CNC Machine Operations
CNC Machine Operations
Finish
Finish
the
part.
Choose
the
largest
and
most
rigid
tool
that
will
make
all
the
features.
Watch
the
back
clearance
of
the
tool
to
ensure
the
tool
and
holder
do
not
collide
with
the
part.
1
Cut
Directions
Rules
for
Finishing
• Start
away
from
the
part
face.
• Use
a
tool,
such
as
a
35
or
55
degree
diamond,
with
sufficient
side
and
end
cutting
angles
to
provide
tool
clearance.
• Use
a
tool
with
a
nose
radius
equal,
or
preferably
smaller,
than
the
smaller
ID
radius
in
the
profile.
• Consider
taking
a
pre-‐finish
pass
first
so
the
final
pass
removes
a
constant
thickness
of
material.
• Skip
over
features,
such
as
grooves,
that
will
be
machined
using
other
tools
and
operations.
• For
threads,
finish
at
the
major
diameter
of
the
thread.
Groove
Most
grooves
have
radii
at
the
top
and
bottom.
Groove
tool
paths
are
actually
quite
complex.
The
following
sequence
is
often
used
to
create
a
groove
that
is
accurate
and
with
no
tool
marks.
A
common
groove
operation
is
shown
in
the
Details
view
in
Figure
31:
A)
The
tool
is
usually
plunged
near
the
center
of
the
groove
to
rough.
B)
Other
plunge
moves
as
required
to
remove
excess
material.
C)
One
contouring
path,
starting
outside
and
moving
inward,
creating
radii
and
contour.
D)
One
contouring
path,
starting
from
the
other
side
and
moving
inward
finishing
the
other
side.
Cut
Directions
c ab d
Details
Figure
31:
Groove
Rules
for
Grooving
• Use
a
groove
tool
narrower
than
the
groove
and
with
a
radius
equal
or
less
than
the
finished
radius.
• Use
CAD/CAM
or
lathe
control
groove
cycles
to
program
the
grooves.
Thread
Lathes
are
capable
of
creating
any
form
thread,
including
tapered
pipe
threads,
OD,
ID,
and
multi-‐start.
Most
threading
on
a
lathe
is
done
with
an
insert.
Several
roughing
passes
that
decrease
in
depth
with
each
cut
are
followed
by
one
or
more
finish
passes
that
remove
a
small
amount
of
material
to
form
a
thread
that
is
accurate
and
smooth.
The
motion
of
the
tool
and
spindle
are
coordinated
by
the
CNC
control
so
that
each
time
the
tool
begins
the
cut
pass
at
the
same
rotational
position.
Cut
Direction
1-‐Start
Cut
2-‐Pull
Off
Figure
32:
Thread
Drill
Lathes
support
common
drill
G-‐code
cycles,
including
G81.
Cut
Direction
Section
Part
View
Figure
33:
Drill
Bore
2
1
Cut
Directions
Caution
Back
of
Tool
Clearance
Cutoff
This
is
always
the
last
lathe
machining
operation.
It
frees
the
part
from
the
stock
material.
Cut
Directions
2
b a
1-‐Start
Cut
2-‐Pull
Off
Details
Figure
44:
Cutoff
Lesson
9
3D
Toolpaths
Upon
successful
completion
of
this
lesson,
you
will
be
able
to:
• Explain
how
3D
tool
compensation
is
calculated.
• Describe
3D
cut
tolerances.
• Identify
geometric
features
common
to
3D
tool
paths.
• Explain
the
purpose,
general
parameters,
and
use
of
common
3D
roughing
tool
paths.
• Explain
the
purpose,
general
parameters,
and
use
of
common
3D
finishing
tool
paths.
• Explain
the
purpose,
general
parameters,
and
use
of
REST
mill
tool
paths.
• Explain
the
purpose,
general
parameters,
and
use
of
Pencil
mill
tool
paths.
9-‐1
Fundamentals
of
CNC
Machining
Lesson
9
3D
Toolpaths
Overview
3D
tool
paths
are
used
to
machine
non-‐prismatic
parts
such
as
molds,
dies,
and
organically
shaped
consumer
products.
These
parts
may
be
composed
of
hundreds
or
thousands
of
faces.
CAD/CAM
software
creates
3D
tool
paths
by
first
triangulazing
the
model,
as
shown
in
Figure
1
(though
the
mesh
is
far
finer
than
shown
in
this
illustration).
This
mesh
is
used
to
calculate
the
tool
path
based
on
tool
size
and
shape.
3D
tool
paths
are
calculation
intensive
in
part
because
of
the
extensive
checking
required
to
ensure
the
tool
does
not
gouge
the
part
as
it
moves
across
the
topography
of
part
faces.
End Mill
Z+
Ball
Mill
Y+
Figure
2:
3D
Cutter
Compensation
Cutter
Diameter
Compensation
(G41/G42)
is
not
supported
for
3D
tool
paths
by
most
CNC
controls.
The
only
way
to
compensate
for
a
worn
3D
finishing
tool
is
to
replace
it.
9.2
–
Tolerances
3D
tool
paths
are
much
about
tradeoffs
between
quality
and
cost.
As
cut
tolerances
shrink,
calculation
time,
file
size,
and
run
times
balloon.
Excessively
fine
tolerances
may
result
in
hundreds
or
thousands
of
blocks
of
code
to
move
a
short
distance.
This
not
only
takes
longer
to
calculate,
it
causes
problems
at
the
machine.
It
is
therefore
important
to
understand
all
tolerances
involved
with
3D
tool
paths,
choose
values
appropriate
to
the
task,
and
take
actions
to
reduce
CNC
program
file
size
while
maintaining
design
intent.
CNC
programs
with
unnecessarily
fine
tolerances
should
be
avoided.
CNC
controls
can
only
process
a
finite
number
of
blocks
of
code
per
second.
This
processing
speed,
called
the
block
execution
time,
varies
between
machines.
Modern
machines
may
be
capable
of
processing
several
thousand
blocks
of
code
each
second
while
older
controls
may
be
limited
to
less
than
a
hundred.
If
the
number
of
blocks
per
second
exceeds
the
machine
capacity
to
process,
a
phenomenon
known
as
data
starving
can
occur:
the
control
is
overwhelmed
with
data
and
must
pause
after
each
move
to
wait
for
the
next.
This
abrupt
stopping
and
starting
may
happen
hundreds
of
times
per
second.
Due
to
the
mass
of
the
machine
components,
the
result
is
an
effect
similar
to
alternately
pushing
the
accelerator
then
brake
in
a
car.
The
machine
may
physically
shake
and
shudder,
a
phenomenon
called
“bumping”.
The
actual
feed
rate
of
the
machine
may
be
a
fraction
of
the
programmed
feed
rate.
Data
starving
causes
excessive
CNC
machine
wear,
poor
surface
finish,
and
excessive
program
run
times.
One
solution
at
the
machine
is
to
use
the
machine
manual
feed
rate
override
to
feed
rate
until
the
shuddering
stops.
Some
machines
allow
the
control
acceleration/deceleration
function
to
be
disabled
or
modified.
Much
can
be
done
at
the
CNC
programming
stage
to
avoid
or
correct
this
problem.
Choose
machining
tolerances
wisely.
Use
the
CAD/CAM
software
tool
path
filtering
function.
Filtering
works
by
analyzing
the
cut
path
and
fitting
long
lines
or
tangent
arcs
where
possible
to
replace
short
line
moves.
This
may
significantly
reduce
program
size
(by
as
much
as
90%)
while
increasing
the
span
of
each
move.
One
consideration
when
choosing
a
tool
path
strategy
is
how
well
it
will
filter.
Paths
parallel
to
a
CNC
work
plane
(G17/G18/G19)
filter
far
better
than
paths
that
are
not.
Cut
tolerance,
illustrated
in
Figure
3,
controls
how
closely
the
tool
path
follows
a
theoretically
perfect
path
along
the
surface.
Cut
tolerance
is
a
plus
or
minus
value,
so
the
total
cut
tolerance
band
is
twice
the
tolerance
value.
Total
Tolerance
Tolerance
Perfect
Toolpath
Finished
Part
Z+
Y+
Cut
tolerance
and
filter
tolerances
are
additive.
For
instance,
a
cut
tolerance
of
.0005
and
filter
tolerance
of
.001
means
the
tool
path
can
vary
from
the
theoretically
perfect
path
by
as
much
as
.0015
inches
to
either
side
of
the
planned
path.
Copyright
2014
Autodesk,
Inc.
9-‐5
Fundamentals
of
CNC
Machining
Lesson
9
3D
Toolpaths
Holes,
fine
details,
or
other
features
that
will
be
created
by
subsequent
operations
may
be
suppressed
or
covered
with
a
Check
Surface
to
prevent
the
tool
from
entering
these
areas.
Runoff Surface
Suppressed Features
Check Surface
Stock Boundary
Cut Surfaces
Figure
4:
Typical
3D
Tool
Path
Setup
CAM
systems
include
many
strategies
for
roughing
but
by
far
the
most
common
is
some
variation
of
3D
pocketing.
These
tool
paths
work
by
slicing
the
part
by
planes
normal
to
the
Z-‐axis.
A
boundary
is
created
at
each
level,
offset
by
the
stock
allowance,
and
2D
pocket
tool
path
generated
from
this
boundary.
The
result
is
a
tiered
cake
shape
as
shown
by
the
shaded
image
in
Figure
5.
Toolpath Slice
3D
Pocket
Rough
Figure
5:
3D
Pocket
Rough
A
commonly
used
finish
path
is
Parallel,
shown
in
Figure
6.
Parallel
gets
its
name
because,
when
viewed
from
above,
tool
paths
appear
parallel
to
each
other.
Parallel
tool
paths
calculate
quickly
and
are
reliable.
However,
they
usually
require
additional
finish
passes
to
clean
up
heavy
scallops
(cusps).
Scallops
can
be
seen
Figure
7
and
are
most
prominent
on
the
closest
wall.
Small
tool
path
step
over
values
produce
smaller
scallops.
Notice
how
scallop
height
changes
depending
on
the
topography
of
the
part.
Parallel Toolpaths
Top View
Result
Figure
6:
3D
Parallel
Tool
Path
Parallel
tool
paths
tend
to
produce
large
scallops
on
steep
walls
roughly
parallel
to
the
path
direction.
As
the
tool
steps
to
the
next
pass,
the
path
drops
down
farther
in
Z
on
these
walls
compared
with
flat
areas
of
the
part.
One
approach
to
machining
away
these
scallops
is
to
create
an
additional
parallel
finish
path
rotated
90
degrees
to
the
first.
Of
course
this
increases
total
program
run
time
substantially.
Stepover
Scallop
Height
Z+
Y+
Scallop
tool
paths
are
calculation
intensive
and
may
not
work
on
all
shapes,
and
produce
very
large
CNC
programs
with
many
short
moves.
Yet, when applied properly, they work very well and produce a superior surface finish.
Scallop Toolpaths
Top View
ISO
View
Figure
8:
Scallop
Tool
Path
REST
paths
are
calculation
intensive.
A
good
practice
whenever
possible
is
to
use
a
tool
whose
diameter
is
slightly
smaller
than
the
smallest
feature
to
be
machined.
This
makes
the
REST
calculations
simpler
and
more
effective.
Finished Wall
Remachining
Areas
Area
Machined
by
Previous
Operation(s)
Y+
X+
Figure
9:
REST
Milling
Pencil
Trace
tool
paths
are
a
type
of
remaining
stock
machining
(Rest
Milling)
that
works
by
tracing
a
tool
along
the
seams
between
surfaces
that
form
an
inside
angle.
Figure
10
shows
a
pencil
tool
path
between
along
the
inside
fillet.
This
clears
any
remaining
scallops
in
this
area,
leaving
a
perfect
seam.
Like with REST machining, use a tool smaller than the radius when possible for Pencil tool paths.
Pencil Toolpath
Top View
ISO
View
Figure
10:
Pencil
Trace
Tool
Path
3D
machining
is
a
similar
mindset.
You
begin
with
a
block
of
material
and
cut
away
anything
that
does
not
belong.
Begin
by
getting
rid
of
excess
material
as
quickly
and
efficiently
as
possible.
Try
to
leave
a
constant
thickness
of
material
for
finish
operations.
Finish
as
much
of
the
part
as
possible
using
the
largest
tools
possible.
Then
finish
machine
finer
features
and
details
using
Parallel
or
Scallop
paths
contained
by
2D
profiles,
or
REST
and
Pencil
tool
paths.
3D
machining
can
be
very
challenging,
but
in
many
cases
it
is
easier
than
many
2D
parts.
Some
2D
parts
involve
scores
of
machining
operations
that
require
considerable
forethought
and
work.
Most
3D
parts
require
fewer
operations
and
these
are
largely
automated
by
CAD/CAM
software
functions.
The
key
to
success
is
planning
ahead
and
preparing
the
model
before
creating
tool
paths.
In
the
case
of
3D
machining,
perhaps
50-‐80%
of
the
time
programming
is
actually
CAD-‐related,
getting
the
model
ready
for
tool
paths:
creating
runoff
surfaces,
suppressing
features,
creating
check
surfaces,
and
the
like.
Don’t
begin
making
tool
paths
until
you
have
a
credible
plan.
If
your
planning
is
thorough
and
the
CAD
model
is
simplified
so
only
those
features
to
be
machined
are
displayed,
creating
tool
paths
is
far
easier
and
outcomes
better.
To
aid
planning,
use
the
forms
in
Appendix
C,
CNC
Planning
Forms.
Lesson
10
Milling
Setups
Upon
successful
completion
of
this
lesson,
you
will
be
able
to:
• Explain
Identify
commonly
used
CNC
work
holding
components.
• Identify
the
parts
and
accessories
of
a
CNC
vise.
• Explain
the
difference
between
vise
hard
jaws,
step
jaws
and
soft
jaws.
10-‐1
Fundamentals
of
CNC
Machining
Lesson
10
Milling
Setups
While
there
are
many
ways
to
hold
a
part
during
machining
the
ones
illustrated
in
this
chapter
are
the
most
commonly
used
for
prototype
and
short-‐production
machining.
They
work
well
for
the
types
of
parts
you
are
likely
to
make.
Work
holding
for
prototypes
is
often
different
than
that
for
production
machining.
Large
production
lots
allow
the
cost
of
tooling
and
fixtures
to
be
amortized
over
many
parts.
While
it
is
worth
investing
in
complex
fixtures
to
save
seconds
when
making
thousands
of
parts,
it
is
not
making
only
a
few.
The
goal
with
prototypes
is
to
get
the
job
done
with
minimal
investments
of
time
and
money.
This
means
using
off-‐the-‐shelf
components
when
possible
and
using
methods
that
do
not
require
a
lot
of
time
and
effort.
There
is
often
more
than
one
work-‐holding
method
that
will
work
for
any
given
part.
Review
a
tool
supply
catalog
to
familiarize
yourself
with
the
many
types
of
clamps,
bolts,
and
other
holding
devices
that
are
available.
The
method
you
choose
depends
on
many
factors
including
personal
preference,
what
work-‐
holding
components
are
readily
available
and
cost.
In
the
end
all
that
matters
is
that
the
method
is
safe,
that
it
works,
and
that
it
is
cost
effective.
Devising
fixtures
can
be
challenging.
It
requires
being
creative
and
thinking
completely
through
all
steps
to
machine
the
part.
If
you
machine
many
parts,
you
will
likely
mix
and
match
ideas
learned
here
or
from
other
sources.
1.2
Fixture
Components
There
are
many
fixture
components
for
milling
machines.
This
section
covers
some
of
the
most
common.
If
possible,
acquire
a
fixture
components
catalog
or
look
at
the
web
sites
of
Carr-‐Lane
(carrlane.com),
Jergens
(jergensinc.com),
Chick
(chickworkholding.com)
MSC
(mscdirect.com)
and
others.
A
Subplate
is
a
ground
aluminum
plate
that
bolts
to
the
top
of
the
machine
table.
It
has
threaded
holes
and
bushings
at
regular
intervals.
Subplates
protect
the
machine
table
and
speeds
setups
by
allowing
clamps
and
other
components
to
be
quickly
and
precisely
located
anywhere
in
the
workspace.
Once
installed,
the
subplate
generally
remains
permanently
fixed
on
the
table.
Fixtures
and
vises
are
installed
on
top
of
it.
An
Angle
plate
is
a
precision
ground
steel
plate
that
allows
the
part
to
be
set
on
its
side.
Angle
plates
can
point
in
a
direction
parallel
to
either
the
X
or
Y
axis.
Angle Plate
Subplate
Figure
1:
Angle
Plate
and
Sub
Plate
Copyright
2014
Autodesk,
Inc.
10-‐3
Fundamentals
of
CNC
Machining
Lesson
10
Milling
Setups
Clamps
There
are
literally
thousands
of
types,
styles,
and
sizes
of
clamps
available.
They
are
inexpensive,
reusable,
and
versatile.
You
tool
cabinet
should
include
many
types
and
sizes
of
clamps
and
accessories.
Strap Clamp
Toggle Pliers
Step Clamp
Strap
Clamps
exert
downward
pressure
on
the
part.
They
are
usually
secured
to
the
table
by
a
special
bolt
that
can
be
positioned
anywhere
along
the
T-‐slots
in
the
table.
One
end
of
the
clamp
rests
on
the
part,
and
the
other
on
a
step
block.
To prevent galling an aluminum part, place a pad of aluminum between the clamp and part.
Step
blocks
have
grooves
that
allow
them
to
be
stacked
to
different
heights.
Step
blocks
are
used
to
support
one
end
of
the
strap
clamp.
Step Clamps are similar to Strap clamps, but include grooves that interlock with a single step block.
Toe
Clamps
bolt
to
the
machine
table.
The
nose
of
the
clamp
includes
grooves
to
grip
the
part.
It
is
extended
by
turning
a
screw,
forcing
the
clamp
against
the
part
and
downward.
Toggle Pliers are similar to hardware store vise grip pliers.
Part
Fixture
Plate
Once
the
vise
is
bolted
to
the
table
and
aligned,
parts
are
loaded
into
the
vise
and
clamped
by
closing
the
jaws.
The
vise
can
exert
tremendous
force,
so
care
is
taken
not
to
over-‐tighten
the
vise
and
deform
fragile
parts.
Vise
pressure
must
be
appropriate
to
the
part
being
held
and
expected
cutting
forces.
Vise
Stop
Fixed
Jaw
Jaw
Insert
Parallel
Step
Jaw
Vise Handle
A
Vise
Stop
is
a
device
that
allows
the
parts
to
be
loaded
into
the
vise
precisely.
This
image
shows
a
style
of
vise
stop
that
is
particularly
useful
because
it
is
adjustable
up-‐down
and
left-‐right.
Copyright
2014
Autodesk,
Inc.
10-‐5
Fundamentals
of
CNC
Machining
Lesson
10
Milling
Setups
Hard
Jaws
are
made
of
hardened
steel
and
precision
ground
on
all
sides.
They
are
usually
used
along
with
parallels.
Parallels are thin steel plates, available in various widths, used to set the grip length of the vise jaws.
Grip Length
Parallel
Hard Jaw
Figure
5:
Hard
Jaws
Step
jaws
are
similar
to
hard
jaws
but
include
a
step
feature
that
eliminates
the
need
for
parallels.
Step
Detail
Figure
6:
Step
Jaws
Soft
jaws
are
blanks
of
aluminum
used
to
grip
parts
that
cannot
be
held
using
hard
jaws.
A
cutout
the
same
shape
as
the
part
is
machined
into
the
soft
jaws
to
grip
irregular
shapes.
When
machining
the
cutout,
place
a
bar
between
the
jaws
to
set
the
correct
spacing.
Use
a
torque
wrench
or
mark
the
vise
so
it
can
be
closed
with
the
exact
same
pressure
each
time
a
new
part
is
loaded.
Remove
the
spacer
before
clamping
the
part.
Part
Cutout
Figure
7:
Machining
Soft
Jaws
Copyright
2014
Autodesk,
Inc.
10-‐7
Fundamentals
of
CNC
Machining
Lesson
10
Milling
Setups
Appendix
A
CNC
Milling
Work-‐Holding
Examples
Upon
successful
completion
of
this
lesson,
you
will
be
able
to:
• Explain
how
to
properly
align
a
CNC
vise.
• Explain
how
to
machine
a
block
of
stock
material
into
a
perfect
rectangular
prism.
• Machine
a
simple
2D
contour
applying
cutter
diameter
compensation.
• List
the
types
of
vise
jaws
and
their
use.
• Install
and
align
a
CNC
vise
jaws.
• Use
a
vise
to
grip
a
part
during
machining.
• Make
and
use
vise
soft
jaws
to
machine
a
3D
part.
• Machine
multiple
parts
from
a
single
piece
of
bar
stock.
• Construct
and
use
a
fixture
plate.
• Use
clamps
and
bolts
as
a
work-‐holding
system.
• Machine
a
thin
walled
part.
• Set
up
and
use
an
angle
plate
to
machine
a
multi-‐sided
part.
• Use
shoulder
bolts
and
dowel
pins
to
machine
a
two-‐sided
plate
part.
• Use
double-‐sided
tape
as
a
work-‐holding
system.
A-‐1
Fundamentals
of
CNC
Machining
Appendix
A
CNC
Milling
Work-‐Holding
Examples
Y+
X+
Figure
8:
Pre
Tighten
Bolts
3 Align
Vise
With
X-‐Axis
Install
a
dial
indicator.
Jog
the
machine
until
the
dial
stylus
is
along
the
fixed
vise
jaw.
Jog
the
machine
left
to
right
along
the
vise
jaw.
Lightly
tap
the
vise
with
a
rubber
mallet,
causing
it
to
rotate
about
the
left
bolt,
until
the
indicator
remains
stable.
A-‐2
Copyright
2014
Autodesk,
Inc.
Appendix
A
Fundamentals
of
CNC
Machining
CNC
Milling
Work-‐Holding
Examples
Figure
9:
Align
Vise
4 Tighten
Bolts
and
Check
Alignment
Tighten
the
right
bolt
fully,
and
then
tighten
the
left
bolt.
Recheck
the
alignment
by
running
the
dial
indicator
along
the
fixed
vise
jaw
and
confirm
the
dial
does
not
move
more
than.001
inches
over
the
full
width
of
the
jaw.
Bolt
Tightening
Sequence
Figure
10:
Installing
Vise
Jaws
A-‐4
Copyright
2014
Autodesk,
Inc.
Appendix
A
Fundamentals
of
CNC
Machining
CNC
Milling
Work-‐Holding
Examples
3-‐Bottom
2-‐Back
4-‐Front
Figure
11:
Saw
Cut
Stock
and
Machining
Sequence
2 Set
Tool
Position
The
machine
spindle
must
be
off.
Manually
jog
the
tool
so
it
is
about
one
inch
above
the
Top
face.
Move
the
machine
down
in
Z
in
.1
inch
increments.
After
each
move
carefully
slide
a
1-‐2-‐3
block
between
the
top
surface
and
the
tool,
until
the
block
makes
contact.
Switch
the
jog
increment
to
.001
and
raise
the
tool
until
the
block
just
slides
underneath.
This
sets
the
tool
exactly
1.00
inch
above
the
face
of
the
stock.
1-‐2-‐3 Block
Stock
Material
Slide
Block
to
Set
Tool
Location
Figure
12:
Set
Tool
Position
3
Machine
Top
Surface
Estimate
the
amount
of
material
to
remove
with
the
first
cut,
and
then
jog
the
machine
down
1.00
inches
plus
this
value.
For
instance,
to
remove
about
.010
inches
of
material,
jog
the
machine
down
1.010
inches.
Set
the
jog
control
to
the
X-‐axis,
turn
on
the
spindle
CW,
and
use
the
hand
control
to
machine
the
top
face.
When
complete,
turn
the
spindle
off
and
move
the
tool
clear
of
the
work
area.
A-‐6
Copyright
2014
Autodesk,
Inc.
Appendix
A
Fundamentals
of
CNC
Machining
CNC
Milling
Work-‐Holding
Examples
Top
Surface
Figure
13:
Machine
Top
Surface
4 Machine
Front
Surface
Flip
the
part
about
the
X-‐axis
as
shown
in
Figure
14
below
so
the
top
surface
machined
in
the
previous
step
rests
against
the
fixed
vise
jaw.
Be
sure
to
first
clean
the
work
area
with
a
paintbrush
to
ensure
the
part
does
not
rest
on
any
chips
or
debris.
Because
the
surface
against
the
movable
jaw
is
rough,
insert
a
solid
brass
rod
as
shown
below.
This
forms
a
fulcrum
that
lets
the
part
pivot,
ensuring
the
top
surface
rests
flat
against
the
back
fixed
vise
jaw.
Front
Surface
Brass
Rod
Z+
Y+
Figure
14:
Machine
Front
Surface
A-‐8
Copyright
2014
Autodesk,
Inc.
Appendix
A
Fundamentals
of
CNC
Machining
CNC
Milling
Work-‐Holding
Examples
Rough
and
finish
the
bottom
side
as
required
to
establish
the
finish
dimension
between
the
top
and
bottom
faces.
Bottom
Surface
Brass
Rod
Finish
Dimension
Z+
Y+
Figure
15:
Machine
Bottom
Surface
Rough and finish this side as required to establish the finish dimension between the front and back faces.
Back
Surface
Finish
Dimension
Z+
Y+
Figure
16:
Machine
Back
Surface
A-‐10
Copyright
2014
Autodesk,
Inc.
Appendix
A
Fundamentals
of
CNC
Machining
CNC
Milling
Work-‐Holding
Examples
Left
Surface
Machinists
Square
Z+
Y+
Figure
17:
Machine
Left
Surface
The part is now the precise size and all sides are flat, square, and parallel.
Right
Surface
Rotate
Part
180
Degrees
From
Previous
Finish
Dimension
Z+
Y+
Figure
18:
Machine
Right
Surface
A-‐12
Copyright
2014
Autodesk,
Inc.
Appendix
A
Fundamentals
of
CNC
Machining
CNC
Milling
Work-‐Holding
Examples
G54
.100
.100
Material:
Aluminum
2.000
x
2.000
x
3.000
Figure
19:
Contour
Block
It
is
common
to
choose
the
upper-‐left
corner
of
the
stock
as
the
fixture
offset
for
the
first
operation.
If
the
stock
is
sawed,
ensure
there
is
sufficient
stock
allowance
around
the
part
so
finish
operations
remove
material
all
around.
For
subsequent
operations
the
fixture
offset
is
set
from
features
machined
in
previous
operations.
1 Square
Block
Begin
with
a
finish
machined
2x2x3in
block
(created
in
Project
3).
5 Adjust
CDC
After
machining
the
contour,
measure
it
with
a
dial
indicator.
The
step
should
be
exactly
.100in
+/-‐.001
in
depth.
If
not,
the
G54
Z
position
or
Tool
Length
Offset
(TLO)
was
not
set
properly.
Check
that
the
boss
measures
1.800
x
1.800
in
+/-‐.001.
If
it
is
too
large,
it
is
likely
because
the
tool
is
worn
and
thus
not
exactly
.250
diameter.
Adjust
for
this
wear
by
changing
the
wear
compensation
(CDC)
for
this
tool
on
the
control,
and
then
re-‐running
the
program.
Z+
X+
Y+ G54 (Z)
X+
G54 (XY)
G54
Y+ Z+
Y+
X+ G54
X+
Cut
Direction
G54
Datum:
Upper-‐Left
corner
of
previously
finish
machined
2x2x3in
block.
Op-‐1
Tool
(in)
Speed
(rpm)
Feed
XY
(ipm)
Feed
Z
(ipm)
Contour
.25
End
Mill
7500
60.
30.
4-‐Flute
Rough
and
finish
the
OD
contour
using
wear
compensation.
Make
one
roughing
pass
and
then
a
finish
pass
that
removes
.010in
stock
on
walls,
and
.005in
on
floor.
Figure
21:
Contour
Tool
Path
A-‐14
Copyright
2014
Autodesk,
Inc.
Appendix
A
Fundamentals
of
CNC
Machining
CNC
Milling
Work-‐Holding
Examples
Projects
5-‐7
Overview
Projects
5,
6
and
7
form
a
simple
assembly.
The
parts
must
be
machined
to
the
specified
tolerances
in
order
to
fit
together.
Figure
22:
Fan
Assembly,
Projects
5-‐7
Top Right
1 Job
1
Setup
Grip
the
sawed
stock
as
shown
in
Figure
24.
Set
the
XY-‐datum
from
the
upper-‐left
corner
of
the
stock.
Make
sure
there
is
sufficient
stock
so
that
finish
tool
paths
remove
material
all
around
the
part
(typically
.01-‐.05
inches
from
the
stock
corner).
Set
the
Z-‐datum
so
that
the
facing
operation
removes
material
from
the
face
of
the
part
(typically
.01
below
the
face
of
the
sawed
stock).
2 Job
1
Operations
Machine
the
part
using
the
processes
and
parameters
in
Figure
24.
If
needed,
select
tools,
speeds
and
feeds
compatible
with
your
machine.
Job
1
Datum
X+
G54
Datum:
Upper-‐Left
corner
of
sawed
stock.
A-‐16
Copyright
2014
Autodesk,
Inc.
Appendix
A
Fundamentals
of
CNC
Machining
CNC
Milling
Work-‐Holding
Examples
Op-‐1
Tool
(in)
Speed
(rpm)
Feed
XY
(ipm)
Feed
Z
(ipm)
Face
.375
End
Mill
8150
33.
15.
2-‐Flute
Use
a
stubby
end
mill
to
reduce
chatter
(flute
length=.625).
Stepover=.20,
Take
a
Z
finish
pass
of
.005
to
ensure
a
good
surface
finish.
Op-‐2
Tool
(in)
Speed
(rpm)
Feed
XY
(ipm)
Feed
Z
(ipm)
2D
Contour
.375
End
Mill
8150
33.
15.
2-‐Flute
Contour
OD.
Rough
Stepover
=.2,
Stepdown=.2.
Finish
XY=.01,
No
Finish
Z
needed.
Number
of
rough
passes
depends
on
stock
size.
Op-‐3
Tool
(in)
Speed
(rpm)
Feed
XY
(ipm)
Feed
Z
(ipm)
2D
Pocket
.375
End
Mill
8150
33.
15.
2-‐Flute
Rough
and
finish
pocket
with
islands.
Rough
Stepover
=.2,
Stepdown=.2.
Finish
XY=.01,
Finish
Z=.005
Op-‐4
Tool
(in)
Speed
(rpm)
Feed
XY
(ipm)
Feed
Z
(ipm)
2D
Contour
.375
End
Mill
8150
33.
10.
2-‐Flute
Contour
the
hole
in
the
center
of
the
pocket
with
helical
entry.
Finish
XY=.01,
Finish
Z
-‐.010
below
bottom
so
no
flashing
is
left
after
facing
opposite
side.
Op-‐5
Tool
(in)
Speed
(rpm)
Feed
XY
(ipm)
Feed
Z
(ipm)
2D
Contour
.125
Center
5000
40.
20.
Drill,
90Deg
De-‐burr
top
edges
by
creating
a
.07
chamfer.
Use
line/arc
lead
in/out.
Op-‐6
Tool
(in)
Speed
(rpm)
Feed
XY
(ipm)
Feed
Z
(ipm)
CTR
Drill
.125
Center
6100
N/A
12.
Drill,
90Deg
Center
drill
the
four
#2-‐56
holes.
Dwell
.5
seconds.
Op-‐7
Tool
(in)
Speed
(rpm)
Peck
Inc.(in)
Feed
Z
(ipm)
Peck
Drill
Drill
.07
Dia.
10000
.035
20.
(#50)
Peck
drill
four
#2-‐56
holes.
Op-‐8
Tool
(inch)
Speed
(rpm)
Peck
Inc.
Feed
Z
(ipm)
Rigid
Tap
#2-‐56
Tap
4300
N/A
76.786
Tap
four
holes
to
depth
Z-‐.26
below
top
of
boss.
If
your
machine
does
not
support
rigid
tapping,
tap
by
hand
after
job
is
complete.
Op-‐9
Tool
(in)
Speed
(rpm)
Feed
XY
(ipm)
Feed
Z
(ipm)
Contour
.115x.093
6640
40.
20.
Radius
Mill
Use
corner
round
tool
to
create
a
fillet
on
outside
of
the
part.
Take
two
finish
passes
(one
spring
pass)
to
produce
a
very
good
surface
finish.
Figure
24:
Base,
Top
Side
Machining
Parameters
3 Job
2
Find
XY
Datum
The
XY
datum
for
Job
2
could
be
set
at
the
center
of
the
through
hole
using
a
coaxial
indicator,
dial
indicator,
or
machine
part
probe.
The
method
illustrated
here
shows
how
to
set
the
datum
using
a
vise
stop
and
1-‐2-‐3
block.
Program
X0
is
found
using
an
edge
finder
to
locate
the
left
edge
of
the
1-‐2-‐3
block
(YZ
Data
Reference
Frame).
Set
the
Fixture
Offset
X-‐vale
as
the
centerline
of
the
left
1-‐2-‐3
block
edge.
Program
Y0
is
found
using
an
edge
finder
to
locate
the
fixed
vise
jaw
(XZ
Data
Reference
Frame).
Set
the
Fixture
Offset
Y-‐value
as
the
centerline
back
1-‐2-‐3
block
edge.
Step-‐by-‐step
instructions
for
setting
the
Fixture
Offset
XY
using
an
edge
finder
are
found
in
Chapter
6,
CNC
Operation:
Set
Fixture
Offset
XY.
Copyright
2014
Autodesk,
Inc.
A-‐17
Fundamentals
of
CNC
Machining
Appendix
A
CNC
Milling
Work-‐Holding
Examples
Many
CNC
machines
are
now
equipped
with
a
Part
Probe.
This
instrument
is
gripped
in
machine
spindle
and
communicates
with
CNC
control
when
the
probe
stylus
touches
against
a
surface.
Part
probes
greatly
speed
and
simplify
setting
fixture
offsets.
To
learn
more
refer
to
the
documentation
included
with
your
part
probe
or
search
YouTube©
for
videos
on
the
topic.
Edge
Finder
Y-‐Z
Plane
Figure
25:
Set
G54
XY
Using
A
1-‐2-‐3
Block
4
Find
Program
Z
Datum
G54
Z
could
be
set
at
the
top
of
the
vise
parallels.
If
using
this
method,
set
the
tool
rapid
and
clearance
heights
sufficient
to
avoid
colliding
with
the
part,
vise,
and
fixture.
The
approach
described
here
sets
G54
Z
to
the
value
of
the
face
of
the
finished
part
for
Job
2.
To
find
the
distance
from
the
top
of
a
1-‐2-‐3
block
to
the
top
of
the
finished
part
use
this
formula:
A-‐18
Copyright
2014
Autodesk,
Inc.
Appendix
A
Fundamentals
of
CNC
Machining
CNC
Milling
Work-‐Holding
Examples
Figure
26:
Set
Z
Datum
5 Job 2 Operations
Clean
the
work
area
and
set
the
part
finished
upside-‐down
in
the
vise.
Slide
the
part
left-‐right
and
apply
pressure
so
it
rests
firmly
against
the
fixed
vise
jaw
and
vise
stop
as
shown
in
Figure
27
and
close
the
vise
jaws
firmly.
This
establishes
the
XY
datum.
Next,
tap
the
part
down
with
a
rubber
mallet
to
ensure
it
is
flat
against
the
parallels
and
close
the
jaws
tightly.
When
making
multiple
parts,
mark
the
vise
with
marker
or
use
a
torque
wrench
to
ensure
each
part
is
gripped
with
the
same
vise
force.
G55 Z+
Y+
X+
G54
Datum:
Upper-‐left
corner
of
finished
part
face.
Op-‐1
Tool
(inch)
Speed
(rpm)
Feed
XY
(ipm)
Feed
Z
(ipm)
2D
Contour
.375
End
Mill
9800
68.
30.
2-‐Flute
Contour
OD
leaving
.010in
XY
Stock.
This
cut
is
used
to
clear
excess
material
from
the
part
so
the
corner
round
tool
will
not
engage
an
excessive
amount
of
material.
Op-‐2
Tool
(inch)
Speed
(rpm)
Feed
XY
(ipm)
Feed
Z
(ipm)
Face
.375
End
Mill
9800
68.
30.
2-‐Flute
Face
part
using
a
stepover
=
.20in
and
stepdown
=.10in
.
The
number
of
Z-‐roughing
passes
required
depends
on
the
amount
of
material
remaining
on
part.
Finish
pass
should
be
no
greater
than
.005in
to
yield
a
good
finish.
Op-‐3
Tool
(inch)
Speed
(rpm)
Feed
XY
(ipm)
Feed
Z
(ipm)
2D
Contour
.115x.093
5000
40.
20.
Radius
Mill
Use
corner
round
tool
to
create
fillet
on
outside
of
part.
Take
two
finish
passes
to
produce
a
very
good
surface
finish.
Op-‐4
Tool
(inch)
Speed
(rpm)
Feed
XY
(ipm)
Feed
Z
(ipm)
2D
.25
Spot
Drill
8900
40.
10.
Contour
100
degree
Engrave
lettering.
Depth=Z-‐.005in
Figure
27:
Base,
Bottom
Side
Machining
Parameters
A-‐20
Copyright
2014
Autodesk,
Inc.
Appendix
A
Fundamentals
of
CNC
Machining
CNC
Milling
Work-‐Holding
Examples
Top Right
Material:
Aluminum
Bottom Min.
Stock
Size:
4.0
x
3.5
x.625
1
Job
1
Setup
Grip
the
sawed
stock
in
the
vise
as
shown
in
Figure
29.
Set
the
XY-‐datum
off
the
upper
left
corner
of
the
stock.
Leave
enough
stock
so
the
contour
tool
path
removes
material
all
around
the
part
(typically
.20-‐.05
inches
from
the
sawed
stock
corner).
Set
the
Z-‐datum
so
that
the
face
tool
removes
material
off
the
entire
face
of
the
part
(typically
.01
inches
below
the
face
of
the
sawed
stock).
2 Job
1
Operations
Machine
the
part
using
the
processes
and
sequence
in
Figure
29.
Select
appropriate
tools,
speeds,
feeds
and
machining
parameters.
G54
Z+
Y+
X+
G54
Datum:
Upper-‐left
corner,
top
of
sawed
stock.
3 Job
2
Setup
Flip
the
part
about
the
Y-‐axis
and
grip
the
finished
walls
of
the
part.
Set
the
G54
XY
from
the
center
of
the
through
hole
created
in
Job
1.
De-‐burr
the
hole
before
locating
its
center
using
dial
indicator,
coaxial
indicator,
or
part
probe.
Set
G54
Z
the
same
way
as
Base,
Job
2
(using
1-‐2-‐3
blocks)
to
the
top
of
the
finished
face
of
the
part
bottom.
4 Job
2
Operations
Machine
the
part
using
the
processes
and
sequence
in
Figure
30.
Select
appropriate
tools,
speeds,
feeds
and
machining
parameters.
G55
Z+
Y+
X+
G55
Datum:
X0Y0
is
the
center
of
the
hole
created
in
Job
1.
Z0
is
set
at
the
face
of
the
finished
bottom
side
(Z.500(in)
from
top
of
parallels).
Op-‐1
Finish
part
to
thickness.
Use
light
cuts
to
prevent
part
from
being
pulled
out
of
vise.
Face
Op-‐2
Rough
and
finish
OD
of
round
boss.
Contour
OD
Op-‐3
De-‐burr
all
edges.
Chamfer
Mill
Figure
30:
Housing,
Bottom
Side
Machining
Parameters
A-‐22
Copyright
2014
Autodesk,
Inc.
Appendix
A
Fundamentals
of
CNC
Machining
CNC
Milling
Work-‐Holding
Examples
Top Right
1 Create
Job-‐1
Soft
Jaws
Fixture
Cut
a
pocket
into
the
aluminum
jaws
as
shown
in
Figure
32.
This
is
used
to
grip
the
sawed
raw
stock
while
machining
the
top
side
(G54).
Soft
jaws
for
this
part
require
advanced
planning.
Round
stock
is
usually
slightly
larger
than
the
size
ordered,
so
either
first
turn
it
down
on
to
the
desired
size
on
a
lathe,
or
cut
the
jaws
to
match
the
actual
material
size.
The
jaws
have
to
be
cut
deep
enough
to
grip
the
part
securely
during
machining.
Cutting
forces
in
Delrin
are
small,
so
a
grip
depth
of
.30
inches
is
adequate
to
secure
this
part.
G54
Y+
Z+
Y+
X+
X+
Figure
32:
Job-‐1
Soft
Jaws
The
XY
datum
is
established
by
the
pocket
machined
into
the
jaws.
In
other
words;
soft
jaws
both
grip
and
set
the
datum
for
the
part.
Before
machining
the
jaws,
place
a
bar
(a
vise
hard
jaw
works
well)
between
the
vise
jaws
about
2.00
inches
wide.
This
stabilizes
the
jaws
during
machining
and
sets
the
grip
width.
One
way
to
find
the
approximate
location
of
the
pocket
center
is
to
mark
the
center
of
the
stock
with
a
pencil,
and
set
the
stock
on
the
top
of
the
jaws.
Load
a
small
drill
in
the
tool
holder
and
jog
the
machine
over
the
XY
center
of
the
stock
and
set
this
as
the
G54
X0Y0
position.
Machine
the
pocket
using
a
spring
pass
to
ensure
the
walls
are
straight.
De-‐burr
the
top
edge
of
the
pocket
by
creating
a
.05
chamfer.
2
Set
G54
Z
Position
It
is
safest
to
shift
the
G54
Z
upward
so
all
rapid
moves
are
+Z
values.
Because
sawed
stock
varies
in
length
typically
by
.02-‐.05in,
set
the
G54
position
to
the
top
surface
of
the
shortest
stock
material
to
be
machined.
3 Machine
Job
1
(Top
Side)
Tighten
the
jaws
firmly
with
a
toque
wrench,
or
mark
the
vise
handle
location
after
closing
so
the
vise
can
always
be
tightened
to
the
same
pressure.
Machine
the
blade
using
the
processes
in
Figure
33.
A-‐24
Copyright
2014
Autodesk,
Inc.
Appendix
A
Fundamentals
of
CNC
Machining
CNC
Milling
Work-‐Holding
Examples
Y+
G54
X+
G54
Datum:
XY
Same
as
soft
jaw
pocket
center.
Set
G54
about
.01
below
the
top
of
the
shortest
length
of
sawed
stock.
Op-‐1
Tool
(inch)
Speed
(rpm)
Feed
XY
(ipm)
Feed
Z
(ipm)
Face
.375
End
4100
40.
20.
Mill
Finish
part
to
thickness.
Use
light
cuts
to
prevent
part
from
being
pulled
out
of
vise.
Include
enough
rough
passes
to
accommodate
the
tallest
piece
of
stock
to
be
machined.
Op-‐2
Tool
(inch)
Speed
(rpm)
Feed
XY
(ipm)
Feed
Z
(ipm)
Drill
.125
Drill
4600
N/A
18.
Drill
the
three
holes
around
the
perimeter
of
the
fan
ring,
and
the
locating
hole
for
Op2.
The
locating
hole
will
be
used
to
set
the
part
orientation
for
Job
2
so
that
the
top
and
bottom
fan
blades
surfaces
match
precisely.
Op-‐3
Tool
(in)
Speed
(rpm)
Feed
XY
(ipm)
Feed
Z
(ipm)
3D
Rough
.188
(3/16)
8100.
80.
40.
End
Mill
Rough
the
outside
and
inside
surfaces
of
the
fan
ring
to
a
depth
of
Z-‐.40.
Leave
stock
of
.005
on
all
surfaces.
Op-‐4
Tool
(in)
Speed(rpm)
Feed
XY
(ipm)
Feed
Z
(ipm)
3D
Finish
.125
(1/8)
8.
8.
4.
Ball
Mill
Pre-‐finish
the
inside
surfaces
of
the
fan
to
remove
all
scallop
steps.
Use
a
spiral
or
circular
path
and
a
stepover
of
.09.
Leave
.005
stock
on
all
surfaces.
Op-‐5
Tool
(in)
Speed
(rpm)
Feed
XY
(ipm)
Feed
Z
(ipm)
3D
Finish
.093
(3/32)
10,000
75.
30.
Ball
Mill
Finish
the
inside
surfaces
of
the
fan.
Use
a
spiral
or
circular
path
and
a
stepover
of
.01.
Op-‐6
Tool
(in)
Speed
(rpm)
Feed
XY
(ipm)
Feed
Z
(ipm)
3D
Pencil
.093
(3/32)
10,000
75.
30.
Ball
Mill
Pencil
mill
the
inside
surfaces
to
remove
any
scallops
remaining
on
the
inside
corners.
Use
a
stepover
of
.01(in).
Op-‐7
Tool
(in)
Speed
(rpm)
Feed
XY
(ipm)
Feed
Z
(ipm)
2D
Contour
.188
(3/16)
8100.
80.
40.
End
Mill
Finish
the
OD
of
the
part
to
a
depth
of
Z-‐.4.
Op-‐8
Tool
(in)
Speed
(rpm)
Feed
XY
(ipm)
Feed
Z
(ipm)
2D
.25
Center
6000.
24.
12.
Chamfer
Drill
Create
the
chamfers
on
the
top
of
the
ring.
Use
line/arc
lead
in/out
and
take
two
passes.
Figure
33:
Fan,
Job
1
Toolpaths
G55 Z+
Align
Hole
Y+
Y+
.944in X+
X+
Figure
34:
Soft
Jaws
for
Job-‐2
5
Set
G55
Z
Position
Set
the
G55
Z
Position
off
the
floor
of
the
soft
jaw
pocket,
then
shift
it
upward
.944in
above
this
surface
(Distance
from
face
of
fan
ring
to
bottom
of
the
part).
G55
Z
could
be
set
to
the
face
of
the
soft
jaw
pocket
as
long
as
the
top
face
of
the
ring
is
set
as
the
G55
datum
in
the
CAM
system.
Just
be
sure
to
set
the
clearance,
rapid,
and
feed
heights
so
the
tools
clear
the
part
and
stock
during
machining.
6 Load
Part
into
Job-‐2
Fixture
Lightly
tighten
the
vise
jaws
so
part
still
rotates
in
fixture.
Next,
insert
a
.125in
diameter
gage
pin
(or
a
1/8in
drill
upside-‐down)
through
the
locating
hole
in
the
stock
(drilled
in
Job
1),
and
into
the
hole
in
the
fixture.
Use
this
to
align
the
part
so
the
surfaces
machined
in
Job
1
line
up
perfectly
with
the
surfaces
machine
in
Job
2.
Securely
clamp
the
jaws.
Remove
the
pin
or
drill
before
machining.
A-‐26
Copyright
2014
Autodesk,
Inc.
Appendix
A
Fundamentals
of
CNC
Machining
CNC
Milling
Work-‐Holding
Examples
Align Hole
Procedure
1
-‐
Insert
Part,
Top-‐Down
2
-‐
Lightly
Tighten
Vise
3
-‐
Align
with
Drill
or
Gage
Pin
4
-‐
Tighten
Vise
5
-‐
Remove
Pin
6
-‐
Machine
Job-‐2
G55
Locating
Hole
Stock Material
Z+
Y+
X+
Figure
36:
Job
2
Setup,
Fan
Fan:
Job-‐2
Setup
G55
Datum:
XY
Same
as
soft
jaw
pocket
center.
Set
G55
from
bottom
of
pocket
to
top
of
finished
part
(Z+.994
inches).
Op-‐1
Finish
part
to
thickness.
Use
light
cuts
to
prevent
part
from
being
pulled
out
of
vise.
Face
Op-‐2
Peck
drill
hole
in
center
of
spindle.
Drill
Op-‐3
Rough
the
bottom
of
the
part
leaving
stock
for
finish
passes.
3D
Rough
Op-‐4
Finish
the
OD
of
spindle.
2D
Contour
Op-‐5
Pre-‐finish
the
bottom
blade
surfaces
leaving
stock
for
finish
machining.
3D
Finish
Op-‐6
Finish
the
bottom
blade
surfaces.
3D
Finish
Op-‐7
Use
a
ball
mill
to
machine
the
slot
in
the
spindle.
2D
Contour
Op-‐8
Finish
the
bottom
of
the
blade
shroud.
2D
Contour
Op-‐8
Pencil
mill
to
remove
scallops
in
the
fillets
between
the
blades
and
housing
and
spindle.
3D
Pencil
Op-‐10
Create
the
chamfers
on
the
edges
of
the
housing.
Chamfer
Mill
Figure
37:
Fan,
Job
2
Toolpaths
A-‐28
Copyright
2014
Autodesk,
Inc.
Appendix
A
Fundamentals
of
CNC
Machining
CNC
Milling
Work-‐Holding
Examples
Stock
Slot Thickness
3D
View
Pivot Pad
Side View
2 Job
1
Operations
Once
the
part
has
been
completed
as
shown
in
this
illustration,
flip
it
over
in
the
vise
and
machine
the
top
surface
to
free
the
parts.
G54
Z+
Y+ X+
3D Machine Radius
Datum:
Upper-‐left
corner
of
stock.
Op-‐1
Face
top
of
pad,
slot
and
radii.
Face
Op-‐2
Cut
around
perimeter
of
all
parts.
2D
Contour
Op-‐3
Machine
slots.
Slot
Mill
Op-‐4
3D
finish
the
radii.
Surface
finish
is
not
important.
3D
Mill
Op-‐5
Flip
part
over
and
face
to
free
all
clamps
from
bar
stock.
Face
Figure
39:
Clamps,
Bottom
Side
Machining
Parameters
A-‐30
Copyright
2014
Autodesk,
Inc.
Appendix
A
Fundamentals
of
CNC
Machining
CNC
Milling
Work-‐Holding
Examples
Toe Clamp
Fixture Plate
Figure
40:
Fixture
Plate
Use caution when drilling holes in the fixture plate to not drill into the machine table.
• After
the
plate
is
secured,
machine
the
face
flat
to
ensure
it
is
parallel
with
the
machine
table.
If
the
plate
is
reused,
the
face
will
likely
have
to
be
machined
again.
• It
is
almost
impossible
to
re-‐align
a
fixture
plate
after
it
has
been
removed
from
the
vise
or
machine
table.
If
you
need
to
reuse
the
plate
to
make
the
same
parts,
machine
all
sides
flat
and
square
first,
and
note
the
datum
location
on
the
plate
by
engraving
or
stamping
letters
indicating
the
datum
values
on
the
plate.
• Eventually
threads
in
aluminum
plates
will
wear,
so
use
a
steel
or
Helicoil®
insert
for
higher
production
plates.
• Never
rely
on
threads
alone
to
locate
a
part
precisely.
Use
dowel
pins
or
shoulder
bolts
to
ensure
accurate
location
when
machining
operations
on
the
opposite
side.
• Be
creative.
Use
the
components
above
in
whatever
combination
works
best
for
the
job.
This
project
shows
moving
clamps
between
operations
and
installing
bolts
in
areas
that
will
be
later
cut
away.
Both
are
techniques
that
are
often
used
in
work-‐holding.
Copyright
2014
Autodesk,
Inc.
A-‐31
Fundamentals
of
CNC
Machining
Appendix
A
CNC
Milling
Work-‐Holding
Examples
Figure
41
shows
a
fixture
plate
used
to
make
Project
10:
French
Curve.
This
example
includes
many
of
the
components
used
in
fixture
plates.
Clamps
hold
the
plate
down.
Clamps
are
versatile,
and
can
be
moved
between
operations
to
grip
the
part
in
different
places
for
different
machining
paths.
Dowel
pins
are
used
to
precisely
locate
the
stock
or
part.
To
ease
pin
removal,
grind
a
small
flat
on
the
side
of
the
pin.
This
allows
air
to
fill
the
hole
as
the
pin
is
extracted.
Without
a
vent,
the
pin
will
be
difficult
or
impossible
to
remove
once
installed.
Bolts are used to hold down the part after it is clamped and drilled.
G54
Grind
Flat Dowel
Pin Bolts
Clamp
Z+
Y+
X+
Datum:
Upper-‐left
corner
of
fixture
plate.
Op-‐1
Center
drill
all
holes.
CTR
Drill
Op-‐2
Drill
.25
holes
(3X)
for
dowel
pins.
Drill
these
just
deep
enough
so
the
dowel
pins
extend
about
.25
inches
Drill
above
the
plate
face.
Op-‐3
Drill
the
holes
for
the
#6-‐40
bolts
that
will
be
used
to
hold
the
part
down
while
the
OD
is
machined.
Drill
Op-‐4
Drill
the
holes
for
the
¼-‐20
bolts
used
to
secure
the
custom
clamps.
Drill
Op-‐5
Tap
the
#6-‐40
holes.
Tap
Op-‐6
Tap
the
¼-‐20
holes.
Tap
Figure
41:
Fixture
Plate
Machining
Parameters
A-‐32
Copyright
2014
Autodesk,
Inc.
Appendix
A
Fundamentals
of
CNC
Machining
CNC
Milling
Work-‐Holding
Examples
Top
Front
Material:
.063
Aluminum
Sheet
Figure
42:
French
Curve
Plate
parts
can
present
unique
work
holding
challenges.
Thin
and
flexible
material
tends
to
be
lifted
and
torn
by
the
cutter.
This
exercise
uses
the
fixture
plate
created
in
Project
9
and
works
with
parts
that
have
good
rigidity.
This
same
process
can
be
used
with
very
thin
and
flexible
parts
that
would
normally
require
stamping
or
laser
cutting
by
sandwiching
the
material
between
a
backing
plate
and
the
fixture
plate,
as
shown
in
Figure
43
below.
Backing Plate
Thin Part
Fixture Plate
The
following
instructions
show
how
to
use
the
fixture
plate
created
in
Project
9
to
machine
a
sheet
metal
part.
Figure
44:
Clamp
Part
Figure
45:
Remove
Dowel
Pins
A-‐34
Copyright
2014
Autodesk,
Inc.
Appendix
A
Fundamentals
of
CNC
Machining
CNC
Milling
Work-‐Holding
Examples
G54
Z+
Y+
X+
Datum:
Use
same
datum
as
fixture
plate.
Op-‐1
Tool
(in)
Speed
(rpm)
Feed
XY
(ipm)
Feed
Z
(ipm)
CTR
Drill
.25
Ctr
Drill
1800
18.0
9.0
Rough
XY(in)
Rough
Z(in)
Feed
XY
(ipm)
Finish
Z(in)
1.0
.25
1.0
.005
Op-‐2
Tool
(in)
Speed(rpm)
Feed
XY
(ipm)
Feed
Z
(ipm)
Drill
.156
(5/32)
3200
36.0
18.0
Drill
Figure
46:
Fixture
Plate
Job
1
4 Install
Hold
Down
Bolts
Install
bolts.
Remove
the
clamps
if
the
tool
will
contact
them,
otherwise
leave
them
in
place
so
the
scrap
material
is
gripped
securely
after
as
it
is
cut
away.
5 Machine
OD
Cut
the
outside
profile
of
the
part
as
shown
in
Figure
48.
Op-‐1
Tool
(inch)
Speed
(rpm)
Feed
XY
(ipm)
Feed
Z
(ipm)
Contour
0.25
End
Mill
1800
18.0
9.0
Rough
XY(in)
Rough
Z(in)
Finish
XY
(in)
Finish
Z(in)
.005
0.
.005
-‐.005
Machine
the
OD
taking
one
rough
and
one
finish
pass.
Start
the
tool
in
an
area
where
it
is
away
from
the
clamps,
and
use
line/arc
lead
in/out.
Cut
into
the
fixture
slightly
so
there
is
no
flashing
on
the
bottom
of
the
part.
Figure
48:
Fixture
Plate,
OD
Machining
Parameters
6 Move
Clamps,
Remove
bolts
First
move
two
of
the
clamps
to
the
alternate
positions
shown
so
they
secure
the
OD
of
the
part.
Then
remove
the
hold
down
bolts
so
the
ID
of
the
part
can
be
machined.
Be
careful
when
tightening
the
clamp
bolts.
The
part
is
thin
and
excess
pressure
might
cause
the
part
to
deform.
Of
course,
insufficient
gripping
force
might
allow
the
part
to
shift
under
the
cutting
forces
and
ruin
the
part.
Using
the
custom
clamps
(Project
8)
machined
for
this
part
maximize
the
grip
surface
area.
Figure
49:
Move
Clamps
A-‐36
Copyright
2014
Autodesk,
Inc.
Appendix
A
Fundamentals
of
CNC
Machining
CNC
Milling
Work-‐Holding
Examples
7 Machine
ID
Machine
the
ID
Profile
to
complete
the
part.
Op-‐1
Tool
(in)
Speed
(rpm)
Feed
XY
(ipm)
Feed
Z
(ipm)
Contour
0.25
End
Mill
1800
18.0
9.0
Rough
XY(in)
Rough
Z(in)
Feed
XY
(ipm)
Finish
Z(in)
1.0
.25
1.0
.005
Stock
to
Leave
XY(in)
Stock
to
Leave
Z(in)
0.0
0.0
Figure
50:
Fixture
Plate,
ID
Machining
Parameters
To
observe
the
effects
of
data
starvation,
set
the
tool
length
offset
so
the
tool
runs
above
the
part.
Run
the
program,
increasing
feed
rate
until
the
machine
begins
to
shudder.
Notice
that
the
actual
machine
feed
rate
is
less
than
the
programmed
feed
rate.
The
feed
rate
at
which
this
occurs
depends
on
the
block
execution
time
of
the
machine
tool.
Reduce
or
eliminate
data
starving
by
reducing
the
feed
rate
at
the
machine,
or
by
using
the
tool
path
filter
function
in
the
CAD/CAM
software.
Honeycomb:
Job-‐1
Setup
G54 Z+
X+
Y+
Datum:
Upper-‐left
corner
of
stock.
Op-‐1
Tool
(inch)
Speed
(rpm)
Feed
XY
(ipm)
Feed
Z
(ipm)
Face
0.25
End
Mill
1800
18.0
9.0
Rough
XY
Rough
Z
Finish
XY
Finish
Z
1.0
.25
1.0
.005
Stock
to
Leave
XY
Stock
to
Leave
Z
0.0
0.0
A-‐38
Copyright
2014
Autodesk,
Inc.
Appendix
A
Fundamentals
of
CNC
Machining
CNC
Milling
Work-‐Holding
Examples
Op-‐2
Tool
(in)
Speed
(rpm)
Feed
XY
(ipm)
Feed
Z
(ipm)
Ctr
Drill
0.25
Ctr
Drillll
1800
18.0
9.0
Op-‐3
Tool
(in)
Speed
(rpm)
Feed
XY
(ipm)
Feed
Z
(ipm)
Drill
0.25
Drill
1800
18.0
9.0
Op-‐4
Tool
(inch)
Speed
(rpm)
Feed
XY
(ipm)
Feed
Z
(ipm)
Pocket
0.25
End
Mill
1800
18.0
9.0
Rough
XY(in)
Rough
Z(in)
Finish
XY(in)
Finish
Z(in)
1.0
.25
1.0
.005
Stock
to
Leave
XY(in)
Stock
to
Leave
Z(in)
0.0
0.0
Op-‐5
Tool
(in)
Speed
(rpm)
Feed
XY
(ipm)
Feed
Z
(ipm)
Pocket
0.25
End
Mill
1800
18.0
9.0
Rough
XY(in)
Rough
Z(in)
Finish
XY(in)
Finish
Z(in)
1.0
.25
1.0
.005
Stock
to
Leave
XY(in)
Stock
to
Leave
Z(in)
0.0
0.0
Op-‐6
Tool
(in)
Speed
(rpm)
Feed
XY
(ipm)
Feed
Z
(ipm)
Remachine
0.25
End
Mill
1800
18.0
9.0
Rough
XY(in)
Rough
Z(in)
Finish
XY(in)
Finish
Z(in)
1.0
.25
1.0
.005
Stock
to
Leave
XY(in)
Stock
to
Leave
Z(in)
0.0
0.0
Figure
52:
Honeycomb,
Top
Side
Machining
Parameters
2 Flip
Part
In
Vise
Flip
part
about
Y-‐axis,
and
set
the
datum
as
the
upper-‐left
corner
of
the
finished
bottom
face.
Use
the
method
described
in
Project
5
(Steps
3-‐4)
to
set
G55
for
this
part.
Honeycomb:
Job-‐2
Setup
G55 Z+
X+
Y+
Datum:
Upper-‐left
corner
of
finished
top
face.
Op-‐1
Tool
(inch)
Speed
(rpm)
Feed
XY
(ipm)
Feed
Z
(ipm)
Face
0.25
End
Mill
1800
18.0
9.0
Rough
XY(in)
Rough
Z(in)
Finish
XY(in)
Finish
Z(in)
1.0
.25
1.0
.005
Stock
to
Leave
XY(in)
Stock
to
Leave
Z(in)
0.0
0.0
Op-‐1
Tool
(inch)
Speed
(rpm)
Feed
XY
(ipm)
Feed
Z
(ipm)
Contour
0.25
End
Mill
1800
18.0
9.0
Rough
XY(in)
Rough
Z(in)
Finish
XY(in)
Finish
Z(in)
1.0
.25
1.0
.005
Stock
to
Leave
XY(in)
Stock
to
Leave
Z(in)
0.0
0.0
Figure
53:
Honeycomb
Job
2
Copyright
2014
Autodesk,
Inc.
A-‐39
Fundamentals
of
CNC
Machining
Appendix
A
CNC
Milling
Work-‐Holding
Examples
Top Right
Front
1 Clamp
Part
to
Table
Use
clamps
to
secure
the
part
to
the
table
as
shown
in
Figure
55
below.
Flanges
will
be
cut
on
the
ends
of
the
stock
to
hold
and
locate
the
part
in
subsequent
operations.
Plan
ahead.
Use
stock
thick
enough
to
form
rigid
flanges
and
face
the
part
on
both
sides.
Locate
clamps
clear
of
tool
paths
and
set
rapid
heights
to
easily
clear
the
clamps.
Many
styles
of
clamps
are
available.
The
type
shown
here
uses
Step
Blocks
to
set
the
clamp
at
the
same
level
as
the
top
of
stock.
Machining
on
this
side
of
the
part
produces
significant
cutting
pressures.
Because
the
clamps
rest
on
material
that
will
be
later
cut
away,
there
is
no
problem
with
marring
the
finished
part,
so
the
bolts
can
be
tightened
very
securely
to
prevent
the
part
from
slipping.
Once
the
part
is
clamped
to
the
table,
it
must
not
be
moved
until
all
machining
on
this
side
are
complete.
A-‐40
Copyright
2014
Autodesk,
Inc.
Appendix
A
Fundamentals
of
CNC
Machining
CNC
Milling
Work-‐Holding
Examples
G54 Z+
Step
Blocks
X+
Y+ Clamp
Figure
55:
Bracket,
Job-‐1
Setup
2 Machine
Flanges
Machine
flanges
on
the
part
ends
as
shown
in
Figure
56.
These
flanges
serve
two
purposes.
The
first
is
to
grip
the
part
while
the
top
side
is
machined.
The
second
is
to
level
the
part
when
machining
the
left
and
right
sides.
Bracket:
Machine
Flanges
Flange
Flanges
Flange
Detail
Op-‐1
Machine
flanges.
Contour
Figure
56:
Bracket,
Machine
Flanges
Flange
Clamp
Figure
57:
Install
Flange
Clamps
A-‐42
Copyright
2014
Autodesk,
Inc.
Appendix
A
Fundamentals
of
CNC
Machining
CNC
Milling
Work-‐Holding
Examples
4 Machine
Top
Face,
pocket,
and
finish
this
side
complete.
Cut
the
perimeter
of
the
part
.010
inches
below
the
profile
to
ensure
no
flashing
remains
after
the
bottom
side
of
the
part
is
faced
off
in
the
last
operations.
Bracket:
Job
1
Z+
G54
Y+
X+
Datum:
Same
as
part
datum.
Op-‐1
Face
part.
Face
Op-‐2
Rough
and
finish
OD
of
part.
Machine
at
least
.005
below
the
bottom
profile.
Avoid
clamps.
2D
Contour
Op-‐3
Rough
and
finish
pockets.
Pocket
Figure
58:
Bracket,
Machine
Top
Side
G55
Dial
Indicate
This
Edge
to
Level
Part
Angle Plate
A-‐44
Copyright
2014
Autodesk,
Inc.
Appendix
A
Fundamentals
of
CNC
Machining
CNC
Milling
Work-‐Holding
Examples
Bracket:
Job
2
G55
Z+
Y+ Detail
X+
Datum:
See
Figure
59.
G55
XY
is
corner
formed
by
Job
1.
G55
Z
is
top
surface
of
this
flange.
Op-‐1
Center
Drill
Top
Hole.
Center
Drill
Op-‐2
Center
Drill
Top
Holes.
Drill
Op-‐3
Rough
and
finish
top
radii.
2D
Contour
Figure
61:
Bracket,
Right
Side
A-‐46
Copyright
2014
Autodesk,
Inc.
Appendix
A
Fundamentals
of
CNC
Machining
CNC
Milling
Work-‐Holding
Examples
This
is
a
tricky
setup
because
the
piece
is
flipped,
has
deformed
during
machining,
and
the
hole
must
be
located
precisely
to
align
with
the
holes
created
in
the
previous
operation.
Do
your
best
work
and
check
your
datum
carefully.
Scrapping
the
part
at
this
step
would
be
costly.
Bracket:
Job-‐3
G56
Z+
Y+ Detail
X+
Datum:
Pick
up
G56
XY
from
corner
of
flange
as
in
Step
7,
Figure
61.
Op-‐1
Center
Drill
Top
Hole.
Center
Drill
Op-‐2
Center
Drill
Top
Holes.
Drill
Op-‐3
Rough
and
finish
top
radii.
2D
Contour
Figure
62:
Bracket,
Left
Side
G57
Clamp
Center
Section
Machine
Ends
Z+
Y+
G57
X+
Datum:
Set
G57
XY
as
shown.
This
is
the
only
edge
on
the
part
where
the
XY
datum
can
be
set
accurately.
The
XY
datum
can
be
set
+/-‐
.05in
because
this
is
a
facing
operation
only.
Set
Z
from
surface
of
table
to
establish
part
thickness.
Op-‐1
Rough
and
finish
ends
of
part
avoiding
clamps.
Face
Figure
63:
Bracket,
Face
Ends
G57
Datum:
Same
as
Figure
63.
Op-‐1
Rough
and
finish
ends
of
part
avoiding
clamps.
Face
Figure
64:
Bracket,
Face
Center
A-‐48
Copyright
2014
Autodesk,
Inc.
Appendix
A
Fundamentals
of
CNC
Machining
CNC
Milling
Work-‐Holding
Examples
Large
plate
parts
like
this
are
usually
clamped
to
the
table
because
they
will
not
fit
in
a
standard
vise,
and
vise
pressure
may
cause
the
part
to
deform
as
material
is
removed.
Clamping
downward,
rather
than
squeezing
in
a
vise,
prevents
warping.
Top Right
Front
Figure
67
shows
how
the
part
looks
after
this
operation,
and
how
the
dowel
and
shoulder
bolt
holes
extend
beyond
the
bottom
of
the
part,
but
do
not
drill
into
the
sub
plate
or
table.
Dowel Hole
Flange
Step Clamp
Step Part
Block
A-‐50
Copyright
2014
Autodesk,
Inc.
Appendix
A
Fundamentals
of
CNC
Machining
CNC
Milling
Work-‐Holding
Examples
G54 Z+
Y+
X+
Datum:
Upper-‐left
corner
of
stock.
Op-‐1
Face
Part
avoiding
clamps.
Face
Op-‐2
Rough
OD
avoiding
clamps.
2D
Rough
Op-‐3
Rough
pocket.
2D
Rough
Op-‐4
Finish
OD.
Finish
the
part
after
roughing
both
the
inside
and
outside
so
the
part
will
stress
relieve.
2D
Finish
Op-‐5
Finish
pocket.
2D
Finish
Op-‐6
3D
rough
ramps.
3D
Rough
Op-‐7
3D
finish
ramps.
3D
Finish
Op-‐8
Rough
and
finish
pockets
in
bottom
of
pocket.
2D
Pocket
Op-‐9
Center
drill
all
holes.
Ctr
Drill
Op-‐10
Drill
holes
in
flange
for
dowel
pins
used
to
locate
the
part
for
Job
2.
Drill
Op-‐11
Drill
holes
in
flange.
Drill
Op-‐12
Drill
holes
in
top
face
of
part
Drill
Figure
68:
Microwave,
Top
Side
Four
dowel
pin
holes
locate
the
part
precisely.
Notice
the
dowels
cannot
protrude
above
the
finished
thickness
of
the
flange,
so
a
facing
tool
can
pass
over
without
colliding
(which
would
destroy
the
tool).
Four
counter-‐bored
holes
match
holes
in
the
part.
After
facing,
these
holes
are
exposed,
allowing
shoulder
bolts
to
be
installed.
These
locate
and
clamp
the
part
while
the
excess
flange
is
cut
away.
Be
sure
to
make
the
counterbore
deep
enough
so
the
shoulder
bolt
will
grip
the
part
when
tightened.
Shoulder
Bolt
Hole
Detail
A -‐ A
A
A
A-‐52
Copyright
2014
Autodesk,
Inc.
Appendix
A
Fundamentals
of
CNC
Machining
CNC
Milling
Work-‐Holding
Examples
G55
Z+
Y+
G55
X+
Datum:
G55
XY
is
located
at
the
center-‐face
of
dowel
pin
hole.
Find
this
location
by
picking
up
a
corner
of
the
fixture
plate
stock,
and
then
shifting
G55
XY.
This
is
important
because
this
hole
is
used
to
precisely
locate
the
Microwave
Housing
when
it
is
fastened
to
this
fixture.
Op-‐1
Face
fixture
plate
avoiding
clamps.
Face
Op-‐2
Rough
and
finish
pocket.
2D
Pocket
Op-‐3
Center
drill
all
holes.
Ctr
Drill
Op-‐4
Drill
holes
for
dowel
pins.
Drill
Op-‐5
Drill
holes
for
shoulder
bolt
threads.
De-‐burr
these
holes
so
the
chamfered
edge
will
help
guide
the
Drill
shoulder
bolt
so
it
slides
into
the
hole
and
does
not
get
hung
on
the
sharp
edge.
Op-‐5
Drill
holes
for
shoulder
bolt
ground
shoulder.
Drill
Op-‐6
Tap
holes
for
shoulder
bolts.
Tap
Figure
70:
Microwave
Housing,
Fixture
Plate
4
A-‐54
Copyright
2014
Autodesk,
Inc.
Appendix
A
Fundamentals
of
CNC
Machining
CNC
Milling
Work-‐Holding
Examples
G55
Z+
Y+
X+
Datum:
Use
same
datum
as
fixture
plate.
Op-‐1
Face
part.
Face
Op-‐2
Rough
and
finish
pocket.
2D
Pocket
Figure
72:
Face
and
Machine
Pockets
7
Cut
away
the
excess
flange
to
finish
the
part.
Leave
all
clamps
in
place
during
this
operation
to
the
flange
will
not
lift
during
machining.
Notice
how
close
the
tool
passes
to
the
dowel
pins.
Z+
Y+
X+
Datum:
Use
same
datum
as
fixture
plate.
Op-‐1
Rough
and
finish
OD
of
part
to
cut
flange
away.
Contour
Figure
73:
Cut
Away
Flange
A-‐56
Copyright
2014
Autodesk,
Inc.
Appendix
A
Fundamentals
of
CNC
Machining
CNC
Milling
Work-‐Holding
Examples
Aluminum
and
Medium
Density
Fiberboard
(MDF)
are
commonly
used
fixture
plate
materials.
Prepare
an
aluminum
plate
by
clamping
it
to
the
table
and
facing
it
smooth
and
flat
to
form
a
good
surface
to
bond
to.
Don’t
use
coolant
because
its
residue
will
inhibit
good
bonding.
To
ensure
a
good
bond
with
the
tape,
a
good
practice
is
to
place
a
heavy
weight
on
the
part
and
let
it
set
for
at
least
15
minutes
after
taping.
The
longer
this
weight
is
in
place,
the
better
the
bond,
so
leave
it
for
several
hours
or
overnight
if
possible.
G54 Part
Double-‐Sided
Tape
Z+ Fixture
Y+
G54
X+
Datum:
G54
XY
is
at
the
approximate
center
of
stock.
G54
Z
is
top
of
stock
material.
Op-‐1
Tool
(inch)
Speed
(rpm)
Feed
XY
(ipm)
Feed
Z
(ipm)
Contour
.25
End
Mill
1800
18.0
9.0
Rough
XY(in)
Rough
Z(in)
Finish
XY
(in)
Finish
Z(in)
1.0
.25
1.0
.005
Stock
to
Leave
XY(in)
Stock
to
Leave
Z(in)
0.0
0.0
Figure
75:
Geneva
Gear
Setup
A-‐58
Copyright
2014
Autodesk,
Inc.
Appendix
B
Fundamentals
of
CNC
Machining
Alternate
Tool
Setting
Methods
Objectives
Upon
successful
completion
of
this
lesson,
you
will
be
able
to:
• Set
tool
length
offset
using
a
scrap
of
notebook
paper.
• Set
tool
length
offset
using
a
1-‐2-‐3
Block
from
the
finished
face
of
the
part.
• Set
the
tool
length
offset
using
a
Tool
Probe.
1.1
-‐
Overview
One
of
the
most
confusing
things
about
CNC’s
is
how
to
set
tool
length
offsets
and
how
they
relate
to
machine
fixture
offsets.
Lessons
4
and
6
detailed
one
method
of
using
Tool
and
Length
offsets.
While
this
is
one
of
the
most
flexible
and
useful
methods
it
is
not
easy
for
beginners
to
understand
and
has
other
disadvantages.
This
chapter
shows
three
other
methods
of
setting
tool
lengths.
To
summarize,
here
is
a
table
that
lists
all
four
methods
described
in
this
course:
Notebook
paper
is
remarkably
consistent
in
thickness.
This
method
takes
advantage
of
this
for
setting
tools.
With
this
method
you
will
place
a
piece
of
scrap
paper
on
the
finished
face
of
the
part
and
then
jog
the
tool
while
spinning
until
it
just
contacts
the
paper.
Contact
of
the
tool
with
the
paper
is
indicated
when
the
paper
begins
spinning.
The
tool
length
offset
is
set
to
at
position.
B-‐2
Copyright
2014
Autodesk,
Inc.
Appendix
B
Fundamentals
of
CNC
Machining
Alternate
Tool
Setting
Methods
This approach is similar to the method described in Lessons 3 & 6. You must have a clean part face to begin with.
This method is covered in detail in Lessons 3 and 6. Please refer to these lessons for more information.
C-‐2
Copyright
2014
Autodesk,
Inc.
Appendix
D
Fundamentals
of
CNC
Machining
G-‐M
Code
Reference
Milling
G-‐Codes
G00
Rapid
Positioning
Motion
(X ,Y ,Z ,A ,B )
G01
Linear
Interpolation
Motion
(X ,Y ,Z ,A ,B ,F )
G02
Circular
Interpolation
Motion
CW
(X ,Y ,Z ,A ,I,J,K ,R ,F )
G03
Circular
Interpolation
Motion
CCW
(X ,Y ,Z ,A ,I,J,K ,R ,F )
G04
Dwell
(P)
(P=Seconds)
G09
Exact
Stop,
Non-‐Modal
G17
Circular
Motion
XY
Plane
Selection
(G02
or
G03)
G18
Circular
Motion
ZX
Plane
Selection
(G02
or
G03)
G19
Circular
Motion
YZ
Plane
Selection
(G02
or
G03)
G20
Inch
Coordinate
Positioning
G21
Metric
Coordinate
Positioning
G28
Machine
Zero
Return
Thru
Ref.
Point
(X ,Y ,Z ,A ,B )
G29
Move
to
Location
Through
G28
Ref.
Point
(X ,Y ,Z ,A ,B )
G40
Cutter
Comp
Cancel
G41
2D
Cutter
Compensation,
Left
(X ,Y ,D )
G42
2D
Cutter
Compensation,
Right
(X ,Y ,D )
G43
Tool
Length
Compensation
+
(H ,Z )
G49
Tool
Length
Compensation
Cancel
G43/G44/G43
G52
Work
Offset
Positioning
Coordinate
G53
Machine
Positioning
Coordinate,
Non-‐Modal
(X ,Y ,Z ,A ,B )
G54
Work
Offset
Positioning
Coordinate
#1
G55
Work
Offset
Positioning
Coordinate
#2
G56
Work
Offset
Positioning
Coordinate
#3
G57
Work
Offset
Positioning
Coordinate
#4
G58
Work
Offset
Positioning
Coordinate
#5
G59
Work
Offset
Positioning
Coordinate
#6
G73
HS
Peck
Drilling
Canned
Cycle
(X ,Y ,A ,B ,Z ,I,J,K ,Q ,P ,R ,L ,F )
G74
Reverse
Tapping
Canned
Cycle
(X ,Y ,A ,B ,Z ,J,R ,L ,F )
G76
Fine
Boring
Canned
Cycle
(X ,Y ,A ,B ,Z ,I,J,P ,Q ,R ,L ,F )
G77
Black
Bore
Canned
Cycle
(X ,Y ,A ,B ,Z ,I,J,Q ,R ,L ,F )
G80
Cancel
Canned
Cycle
G81
Drill
Canned
Cycle
(X ,Y ,A ,B ,Z ,R ,L ,F )
G82
Spot
Drill
/
Counterbore
Canned
Cycle
(X ,Y ,A ,B ,Z ,P ,R ,L ,F )
G83
Peck
Drill
Deep
Hole
Canned
Cycle
(X ,Y ,A ,B ,Z ,I,J,K ,Q ,P ,R ,L ,F )
G84
Tapping
Canned
Cycle
(X ,Y ,A ,B ,Z ,J,R ,L ,F )
G85
Bore
In
~
Bore
Out
Canned
Cycle
(X ,Y ,A ,B ,Z ,R ,L ,F )
G86
Bore
In
~
Stop
~
Rapid
Out
Canned
Cycle
(X ,Y ,A ,B ,Z ,R ,L ,F )
G87
Bore
In
~
Manual
Retract
Canned
Cycle
(X ,Y ,A ,B ,Z ,R ,L ,F )
G88
Bore
In
~
Dwell
~
Manual
Retract
Canned
Cycle
(X ,Y ,A ,B ,Z ,P ,R ,L ,F )
G89
Bore
In
~
Dwell
~
Bore
Out
Canned
Cycle
(X ,Y ,A ,B ,Z ,P ,R ,L ,F )
G90
Absolute
Positioning
Command
G91
Incremental
Positioning
Command
G92
Global
Work
Coordinate
System
G93
Inverse
Time
Feed
Mode
ON
G94
Inverse
Time
Feed
OFF
/
Feed
Per
Minute
ON
G98
Canned
Cycle
Initial
Point
Return
G99
Canned
Cycle
R
Plane
Return
Table
1:
Mill
G-‐Codes
Milling
M-‐Codes
M00
Program
Stop
M01
Optional
Program
Stop
M02
Program
End
M03
Spindle
ON
Clockwise
(S)
M04
Spindle
ON
Counterclockwise
(S)
M05
Spindle
Stop
M06
Tool
Change
(T)
M08
Coolant
ON
M09
Coolant
OFF
M30
Program
End
and
Reset
M31
Chip
Auger
Forward
M33
Chip
Auger
Stop
M34
Coolant
Spigot
Position
Down,
Increment
M35
Coolant
Spigot
Position
Up,
Decrement
M36
Pallet
Part
Ready
M41
Spindle
Low
Gear
Override
M42
Spindle
High
Gear
Override
M50
Execute
Pallet
Change
M83
Auto
Air
Jet
ON
M84
Auto
Air
Jet
OFF
M88
Coolant
Through
Spindle
ON
M97
Local
Sub-‐Program
Call
(P ,L )
M98
Sub-‐Program
Call
(P ,L )
M99
Sub-‐Program
/
Routine
Return
of
Loop
(P)
Table
2:
Mill
M-‐Codes
Note: Only one M-‐Code may appear in each block of code.
Lathe
G-‐Codes
G00
Rapid
Positioning
Motion
G01
Linear
Interpolation
Motion
G02
Circular
Interpolation
Motion
CW
G03
Circular
Interpolation
Motion
CCW
G04
Dwell
(P)
(P=Seconds)
G09
Exact
Stop,
Non-‐Modal
G18
Circular
Motion
ZX
Plane
Selection
(G02
or
G03)
G20
Inch
Coordinate
Positioning
G21
Metric
Coordinate
Positioning
G28
Machine
Zero
Return
Thru
Ref.
Point
G29
Move
to
Location
Through
G28
Ref.
Point
G32
Threading
G40
Tool
Nose
Compensation
Cancel
G41
Tool
Nose
Compensation,
Left
G42
Tool
Nose
Compensation,
Right
G43
Tool
Length
Compensation
G49
Tool
Length
Compensation
Cancel
G43/G44/G43
G50
Spindle
Speed
Clamp/Set
Global
Coor.
Offset
G51
Cancel
Offset
(Yasnac)
G52
Set
Local
Coordinate
System
(Fanuc)
G53
Machine
Coordinate
Selection
G54
Work
Offset
Positioning
Coordinate
#1
G55
Work
Offset
Positioning
Coordinate
#2
G56
Work
Offset
Positioning
Coordinate
#3
G57
Work
Offset
Positioning
Coordinate
#4
G58
Work
Offset
Positioning
Coordinate
#5
G59
Work
Offset
Positioning
Coordinate
#6
G61
Exact
Stop
Modal
G64
G61
Cancel
G70
Finishing
Cycle
G71
OD/ID
Stock
Removal
Cycle
G72
Face
Stock
Removal
Cycle
G73
Irregular
Path
Stock
Removal
Cycle
G74
Face
Grooving
Cycle,
Peck
Drilling
G75
OD/ID
Grooving
Cycle,
Peck
Drilling
G76
Threading
Cycle,
Multiple
Pass
G80
Cancel
Canned
Cycle
G81
Drill
Canned
Cycle
G82
Spot
Drill
/
Counterbore
Canned
Cycle
G83
Peck
Drill
Deep
Hole
Canned
Cycle
G84
Tapping
Canned
Cycle
G85
Bore
In
~
Bore
Out
Canned
Cycle
G86
Bore
In
~
Stop
~
Rapid
Out
Canned
Cycle
G87
Bore
In
~
Manual
Retract
Canned
Cycle
G88
Bore
In
~
Dwell
~
Manual
Retract
Canned
Cycle
G89
Bore
In
~
Dwell
~
Bore
Out
Canned
Cycle
G90
OD/ID
Turning
Cycle,
Modal
Table
3:
Lathe
G-‐Codes
Lathe
M-‐Codes
M00
Program
Stop
M01
Optional
Program
Stop
M02
Program
End
M03
Spindle
ON
Clockwise
(Forward)
M04
Spindle
ON
Counterclockwise
(Reverse)
M05
Spindle
Stop
M08
Coolant
ON
M09
Coolant
OFF
M10
Clamp
Chuck
M11
Unclamp
Chuck
M12
Auto
Air
Jet
On
M13
Auto
Air
Jet
Off
M14
Clamp
Main
Spindle
M15
Unclamp
Main
Spindle
M19
Orient
Spindle
with
P
value
M21
Tailstock
Forward
M22
Tailstock
Reverse
M23
Thread
Chamfer
On
M24
Thread
Chamfer
Off
M30
Program
End
and
Reset
M31
Chip
Auger
Forward
M33
Chip
Auger
Stop
M36
Parts
Catcher
Up
M37
Parts
Catcher
Down
M41
Low
Gear
M42
High
Gear
M88
High
Pressure
Coolant
On
M89
High
Pressure
Coolant
Off
M133
Live
Tool
Drive
Forward
M134
Live
Tool
Drive
Reverse
M135
Live
Tool
Drive
Stop
Table
4:
Lathe
M-‐Codes
Note: Only one M-‐Code may appear in each block of code.
Glossary
1-‐2-‐3
Block
—
A
precision
ground
block
that
is
1x2x3
Home
—
Location
of
machine
after
it
is
turned
on
and
inches.
Useful
for
helping
set
up
the
machine.
moved
to
its
start
position.
2D
—
A
prismatic
part
of
constant
thickness.
ID
—
Inside
diameter
or
contour,
like
a
pocket.
2-‐1/2
D
—
A
prismatic
part
with
multiple
thicknesses.
Insert
—
Carbide
composite
cutting
tool
used
All
planes
are
parallel
to
each
other.
extensively
for
turning
operations.
3D
—
A
part
that
is
not
completely
prismatic,
including
Job
—
A
sequential
list
of
one
or
more
machining
molds
and
organically
shaped
parts.
operations
that
share
the
same
setup
and
fixture
offset.
Burr
—
A
sharp
edge
or
flashing.
Machine
Coordinate
System
—
Coordinates
in
reference
to
the
machine
Home
position.
Block
—
A
line
of
code
in
a
CNC
program.
Mill
—
A
machine
tool
that
removes
material
by
CAD
—
Computer
Aided
Design
spinning
a
tool
and
moving
it
in
relation
to
the
part.
CAM
—
Computer
Aided
Manufacturing.
OD
—
Outside
diameter
or
contour.
CDC
—
Cutter
Diameter
Compensation.
Overcut
—
Describes
a
machined
feature
is
too
big
because
not
enough
material
was
removed
during
CNC
—
Computer
Numerical
Control.
machining.
Chip
Load
—
The
amount
of
material
removed
with
Post
Processor
—
The
part
of
a
CAD/CAM
system
that
each
pass
of
a
tool
cutting
edge.
actually
creates
and
formats
the
CNC
program
for
a
specific
machine
and
control.
Datum
—
Point
on
the
part
from
which
all
coordinates
are
referenced.
Rapid
—
The
fastest
linear
feed
rate
at
which
a
machine
tool
can
move.
Drill
Chart
—
A
table
that
shows
drill
sizes,
their
decimal
equivalent,
and
what
size
drill
to
use
for
a
Reference
Point
—
Some
point
on
the
part
that
can
specified
tap.
be
found
reliably
by
mechanical
means.
Feed
—
The
linear
speed
at
which
a
tool
advances
Rigid
Tapping
—
The
capability
of
a
CNC
machine
to
through
material.
control
a
tap
without
the
use
of
a
special
tapping
attachment.
First
Article
—
The
first
part
machined
with
a
new
program
and
setup.
Scallop
—
Ridges
left
on
the
part,
usually
from
a
ball
or
bull
nose
end
mill
on
a
3D
sculpted
surface.
G-‐M
Code
—
The
CNC
machine
tool
language.
Setup—
A
complete
set
of
work
holding
to
machine
Gouge
—
An
error
that
causes
an
overcut
on
the
part.
one
side
of
a
part.
High
Speed
Machining
(HSM)
—
Toolpath
strategies
Speed
—
How
fast
a
tool
turns
in
RPM.
that
minimize
machining
time
and
tool
breaking.
Includes
several
technologies
such
as
Adaptive
Spindle
—
Part
of
CNC
machine
that
grips
and
spins
Roughing
that
maintain
a
constant
amount
of
tool
the
cutting
tool.
engagement.
Stepdown
—
Distance
the
tool
moves
down
in
Z
between
machining
passes.
Copyright
2014
Autodesk,
Inc.
E-‐1
Fundamentals
of
CNC
Machining
Appendix
E
Glossary
E-‐2
Copyright
2014
Autodesk,
Inc.
Appendix
F
Fundamentals
of
CNC
Machining
Drill
Chart
0.305
#1-‐64
.0120
83
.0595
53
1.511
#1-‐72
.0125
82
0.318
.0625
1/16
1.588
.0130
81
0.330
.0635
52
1.613
.0135
80
0.343
.0670
51
1.702
0.368
#2-‐56
.0145
79
.0700
50
1.778
#2-‐64
.0156
1/64
0.397
.0730
49
1.854
.0160
78
0.406
.0760
48
1.930
.0180
77
0.457
.0781
5/64
1.984
.0200
76
0.508
.0785
47
1.994
#3-‐48
.0210
75
0.533
.0810
46
2.057
.0225
74
0.572
.0820
45
2.083
#3-‐56
.0240
73
0.610
.0860
44
2.184
.0250
72
0.635
.0890
43
2.261
#4-‐40
.0260
71
0.660
.0935
42
2.375
#4-‐48
.0280
70
0.711
.0938
3/32
2.381
.0292
69
0.742
.0960
41
2.438
.0310
68
0.787
.0980
40
2.489
.0313
1/32
0.794
.0995
39
2.527
.0320
67
0.813
.1015
38
2.578
#5-‐40
Table
1:
Inch
Drill
and
Tap
Sizes
Inch
Pipe
Thread
Taps
Tap
Approximate
Approximate
Metric
Taps
Decimal
Decimal
Drill
Size
Drill
Size
Equivalent
Tap
Size
Equivalent
Tap
Size
(mm)
(mm)
(Inches)
(Inches)
.0492
1.25
M1.6X0.35
.3937
10
M12X1.75
.0571
1.45
M1.8X0.35
.4134
10.5
M12X1.25
.0630
1.6
M2X0.4
.4724
12
M14X2
.0689
1.75
M2.2X0.45
.4921
12.5
M14X1.5
.0748
1.9
M2.3X0.4
.5118
13
M14X1.25
.0807
2.05
M2.5X0.45
.5512
14
M16X2
.0846
2.15
M2.6X0.45
.5709
14.5
M16X1.5
.0984
2.5
M3X0.5
.6102
15.5
M18X2.5
.1142
2.9
M3.5X0.6
.6299
16
M18X2.0
.1299
3.3
M4X0.7
.6890
17.5
M20X2.5
.1476
3.75
M4.5X0.75
.7087
18
M20X2.0
.1654
4.2
M5X0.8
.7283
18.5
M20X1.5
.1969
5
M6X1
.7677
19.5
M22X2.5
.2067
5.25
M6X0.75
.7874
20
M22X2.0
.2362
6
M7X1
.8071
20.5
M22X1.5
.2657
6.75
M8X1.25
.8268
21
M24X3
.2756
7
M8X1.00
.8661
22
M24X2
.3051
7.75
M9X1.25
.8858
22.5
M24X1.5
.3346
8.5
M10X1.5
.9449
24
M27X3
.3445
8.75
M10X1.25
.9843
25
M27X2
.3543
9
M10X1.00
1.0433
26.5
M30X3.5
.3740
9.5
M11X1.50
1.024
28
M30X2
Table
3:
Metric
Taps
Start Date:
You
are
not
authorized
to
work
in
the
shop
area
until
you
attend
the
Safety
Orientation,
pass
the
Safety
Quiz,
and
sign
this
contract.
You
may
not
use
equipment
without
supervision
available
and
without
receiving
instruction
in
its
use.
By
signing
this
contract,
you
agree
to
abide
by
the
following
guidelines.
Failure
to
follow
safety
guidelines
is
cause
for
dismissal
from
class.
Shop Regulations
Ø Safety
Glasses
–
You
must
wear
safety
glasses
AT
ALL
TIMES
while
in
the
shop
area.
You
must
wear
safety
goggles
over
prescription
glasses
unless
your
glasses
have
side
shields
and
are
ANSI
safety
approved.
Ø Hearing
Protection
–
You
will
wear
hearing
protection
when
and
if
asked
to
do
so
by
the
instructor.
Ø Jewelry
–
You
will
remove
all
rings,
watches,
necklaces,
bracelets,
and
dangling
earrings
before
operating
any
machinery
or
tools.
Ø Proper
Attire-‐
You
will
wear
ankle-‐length
pants.
Loose
hair
and
clothing
are
extremely
dangerous.
You
must
tuck
in
your
shirt,
roll
up
long
sleeves,
secure
draw
strings,
tie
back
hair,
etc…
Ø No
Open-‐Toe
Shoes
–
You
must
wear
appropriate
foot
wear
while
in
the
shop.
Shoes
must
be
fully
enclosed.
Inappropriate
footwear
includes:
open-‐toe
shoes,
sandals,
crocks,
high
heels,
etc…
Ø Clean-‐Up
–Before
leaving
the
shop
area,
you
must
assist
in
cleaning
any
mess
(metal
chips,
splashed
coolant)
that
you
produce.
You
must
clean
any
spilled
liquids
immediately.
Ø Return
of
Tools
and
Parts-‐You
will
return
any
tools,
instruments,
bits,
etc.
to
their
proper
location
after
using
them.
Ø You
will
only
operate
equipment
accompanied
by
an
instructor.
You
must
not
use
any
equipment
alone,
or
that
you
have
not
been
trained
to
use.
Ø You
must
follow
proper
operating
procedures
when
using
any
machinery.
Ø You
must
be
courteous
to
others
in
the
shop.
o Do
not
engage
in
disruptive
conversation.
o Your
actions
must
not
interfere
with
others
or
their
work
area.
o Do
not
use
hand
tools
from
any
personal
toolbox
without
permission
of
the
owner.
Ø You
must
not
enter
the
shop
area
under
the
influence
of
drugs
or
alcohol.
This
includes
prescription
or
over-‐the-‐counter
drugs
that
include
warnings
against
operating
machinery.
You
must
not
consume
alcohol
within
8
hours
of
entering
the
shop
area.
Ø You
must
never
remove
the
guards
or
disable
the
safety
equipment
from
machinery.
Ø If
the
machine
makes
an
unusual
noise
or
acts
in
any
suspicious
manner,
you
must
stop
the
machine
and
inform
the
instructor
immediately.
Ø You
must
immediately
report
ANY
injury
to
the
instructor.
Ø If
an
injury
requires
medical
attention,
call
911
immediately.
Ø Do
not
lift
objects
heavier
than
can
be
easily
manage
without
the
aid
of
a
lifting
device
or
help.
Ø Watch
for
slippery
conditions
and
clean
up
any
spills
immediately.
By
my
signature
below,
I
certify
that
I
have
read
and
agree
to
comply
with
all
of
the
above
shop
regulations.
I
realize
that
I
may
be
asked
to
leave
the
shop
area
for
non-‐compliance
with
any
of
the
above
rules.
If
I
am
asked
to
leave,
I
will
do
so
immediately
and
willingly.
Name
(Printed):
Date:
Signature:
Affiliation:
THINK
SAFETY
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