2. Review of Literature

Sunlight consulting has collected and reviewed published national and/regional policies, legislatives,
regulations as well as necessary international conventions that ratified by FDRE which are applicable and
relating to mineral development operations. Additionally, the review focuses on the existing geological
situation of the area for extracting some important notes on the general geological characteristics of the
project area. Lastly, the data collected are analyzed and the environmental impact assessment report was
prepared. This part involved the integration and analysis of possible environmental issues by combining the
lists of all potential impact areas that needs consideration in the impact assessment process. After all
potential impacts are clearly identified; appropriate mitigating measures were indicated to minimize or
adapt the expected impacts during the implementation phase of the project. More over management plan,
as per Addis Ababa Environmental Protection Authority standard, during the implementation period is
prepared. Furthermore, the methodology used to undertake the study was in line with the requirements of
the country’s EIA guideline. Thus, collection of necessary data and review of relevant documents, field
observation and stakeholders consultation, impact analysis, choosing mitigation and enhancement measures
using different optimization tools, and developing environmental protection, monitoring and management
plans have been made.

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Secondary data review

Literature review mainly focuses on; study the existing geological report of the area for extracting some
important notes on the general geological characteristic of the project area, review of all applicable laws,
policies and procedures that govern the protection of environment in relation to mineral development
operation etc.

Analysis of data & report writing

Finally, the data collected are analyzed and the environment impact assessment report was prepared .This
part involved the integration and analysis of possible environment issues combining the lists of all potential
impact area that needs consideration in the impact assessment process. The analysis is conducting by
applying different methods of impact analyzing checklists, standard measurement, EIA principles &
guidelines. After all potential impacts are clearly identified; appropriate mitigation measures were
indicated to minimize the expected impact during the implementation phase of the project

1.3.3. Public consultation

Discussion and consultation has been conducted April 29/2021 with the local communities adjoining the
project under the study. This enabled to catch important information significant to impact assessment and
environmental management and, in particular to identify any area of specific concern which needed to be
addressed by the owner. Consultation made aimed at providing relevant information about the company;
discussion on possible adverse and beneficial effects of the project to the community and to collect
recommendations on ways of tackling the perceived adverse effects and maximizing the benefit of the
project.

1.3.4. Report structure

The main body of the ESIA report is structured under different chapters including Introduction part in
chapter-1. Chapter-2 discusses about description of the project.Chapter-3 states about description of the site
and the environment, while chapter-4 baseline information of the proposed project. The identification and
description of environmental and social impacts is covered under Chapter-5. Chapter-6 is the section that
deals with the mitigation measures for the negative impacts. Under this chapter the potential negative
impacts mitigation measures are covered. Chapter-7 of the report is deals with the environmental
management, monitoring, others issue and rehabilitation plan for the proposed project. In the last 8th
chapter Restoration plan; 9 Public consultations, in chapter 10 the major pointes of the study are
highlighted under the conclusion and recommendation section, and then followed by references and CVs’
of experts. Finally site plan of the proposed project and licenses of the consulting firm have been annexed.

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1.4. Environmental Scoping

The aim of Environmental Scoping is to decide up on the limit of the study area for the project and drawing
the list of activities and impact to be studied during the assessment, the working team carried out an initial
environmental examination and scoping. The scoping exercise has been carried out with the following
main objectives:

 To define the limit of the study area

 To define list of valued ecosystems components with the study area
 to define the list of activities, type and magnitude of the proposed project; and
 To define list of impacts to be studied.

1.5. Limitation of the Study

The study conducted for the area that would be influenced by the impact of the establishment of stone
quarry site development. This is because the project site and the surrounding social and natural resources
are directly or indirectly affected by the implementation of the project. More over while collecting
information except the community, the owner of the project, and available literature, ‘below the surface
mine content and its side effect on the surrounding study result was not available’. However; this
information gap is not significant for this specific new quarry project.

1.6. Valued Ecosystems within the study area to be impacted

Megesina Construction Materials Suppliers Plc Basalt quarry site are found in Bole, sub-city, Woreda 12,
Bole Bulbula area Locality. Therefore, in and around this project site there are no sensitive valued
ecosystems that are severely affected due to the establishment of the project. The project site is free from
sensitive ecosystems like dense forest, wetland, parks, water body, and etc.

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2. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT

2.1. Location of the project site
The quarry site proposed for selected material and basalt quarrying is located in the southern part of Addis
Ababa city administration, Bole, sub-city, Woreda 12, specifically know as Bole Bulbula locality. The
quarry site UTM coordinates are shown below in table 1.

Table 1: Quarry site UTM coordinates

Points X coordinates Y coordinates

A 480726 987972
B 480750 987882
C 480482 987854
D 480446 987966
E 480545 987946

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Figure 1: Location and Layout Map of the Basalt and Select Material Mining Application Area

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2.2. Objectives of the Project

The basic objectives of this quarry production plant are to supply natural gravel and crushed aggregate to
governmental and private organization in Addis Ababa and surroundings. Furthermore, the Proponent has
the ambition to:

√ To generate continuous income for the proponent

√ To increase the availability of construction materials in the capital city of the country,
√ To create employment opportunities for labor that will be absorbed by the project,
√ To contribute to the poverty reduction in the city of the country
√ Follow quality requirements of government policies by adopting what has been
recommended on the EIA report.
√ Contribute to the development endeavors of the city directly and the country
indirectly through taxes to levied by and paid to the concerned government body in terms royalty.

2.3. Project Justification

Ethiopia is a least developing country and its population number is growing faster, that promote the need
for industry development. To facilitate industrial development, the Ethiopian government promoted
investment opportunities at all levels. Megesina Construction Materials Suppliers Plc, in its part required to
participate in the countries' investment opportunities to contribute its share in economic development of the
country through increasing the availability of construction material for their own big project consumption
in the capital city of the country and also the surrounding locality. The main product of this industry is
basaltic stone gravel and selected materials. The owner of this project with the overall goals and taking
advantages of the existing opportunities in investment will coming out as the most competent and
successful industry in the country. The establishment of this project has got two phases: The Construction
phase; and the Operation Phase.

2.3.1. Construction phase:

Preparation of the site will involve the creation of a fence around the property, the leveling, and the
construction of the temporary office and provision of the construction raw material to the mining site.
The construction will be done as per normal construction technique, as it does not require any special
purpose engineering. The equipment that will be used for the construction phase includes:

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Wildings machines, Mobile crane, Wheelbarrows, General tools and tackles, General tools and tackles,
Shuttering material (wood, nails etc), Generator, Water pump and, etc. Construction process would be as
per the norm, within due attention and care to the safety and security of all the staff and workers. All the
workers will be equipped with appropriate work gears and helmet.During the construction phase, water
from the nearest small river or from digging a water hole in the project site.

2.3.2. Operation phase:

The raw materials stone will be crushed by the crusher to make the final product or the sand or the stone
will be supplied to the national market. The products will be stored in the site awaiting dispatch to
customers or it will be sold to the market through transporting. In operation phase of the project some basic
parameters are presented below:

Power requirement:
The project site will be established for crushing basalt to provide construction material for governmental
and private construction projects.The proponent plan to installed transformer for crusher power
consumption. Still today there is no transformer available on the site, but the proponent plan to install
transformer as soon as getting this mining license. Until install the transformer the proponent could be
install 350 KWA capacity generators for starting the work, however; after installing the transformer the
proponent standby generator will be available to fill the gap when there is an electric power interruption.

Water Requirement:
Water is required in the proposed project for soil watering, drinking and sanitation. According to techno-
economic study of the project, the requirement of water is low because of the fact that the anticipated
technologies of the basalt processing activity are dry type. The possible sources of water for this project
could be used by using a tanker of having more than 1000 litter capacity installed at the site or it is possible
to use easily Akaki River for cleaning and minimizing or avoiding dust emission problem on the site end
even the surroundings.

Workforce Requirement and Staff Categories:

The project will start with up to 20 employees and will gradually increases over the course of the project.

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Safety Measures:
Construction process would be as per the norm, with due attention and care to the safety and security of all
the staff and workers (work gear, helmets). As safety measures for staff / workers during operation,
employees in the induction furnace will be equipped with: High Boots, Protective Uniform, Dust Masks,
Helmets, Eye goggles, and, etc.

2.4. Product Process and Production capacity

2.4.1. General production process

The final goal of the intervention in this mining project is to increase incomes from the sale of end products
through delivering quality and affordable products to the market. Accordingly, the promoter can employ
human resources for the overall management of the project and can undertake the following model to
supply the products to the market. Basaltic Stone, Mining, Crushing, Sand/gravel/ other selective materials
and Customers/ own project demand. For timely completion of each activity the project depends on time
framework. By using the existing available market in the city of Addis Ababa, sale of products can be done
while the product is ready. This is to keep the quality of the product and to facilitate on time business.

2.4.2. Raw Material and Inputs

The raw material of the project it the basaltic stone which will be processed to make the final product that
is the gravel and the utilities are water, electricity and diesel oil.

2.5. Mining Method

There are both surface and underground mining systems applied worldwide. The surface miming method
employs many types and ways of undertaking quarrying activities. These are stripping, terracing and open
pit excavations, hence this project will employ open pit mining and with terracing where it is necessary to
use intermediate cyclic or continuous transport (e.g. trucks or conveyors) to transport the overburden to
where it can be tipped back into the previously mined void. The overall quarrying activity will include the
following activities. By considering all these parameters, the following mining systems were
recommended: Method of extraction is surface quarrying, quarrying method is opencast and Kind of
opencast is surface on slope (bench system)

Generally, the quarrying and processing activity of the project involves: Quarry site preparation,
construction of drainage system, stripping of overburden, drilling, blasting, loading, transporting, crushing,

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screening and sorting of the products to appropriate site. Note shall be taken that, the drilling pattern, the
amount of explosives to be used, the size of excavator to be deployed for loading and the volume of dump
trucks for transportation should be coordinated in order to assure that materials from the quarry is
constantly feed in to the crushing plant efficiently. Therefore, the following principal procedures of
quarrying and processing activities shall be followed in order to achieve this goal effectively and
efficiency.

2.5.1. Quarry Site Preparation

Quarry site preparation activity includes stripped off thin soil and grass cover to expose the rock on surface
leveling, construction of access road, site offices, etc., for this project all most all these activities will be
implement when the license is offered from Addis Ababa Environmental Protection Authority.

2.5.2. Construction of drainage system

To project the quarry site against run –off water, a ditch has to be constructed above the quarry site which
will collect water from the above catchments of the quarry and conveys to the downstream alleys during
rainy season

2.5.3. Stripping
The average thickness of volcanic tuffs together with thick layer of black cotton soil is estimated at about 2
meters. Hence, this material has to be excavated and stripped off by a dozer in order to exploit minerals
with the required quality. To perform this activity, the working capacity of the dozer shall be in the ranges
of 30-40m3/hr depending on the strength of materials to be excavated. Moreover, the study strongly
recommended that, the overburden debris to be excavated must be dumped at one specific site for future
rehabilitation program and get well compacted by the same dozer to protect pollution of the nearby stream
from such loss of organic debris by erosion.

2.5.4. Drilling
The principle of quarry drilling is to obtain blast holes with suitable diameter and depth for being charged
with an explosive. Depending on the nature of the rock and types of explosives being used, blast holes can
be performed either by pneumatic hammer drills or by hydraulic drills. The diameter, depth, number and
spacing of boreholes required very careful considerations for getting the most beneficial results. Naturally,
when holes are too closely spaced, the will shatter the rock to smaller, useless pieces. When they are
spaced too far off from each other, cracking caused on their explosion will not break the entire aimed rock

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mass in a desired manner. Properly spaced holes charged with calculated quantities of explosive will then
not only break the calculated volume of rock in to blocks of manageable size but also throw them at a
proper distance from the quarry.

2.5.5. Blasting
Following the drilling operation, blasting is vitally phase as rock fragmentation is done by blasting. The
principal objective of blasting activity is to optimize the proper sequential operation of the quarry such as
loading, hauling and crushing. To accomplish this work, the loading or charging of blast holes with pre-
determined quantities of selected type of explosive is to be done with great care and caution. A slight
negligence in this operation may lead to fatal accidents. Having done this job successfully, the final step in
blasting is igniting the explosive in the blast holes by using a safety fuse or by electric detonators. Note
shall be taken that, during blasting operation in the quarry, it is necessary to strictly observe the safety rules
for explosives, transportation, storage, handling, testing and use of explosives, delimitation of dangerous
areas and organization of the whole blasting operation.

2.5.6. Excavation and loading

Following the blasting operation, the fractured rock has to be excavated prior to loading. Thus, a dozer or
an excavator can alternatively perform the excavation activity. For loading of excavated rock or final
products, a wheel loader with of loading capacity is stationed at the site.

2.5.7. Hauling
Transportation of blasted rock material from the quarry site to the processing plant or stockpile area will be
done using two articulated dump trucks of 10 or 12 m 3 loading capacity. In order to have a smooth and
continuous plant feed operation, the importance of blasted rock stockpiling/storage space close to the
processing plant has to be foreseen. The materials are then sufficiently stored at the crushing and screening
area to effectively feed up the processing unit without any interruption.

2.5.8. Crushing and Screening

The objective of crushing is to accomplish size reduction and occasionally for obtaining additional
requirements of different products used in various fields of applications. Specification on gradations shall
be met by screening and classifying of the crushed stones with the use of vibrating screens. The crushing
process in general starts with the feeding of blasted rock materials into the crushing unit of feed hopper by

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a front-end wheel loader or direct feed by a dump truck into the feeder. The vibrating feeder equipped with
a grizzly discharge at the end is then facilitating to by-pass the materials around the jaw crusher.

The maximum size of feed materials that the crusher will handle depends on the type and size of the
feeding hopper. The crushed material is then conveyed from the discharge of the crusher to a vibrating
screen section where the materials are being sieved and transferred to a separate pile by means of an
optional and independent discharge conveyor. The natural fines, which pass through the grizzly-section of
the feeder, shall be by-pass the jaw crusher in order to optimize its performance. As an alternative, the
natural fines may be removed to a separate pile by means of an optional independent discharge conveyor.

2.6. Geology, Reserve Evaluation and life span

2.6.1. Regional Geologic Formation

Addis Ababa is located on the shoulder of the Western Main Ethiopian Rift Escarpment. The morphology
is a direct reflection of the different volcanic stratigraphic successions tectonic activities and the action of
erosion between successive lava flows (UNEP et al, 2003).The city was founded at the southern flank of
Entro ridge (3199m a.s.I) and expanded in all directions. This ridge marks the northern boundary of the city
following the east west trending major fault (Ambo-Kassam). Other prominent volcanic features
surrounding the city are Mt. Wochancha in the west (3385m.a.s. I) Mt. Furi (2839 m.a.s.I) in the shouth
west and Mt. Yerer (Mt. Yerer (100a.s.I) in the southeast (ibid). These typically volcanic features and
mainly built up of acidic and intermediate lava flows thus, they are characterized by rugged landscapes and
steeper slopes. The general inclination of the slope becomes lower towards the southern part of the city
were the project site is located.

2.6.2. Geology of the Region

Many researchers systematically proposed the geology and volcanic stereographic sequences of Addis
Ababa area. Haileslassie Girmay and Getaneh Assefa (1989) proposed the stratigaphy of the area starting
from Sululta to Nazareth, based on Morton’s geological map. Unpublished student reports K/Ar absolute
age determination taken from different literature and filed work to clarify some geological uncertainties.
They redefine the lithostragraphic units and volcanic succession in the Addis Ababa area form bottom to
top are: Alaji basalats, Entot silicice Addis Ababa basalts, Nazareth group and Bofa basalts (UNEP at al,
2013)

 Alaji basalts

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The Alaji group volcanic rocks in this part of the escarpment were outpoured form the end of Oligocene
until middle Miocene (Zanettin et al, 1974). This unit is composed of basalts, which show variation in
texture from highly pophyric to aphyric. Within this unit there is an intercalation of gray and glass welded
tuff. The out crop of Alaji basalt extends for the crest of Entoto (Ridge bordering the northern part of Addis
Ababa) towards the north (Haileselassie Girmay and Getaneh Assefa 1989). This unit is underlain by tuffs
and ignimbrites; on the other hand, its stereographic relationship with the Entoto silicices is difficult to
determine as they occur in a fault contact. Mohr (1976) proved that the Entoto trachyte overlies the Alaji
basalt. The age of the rock is 22.8 M.Y (Morton et. Al. 1979)

 Entotl silicics

These early Miocene age silicice volcanic could represent localize terminal episodes to massive Oligocene
fissure basalt activity in the Addis Ababa region (Morton et.al 1979). The thickness of the flow become
maximum on the top of Entoto ridge and thin both towards the plateau and the plain east of Addis Ababa.
According to Zanettin and Justin- Visentin (1974) these lavas make up a thick pile of flow accumulated
along east west fissures (east -west fault running from Kassam River to Ambo) and uplifted northwards.
The unit is unconformable overlain by Addis Ababa basalt of the foothill of Entoto and underlain by Alaji
basalt. The Entoto silicics composed of rhyolite and trachyte with minor amount of welded tuff and
obsidian (Hailesleassie Girmay and Getaneh Assefa 1989).

The rhyolitic lava flow outcrops on the top and the foothills of the Entoto ridge, predominantly in the
western side. It also outcrops in the eastern part of the town form the Kokebe Tsebah School to the Benin
Embassy. The thickness is quite variable as it frequently forms dome structure. In this rock unit flow
banding, folding and jointing are common. The rhyolites are overlain by feldspar porphyritic trachyte and
underlain by a sequence of tuffs and ignimbrites. Tuffs and ignimbrites are welded and characterized by
columnar jointing. The rhyolite made up of phenocrysts of plagioclase 'and altered rebeekite in a
groundmass of glass with iron oxide. The trachytic lava flow outcrops on the top of Entoto ridge and its
foothills. The thickness varies and reaches the maximum of 30m nearby Kotobe covering the rhyolitic lava
flows. It shows a quite uniform texture, and is constituted by phenocrysts of oligoclase, sandine and
rebeckite within a groundmass of plagioclase, iron oxide and minor quartz and mafic minerals. Two
varieties of rachitic lava flows have been identified in the eastern side of the town, near Kotobe; a pale gray
and a pink trachyte. The latter one is characterized by veins of hematized opal and by feldspar
pyhenocrysts, which are often completely or partially altered with fine fracture filling of hematite (varnier

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et. al., 1985). The Entoto silicics are dated 21.5 my Morton (1974) and 22 my day (Morthon et. al., 1979).
Thus from the general stragraphy established by (Zaneitin et.al, 1974) both rhyolite and trachyte of the
Entoto Silicis belong to the Micene Alaji Rhyolite and basalt sequences.

 Addis ababa basalt

In the project area the oldest visible rock postdating the Entoto Silicic is the Addis Ababa basalt. These
units, which are mainly present in the central part of the town, are underlain by the Entoto Sliicics and
overlain by lower welded Tuff of the Nazareth group. The maximum thickness exceeding 130 meters was
found at ketchene stream. It is porphyritic in texture, composed of labradorite, olivine and augite as
phenocrysts. The ground mass is made of andesine, labradorite, olivine, magnetite and pyroxene
(Hailselassie Girmay and Gentaneh Assefa 1989).

Olivine prophyriticf basalts outcrop in the central part of the town that includes Mercato, Tekelhaymanote
and Sididst Kilo. The distribution of plagioclase prophyritic basalt is almost the same as that of the olivine
prophyritic basalt, but only little more northwards. In outcrops in an area, which includes Sidust Kilo,
General winget School and French Embassy. The thickness of the former varies from 1m or less in the
foothills of Etoto, Lideta Airfield and Filowha to greater than 130 meters Ketchane stream (Morton 1974;
Variner et. Al, 1985). The lower Welded Tuff overlies both types of basalt nearby the Building Collage, the
other hand, only in the gorge of the Ketchane stream the oivine pophyric basalt is overlain by the
plagioclase pophyritic basalt, while elsewhere the relationship between them is very difficult to determine
(Varnier et al, 1985).

 Nazaret group

The units identified in this group denoted as lower welded Tuff, Aphanitic basalt and upper Welded Tuff.
The group is underlain by Addis Ababa Basalt and overlain by Bofa Basalts. The rocks outcrop mainly
south Filowha fault and extend towards Nazareth.

 Lower welded tuff

This rock outcrops as small discontinuous body in Filowaha, western parts of Addis Ababa and Sululta. It
is glassy with abundant frame and has columnar joints. Generally, it is overlain by the aphanites basalt and
underlain by the olivine and plagioclase prophyritic basalt. The age of this rock as dated by Morton et.al
(1979) at Addis Ababa and suluta is 5.1 and 5.4 millison years respectively. This age overlap with the

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period of the activity of Wachecha tracheae volcanoes, dated 4.6 million years. Wachecha is located 15 km
west of Addis Ababa and probably the sources of the Lower welded tuff at both localities (Morton et al.
1979).
 Aphanite’s basalt
This basalt covers the southern part of the town, especially the areas of Bole International Airport and
Lideta Airfield. The rock body shows vertical curved columnar jointing tighter with sub - horizontal sheet
jointing. Kaolin, lenses are present at the contact of this basalt with the younger ignimbrite. This is sure
evidence for the hydrothermal alterations along N-E and S-W fracture system, which may affect both the
basalt and the Entoto trachyte. Moreover, the basalt is overlain by pumeacoues pyroclastic falls and the
pyroclastic falls. It is underlain by the soil horizon that covers the plagioclase porphyritic basalt and
overlain by soil horizon and tuff layers that lie below the young ignimbrite. It consists of: Labradoriet,
augite, rarely olivine and magnetite.

The crystals of palgionclase show marked flow alignments. The age of the basalt in Addis Ababa ranges
from 3.4 to 3.6 million years (Mroton, 1974). Trachy - basalt outcrops around Repi and nearby Geneal
Wingate School. It is underlain by the plagioclase and olivine prophyritic basalt and overlain by the
younger ignimbrite from which it is separated by tuffs and agglomerates. Its relation with the rocks of the
group is not clear, but probably younger than the aphanites basalt (Getaneh et al. 1985/) Moreover,
phenocrysts that occur mainly in the rock are: sandine, labradorite, magnetite and augite.
 Upper welded tuff
This rock outcrops all over the southern part of the town including Bole, Nefas Silk and Railway station;
nevertheless, it is also present in the central and northern part of the town. It is gray colored, vertically and
horizontally jointed and composed of sandine , anorthoclase, rebecite, quartz, pumice and unidentified
volcanic fragment (Getaneh Assefa et aI., 1989). The welded tuff is underlain by aphanites basalts and
overlain by young olivine basalts. An age determinations made on a sample collected nearby Haile
Gebreselassies road resulted 3.2 million years, that overlap with the activity of Yerer trachytic volcanos
(Morton et.al 1979).

 Young trachytic flow

This rock is predominating in the southwest part of the town, from Dama hotel towards Furi and Repi
along the hills and foothills of Hana Mariama and Tulu Iyou. It is porphyritic with phenocrysts of
plagioclase (albite -oligoclase) sandine, biotite within a groundmass of microlities of feldspar. Moreover, it

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is underlain by the tuff that covers the young ignimbrite and overlaying by alternating flows of plagioclase
prophyritic basalt and rhyolite especially in the Repi hill. Its relation with the young olivine prophyrytic
basalt is not clear as they outcrop in different parts of the areas; however, in a small outcrop nearby Aba
Samuel Lake south of the project area, the trachyte underlies the olivine porphyritic basalt.

 Young olivine porphyritic basalt

They outcrop southward for Akaki River where they appear in the form of boulders reaching a thickness of
10 meter. They are restricted and dominant in the southeast part of the town i.e. Debre Zeit Road. They
contain phencorysts of plagioclase, olivine that is partially and completely altered to iddingiste and augite
within a groundmass composed of plagioclase magenetite pyroxene and olivine. This basalt is underlain by
the tuffs which cover the welded tuff.
2.6.3. Resource evaluation
The physical, mechanical and chemical properties, quantities and location of the deposit have been
investigated in order to determine the feasibility of the project in view of commencing investment. The
technical parameter considered in evaluating these desirability and workability of the target deposit are the
following: Weathering type and intensity, nature of the burden and quality of the deposit and degree of
recovery, etc.
2.6.4. Reserve Estimation
Reserve estimation is based on the visual estimation of the average thickness of the fresh basalt deposit
from the exposed surface of the river section. The license area can be mined by open pit mining method for
16-meter vertical thickness in average. The total surface area of the license area covers 56356.5 m2; the
quality of the basalt can be used for road sub base and concert. Reserve is calculated based on the exposed
and expected position of select material and basalt rock in which the nearest mined out profile is taken as
the lower limit of the formation. In this case, the average thickness of fresh basalt is estimated at 16-meter
vertical thickness and 56356.5 m2 area coverage. As a result, the actual basalt deposit to be used for reserve
calculation is:
The basalt reserve of the deposit is manipulated as: V1=56356.5m2 x 16 m= 901,704m3.

Therefore, the estimated reserve of the deposited basalt is 901,704m3.

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2.6.5. Regime of operation

The study has envisaged the following assumptions in order to effectively implement its quarrying,
crushing and screening operations.
 Number of working hours per day--------------------------------8
 Number of working shift per day----------------------------------1
 Number of working day per month-------------------------------22
 Number of working day per year--------------------------------317 (assuming ten working month/year)
 The crusher capacity --------- 608 m3 per day = 192736m3/year (317*608)

2.6.6. Life span of the deposit

The life span of the mine is determined by dividing the reserve of the resource to the planned annual
production capacity of the project. Hence;

Life span for basalt crushing = Estimated minable reserve in m3

Annual planed production (m3/year)

= 901,704m3= 5years
192736m3/year
Hence, the reserve of the deposit warrants the operation of this project for 5years. So the mine from the
license area has a potential to exploit 901,704m3 m3 basalt rocks to be crashed in to aggregate of the sizes
00, 01, 02 and 03 for 5 years.

2.6.7. Production capacity

The production capacity of the plant is 901,704m3 m3 basalt rocks by 608 m3 per day crusher capacity
within the coming 5 years. Generally, the proponent will produce 901,704m3 construction materials
products provide for governmental and private construction sector development demand.

2.6.8. Production program

Since the demand and supply gap is very high, the new quarry to be established will plan to contribute
significant aggregate supply (901,704m3 basalt rocks only). The quarry will open as soon as having the
mining license; hence the production program is 100% efficient from first year to 5 th year. The crushing
machinery capacity will be 95m3 /hour, 608 m3 per day and 192736 m3 /year respectively. Based on this

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assumption the yearly production program of select material, 00 and 01, 02 and 03 programs are presented
in table 2.

Table 2: Yearly Production program

Aggregate type Unit Efficiency% Year

1 2 3 4 5

00 and 01 (fine aggregate) m3 100 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 50,000

02 and03 (coarser aggregate) m3 100 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000 30,000

Total 80,000 80,000 80,000 80,000 80,000

2.7. Resource requirement

2.7.1. Human resource

The requirement of necessary man power/work force of this project was determined based on the capacity
of the machineries and the total construction mine resource reserve. Accordingly, the major expected
categories of these work forces are grouped into the production workers and supporting staffs. Taking all
these into consideration, the manpower requirement of the project is about 30 people. Generally, all human
resource requirements for this project are presented in table 3.

Table 3: number of personnel, Salary and other operational costs

No Position Classification Required Salary in Birr

Monthly Annual

1 General manger 1 3000 36,000

2 Accountant 1 2000 24,000

4 Secretary 1 1000 12,000

5 Store keeper 1 800 9,600

6 Pickup drivers 2 900 21,600

7 Dump truck operators 2 2500 60,000

8 Site Forman 1 1,000 12,000

9 Crusher operator 2 2800 67,200

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10 Driller 1 1000 12,000

11 Blaster 1 2,500 30,000

12 Guards 2 400 9,600

13 Loader operator 1 1,500 18,000

14 Excavator operator 1 1,500 18,000

15 Dozer operator 1 2500 30,000

16 Laborers 4 2000 88,000

17 Fuel and lubricants 665,000

18 Repair and maintenance 425,000

Total 30 1,556,000

2.7.2. Machineries
The equipment required for this project mining activities and their price in the market are presented in table 4.
Table 4: cost of equipment and machinery

No Description of basic items Unit Qty Unit Price in Eth birr Total cost in Eth
birr

1 Crusher with accessories Lot 1 5,500,000 5,500,000

2 Excavator Pcs 1 6,000,000 6,000,000

3 Dump truck Pcs 2 1200,000 1200,000

4 Stand by Generator “ 1 850,000 850,000

5 Wheel loader “ 1 1,600,000 1,600,000

7 Dozer “ 1 5,100,000 5,100,000

8 Jack hammer with accessories “ 1 780,000 780,000

9 Pick-up double cabin (4W) “ 2 750,000 1,500,000

10 Hand tools (wheel barrow ,steel hammer, etc) Lot 1 150,000 150,000

Total 22,680,000

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2.7.3. Depreciation and Amortization

Depreciation / amortization correspond to the anticipated reduction in the values of each component of
fixed assets. As per the mining income tax proclamation No. 53/1993, depreciation is calculated on
straight-line basis and at 25% rate of the acquisition value ( 22,680,000) i.e. write-off of investment
within four consecutive years. Accordingly, the annual depreciation cost of the project is estimated at birr
6,120,000.

2.7.4. Pre-production costs

These are the costs to be incurred for the rent of land rent, study cost, site preparation, engineering designs
and costs needed for plant erection. So that which are estimated to be 500, 000 birr.

2.7.5. Capital expenditures

These are all the initial investment costs that are going to be incurred for the purchase and installation of
quarrying equipment/ machineries, office furniture, building and civil works and other services. The details
are as shown below in table 5.

Table 5: Summary of Initial investment costs

No Description Total cost (Birr)

1 fixed capital costs 22,680,000
2 Pre-production cost 500,000
3 Operating cost 1,556,000
Total 24,736,000
4 Contingency (10%) 2,473,600
Grand total 27,209,600

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3. BASELINE INFORMATION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT

3.1. Bio-physical and Socio-Economic Baseline Information

3.1.1. Climate
Addis Ababa gets bimodal rainfall with two prominent rainy seasons. The main rainy season is from June
to September with an average annual precipitation of about 1200mm. the other rainy season is from March
to April. The other months are almost dry with maximum temperature in the month of May and the average
temperature various from 160c to 220c (National Atlas of Ethiopia, 1972).The project area is characterized
by midland agro-climatic zone, which enjoys favorable weather conditions and temperature.

3.1.2. Soil
The soil type in the project area is verti soil and its color is black. Generally, the soil is good for
agricultural production purpose.

3.1.3. Topography and Landscape

The area around the quarry site proposed for basalt mining and crushing has poor morphological
development. It is in general landscape situation is rugged landscape spatially the project area. The altitude
difference around the quarry site various from 2170 m to 2212 m asl. on average.

3.1.4. Health
There is no health institution in and around the project site except health extension services which is
conducted by woreda level by the health extension workers.

3.1.5. Educational Facilities

There is no school facility around the site but, there are governmental schools in the woreda. The school
facility is expected to increase in number due to the high density of population within tulu dimtu
condominium residents.

3.1.6. Road
The quarry site proposes for basalt quarrying is accessible along Yerer Goro – ICT Park, Akaki Kality
express road. Specifically, the site is found 3 km away from Addis Ababa Science and Technology
University in the south west direction. The site is found south-west direction from the express asphalt road.

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It is accessible by any four-wheel vehicle. However, the gravel road needs more leveling and maintenance
for easy access for all type of vehicle.

3.1.7. Power
The project site will be established for crushing basalt to provide construction material for governmental
and private construction projects. The proponent plan to installed transformer for crusher power
consumption. Still today there is no transformer available on the site, but the proponent plan to install
transformer as soon as getting this mining license. Until install the transformer the proponent could be
install 350 KWA capacity generators for starting the work, however; after installing the transformer the
proponent standby generator will be available to fill the gap when there is an electric power interruption.

3.1.8. Water
Water is required in the proposed project for soil watering, drinking and sanitation. According to techno-
economic study of the project, the requirement of water is low because of the fact that the anticipated
technologies of the basalt processing activity are dry type. The possible sources of water for this project
could be used by using a tanker of having more than 1000 litter capacity installed at the site or it is possible
to use easily Akaki River for cleaning and minimizing or avoiding dust emission problem on the site end
even the surroundings.

3.1.9. Population and Settlement pattern

The settlement pattern of the population is highly scattered type of settlement. Some of the population
around the project site is sedentary cultivators, supporting their livelihood from the traditional agricultural
production and mixed merchant system. Settlements have been observed within more than 0.5km meters
south east radius from the project area. As you may know, this estimation is based on experts guess but not
based on reality.So that, according to experts estimation the settlements have been observed between 200-
250 meters. Farmer’s agricultural practice is still traditional type of cultivation system mainly of oxen
ploughing. The major annual crop grown in the project areas is Teff, field peas and barley. The farmers
living surround the project area usually supports their livelihood from the sale of the above-mentioned crop
productions, animal husbandry and merchant system.

3.1.10. Historical, cultural, religious and archaeological resources

So far, there are no known Historical, cultural, religious and archaeological resources around the project
site.

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3.1.11. Gender Equality

Women comprise disproportionately large number of the poor in most countries due to gender
discrimination. The situation limits the women to have an access to resources, opportunities, and public
services necessary to improve the standard of living for themselves and their families. In the project-
affected areas, women are subject to early marriage, abduction etc. as a result, women School dropout is
high and the literacy rate of women is decreasing. The low level of education and training among women
limit the chance to hire informal employments. According to the information obtained from the public
consultation the number of women employed in government and non-government organization is less than
men.
Due to the above mentioned problems, women’s economic activities are confined to the household
management and agriculture production and selling of products. Economically they are dependent upon
men. Therefore, the economic, social and political position of women in the project affected area is very
weak. Women of the project site are very interested on the proposed project than other social groups
because they are more beneficiaries from the opportunities provided through the proposed project. This is
because they have chance of employment opportunity from the total 20 employees.
3.1.12. Public Attitudes and Perception
Public consolation and participation is continuing process which identifies and discusses the key issues and
impacts of the proposed project. Views from local residents, who in one way or another would be affected
or have interest were sought through interviews and public meetings. Public participation includes both the
information exchange and collaborative forms of decision-making and participation. Public consultation
about the project; which refer joint discussion between project owner and the affected population serving
as a linkage for transfer of information and sharing of ideas about the project. Public participation is an
ongoing process throughout the implementation of the project not an event. The level of information which
is disseminated or the issues on which consultation takes places vary with the progress in the Project
Process. The discussions were focused on: description of the project’s impact on the existing biophysical
environment and socio economic conditions, the predicated negative and positive impact during
construction, operation and maintenance phases, the possible mitigation measures to be under take and
communications’ attitude towards the project. Accordingly, the information perceived by the team has
confirmed that almost all the participants have commonly uttered their positive attitudes and good
impressions on the project. They explained that the project would foster the national economy in general

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and the local investments and socio economic developments in particular. Consultation was made with the
project affected communities.

4. POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

In anywhere sustainable development can only be achieved by policies that have taken in to account the
concepts of environmental considerations in the long term and capable of being implemented by an
efficient and effective system of government. Of particular kind of development activities in the past in
most part of our country do not taken in to account environmental issues at early stage of project
formulation. Decisions on the implementation of development projects were rather based on simple short
term feasibility reports and minor economic advantages of the proponents. This negligence and unwise use
of natural resources in turn resulted in environmental pollution and natural resources degradation or
scarcity.

It is therefore vital to integrate environmental concepts into any development plans in order to ensure the
sustainability of future development of the nation. Environmental impact assessment study is therefore,
considered to be one of the environmental management tools, which is used to integrate environmental
issues in to development programs early in the planning stage of projects. Hence, it is important that the
proponent and governmental organizations should be well aware of and respect the national policy
principles and guidelines concerning the protection of environment for effective implementation.

Therefore, some of the policies and legal requirements that have to be referred in such a quarry
development activities are briefly outlined hereunder for consideration.

Policy and Legislative Framework

The EIA study for Mixed Use Buildings is carried out within the framework of the local and national
environmental regulation and guidelines. Ethiopia adopted its Constitution in 1995, which provides the
basic and comprehensive principles and guidelines for environmental protection, and management in the
country. The FDRE consists of the Federal State and Regional States. Proclamations 33/ 1992, 41/1993 and
4/ 1995 defined the duties and responsibilities of the Regional States which include planning, directing and
developing social and economic development programs as well as protection of natural resources.
Accordingly the legislative frameworks applicable to the proposed project are relevant proclamations,
national environmental guidelines and regulations issued by the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

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(FDRE) and that of Addis Ababa City Admiration are outlined below.

The Environmental Policy of Ethiopia (EPE, 1997)

This policy provides a number of guiding principles that indicate and require a strong adherence to
sustainable development and a high commitment among other things, the need:

 To ensure that environmental impact assessments consider not only physical and biological impacts
but also address social, socio-economic, political and cultural conditions;
 To ensure that public and private sector development programs and projects recognize any
environmental impacts early and incorporate their containment into the development design
process;
 To recognize that public consultation is an integral part of EIA and ensure that EIA procedures
make provision for both an independent review and public comment before consideration by
decision makers; and
 To ensure that an environmental impact statement always includes mitigation plan for
environmental management problems and contingency plans in case of accidents.

This policy sets the scene for developments and projects within Ethiopia, particularly those of national
significance. The policy underpins the regulatory requirements for EIA and pollution control and requires
developers to aspire to the highest international standards of environmental and social management for
project development.

The Investment Proclamation No. 769/2012

This proclamation encourages and expansion of investment, especially in the manufacturing sector has
become necessary so as to strengthen the domestic production capacity and there by accelerate the
economic development of the country and improve the living standards of its peoples, it has become
necessary to enhance and promote the equitable distribution of investments among regions and benefit the
society by ensuring competitiveness among investments made by investors; it has become essential to put
in place a system of supervision to ensure that permits and incentives granted to investors are used for the
intended purposes; the system of administration of investment needs to be transparent and efficient:, it has
been considered that the establishment of industrial development zones helps by creating enabling and
competitive condition, to interrelate manufacturing sectors based on value interrelate manufacturing sectors

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based on value creation as well as to attract and expand investment; to these ends, it has become necessary
to revise the existing law on investment; in accordance with Article 55(1)of the constitution of the Federal
Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, has issued proclamation on:

Investment Objectives and Areas of Investment

 Forms of investment and capital requirements for foreign investors

 Investment permit
 Registration of technology transfer and collaboration agreements with domestic investors
 Investment incentives, Guarantee and protection investment administration
 Industrial development zones: Establishment of industrials development zones
 Administration of Industrial Development zones, Regulations Related to industrial
development zones
 Loans and utilization of foreign currency

Ethiopian Water Resources Management Proc No 197/2000

Article 11 of this proclamation states that without prejudice to the exceptions specified under Article 16 of
this Proclamation, no person shall perform the following activities without having obtained a permit from
the Supervising body (Ministry of water and Energy or delegated bodies): construct waterworks; supply
water, whether for his own use or for others; transfer water which he/she abstracted from a water resource
or received from another supplier; and release or discharge waste into water resources unless otherwise
provided for in the regulations to be issued for the implementation of this Proclamation. Any person shall
be required to discuss his/her proposal with the supervising body prior to applying\ for a permit for the
purposes specified in Sub-Article (I) of this Article. Article 16 states any person shall utilize water
resources for the following purposes without holding a permit issued by the Supervising body: dig water
wells by hand or use water from hand-dug wells; use water for traditional irrigation, artisanal and for
traditional animal rearing, as well as for water mills.

National Health Policy

Ethiopia in general and Addis Ababa city Admiration in particular, has a low level of health, even in
comparison with other Sub-Saharan countries. This is largely related to low levels of income and
widespread poverty, low levels of education, nutritional deficiencies, poor environmental conditions, and

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inadequate access to health services. The government has, therefore, assigned a very high priority to
significantly improving health care and, in 1998, issued a health policy based on the following main
principles:

 Democratization and decentralization of the health care system;

 Promotion of disease preventive components;
 Ensuring accessibility to health care for the whole population;
 Development of appropriate capacity based on needs assessment;
 Promotion of private sector and NGO participation in the provision of health care; and
 Promotion and strengthening of inter sectorial activities through a national self-reliance program.

Strategies and programs have been designed to implement the stated health principles within a defined
period of time. The strategies include raising the awareness of personal and environmental health care and
sanitation through information, education and communication (IEC), control of disease and promotion of
primary health care through community participation

Environmental Laws and Regulations

The proclamation establishes a system that enables coordinated but differentiated responsibilities among
environmental protection agencies at Federal and Regional levels. The proclamation stipulates the need for
the establishment of Sectorial and Regional Environmental Units and Agencies. The principal organization
responsible for environmental protection is the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA), which operates
at both Federal and Regional levels.

Establishment of Environmental Protection Organs (Pro No. 295/2002

This law clarifies the institutional mandate and responsibilities of the Environmental Protection Authority
(EPA) and aims to integrate environmental considerations into the policies and decision-making of
sectorial agencies through such means as the establishment of environmental units in these agencies at the
federal level and the creation of independent environmental agencies at the regional level. This law also re-
established the Environmental Protection Council, a cross-sectional co-coordinating body that advises the
federal EPA and supervises its activities. The mandate of the Council includes:

(i) Reviewing environmental policies, strategies and laws proposed by the EPA and issuing
recommendations to government;

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(ii) Providing appropriate advice on the implementation of the Environmental Protection Policy of

Ethiopia; and

(iii) Reviewing and approving directives, guidelines, and environmental standards prepared by the EPA.

4.1. Constitution of the FDRE

The constitution is the supreme law of the country, whose provisions all other policies, regulations and
institutional frameworks must comply with. The constitution of the FDRE (proclamation No. 1/1995 as
amended) is the foundation for human rights, and natural resources and environmental management. The
constitution states that:

 Government and all Ethiopian citizens shall have the duty to protect the country’s environment and
natural resources
 The people have the right to full consultation and expression of views in the planning and
implementation of environment policies and projects that affect them directly.

The constitution of the FDRE provides the overriding principles and legal for all legislative frameworks in
the country. The concept of sustainable development and the environmental rights of the people are
enshrined in the constitution by the following articles that stipulate the rights of peoples in Ethiopia.

Article 43: the right of Development

 The peoples of Ethiopia as a whole, and each nation, nationality and people in Ethiopia particularly
have the right to improved living standards and to sustainable development.
 National have the right to participate in national development and, in particular, to be consulted
with respect to policies and projects affecting their community.
 All international agreements and relations concluded, established or conducted by the state shall
protect and ensure Ethiopia’s right to sustainable development
 The basic aim of development activities shall be to enhance the capacity of citizens for
development and to meet their basis needs.

Article 44: Environmental right

 All person has the right to live in a clean and healthy environment

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 All people who have been displaced or whose livelihoods have been adversely affected as a result of
state programs have the right to commensurate monetary or alternative means of compensation,
including relocation with adequate state assistance.

These constitutional provisions have served as the guiding principles of all activities that are related to
policy formulation, strategy development and the formulation of legislative and institutional framework for
environmental protection.

Article 92: people and the environment

This article environmental Objectives are listed below and the cooperative consider all of them in all phase
of the project.

 Government shall endeavor to ensure that all Ethiopians live in a clean and healthy environment.
 The design and implementation of program and projects of development shall not damage or destroy
the environment.
 People have the right to full consultation and to the expression of views in the planning and
implementations of environmental policies and projects that affect them directly.
 Government and citizens shall have the duty to protect the environment.

4.2. Environmental Policy of Ethiopia

The Ethiopian government commitment of the environmental and address issues relate to the development
projects is Environmental Policy of Ethiopia (EPE). The Environmental Policy of the Federal Democratic
Republic of Ethiopia was approved by the Council of Ministers in April 1997 (EPAIMEDAC 1997). It is
based on the CSE, which was developed through a consultation process over the period 1989-1995.

The policy has the broad aim of rectifying previous policy failures and deficiencies, which in the past have
led to serious environmental degradation. It is fully integrated and compatible with .the overall long time
economic development strategy of the country, known as Agricultural Development Led Industrialization,
and other key national policies like the National Population Policy and the National Policy on women
EPE’s overall policy goals may be summarized in terms of the improvements and enhancement of the
health and quality of life of all Ethiopians and the promotion of sustainable social and economic
development through the adoption of sound environmental management principles. Specific policy
objectives and key guiding principles are set out clearly in the EPE, and expand on various aspects of the

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overall goal. The policy contains sectoral and across sectoral policies and has provisions required for the
appropriate implementation of the policy itself.

The policy further states that there should be a compromise between short-term economic growth and long-
term environmental protection. To achieve these goals, a comprehensive Environmental Impact
Assessments has to be produced based on the anticipated impacts and as per the mentioned policy
provisions and requirements, i.e.

 Considering the impacts of the project both on humans and on natural environment
 Recognizing the importance of consulting the local people.
 Compromise between short term economic growth and long-term environmental impact,
 Sustainable resource management and proper balance in utilizing the resources and rehabilitation of
the area.

4.3. Environmental Impact Assessment proclamation (proc. No 299/2002)

This proclamation No 299/2002 aims primarily at making environmental impact assessment (EIA)
mandatory for categories of projects specified under a directive issued by the authority whether such
projects belong to public or private bodies. This proclamation clearly indicates that major development
programs, plans and projects of the private or public enterprises shall be subjected to Environmental Impact
Assessment study before their approval for implementation. The proclamation also provides a legal base
for the effective means of harmonizing and integrating environmental, economic, cultural and social
considerations in to the planning and decision making processes there by promoting sustainable
development. Moreover, it serves as a basic instrument in bringing about administrative transparency and
accountability, to involve the public and the communities in particular, in the planning and execution of
development programs that may affect them and their environment.

The objective of undertaking the assessment study is to ensure the impacts of a development project and
the incorporated mitigating measures for the adverse significant impacts, and policy programs are
adequately considered while decisions are put into effect. It comprises of the following processes:

 The application of this proposal at the early stage of project formulation.

 Undertaking the assessment by a neutral consultant
 The involvement of community members & concerned governmental organs
 Consideration of the guiding principles and policies on the major issues of significant impacts.
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 Identification of appropriate measures for monitoring and managing of the impact

 Submission of report to the concerned institution for sound review and decision, etc.

The duties of Megesina Construction Materials Suppliers Plc the proclamation are:

undertaking a timely environmental impact assessment, identifying the likely adverse impacts, incorporate
the means of their prevention, and submit the environmental impact study report accompanied by the
necessary documents to the authority or the relevant regional environmental agency. And it must submit an
environmental impact study report to the authority or the relevant regional environmental agency for
review. The proclamation also directs the authorities and the relevant regional environmental agencies how
to deal with an environmental impact assessment report they receives.

Thus, after evaluating the report by taking into account any public comment and expert opinion, Addis
Ababa EPA and other concerned body must :approve the without condition and issue authorization if it is
satisfied that the project may not cause negative impact, approve the project and issue authorization with
condition that must be met in order to reduce adverse impact to insignificant impacts, and/or refuse
implementation of the project if the negative impact cannot be satisfactorily avoided.

4.4. Environmental impact assessment regulation 21/2006

The role of environmental and safety management unit, following screening of sub projects and
preparation of full or partial EIA as necessary by the responsible implementing concerned body and all
structure of Addis Ababa Environmental protection authority will subsequently review and approve the
screening reports as well as the sub-project full or partial EIA and it will issue an environmental
permit/license where applicable. The Addis Ababa EPA will undertake environmental audits where
required to ensure that the implementing agency is complying with their Environmental Impact
Assessments and their commitments to environmental management, mitigation and monitoring.

4.5. Environmental pollution control proclamation (proc. No 300/2002)

The proclamation on Environmental Pollutions Control No. 300/2002 is mainly based on the right of each
citizen to live in a healthy environment, as well as the obligation to protect the environment of the country.
This proclamation is aimed at eliminating or, when not possible, to mitigate pollution as an undesirable
consequence or social and economic development activities. It also stated that the protection of the
environment and safeguarding of human health, as well as the maintaining of biota and the aesthetic value
of nature are the duty and responsibility of all citizens. It further considers other important issues in some

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of its articles, among others: control of pollution, management of hazardous waste, chemical and
radioactive substances, the importance and need to respect environmental standards and Punitive and
incentive measures, etc. The proclamation states that the “Pollute pays” principle will be applied to all
persons. Under this proclamation, EPA is given the authority to ensure implementation and enforcement of
environmental standards and related requirement to inspectors assigned by EPA or other regional
concerned legal body.

4.6. Environmental protection organs establishment proclamation No 295/2002

The proclamation for the establishment of environmental protection organs, No. 295/2002, was issued to
establish a system that fosters coordinated but differentiated responsibilities among environmental
protection agencies at Federal and regional levels. The proclamation recognizes assigning responsibilities
among environmental development and monitoring on the other is instrumental for the sustainable use of
environmental resources, hereby avoiding possible conflicts of interests and duplication of efforts. The
overarching goal of the Environmental policy of Ethiopia is the improvement of the health and quality of
all Ethiopian and the promotion of sustainable social and economic development through the adoption of
sound environmental management principles.

To respond the above mentioned objective EPA has given a mandate by law. One of the responsibilities of
the EPA is to issue a series of guidelines needed to fulfill its duties. Procedural environmental impact
assessment guideline, which issued in 2003, is relevant for this assessment. The Addis Ababa
Environmental Protection Authority is thus one of these competent organizations that was established as
per this proclamation and has the responsibility in the EIA process to:

 Ensure that the proponent complies with the requirements of the EIA process
 Maintain a close relationship with the proponent and to provide guidance on the process,
 Evaluate and take decisions on the documents that arise from the EIA process.
 Maintain coordination between different concerned sectoral agencies throughout the EIA process,
etc.

4.7. Ethiopian National Economic Development Strategy

The guiding strategy under the national Economic development is known as the Agricultural Development
led-industrialization (ADL). This Strategy further developed into sectoral strategies that include
Agriculture, industry, mining, Population growth, technological progress, Economic and social

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infrastructure, etc. The following can be identified as the core elements of the agro –industrial development
of ADIL (MoPED, 1993):

 The promotion of labor intensive technologies and utilization of domestic raw materials;
 Determination of the composition of industrial output based on the needs and income levels of the
population and
 Government intervention to motivate the choice of labor intensive technology that makes extensive
use of domestic raw materials.

ADLI has provided that the basis for the development of the other national and sartorial policies and
strategies that have direct relevance to the development of export oriented agriculture and its products in
the country.

4.8. Industry Policy of Ethiopia

The main standards of Ethiopian industrial police are given by Agricultural Development Led
industrialization (ADLI) and IDS (2002), which were discussed and analyzed by Ohno (2009) in our
bilateral policy. As all Ethiopian government officials know ADLI and IDS well, there is no need to repeat
their contents in the trade and industry chapter of PASDEP II. What that chapter should do instead is to
present the orientation, the expanding scope, and the medium-term vision of industrial policy for the period
up to 2014/15 in order to eventually realize the long-term goals prescribed in ADIL and IDS.

4.9. Ethiopian investment Strategy

A number of investment proclamation and regulations issued by government as the country stated to move
away from Centralized Economy to free market economy (since 1992). These policy issues influence the
project in different aspects. Above all, the following two documents that constitute the building blocks of
the current Ethiopian investment strategy, directly affect investment in the country in general:

 Proclamation NO.37/1996: Investment proclamation of the federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia;

and
 Regulation No. 7/1996: Council of Ministers regulations to provide for investment Incentives.
According to the Investment Proclamation NO.37/1996, the objective of the investment policy of the
federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) are designed to improve the living standard of the
peoples of Ethiopia through the realization of sustainable economic and social development. Article 13 of
the proclamation specifies the required information for submitting an application for investment permit.
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The first sub-article under article 14, prescribes the procedure for issuance of investment permit, states:
Upon receiving an application for investment permit made in full compliance with the provisions of Art icle
13 of this proclamation, and after ascertaining within 10 days that the included investment activity would
not be contravening the operational laws of the country and that, in particular, it complies with conditions
stipulated in environmental protection laws, the appropriate investment organ shall issue an investment
permit to the applicant.

The Council of Ministers regulation NO.7/1996 provides the terms and conditions under which investment
incentives is provided for investors. The investment incentive is divided into the following two categories:
exemption from income tax and exemption from customs duty on imported machinery and equipment. The
exemption from income tax is based on the following two criteria. The first criterion is the class of the
investment as pioneer investment, promoted investment, or expansion and upgrading of existing
investment. The second criterion is the location of the investment with respect to its potential contribution
to equitable distribution of regional development.

In 1998, the government of FDRE issued the following proclamation and regulations with the objective of
amending the investment proclamation and regulation issued in 1996.

 Regulation No. 116/1998: A proclamation to amend the investment proclamation;

 Proclamation No. 35/1998: Council of Ministers Regulations on Investment Areas Reserved for
Domestic Investors.
 Regulation No 36/1998: Council of Ministers Regulations to Amend the Investment Incentives
Regulations.
Ethiopian investment proclamations: The investment objectives of Ethiopia are designed to
improve the living standard of the peoples of Ethiopian through the realization of sustainable economic
and social development, the particular of which are the following:
 it has become essential to put in place a system of supervision to ensure that permits and incentives
granted to investors are used for the intended purpose, here in this project construction sector
 Maintaining natural resources, heritages and place required by law to be preserved.
Proclamation 769/2012:
The proclamation encourages and expansion of investment, spatially in the manufacturing sector, has
become necessary so as to strengthen the domestic production capacity and thereby accelerate the

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economic development of the country and improve the living standard of its peoples. It has become
necessary to enhance and promote the equitable distribution of investment and benefit the society by
ensuring competitive among regions. The objectives of the proclamations are:
 To exploit and develop the immense e natural resource of the country
 To develop domestic market through the growth of production, productivity and services
 To enhance the role of the private sector in the country economic development
Regulation No.270/2012:

This regulation issued by the council of ministers pursuant to article 5 of the definition of the power and
duties of the executive organ of FDRE proclamation No 691/2010 and article 39 0f the investment
proc.769/2012. This regulation is playing a great role in reserving investment area for domestic investors
which includes: banking, insurance and micro-credit and saving services and also packing, forwarding and
shipping agency services. This regulation support investor in many ways which includes incomes tax
exemption for new enterprise.

4.10. Solid waste management proclamation No. 513/2007

The solid waste management proclamation stipulates, among others, that each region or administration unit
shall set its own schedule, and based on that, prepare its solid waste management plan and report
implementation. It further spells out that each administration unit shall ensure that measures are taken to
prevent pollution from mishandling of solid wastes. Similarly, existing institutional arrangements
overseeing the environmental performance of the industry were summarized. A waste management plan
will be prepared during the detailed designed stage of the project to mitigate the impacts trough reduction
in the use of consumable (replaceable) items, recycling of materials, and disposal of hazardous wastes at
certified locations. Additionally, the proclamation indicates for each urban administration (in this case
Addis Ababa city) shall, in conformity with the relevant federal and regional standards, ensure that solid
waste disposal site is constructed and properly used.

4.11. International environmental related Agreement/protocol signed by Ethiopia

Ethiopia is signatory to a number of multilateral agreements that have bearing on the sustainable development
efforts of the country. Ethiopia has signed and/or ratified many of the international conventions and protocols
and some of the important are briefly discussed below:

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The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (1994):

The UNFCCC was signed by Ethiopia during the 1992 Rio Conference in Brazil and was ratified on 31
May 1994 and Proclamation 97/1994 was put in place to provide a legal basis for its implementation.
UNDP has supported Ethiopia to prepare its First National Communication in Response to its
Commitments to UNFCCC. As stated earlier Ethiopia has now embarked on an ambitious climate resilient
green economy. Under the UNFCCC, the UNDP supported the preparation of the National Adaptation
Programme of Action (NAPA), Coping with Drought and Climate Change and Climate Change Enabling
Activity (additional financing for capacity building in priority areas), and Promoting Autonomous
Adaptation at the community level in Ethiopia.

The Convention on Biological Diversity (1994):

Ethiopia ratified the Convention on 31 May1994 through Proclamation 98/1994. The UNDP supported
Ethiopia to prepare the National Biodiversity Strategy, Action Plan, and its participation in Clearing House
Mechanism for CBD, including the preparation of the Country Report to the COP of UNCBD. Under the
UNCBD, the UNDP also supported a Dynamic Farmer-Based Approach to the Conservation of African
Plant Genetic Resources, Sustainable Development of the Protected Area System and Mainstreaming
Agro-biodiversity Conservation into the Farming Systems of Ethiopia. UNEP provided support for
Capacity Building for Access and Benefit Sharing and Conservation and Sustainable Use of Medicinal
Plants. IBRD also supported a project on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Medicinal Plants.

The Cartagena Protocol on Bio-safety to the Convention on Biological Diversity (known as the Bio-
safety Protocol – adopted in 2000):

UNEP provided support for the Implementation of Cartagena Protocol on Bio-safety through a conduct of a
study on Effective Implementation of National Bio-safety Framework. Ethiopia has now developed a bio-
safety law and a number of directives to implement it.

The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (known as the Stockholm Convention–
adopted in 2001):

UNIDO provided support for “Enabling Activities to Facilitate Early Action on the Implementation of the
Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)” Ethiopia has accepted, acceded and /or
ratified the following MEAs at different times and with the provision of the necessary legal instruments:
The Kyoto Protocol; The Vienna Convention for the protection of the ozone layer, including the Montreal

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Protocol on Ozone Depleting Substances (1994); The Basel Convention, its amendment and the Protocol to
the Basel Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage Resulting from the Transboundary
Movements of Hazardous Wastes; Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa and the Control of
Transboundary Movements and Management of Hazardous Wastes within Africa (Bamako Convention);
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS); World Heritage Convention; The
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna & Flora (CITES); International
Treaty on Plant genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, 2003; The Stockholm Convention on Organic
Pollutants (2002); The Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous
Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade (known as the Rotterdam Convention – adopted in 1998);
International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA).

4.12. Forest Proclamation No 542/2007

This Proclamation cited as the “Forest Development, Conservation and Utilization Proclamation
No.542/2007.” The Proclamation state that; the development, conservation and sustainable utilization of
forests plays a decisive role in satisfying the needs of the society for forest products and plays a significant
role in the enhancement of national economy in general, and the sustainable utilization of the country’s
forest resources are possible through ensuring the participation of, and benefit sharing by the concerned
communities as well as by harmonizing forest policies and programs with those of other economic sectors,
particularly with agriculture and rural development policy;

This forest proclamation Prohibit the following issues:

No person may be allowed to cut or use endangered indigenous natural trees from a

state forest;

The list of endangered indigenous natural tree shall be determined by directives issued by

the Ministry;

Without prejudice to Sub-Article (1) and (2) of this Article, unless in possession of written permit
from the Ministry or the appropriate regional body, no person shall, within a state forest:

Cut trees, settle temporarily or permanently, graze domestic animals, carry out hunting activity,
carry cutting saws and any other tools used for cutting trees, keep bee-hives or extract honey.

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No person shall remove natural resources from state forest or undertake any activity

that is likely to cause damage thereon;

Prior to undertaking large-scale farming, mining operation, construction of roads, water drilling,
irrigation, dam construction and other similar investment activities or giving license for such
operations, consultation with and the approval of the Ministry or the appropriate regional body shall
be required.

4.13. Landholdings and Payment of Compensation Proclamation No. 455/2005

In this proclamation, Expropriate Landholdings is an urban administration shall, upon payment in advance
of compensation in accordance with this Proclamation, have the power to expropriate rural or urban
landholdings for public purpose where it believes that it should be used for a better development project to
be carried out by public entities, private investors, cooperative societies or other organs, or where' such
expropriation has been decided by the appropriate higher regional or federal government organ for the
same purpose.

 A landholder whose holding has been expropriated shall be entitled to payment of compensation for
his property situated on the, land and for permanent improvements he made to such land.
 The amount of compensation for property situated on the expropriated land shall be determined on
the basis of replacement cost of the property.
 Compensation for permanent improvement to land shall be equal to the value of capital and labor
expended on the land.
 The cost of removal, transportation and erection shall be paid as compensation for a property that
could be relocated and continue its service as before.

In this proclamation displacement Compensation for a rural landholder whose landholding has been
permanently expropriate shall, in addition to the compensation payable under Article 7 of this
Proclamation, be paid displacement compensation which shall be equivalent to ten times the average
annual income he secured during the five years preceding the expropriation of the land. However, the land
holding system of this project proponent is their own land for longtime, there is no need to compensate for
other or rental system for this quarrying project.

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4.14. Mining proclamation (No 52/1993)

The mining proclamation of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia the following principal activities
has been prohibited that Granting license for any mineral works which is within 100 meters of a site of
archeological, cultural or religious or public building, railway, highway, airport, dam, reservoir, pipeline,
factory or other government installations, unless the licensing authority decides otherwise. Additionally,
the proclamation Prospect minerals on land, which is within 100 meters of a municipal area, village
community or burial ground or which is on a land actually under cultivation, unless the licensing authority
decides otherwise.

The proclamation also indicated some important safety precautions and environmental management and
restoration activities that have to be taken into account while mining projects are planned for development.
Among these issues includes:

 The proponent should fill, close; block or otherwise render safe all tunnels, pits and other installations
of a potentially dangerous nature prior to the expiration or termination of his license.
 The proponent should also progressively restore or reclaim his license area, or prior to the termination
of his license, the area should be restored or reclaimed for beneficial future use.

4.15. Mining Regulation (No 1982/1994)

Mining regulation has set the following basic restrictions while issuing mineral extraction.
 Granting license for any mineral works which is within hundred meters of a site of
archaeological, cultural or religious or public building, railway, highway, airport,
dam, reservoir, pipeline, factory or other government installations, unless the
licensing authority decides otherwise.
 Prospecting minerals on land, which is within hundred 100 meters of a municipal area, village
community or burial ground or which is on a land actually under cultivation, unless
the licensing authority decides otherwise.
The proclamation also indicated some important safety precautions and environmental management and
restoration activities that have to be taken into account while mining projects are planned for
development. Among these issues are:
 The proponent should fill, close; block or otherwise render safe all tunnels, pits and other installations
of a potentially dangerous nature prior to the expiration of termination of his license.

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 The proponent should also progressively restore or reclaim his license area, or prior to the termination
of his license, the area should be restored or reclaimed for beneficial future use.

4.16. Mining Operations Proclamation No. 678/2010

It is proclaimed according to Article 55(1) of the Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of
Ethiopia. The Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia provides that the right to
ownership of all natural resources of Ethiopia is exclusively vested in the government and in the people of
Ethiopia and that the government is the custodian thereof. Minerals are nonrenewable natural resources and
that the government shall ensure the conservation and development of these resources to the socio-
economic progress of all Ethiopians; it is the obligation of the government to protect the environment for
the benefit of present and future generations and to ensure ecologically sustainable development of
minerals.

It in this regards that mining operations law is promulgated in 2010. the proclamation has nine parts which
covered various issues including: General, fundamental principles and general provisions,
licenses,certificates,administration,compensation,environment,roaylty, income tax and other financial
regime, miscellaneous provisions.

4.17. Labor Proclamation (No. 377/2003)

This proclamation highly emphasizing that an employer should take the necessary measures to safeguard
the health and safety of his workers. The employer shall in particular: comply with the occupational health
and safety requirements provided for in this proclamation. The employer in particular should:

 Comply with the occupational health and safety requirements provided in this proclamation.
 Take appropriate steps to ensure that workers are properly instructed and notified about the hazards of
their respective occupations and the precautions necessary to avoid accident and injury to health
 Provide workers with protective equipment, clothing and other materials and instruct them of its use
etc.
 In general, to ensure workers safety and job security the need to respect this proclamation has been
clearly stated in the document.

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4.18. Public health proclamation (No.200/2000)

In addition to the occupational health and safety measures and precautions indicated in the labor laws, this
public health proclamation underscores the need for avoiding machineries of instruments that can generate
excessive noise or minimizing the effects by the use of noise, reducing apparatus or instrument. In addition,
the proclamation prohibits:

 The discharge of untreated liquid waste generated from septic tanks, seepage pits and industries into
water bodies, water convergences.
 The disposal of solid, liquid or any other waste in a manner, which contaminates the environment of
affects the health of the society.

Generally, all availability policy and legal issues have been reviewed as the EIA guidelines produced by
EPA. Hence the proponent is advised to fully respect and comply with those mentioned in administrative,
legal and policy requirements while he is implementing the project under consideration.

4.19. National HIV/AIDS Policy and ERA’s HIV/AIDS Policy at Work Places
Ethiopia is one of the countries in the world that is facing HIV/AIDS pandemics. Having understood the
magnitude of the HIV/AIDS pandemic and its paramount impacts on the socio-economic development of
the country, the FDRE issued a Policy on HIV/AIDS in 1998, which calls for an integrated effort of multi-
sectoral response to control the epidemic. The National HIV/AIDS Policy urges communities at large,
including government ministries, local governments and the civil society to assume responsibility for
carrying out HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention campaigns. The general objective of the policy is to
provide an enabling environment for the prevention and control of HIV/AIDS in the country. In order to
address the problem and coordinate the prevention and control activities at national level, in 2000 National
AIDS Council was established under the Chairmanship of the country’s President, and in 2002 HIV/AIDS
Prevention and Control Office was established. The transport and construction sector, to which Minister of
Urban Construction (MUC) and Ethiopian Roads Authority belongs are among the most susceptible sectors
for the spread of HIV/AIDS. The policy acknowledges that HIV/AIDS is a reality in the work places,
which may have detrimental effects on its work force. The policy is prepared with the objectives of
developing and implementing an effective workplace program.

Therefore, to prevent, reduced the HIV/AIDS in work place regarding during every activity phase is
amendatory as stated in the national policy.

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4.20. Institutional Framework

4.20.1. National
The administrative structure of FDRE is based a Federal system that has nine regional states and two
special city administrations (Addis Ababa and Diredewa). Environmental protection activities are directed
and managed at the national level through three levels of institutional arrangements.

4.20.2. Environmental Protection Council

The proclamation for the establishment of the Environmental Protection Authority establishes
Environmental protection council to ensure the integration of Environmental concerns with development
policies, strategies and plans as well as coordination among sectors. The council is composed of the
Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Trade and Industry, Ministry of Health,
Ministry of Mines and Energy, the Commission of Science and Technology, the Ministry of Water
Resources and MEFC (Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change). An official to be designated
by the government chairs the council.

4.20.3. Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change

Ministry of Environment, forest and climate change at the Federal level in Ethiopia is responsible to
regulate environmental issues. The objective of the authority shall be to ensure that all matters pertaining to
the country's Social and Economic activities are carried out in a manner that will protect the welfare of
human beings as sustainably protect, develop and utilize the resource bases on which they depend for
survival.

4.20.4. District/City/town
Addis Ababa City environmental protection is one of the structure organized under the Addis Ababa city.
Therefore, Addis Ababa city environmental protection authority is strongly accountable to check
environmental issues at the city level with its sub city its sub city and woreda administration structures.

4.21. Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia (CSE)

Since the early 1990s, the Federal Government has undertaken a number of initiatives to develop regional,
national and sectoral strategies for environmental conservation and protection. Paramount amongst these
was CSE, approved by the council of ministers, which provided a strategic framework for integrating
environmental planning into new and existing policies, programs and projects. The CSE provides a
comprehensive and rational approach to environmental management in a very broad sense, covering

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national and regional strategies, sectoral and cross-sectoral strategy, action plans and programs, as well as
providing the basis for development of appropriate institutional and legal frame works for implementation.

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5. IDENTIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS

As much as possible development projects should have minimal adverse impacts on environment and less
deterioration effects on human health. As any development projects, this project has also positive and
negative impacts the environment and as well as the community as a whole. Hence, while establishing new
projects such as the mining industry, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive EIA study, which
identifies the possible causes of the impact and indicating mechanisms for controlling or minimizing the
pollutions at source.

5.1. Economic and Social Positive impacts of the project

Any development activity has environmental impacts, there are some positive impacts expected from this
construction mine production process.
Some of the positive impacts of the projects are listed below:
√ Supply the construction materials/gravel and other selected materials in Addis Ababa at a reasonable
price
√ Create job opportunities for more than 20 peoples, 10(50%) are youths and 10 (50%) of the total
employee’s cloud be women; starting from construction to decommissioning of the project. These are
the direct beneficiaries of women and youth from the project.
√ Improvement of general welfare for the local population as a result of increased income
√ Increased economic activities directly or indirectly related to the project
√ Increase in the income of the population working on the site and development of small businesses that
will serve the employee of the construction site
√ Try to contribute to the ever increasing demand of local construction materials and fostering the
development of condominium houses, multistory buildings, real estates, roads and other related
projects in the city.

5.2. Negative Impacts of the project

The quarrying projects are one of the projects with adverse impacts on the environment; the project under
consideration is expected to generate the following negative environmental
impacts:

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5.2.1. During Construction phase of the project

The construction phase of the project involves clearing, land leveling, transportation of construction
materials, and erection of machineries which have adverse impacts on the environment and workers.

The expected adverse impacts during construction phase of the project are:

 Risk of excess soil being eroded and deposited on the site

 Soil erosion due to exposure of the soil after removal of ground cover
 Deterioration of air quality due to land clearing.
 Risk of accidents during the construction
 Effects of generated solid wastes;
 Risk of increase in road accidents resulting from increase in road traffic
 Risk of the accidents on workers. Physical injuries due to in appropriate placement of the various
facilities. Some of the workforce may not be familiar to construction techniques which can be a
cause of accidents. If the protection equipment is not adequate accidents are most likely to occur.

5.2.2. During operation phase of the project

The major expected adverse impacts during operation phase of the project are:

 Land degradation due to removal of the top soil and weathered rock mass, drilling, hauling of the
rock mass. These activities will disturb the natural balance of the area and creates steeps slope and
pits.
 Deep pit Formation and creation of ponds in course of resource exploitation and that can
accumulate surface and ground water to form ponds in the area.
 Effects effluent and wastewater from the plant operation on human health and environment;
 Formation of steep slopes cliff and land slide
 Noise and dust from blasting crushing, excavation, loading and transportation activities;
 Risk of contamination of ground water by generated wastewater from the plant and by used oil from
the maintenance of the machines and downstream siltation
 Risk of noise pollution of machinery and vehicles
 Air Pollution:- mining activity such as drilling and blasting, crushing and hauling can cause dust
pollution

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 Risk of the increase sexually transmitted diseases due to the increase in income which may cause
unsafe behaviors.
 Workers health and safety problems, etc. The following are some of the adverse impacts likely to
occur during the operation phase.

Impact on terrestrial flora and fauna

Issue and implications statements: Land clearing and leveling as well as excavating basalt materials
can cause alteration of vegetation, landscape integrity and land use patterns in the project area. The land
clearing work involves moving of substantial amount of soil. Even though the activities can be a
possible impact origin for alteration of landscape integrity; from the existing environmental features of
the project area, the impact from land clearing and leveling will marginal, both from the scale of the
project and the reversibility of the impact with application of proper mitigation measures perspective.
Nevertheless, alteration of the landscape integrity due to deep excavation for basalt quarrying is
significant. In the proposed project, constructions of the buildings for various purposes are simple, as
well as crusher is already having been installed on the site outside mineable area. Therefore, the
existing proposed project impacts on landscape waterfalls, vegetation covers is not significant. In
addition to this, the site does not have any interference with any culturally important feature of
landform.

Mitigation Measures:

Though those described impacts are marginal, therefore, they can be mitigated by undertaking the
following mitigation measures:

 Re-establishment and maintenance of lost shrubs and vegetation covers by planting suitable tree
species as a hedge around the premises;
 Grade limitation to avoid spoiling scenery and view lines with earthworks;
 Dumping of excavated material at selected suitable site and re-shaping;

Land Degradation and Soil erosion

Issue and implications statements: Stripping, excavating, dumping of the overburden soil, drilling, blasting
as well as mining of the required material are the serious causes of soil erosion, frequent soil creeps, and
siltation of down streams. The processes of erosion on the other hand can affects soil fertility as it removes

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the surface soils containing most of the organic matter, plant nutrients, and fine soil particles which help to
retain water. Eroded soil particles and boulders from this quarry can also clogs stream/ river and resulting
in increased flooding and destruction of the aquatic life habitats. In addition to soil erosion, the processes
of excavation causes land degradation which involves the formation of ragged topographic landform, pits,
steep cliffs, rills, and gulley’s, etc. and resulting in loss of natural aesthetics of the area, slope instability
and loss of bio diversity. Water stored in the excavated works can also create favorable conditions for the
breading of water born organisms such as mosquitoes, which in turn disseminate malaria. Moreover, Wild
and domestic animals as well as human beings may fall into the openings created due to excavation and
subjected to broken and/or death.

Proposed mitigation measures

 During stripping and drilling operation, the site has to be cut at bench terrace systems along the
direction of the slope in order to gradually decrease surface runoff water and control of the
formation of cliffs.
 It is recommended to work initially with the entire thickness of the deposit starting from its foot at
the north and gradually establish a multi-bench system advancing towards the south each lagging
behind the upper working benches is, the preferred option
 Slope instability and adverse soil erosion can be controlled by diverting of the run-off water
through appropriate ditch or channel to be constructed above the quarry site.
 For avoiding or minimizing the effects of downstream siltation, appropriate silt retention structures
has to be constructed at the foot of the quarry in addition to planting of indigenous trees for
anchoring effects against surface run-off water and flooding.

Noise pollution caused by Raw and Finished Material Transportation

Issue and implications statements: This activity can bring about significant increase in the noise levels in
the vicinity of the crushing unit due to the heavy transport deployed to bring the raw material to the site.
The loaded trucks are also slow moving vehicles and if the access roads are not wide enough they can
cause overall traffic slowdowns and congestion during peak hours. Further the transport of basalt stones
and fines in bulk through open trucks also causes the emission of dusts into the air and spattering of fine
stones on vehicles and other users of the roads taken by the product truck.

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Proposed Mitigation measures: Location of plant has to be such that ingress of heavy vehicles does not
block the traffic. Evening and late night operation is avoided if passage is through residential areas.
Tarpaulins when transporting crush to prevent fall out of fines and emissions of dust should cover payload
area.

Noise and Dust caused by Crushing and Screening

Issue and implications statements: The main aspects of these activities are generation of noise and dust.
There are:

 Emissions during unloading of mined stones at crusher site

 Emissions during Crushing Operations
 Emissions during Material Movement and Transfer
 Emissions during Vibratory Screening Operation
 Conveyors and crushed both generate mechanical sound as well as large amounts of
dust.
 Water used for cooling purposes will also carry large load of suspended solids.

Proposed Mitigation measures

Dust and Noise Containment: In general, enclosures provided for dust control in equipment and conveyors
are inadequate. Dust containment enclosures are required for the purpose of containing the emissions
within an enclosure and to prevent wind currents, which can spread the dust to larger areas. Such
enclosures are recommended for following areas

 Primary Crusher discharge area

 Vibratory screen
 Product storage hoppers (optional)
 Belt Conveyors (optional)

The enclosures should be, complete from all four sides and roof. There should not be open
windows/opening etc. The gaps should be sealed using gaskets or wool type packing etc. Dust Suppression:
The Dust Suppression System should comprise of a covered water storage tank, a pump, an online water
filter, connecting GI pipes, spray nozzles each fitted with flow regulating valves. The recommended
locations where sprays could be located are:

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 Spray on the stones while Unloading from the truck/dumper

 Spray at the primary crusher feeder chute
 Spray at the secondary/tertiary crusher inlet chute/hoppers
 Spray at the Transfer points from one belt conveyor to another
 Spray at Crusher discharge points
 Spray gravel road to suppress dusts likely to be caused by heavy trucks

Impact on water pollution

Issue and implications statements: Water pollution is not expected to be a serious problem of the project
under consideration. The project area is generally is very close to Akaki river it may contributes in
facilitating of soil erosion and other organic and toxic substances of the quarrying activities which may add
contaminants to the river eco-system. This in turn may not cause any damage on the health of human
beings and animals that are using this water either for drinking or sanitation purposes.

Proposed mitigation measures: To minimize the effects of water pollution (even though it is rare), the top
soil to be excavated during quarry face opening will be carefully striped off and dumped at one specific site
and protected from being washed away by wind and water actions. This will be done by compacting of the
soil and planting of grasses over it for avoiding of erosion where this resource can be re-used for future
rehabilitation works at the end of quarry closure. Construction of cut-off drain and waterway above the
quarry site helps to safely convey surface run-off during rainy season. Effects of exhausts, oil leaks and
contaminant fuel on water bodies will be controlled through planned maintenance and appropriate usage of
the mining properties in such a way that these materials will not be stock piled or disposed nearer to or on
the stream banks or other watercourse areas where they can be easily washed away by high water level or
run off and spoil the river flowing at the foot of the envisaged quarry.

Human health and safety measures

Issue and implications statements: Health risks can be grouped in to two categories, occupational health
risks and environmental health risks at working areas. Occupational health risks include mechanical injury
during processing and dust related illness such as silicosis. Exposure to high levels of silica and other types
of dust are likely to cause silicosis or other lung diseases.

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Proposed Mitigation measures: Some of the major safety measures are: protective clothing and
equipment: training of personal; medical facilities; procedures for safe transport, storage and handling, and
utilization of environmentally friendly technology. Provision of first aid for accidents and relevant training
regarding first aid to be addressed to selected employees.

Socio –cultural caused impacts

Issue and implication statements: Apparently, the project is likely to have some positive change to socio
economic situation of the area. The livelihood of the surrounding area will gradually shift from own
agricultural production to salary-based livelihood. This shift which may induce change in the life style will
have a short-term to medium-term consequence. Household resource management conflict, alcoholism,
widespread of crime, traditional social hierarchy and value system may be compromised.

Proposed mitigation measures: However, because of the relative urban influence on the population of the
project area (the influence of the nearby town on the local people is already perceived), cultural conflict is
not expected as a result of the arrival of the project workers from other area.

5.2.3. During decommissioning phase of the project

Project decommissioning phase is the phase at which the project stops its operation and no
mining activity will be carried out. Thus, the project may have the following impacts if it is
not rehabilitated as it is discussed on the mitigation measures bellow.

The major expected adverse impacts during operation phase of the project are:

√ Visual pollution: the untreated landscape of the site and removal of trees and highly
disturbed landscapes are sources of visual pollution for the passerby.
√ Creation of pond due to left over pits and potential hazards on human and animal
habitats around the project area. It may become fertile breading place for vector borne
disease like malaria
√ Siltation and Downstream pollution resulted from erosion of the disturbed
landscape.

Mitigation Measures

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Closure Plans: The overall closure objective is to return the current site to a grazing/wilderness state that
is consistent with surrounding agricultural land that would be suitable for sheep grazing. The closure
objective would be achieved by means of the following:

 Rehabilitation and vegetation of disturbed areas

 Shaping of historical spoil piles into stable dumps
 Retaining and transferring of surface infrastructure that could beneficially be re-used to a third
party.

Surface Infrastructure: To retain surface infrastructure that could be beneficially re-used and the transfer of
this infrastructure to a third party.

Closure Measures

 Compile an inventory of surface infrastructure that would be available for reuse at quarry closure.
 Determine whether the landowner that takes control of the closed quarry site is willing to accept the
identified surface infrastructure for reuse and formalize the transfer by means of agreements.
 Demolish surface infrastructure that have not been identified or accepted for reuse. Dispose of the
inert building rubble at the bottom of the opencast pit and cover this with spoils material.
 Rehabilitate and vegetate disturbed areas from which surface infrastructure have been removed.

Site Re-vegetation: The Objective is to reinstate native vegetation species to:

 Stabilize disturbed areas against surface erosion and sediment mobilization

 Re-establish local grassland/woodland communities reflecting the surrounding “undisturbed” areas.

To mitigate such adverse impacts of the project, the proponent should level and adjust the uplifted
topography by replacing the overburden to the excavated area. Furthermore, all mitigation measures shall
be employed progressively along with the project operation where excavated materials shall be piled
separately. If the proponent will not implement their obligation; Addis Ababa EPA should be use the
money for rehabilitation purpose of the proponent block rehabilitation bond which has to assured by
concerned insurance or banks at the time of granting the mine license.

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5.3. Possible mitigation measures

Sustainable resource utilization requires action to be taken to minimize the damage that will be inflicted on
the environment. The following mitigation measures are proposed to minimize the possible environmental
impacts of the project listed in the above from construction to decommissioning phase of the project.
Possible options to minimize negative impacts of this quarrying project

Planting of indigenous trees species and other vegetation for reducing soil erosion and absorbing co 2
emitted from this quarrying project and also the surrounding co2 emission activity.
The top soil stripped-off from the quarry shall be dumped at a specific site and re-vegetated for future
use in rehabilitation activity. The rehabilitation and reclamation measures to restore the quarry site to
its pre-mining status should be done progressively, i.e. from the commencement of the project. In order
to minimize the effects of flooding, the surface run of water has to be diverted through an appropriate
ditches or channels above the quarry site to convey properly the run-off spatially rainy season.
Moreover, plantation of trees, vegetation and other legume crops shall be enforced to provide anchoring
effects against soil erosion.
In order to minimize the effects of downstream siltation, it is advised to construct appropriate silt
retention structures at the foot of the quarry site by proponent before accumulating over siltation on the
downstream of the project site as a whole.
To minimize excessive noise intensity, repairing and maintaining machineries in regularly manner.
Expected Noise from blasting will not an issue for this mining project because for consultancy team
observation “blasting” is not recommended, but authorized body can give an option for blasting the
proponent should be minimized by equipping employees with protective devices.
filling and leveling of the exploited areas of the quarry is very crucial at the beginning of every rainy
season in order to avoid the accumulation of stagnant water in the pond and readjust the deformed
landscape
Leveling and adjusting of the uplifted topography by carrying the overburden to the excavated area
The impact of cliff formed during excavation can be reduced by stabilization and delineation of rock
fall hazard zones for unstable rock mass and removal of unstable rock elements by manual clearing and
slope reshaping.
The potential dust from loading, hauling, crushing and transportation activities of the operation can be
controlled by implementing the dust suppression techniques such as frequent and adequate wetting of
the haul roads and the crushing / screening units. In addition, plantation of trees around the processing
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plant shall be enforced to develop a barrier for windbreak. Frequent wetting of the quarrying site is also
expected to reduce dust production as well as its impacts
Use of non-peak traffic hours and use of alternatives road during traffic jamming
To protect the deterioration of access road, it is necessary to periodically maintain the gravel road
including construction of appropriate ditches along the sides of the road.
Personnel should be equipped with personal protective devices and there should be first aid medication
facilities in the mining site.

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Table 6: summary of the possible mitigation measures
No Expected Impacts from the project Proposed Possible Mitigation Measures
1. Air pollution by the dust emitted during site Soil watering when soil works are being executed and where dust is emitted. To fence the
clearing construction site and Not to use fire for land clearing
2. Risk of excess soil being eroded and deposited Use the excess soil in repairing the road to the project site by filling potholes. Compact the
on the site soil immediately after removal of top soil. Constructing appropriate physical and biological
SWC measures. Spatially on the upper part of the quarry site construct cut of drain and
water way to convey surface run off during the rainy season.
3. Loss of habitat for some fauna and flora Good land landscaping and wind break plantation will be done.
species and biodiversity reduction due to
vegetation clearing of the construction site;
4. Soil erosion due to exposure of the soil after To avoid steep slopes and level the land as much as possible, To maintain vegetation edges
removal of ground cover in order to reduce wind erosion and Landscaping and rehabilitation of the land
5. Risk of the accidents on the personnel of the Provide all staff on construction site with protective equipment (helmets, gloves, coats and
site, some workforce may not be familiar to boots where applicable) and to teach the workers how to use adequately these equipment
construction techniques which can be cause of
accidents. If the protection equipment is not
adequate accidents are not to occur.
6. Degradation of air quality by air emissions Motor able roads in the plant area will be paved to reduce dust emission. Three plantation
during plant operation programs in the whole areas will be supported, especially targeting youth and Emission
from stack will be controlled as well as dispersed through appropriate design. As ambient
air quality will be within limits, no active injury to the vegetation is expected.
7. Risk of the increase sexually transmitted The biggest workforce will be recruited from the region, and they normally return to their
diseases due to the increase in income which homes. Sensitizations campaign to the staff free of charge.

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may cause unsafe behaviors.

8. Occupational health effects on workers due to Plant will implement the safety and health designed to: Identify, evaluate, monitor and
the increase in income which may unsafe control safety and health hazards, provide safety training to workers (accidents occur at
behaviors. higher than normal frequency because of the level of skill or labor)
9. Effects of sewage, effluent and waste water To reduce the impact of waste water effluent and waste water from the toilets, adequate
from the toilets treated effluents conform to the regulatory standards.
10. Effects of generated solid wastes The garbage will be sorted on site and categories of wastes will be treated separately.
Regularly inspection of the site, Remove the soil degraded, Efforts will be made to utilize
the solid waste to the extent possible. The non-usable part would be appropriately dumped
in an officially designated area.
11. Contamination of ground water by generated Regular inspection of the machines. Tight recipients’ and taken to reuse or recycling
. wastewater from the plant and by used oil from plants. Maintain storage and disposal area to prevent accidental release and Provide spill
the maintenance of the machines; mitigation equipment, double wall thanks and / or dirking storage thanks
12 Risk of increase in road accidents resulting Regular maintenance of the road, Humps added where needed and Use of traffic signs
from increase in road traffic;
13 Risk of noise pollution of machinery and Use of new machines and vehicles’ with minimum noise, Equipment will be provided with
vehicles and its related impacts like air necessary protective equipment e.g. ear plug, earmuffs and provision of green belt ad
pollution increased in the area; plantation would further help in attenuating noise and
14 Risk of fire accidents The personnel of the project must be trained on fire risk management.

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5.4. Project of Alternatives

The activities to be conducted by the project are Quarry Site Preparation, Construction of Drainage
System, Stripping, Drilling, Blasting, Excavation and Loading, Hauling, Crushing & Screening.
Development projects should be decided to be implemented or not depending on different factors. We
have to consider project alternatives and hence Preliminary ESIA (PESIA) should consider the impacts
of two major alternatives.

No Project, Avoid Project - Alternative 1

Do Nothing Option (option one): This option maintains the status quo any social and economic
development benefits from the project would be foregone and neither would there be the associated
impacts on the environment. The proposed basalt aggregate production project is aimed at producing the
ever increasing construction aggregate materials that will create job opportunity, improving livelihood of
the local people, generating revenue for the government of Addis Ababa in the form of taxation. If this
alternative is to be decided and chosen, employment opportunities, aggregate materials and revenues
would not be available. Economic development of the area expected as a result of the project would also
be missed. In the case of the project activities, the 'No Project* option would mean the inability to tap
the potential of the local resource for the betterment of the local community and the region as well as the
country at large. However, the minor benefits of the 'No Project option are far outweighed by its
negative effects.

Implementation of the Project - Alternative 2

It has been some years since Ethiopia, as a development policy, suggested the active involvement of the
nation in different investment activities. The Federal Government and Addis Ababa city government also
encourages investors in all sectors to participate and invest in profitable areas, out of which mining is
one. Of the mining sector, basalt aggregate production projects are highly encouraging because of the
following goals.

Comparative Analysis of the two alternatives

Comparison of Alternatives; an objective assessment of the alternatives implies weighing the impacts of
continuing with the option and not continuing. The 'No option' alternative would mean that the
agricultural development will not take place and all the potential impacts on the environment, i.e., bio-

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physical, socio-economic and cultural would not occur. But it means that no job opportunities and other
related incomes, taxes, etc. related to this specific project.

Option two would entail all the foreseeable impacts on the bio-physical, socio-economic and cultural
environment would occur. From the above statements, it can objectively be stated that considering the
implementation of such type of investments will create jobs, revenue for the government allow us to use
our available natural resources in a sustainable manner, and hence, should be the best option than option
1. Therefore, the coming in to effect of the current project will play a significant role in alleviating
unemployment problem during the operation period of the project and will contribute to the development
of our nation.

5.4.1. Site Selection

The site has the following advantage: Being located in the rural area direct access to the raw materials
and have access to infrastructures mainly roads and other utilities.

5.4.2. Construction Technique

The design considered the construction techniques which use local materials as much as possible. The
use of light materials would ease and speed up construction.

5.4.3. Air Emissions Treatment

Dust emissions from the proposed project would be predominantly associated with the electrical energy
required for the operation of the stone crusher. The proposed project will generator when their electric
power interruption which may directly combust gas or any other fuels. Electricity would be used on site
to operate lighting of equipment and for crushing machine.

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6. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MANAGEMENT PLAN

An Environmental and social Impact Assessments is generally used as the basis for establishing the
environmental behavior that a project requires during its various stages. It identifies all measures
considered to a proponent handling of significant project generated environmental and social impacts.
These includes: a mitigation program with mechanisms and action to be minimize negative
environmental impacts during project construction, operation and exit phase. This section describes the
modalities provided in the project for the implementation of the proposed mitigation measures to its
potential negative impacts. It proposes the institutional responsibility for the implementation of the
mitigation measures, the implementation indicators, the time frame for monitoring and follow- up and
also the estimated cost for the implementation indicators, the time frame for monitoring and follow-up
and also the estimate coast for the implementation activities.

Generally, an action plan that addresses the how, when, who, where and what of the environmental
mitigation measure aimed at optimizing benefits and avoiding or mitigating adverse potential impacts of
proposed operation or activity. EMP encompasses mitigation, monitoring, rehabilitation and contingency
plans (MWUD, 2008). Generally, Environmental Impact Assessments of this project summarized in the
following diagram
(figure 2) and table 7.

Project

Environment
BEFORE Environment
AFTER
(indicators)
(Indicators)

Adaptation

FOLLOWUP

Figure 2: Diagram of Environmental Management Plan

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Project Project activity Potential Proposed Mitigation measures Institutional Implementation Estimated
stage or Environmental responsibility schedule Cost(in
Phase Impacts birr)

clearing, land Loss of biodiversity  Air pollution by the dust emitted  Megesina Throughout the pre- 27,000
Soil disturbance during site clearing construction construction phase
leveling,
Pre-construction phase

Dust emission
transportation
of construction
materials, and
erection of
machineries
Huge amount of Noise pollution  Spray water  Megesina Through the 20,000
Construction

material Dust pollution constriction construction phase

phase

transportation to
the site
Landscape  Leveling and adjusting of the  The proponent Operation and 30,000
Deformation uplifted topography by carrying the  Employees decommissioning
overburden to the excavated area.
 Treat with drainage system ahead of
each rainy season
Operation

Formation of Deep pit  Backfilling by the overburden and  The proponent Operation and 45,000
and ponds level them.  Employees decommissioning

Land degradation  Piling of the top soil stripped-off  The proponent Operation and 32,000
from the quarry at a specific site and decommissioning
re-vegetated for future use in

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Project Project activity Potential Proposed Mitigation measures Institutional Implementation Estimated
stage or Environmental responsibility schedule Cost(in
Phase Impacts birr)
rehabilitation.
 Ditches or channels above the
quarry site to minimize the effects
of flooding, the surface run of water
has to be
 Plantation of trees, vegetation and
other legume crops shall be
enforced to provide anchoring
effects against soil erosion
Downstream siltation  Construction of silt retention  Proponent Operation and 10,000
structures at the dawn border of decommissioning
the quarry
 Appropriate drainage systems will
help minimize downstream
siltation
Deterioration of access  Wise use of the available access  The proponent Operation 20,000
road road.
 Periodic maintenance of the gravel
road including construction of
appropriate ditches along the sides of
the road
Pollution  proponent The proponent 45,000
Operation and decommissioning

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Project Project activity Potential Proposed Mitigation measures Institutional Implementation Estimated
stage or Environmental responsibility schedule Cost(in
Phase Impacts birr)
Workers health and  Awareness creations,  Number of  Contractor 25,000
safety problems  Provision of first aid and safety awareness creations  Employees
materials  Number of first aid
 Safe quarrying practices are the
available
Visual pollution  Leveling and adjustment of the  Area (in square  Proponent 15,000
uplifted topography. meter) leveled
Decommissioning

Creation of pond The mitigation measures are similar to  Area or number of  proponent 8,000
the previous one rooms covered

Siltation and  Plating as well as construction of silt  Number of trees  Proponent 10,000
Downstream pollution retention structure planted

Total cost 287,000
Table 7: Environmental & Social Monitoring Plan

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7. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN

The purpose of an environmental monitoring and evaluation program within the Environmental
Impact Statement is to provide assurance that the developer has anticipated and is prepared to monitor
the environment during construction and routine operations. The EIA guideline 2000 stated that
monitoring plan is the repetitive and continued observation, measurement and evaluation of
environmental and social data to follow changes over a period of time to assess the efficiency of
control measures. Hence, this report has listed monitoring pan and its indicator along with the
possible costs to be incurred as shown on the table 8 below.

The assumptions used to calculate the cost of monitoring activities based on AAEPGDC. The
monitoring task shall be carried out by AAEPGDC and its concerned organizational structural. Thus,
the Authority shall require at least a perdiem basis payment for its experts. It is assumed that at least
two environmental experts shall monitor the environmental compliance of the project in a quarterly
basis. Hence, it is estimated that the daily perdiem payment may be about 200 birr for each expert.
The project may require at least 30 monitoring days for the entire life span of the project i.e. five
years. The proponent may incur monitoring costs to involve the opinions of various experts from
different concerned offices based on the monitoring activity and the responsibility vested as shown on
the monitoring activity and the responsibility vested as shown on the table below.

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Table 8: Environmental monitoring Plan

Mitigation Measures Parameters to be Approaches to Time Institutional Cost

Monitored be Followed to framework Responsibilit Estimated
Monitor Each y
Parameters

Pre-construction phases

Conduct proper compensation for concerned body. Project Land and document Once a year Different 20,000
verification and hierarchy
Respect important compensation rate and mining Property acquisition inspection AAEGDC
regulations.

Construction phases

 Availability of Inspections Different 45,000

- Use water truck to spray the road and dust emission safety and first aid planned and hierarchy
area  Flora and fauna conducted on a AAEGDC,
- Maintenance of machineries and vehicles  soil and water regular basis. health office
 Health and safety Two times a
- Conduct awareness for workers on HIV and other year
health problem issues  Ambient air and Observation.
- Worker use personal protective equipment noise
 Serviced vehicle Interview.
- Periodically maintain the gravel road including
construction of appropriate ditches along the sides
of the road.
- apply integrated solid wastes management principles
- biological and physical soil and water conservation
shall put in necessary place
- The work provides safety wears, safety equipment
and health services with full health care and
occupational safety for handling raw materials,
supplies and products depending on the
characteristics of the processes.
- Facilitate and make reserve the availability basic

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utility for this phase of the project and Availing

first aid services.
Operations phases

 All works use personal protective equipment and safety  Soil and  Inspections Two times a Different 85,000
cloths planned and year hierarchy
water
 Accidents control, investigations, analysis and reporting in conducted on AAEGDC,
 Flora and a regular mining office
the company activities replaces, plant and work systems
basis , health office
 Follow basic liquid waste treatment strategies Fauna
 Receptor
 Leakages from vehicles and construction equipment should  Ambient monitoring
be avoided by regular and effective maintenance.  Recorded
Air Quality
 Erosion prevention mechanisms must be put in place. data sheet
 Monitor of groundwater and surface water qualities on and  Safety and monitoring
around the project area. Maintain vehicles and machineries  Interview and
Health
informal
regularly in designated workshops
 Noise level consultation
- Implement of storm water management system.
 Dust
- Oils and all other combustible materials should be kept
emission
isolated
 Sedimentat
- Installation of efficient fire alarm system
ion
- The site has to be cut at bench terrace systems along the
 Safety
direction of the slope in order to gradually decrease surface
issues and
runoff water and control of the formation of cliffs.
first aid
- Constructed soil and water conservation practices.
 Fire alarms
- Fence the project site to protecting animal enter in the site  Soil and
and get accident water
- Planting indigenous plant species conservatio
- Limit over movement of trucks and machineries n structure

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- Consider and respect the sound limit of the country

- Continuously use water truck shower
- Haul roads to be maintained by surface grading to minimize
excessive road surface wearing
- Provision of greenbelt development by vegetation for
trapping dust.
- Greenbelt development along the haul roads, dumps and
along the boundaries of the project area.

Decommissioning and rehabilitation

Consider the labor code of the country. Soil and  Inspections Two times a Different 60,000
water planned and year hierarchy
Cart away rules and regulations of the government concerned
Flora and conducted on AAEGDC,
body will be applied Fauna a regular mining office
Ambient basis , health
Used maintained machinery and vehicle
Air  Recorded office,
Erecting traffic signs Quality data sheet custom office
Safety monitoring
Necessary personal protective equipment and first aid service
and  Interview and
center shall be available. Health informal
Structures consultation
Prepare audit report and apply the custom law of the country
Workers
Vegetating areas where infrastructure was removed using site
specific species and minimizing footprint area
putting into place erosion control measures at all disturbed
areas
Monitoring erosion and compaction in areas of rehabilitation
Maintaining storm water management measures during
closure

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and apply Monitoring water quality

Total 210,000

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8. RESTORATION PLAN

Land filling is an ideal way of restoring land surface impacted by activities such as mining operation back
to its natural landform. After filling the area has to leveled, compacted and covered with plants or
vegetation as appropriate for stabilizing against wind and water erosion. Accordingly, the physical feature
of the project site could be restored by undertaking the following activities:

Rehabilitation of disturbed areas such as roads, building Platforms, storage and stockpile zones, etc.
Rehabilitation of the silt retention structures, including top soiling and re-vegetation of the upper surface;
all the destabilized sections of the quarry (over hangs, bulges, or any protruding masses) left at the working
faces and benches must be cut down, leveled and compacted. To minimize the land surface irregularities,
the exploited pits and other excavated works should be filled with materials including the overburden
debris. Finally, the area has to be re-established and beautified for future use by planting of different trees
and vegetation.

If some areas of the quarry is suspected to cause danger in the future (such as an existence of steep cliffs),
then fencing of these hazardous zones and erection of warning posts shall be effected at the end of quarry
closure. The rehabilitation cost is estimated based on the norm developed by Addis Ababa Environmental
Protection and Green Development Commission. Accordingly, the rehabilitation cost estimate for 1 Square
meter is 5.83 birr. Total area of the project = 56356.5 m2area

Unit cost of one meter square = 5.83*56356.5 m2= 328,558.4 birr

Thus, total rehabilitation cost is 328,558.4 birr

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Table 9: Rehabilitation plan of the project for the coming 5 consecutive years.

Unit Qty Unit Total Action plan or Schedule of Implementation

Activity price price
(Birr) (Birr)

2017 2018 2019 2020 2021

3
Leveling of land to appropriate M 240,000 0.01 2,000 48,000 48,000 48,000 48,000 48,000
level

Soil and water conservation

structures in order to avoid
erosion and flooding
Cut-off drain M3 1882 21 10,290 376.4 376.4 376.4 376.4 376.4
Check dam M3 5000 40 4,526 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000

Tree and grass planting

Seedling purchasing No 11000 1.5 5250 2200 2200 2200 2200 2200
Pitting No 11000 0.75 2625 2200 2200 2200 2200 2200
Planting No 10429 0.50 1750 2085.8 2085.8 2085.8 2085.8 2085.8
Grass planting M2 4300 4 3200 860 860 860 860 860
Tending operation

Watering (dry season) lump 4250 2121 850 850 850 850 850
Weeding & cultivation No. 8500 0.50 1700 1700 1700 1700 1700 1700

Fencing L/M 7000 5.00 2400 1400 1400 1400 1400 1400

Total 328,558.5 birr 65711.7 65711.7 65711.7 65711.7 65711.7

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9. PUBLIC CONSULTATION
As an initial requirement to continue the production of this quarry project work, it was necessary to assess
the attitude and views of the project site surrounding community. In effect the people and settler around the
project site have been invited to give their suggestions and opinions about the continuation of this project
within their vicinity. Adequate and transparent discussions were made on possible negative and positive
environmental and social impacts and the necessary mitigation and rehabilitation measures to be taken by
the proponent.

The proponent and local communities have been expressed their views openly and clearly, and also reached
a common understanding on the project implementation objective and expected outputs. By mutual
agreements the community and the proponent have reached to consensuses that the quarry project is useful
to the development of their community and the capital city construction sector development in general and
the communities support the production of the quarry project. As the same way the proponent willing and
happy to employee the local communities as their basic knowledge of the quarry work experience. They
have also agreed to protect the surrounding s from all kinds of pollution which may cause by the quarry
production activities. In fact, there is no settlement close to the site but there is settlement 2 kilometer
radius from the site.

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10. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

10.1. Conclusions
This Environmental and social management plan was conducted as pre legal requirement of the
Environmental Impact Assessment proclamation of the government of Federal Democratic Republic of
Ethiopia, proclamation No 299/2002. Megesina Construction Materials Suppliers PLC with their
investment commitment will be attained by implementing environmentally friendly technologies and above
all the willingness of the proponent to respect the rule and regulation of environmental and social impact
protection. The project also be the source of income to the city government annually in the form of tax and
royalty and create job opportunity for about 20 peoples.

The quarry site proposed for selected material and basalt quarrying is located in the southern part of Addis
Ababa city administration, Bole sub-city, Woreda 12, Bole Bulbula area Locality. The basalt project is
expected to have both positive and negative impacts on the environment and people living and working in
the project. Hence the project brings positive impacts: the supply of aggregate to the booming construction
industry in Addis Ababa, creation of employment opportunities and increased tax to government. On the
other hand, the negative impacts are attributed to alteration of natural landscape, formation of steep slopes,
cliffs and land slide, deterioration of the existing access road and other structures among other. Therefore,
the study forwarded technical and landscape mitigation measures that potentially help to reduce and/or
avoid the negative impacts and fosters the positive ones. Environmental
Management plan have been presented along with the mitigation measures to allow the rehabilitation of the
project site can be achieved in a sustainable manner. The consultant team confidentially hopes that the
proponent can successfully contribute possible means to manage any impact of this project on environment
and corresponding safety issues on employees at the project site by considering this document with the
indicated clear mitigation measures and subsequent recommendations.

10.2. Recommendation
 Addis Ababa City Environmental Protection Authority and its organizational structure shall check that
the proponent is implementing all activities listed and accepted by the proponent in EMP and
restoration plan and undertake periodic environmental monitoring, at least every three months, on the
actual and progressive implementation of the proposed mitigation measures.

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 The project owner and other actors in the organization should also create pleasant-sounding
relationship between the local community and the project so as to develop strong linkage between the
project and the affected local communities to avoid unexpected conflicts.
 To enhance the potential economic benefits and social acceptability of the project, the project owner
and other actors should avoid or minimize any adverse impacts of the project on human health and
other natural resources by keeping up the current motivation and respecting to implementing all
proposed mitigation measures.
 In any case in need of future expansion, the project owner should undertake other respective
environmental and social management plan in advance.
 The project owner should regularly conduct internal audits on its environmental management
performances and work towards cost effective, up to-date and environmentally friendly technologies in
order to maintain the supper quality of its products.
 Promote intensive and selective plantation /land rehabilitation around/in the compound and relate all
the activates to environmental sustainability.

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11. REFERENCES
1. FDRE (1997). Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
2. FDRE (2002a). Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation. Federal Negarit Gazeta of the Federal
Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Proclamation No. 295/2002. 9th year No. 7. Berhanena Selam
Printing Enterprise. Addis Ababa-3rd October, 2002, Pp1939-1944.
3. FDRE (2002b). Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation. Federal Negarit Gazeta of the Federal
Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Proclamation No. 299/2002. 9th year No. 11. Berhanena Selam
Printing Enterprise. Addis Ababa-3rd December, 2002, Pp1951-1958.
4. EPA (2003). Environmental Impact Assessment Procedural Guideline Series 1. Addis, Ababa, Ethiopia.
5. EPA (2008). Standards for Industrial Pollution Control in Ethiopia. The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Environmental Protection Authority. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
6. EPA and UNIDO (2003). Ambient Environment Standards for Ethiopia. The Federal Democratic Republic of
Ethiopia Environmental Protection Authority and the United Nation Industrial Development Organization. Addis
Ababa, Ethiopia.
7. FDRE (2002c). Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation, Federal Negarit Gazeta of the Federal
Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Proclamation No. 300/2002, 9th year No. 12. Berhanena Selam Printing
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