short Notes of

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
By . Bharat Panchal Sir
BEST CHEMISTRY BOOK for

&
Boards 2023
.

Premium Notes

Gas
E
Haloalkanee R-1 ) R-Br > R-C > R-F
Hydrogen atom in
· BP + Order >
-

aliphatic hydrocarbons replaced by ·

M Pt
.

of pisomer is more than that a

halogen .
ortho and meta due to .
symmetry
R Y -

(X = F C, Br, I)
,
·
the density increases with increase in

Classification : >
no ·

of carbon atoms , halogen atoms and

10R-CHeX
-

atomic mass of the halogen atom .

· Haloalkanes--2 :

Re-CH -
X ·

Solubility Although Haloalkanes, are polar

but they can not formHydrogen bond

Ry-C-X hence they are

°

> 3
- with water molecule

Y insoluble in water and soluble Organic

in

Allylic Halide solvents

It
·
.

CH2 = CH -

CH2 -X Finkelstein Reaction

Nal< R-I + NaX
·

Benzyl Halide Vinyl Halide Anyl Holid R-X +

A setone

Swarts Reaction
FoY
Y
EY
R-Y
AgF HgF , Cof
,
or
SbER-F

PreparationBest Properties
(X Br []
Chemical
=
,

mea
Elimination Reaction

From Alkene Mark . Y CHy-CH2

OH
, (H (H +
= k4 + 10
Rule
R -
CH =
CH + HX-T
Ro CH -

CH2
By
Benzoyl Peroxide
R -
CH =
CH2 + HBr- R-CH-cy
Anti-Markonikov's Acc Saytzelf
to

Rule
Rule

Tic=n + Br
**
> BrCHy-CHBr (testration) In elimination reaction, preferred
alkenes is one in which double
C-atom are more alkylated
C ·
bonded
HalogenationHy-CH-CHy CH-CH-CHz
I
+ (Hy Chic
323
major
CHy-CH-CH-C CH-CHICH-CH
80%
Preparation of Haloarenes Be -
CHz-CH)
-
CH =
(H2
X 20 %

T R-X
Ag, KOH-alcohol

Alc .
KOH >
- Alkene
->

-
High Polarity
> low Polarity .

- Reaction with Metal

R-X +
Mg
Ether >R-Mg-X
Grignard Reagent

*
OH

Eg
CH3-C
MgMCHMgToReagent
/ +

reactive
Physical Properties Griguard reagent highly
are

and react with any source of

B P x Mol Mass
giveHydrocarbons
.
.

proton to
B.P C Surface Area

B P <.

Y Branching
I
WURTZ REACTION Resonance in Haloarenes
:
R-X + 2Na + X -
R R-R +
[NaX Aryl Halides are less reactive towards
ether
Nucleophilic substitution reaction because
FITTIG REACTION Coch bond acquire partial double bond

A
due to resonance result the bond
o as a

[xX + 2Na + X-
cleavage in Haloarenes is difficult than
WURTZ FITTIG REACTION halo alkanes .

#
in :
Cl :

R-X + [Na + X- 1)
ther R-Lot

Nucleophilic Substitution Reaction :

when an atom or

group of atom is replaced by nucleophile

x
> St
-
+ Nu
8
-
x2 + :
leaving group .
S (Unimolecular Nucleophilic SN (Bimolecular Nucleophilis)

ch
Br Y
But To +
-
H
-
[Ho ...
1
Ctes

⑤
>
-

NOT e
-

Reactivity order 3720)1 Reactivity Order 107(30

·
Polar Profic solvent is used ·
Inversion & Confi takes place
·
Racemisation takes place ·
Nucleophile attack from opp.side
Ag, NaOl
, R-OH + kX
RONa Williamson Syn Electrophilic Substitution Rxn
; R-O-R + Nay
i outhoand
k(N
R-CN + KX
Halo group on benzene ring
>
para directing due to tr effect
Ag(N-R-NC +
Agy

AgNOs
KNO2
> R- ONO + KX
+ X

so i
y R-NOc + AgX Coul · HNO]
R X -
-

NH3/A conc H2SOn

U
R-NH2THX
.

>
-

R-100Ag
,
R-COOR1 + AgX ,
KIN predominantly
is ionic the attachment
,
CHy C
takes place mainly through carbon atom
Anly Al43 .

and thus form cyanide

nitrogen is
AgCN
free
is covalent in nature

to donate the 20 #
CH, COC

as
pair forming isocyanide .
Para isomer is the major product
Alcohol ,
Phenol and Ethers a
Alcohol Pheno Ether
HCHO
i) RMg X
10 alcohol
ii) 40/n +
R-HR-OH Fol Fo R - O - RI

Stro Str ·

log
si -
REHORMX2 aco on

Chy F CHEFCH RECO

i)
ii)
RMgXy
H20/1 +
3 Alcohol .

due to
due to double due to Lucas test (Lucas Reagent HC + InCh)
Ip-1p
bond character bulky alky!
repulsion 1 alcohol Go alcohol 30 alcohol
and sp"hybridised group .

Types of Alcohol
R-CH-OH HY

benc
RICH-OH R-01tH
je 20 ze ↓ enc ↓ 2nc
R-CH -U + R

R-CHE-OHRYCH-O -OH 10
R-CH-4 +to
Q-C4
,
+o
Turbidity
AlcohoR appears on Turbidity appear Turbidity
Benzyl vinyl Alcohol in min.
Alle Alcohol heating 5
appears
immediately.
CHy-CH = CH -
CH -OH
, YOTCHe-OH CH = CH -
OH

Methods Preparation
of Preparation of Phenol

,
C

# Not
CHy-C +U
+ 99, KOH >
-

CH3-OH
from Carbonyl Compound

F
Q
CHz-c-H + H Apt CHy-CHE-OH
>
O OH

CHz-c-cHy + He An
CHz-CH-CH3
O

R--OH
A
5 C
°
0 -

< R-CHO
Cumene Process CHy
Acid Catalysed Of
from Alkene

to
:
Y

40
Hydration CHj-, CH-CHy
Fo to
= +
CH3-I
Hydroboration Oxidation Ryn -
Physical Properties
(BHs) (CHy-CH-CHTB Due to
strong hydrogen bonding blu
·

CHy- CH
(H2
-
= +

molecules
of alcohol, they have higher
CHy-CH2-OH + HyBOs XIHo ,
e
bpt
alkane
as

having
compared
same
to molecules
of
molecular mass.

from Grighard Reagent :

·

As molecular weight increases

PMgBj also increases
H
- " -H +
CHyMgBr
- - Ho -H + H0-
Het
surface
there is
area
increase in van de
and

its Waal force . As a Result m pt

My*
.

CHy-CHLOH +
increases .
e a see
The bpt& bendincreases
HC
·
with
H
>
CH5-2
-

+
anny Inde ,
.

HI

Nature of Phenol : RedpY CHy + 12 + He0

PUs
Cats POU
aciditynon) 1072 % 3 x C + + HC
of
-

order ,

electron
withdrawing group like NO
-

-
X -
CHO -COOH increase acidic
SOCyGH5-1 + SO
,
+ HC
, ,

to-I effect
strength due while
NH3
electron donating group like-R -OR ,
> CH5 -NH2 + H0
2nd
decrease acidic strength due to +
I
Na
effect CH5-OH- Y CH5-ONa
Na ON a
,

To]theHe
Y
CHICOOH
y CH
,
COOCH5
NaOH
Y
Fo + Ho H2SO4
In 413k
> EaHs-O-GHs
Distillation To + zno

2)>
CHICHO F CHyCOOH

FitOn
NH3
znc
OH PCs
MSOY CH =
CHTHO

Lot
I
Ch
YOU 573KYCHCHO + He
OH
BUz
Br- Bu
Water
Y

10) 2 4 6- Tri
, ,
E2 + NaOH CHIS

⑦ xidation
bromo
'Bu
phenol

But
on

t
E
S

palcohol Aldehyde

2' alcohol E
· . and buena Ketone
OH
Conc HNOS
Eg
NOL No Ran
No I
, ° Alcohol
3
H
conc .

, So a
No
2 ,
4 6.
,
Trinitro Pheno Ethers R-O-B' CnHen +O
Coul Mason

,S
Preparation
99, st
HNOs
Dehydration of Alcohol
·

OH 'NO2
2 (CH5-OH) >
CH5-0-
KOLBE'S NaOH + CO2 - COON
* 413K
Reaction
Y 10/ salicylic
2(2H5 4) =
H +

Agc0 (H5-0-CH5
- Acid · - + y

IH
Reimer-Tiemann CHUz KOH
+
o saliade a
RXM Williamson Synthesis (SNP)
R 0 R! + NaX
R-X + Nu-O- R
.
>
- -

W
Oxidation RX1 10 ether will form
"
Bennoquinone on
·
If alkyl halide is
H so n
is so alkene will form
·
If alkyI halide
⑤
Properties
Br
Chemical

I
·

Ethers are less reactive than alcohols

is otho and

in to
·
Alkoxy ion para

Och
it activates the
directing benzene
Sub .
sing towards electrophilic
NO
,

OCH]
CHyc/awhy All
Y
Ko- e

+
FC alkylation
:CH ,

ET 'CH3
&
=> R + HX
R O > P-OH + R Y
CHy-c-2
- -
- -

lamk

HX- AILy
Y
R X FC .

Acylation
+ -

order of reactivity HIXHBr > HC

o cocH

Help SocHs
can donate
for
you

Polyhalogen
compounds
- Chloroform (Trichloromethane, CHUs)
unlight ,
CHu + 3 CHUs + UC
controlled
oxidation
-

Todoform (triiodoform , CHIz]

CHzCOCHy +
3 + 4 NaOK - CHIzX + 3NaF + CHyCOONa
+
31
Carbon Tetra Chloride [C(+ ]

is (H + + + 42
sunlight> Cp + HC

ii) crus + 12 As ca + IHC

Co is a colourless ,
non-inflammable poisonous liquid,
,
soluble in alcohol and ether .

Busess a solvent for oils , fats resins

,
in dry scan
cleaning extinguisher
·
-
as fire
me

DDT (06' -
Dichlor Diphenyl trichloroethane) For
Batches
-
-
4
4

Des 'l
2 2-bis (4-chloro
Chloral ,

Phenyl)
Chlorobenzene
, 1, 1-tich low ethane
1
ALDEHYDE , KETONE AND
CARBOXY LIC ACID
PREPARATION OF ALDEHYDES
Organic compounds containing
In carbon- AND KETONES :

oxygen double bond (C 0) =

called
carbonyl group . Their general formula 2) .

By Oxidation of alcohols :

is CuttanO O R CH2-OH
-
P CC.

- R-CHO
i 11
: alcohol Aldehyde
C 4 -
R
- -
H R
-
p
.
Cros
R-CH-RI > R Ri
C
- -

Aldehyde Ketone
of 20 alcohol Ketone
The carbonyl compound in which
carbonyl group is bonded to an oxygen 2 .
By Dehydrogenation of Alcohols
atom of hydroxyl group (-04) are (u/573k
acid O > R CHO
known
caboxylic R-CH2-OH
-

as
R- k -
OH , alcohol aldehyde
Cu /5731 R
:

-4 - BKetone
R-CH -
RI >
Nomenclature of Aldehyde
or .
2 alcohol

chin
O
.
3 By Ozonolysis of Alkenes :
# methanal ethanol

Chico x
44
o c A
O i
II pentanal H
H I .
4 By Hydration of Alkynes
it
.
2 Chloropentanal
P CHICH
dil He Son
dil
.

> C
I
II
.

Hysoy
H H

3-methyl butanal Butanal

Tautomerism CHS-CHO
All other alkynes give ketones .

CECHsoun
Nomenclature of Ketone

R-Petone
R

Chs
Toa
Tautomerism
,
IHs
Propanone bhenone
cacetone (methyl Phenyl Ketone
By Heatinga salt
of Acid

To ROOC
O
Ca
> R CO R - -
+ CaCO
,
11
ROOC
2- pentanone By Decarboxylation and Dehydration of
benzophenone
Aromatic Acids
i
i
I EYCOOH HCOOn O + Ho + O
3-hexanoue
.
3 Methyl-2-butanone
# COOH + H00eCH
y My loc to
STRUCTURE OF CARBONYL GROUP

120
PREPARATION OF ALDEHYDE ONLY
↓
.
1 C-sp2 hybridization
C =0 .
2 Bond is 120.
-
ROSENMUND REDUCTION
angle
:

O
3 Su bond 1 it bond
Ri
.
,

4
Ha , Pd/BasO? RAH + He
.

Carbon-Oxygen U ,

IT Acid Chloride aldehyde

double bond consist 20 &
i H,
PolBasOy [aldehyd
⑦
C -
E
0 . Carbon-oxygen
3 bond
Ton
is polar in Nature - STEPHEN REDUCTION
6) In carbonyl gb c+ is electrophilic
R -
CEN SUCI/H) R-CH = NH R-CHO
o is Nucleophilic Partial
Reduction
PREPARATION OF ALDEHYDES
In
Organic compounds containing carbon- AND KETONES :

oxygen double bond (C 0) =

called
carbonyl group . Their general formula
is CuttanO O
2) .

By Oxidation of
P CC.
alcohols :

R-CHO
O
R CH2-OH
-
-
i 11
: alcohol Aldehyde
C 4 -
R
- -
H R
-
p
.
Cros
R-CH-RI > R Ri
C
- -

Aldehyde Ketone
of 20 alcohol Ketone
The carbonyl compound in which
carbonyl group is bonded to an oxygen 2 .
By Dehydrogenation of Alcohols
atom of hydroxyl group (-04) are (u/573k
acid O > R CHO
known
caboxylic R-CH2-OH
-

as
R- k -
OH , alcohol aldehyde
Cu /57313 R
:

-4 - BKetone
R-CH -
RI >
Nomenclature of Aldehyde
or .
2 alcohol

Chin
O
.
3 By Ozonolysis of Alkenes :
↓ methanal ethanol

Chico x
44
o
O i
II pentanal
H H .
4 By Hydration of Alkynes
it
.
2 Chloropentanal
P CHECH
dil He Son
dil
.

>
I
II
.

HgSOy
H H

3-methyl butanal Butanal

Tautomerism CHS-CHO
All other alkynes give ketones .

CECHsoun
Nomenclature of Ketone

R-Petone
R

Chs
O

To
Tautomerism
,
IHs
Propanone buenone
cacetone (methyl Phenyl Ketone
By Heatinga salt
of Acid

To ROOC
O
Ca
> R CO R - -
+ CaCO
,
11
ROOC
2- pentanone By Decarboxylation and Dehydration of
benzophenone
Aromatic Acids
i
i
I COOH HCOOn O + Ho + O
3-hexanoue
.
3 Methyl-2-butanone
# COOH + H00eCH
y My loc to
STRUCTURE OF CARBONYL GROUP

120
PREPARATION OF ALDEHYDE ONLY

"C = 0 .
2
.
1 C-sp2 hybridization
Bond angle is 120.
-
ROSENMUND REDUCTION :

O
3 30 bond 1 it bond
Ri
.
,

4
Ha , Pd/BasO? RAH He
.

Carbon-Oxygen U ,

IT Acid Chloride aldehyde

double bond consist 20 &
i H,
PolBasOy [ aldehyd
⑦
C -
E
0 . Carbon-oxygen
3 bond
Ton
is polar in Nature - STEPHEN REDUCTION
6) In carbonyl gb c+ is electrophilic
R -
CEN SUCI/H) R-CH = NH R-CHO
o is Nucleophilic Partial
Reduction
ETARD REACTION : and others due to dipole-dipole interactions But
their bipt are lower than alcohols.
#CH3 + CrOzCIz- ToTTCHOOl SOLUBILITY :
Lower members
of aldehyde and
complex
Ketones are soluble in
Hz0toBenzaldehyde water because of HBond .

The solubility of aldehyde and ketones decreases

By Side Chain Chlorination of Methylbenzene rapidly on increasing the length of allyl chain .
followed All aldehyde and beloves are fairly soluble in
by Hydrolysis :

organic solvent .

↓ CHy , CHI
Clutt
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Tolene Benzal Chloride Benzaldehyde

Polar Nature of Carbonyl Group =
commercial method to manufacture of Benzaldehyde
The polarity of Carbonyl group arise due to high
GATTERMAN-KOCH REACTION :
electronegativity of O-atom .

enaldehyde -
Co , HU
E Nucleophile center
Anhy AlCIs/ CUCI
Lewis Base)
electrophile center
PREPARATION OF KETONES & Lewis Acid)
·

from Acid Chloride

2R-Mg-X +
(d(z >
-

Pi(d + 2Mg/* AcidityofHydrogentosing effect

2 o carbonys group
R'-p-4
and
Ryd
2R- -R
+ >
-
+ (4 resonance
,

stabilisation of conjugate base

2) .
From Nitriles :
are responsible for the acidity of
4-hydrogen alom .
Ether

iB >
<
- CH-CEN +
EMgBr -

Ct -

CH -
C = N

To MgBr
NUCLEOPUILIC ADDITION REACTION
Hy Ot
CH5 -

= & the reactivity of aldehyde is

of Keloves due to
more than that

,
. Phenyl propanone
1
4 Steric Reason 4 Electronic Reason

3) Friedal Craft Acylation The

The attack of nucleophile presence of two

Ava-Am OF
on carbonyl carbon is alkyl group in Ketones

# + hindered by the presence

of large substituent on
the electrophilicity of
carbonyl carbon more
Ketones
effectively than aldehyde.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALDEHYDE REDUCTION
AND KETONE

I
NaBHy
or y Alcohol
LiAIHy
·
lower member of aldehyde and ketores
upto (20 are colourless volatile liquid Aldehyde
Enty
,

while formaldehyde is a
gas at ordinary and -
temp .
Higher members of both are solids Ketones Reduction
with funity odour .
-NHc/OH--
NH :
YCH,
·
Bot & carbonyl compounds are
higher than
Wolf-Kishner
those of non-polar compounds , hydrocarbon Reduction
On
(-C
NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION REACTION
CARBOXYLIC ACID -

I
HINION
, XIN Cyanohudino The carboxyl group ,
consist of a carbonylgb
attached to a hydroxyl group
NaHSOny] > /SogNa Bisulphite addition to
.

product
Aliphatic (R-COOH) or Aromatic (Coon)
Ron COD Acetal Their
general formula is CutanO2

-ona ↓O ket H-COOH

CHz-COOH
Methanoic Acid Ethanoic Acid
Z
#N
-

N z (Formic Acid) Acid)

"
1C =
-
(Acetic
z = OH, -

NHC , Coon
CHy-CH2-COON cool Oxalic Acid
NH2
Propanoic Acid C Ethane-1, 2-dioic acid)

COOH
OXIDATION REACTION
KCrOzIH +
y R-COON
Fol Con

I
Benzoic Acid
2 Methyl cyclopentane
2 [Ag(NH3)] (Benzene Carboxylic

Tollen'sTest
,
2Agy + RCOO-
Gonedeludes Acid)
-I-carboxylic did.

2(y2+ + 50H
METHODS OF PREPARATION :
-

Y Cu, Ok + R100 [Only

Fehling'sTest Aldehydes
from alcohol by Oxidation :

Smethylkea
Na OX
CHXs + R100 Nat Moy
CHCHO
Haloform
>

give this test ]

CHICHOn Chycoon

REACTION DUE TO X-HYDROGEN

not
CH- (C), -OHO C-C-con

=> OXIDATION OF ALDENYDE AND KETONE

KMnOu
CHy-CHO-CHy-COOH
[0]

CH--C-CH3Mon COOH + CHICOOH

Oxidation of Ketones I done with

difficulty acc . to POPOFF's RULE i .

e

Kelonic group remain with smaller group .

FROM ALKYL BENZENE

Ou, Co)
Benzoic Acid

Cool

h know
, potcoon pathalic acid

on Benzoia
its
HYDROLYSIS OF NITRILES Acidity of Carboxylic Acid
2Na
>
-
IRCOONa + He ↑
R-CN + HO; RCONH H AR-COOH
Carboxylic Acid
R-COOH NaOH
RLOONa + H, 0
CHz-CH-CONHc to
>
- -

CH-CH2-CN + 10 >
-

CH3-CHCOOH NaH(O3 RCOP Na + H20 + We

,

FROM GRIGNARD REAGENT

Carboxylic
· acid are stronger acide than
alcohols and many simple phenols but weak-
c= 0 +
(H) MyBr
=-Br
0 = -
- 0
·
er the mineral acids.
with
Electron drawing group stabilises
#ng
·

the carboxylate anion and strengthen

the acid ,
CHyCOOH + MgcB whereas to
donating group
destabilises the
carboxylane anion and
FROM ACYL HALIDE
weakers the acid .

R-COL, RCOOH + HC >

-
Rxn
involving cleavage of conbond

Formation
CHICO CHOO + He
of anhydride P O

FROM ACID DERIVATIVE

CR-COOH
let ,
As R- -R
or PLO5 A

R-102 >
di HC
R-100H Esterification :

or dil. N9OH
R-COOH + RO RCOOR' +
Ho
Ease of Hydrolysis 4 RX with and sola :
PCs Ply
,

RCOC > (RCOLO) ROOH) RION

R COOH
As < RCOC + POUshee
HyPOs
-

<
3 RCOU +
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES SOCI
< RCOC + So2 +He
·
Aliphatic carboxylic acids upto nine carbon
RxY with ammonia
atoms are colourless liquid at room temp
with unpleasant odour ·
The higher acids are RCOOH + NAS-RCOONHUT RCONHe
like solid
wax .
RXU involving -
cool group
·
Reduction (i) LiAIHylether
RCHOH
·
Due to presence of intermolecular forces the lower RLOOH Y
Lii , OrBe
carboxyl acids are freely miscible with water
But the solubility in water decreases
·
Decarboxylation
gradually due to increase in size of ally/ go
. RCOONatAO R-H + NO
H Y ZRxn
. . (Hell Volhard Zelinsky Rxn)
stronger intermolecular forces increases
· is X2 / RedP
< CX-COOH
the CHy-COOH, THO
bipt of Monocarboxylic acids as
4
compared to the alcohols
of comparable Electrophilic Ring substitution
molecular masses. carboxyl group acts as a
deactivating
-
H
-
0
and meta directing group

To Bruker
--

onn0
R - cy0 -c -
R
O-H -
- -
o Conc .

HN8]
Hydrogen Bonding in Carboxylic And Conc .

HLSOu
R They do undergo Friedal craft reaction because
-B
not

...
.. carboxyl group is
deactivating group and

in catalyst All , gets bonded to carboxyl

Alcohols group
Hydrogen Bonding
.
AMINES
Amines are considered as amino
Preparation of Amines :
I

of hydrocarbons alkyl derivatives

or - Reduction of Alkyl Nitrile
of ammonia LiAl Hy
R
Aliphatic amino compounds
> -

CH2NH2
are called amino alkanes and arom. R-CEN
-
atic amimes are called amino Na
arenes
@g CHyNHc , CH5- NHa , <, NH > Ethanol
Y
RCH2NHc
RxU is used for ascent of amine

R-NH > Primary Amines (1 % * Reduction of Nitroalkone :

Raney Ni
R-NH-R Secondary amines (2 % X NOz
>

R N-R Tertiary Amines 130(,/

Felte
H2/ Ot
Sn/HC
Y
> ToT-NH S

i >

Reduction withFeluce is preferred

STRUCTURE OF AMINES : Reduction of Amides :

D R C NH L
LiAIHay RCHNHc +
Ho
N Pyramidal
Reduction of amides give amine
shape of Amiea
I with same number a carbons.

Hofmann Ammonolysis Method :

NOMENCLATURE

Propan-1-amine
RX
HEYRIH, RXRNH
CH-CHz-CHi-NH2 (1) (2 %
RX

-B
CHy-CH CH3
(RN)
-

Nin Propan-2-amine
N, N-Dietly a
CH3-CHz-N-CyHg butan-1-amine order of reactivity - RIX RBU) RC

Prob-2-en-lamine
22 : amine is obtained major
CH2 =
CH-C2-NH, as

product when excess of NHy is taken

Aniline Lots b.Brom HOFMAN BROMAMIDE DEGRADATION :

Bi aniline

Chi RCONH2 + Br + 4 NaOH -RNHz + 2NaBr

Ey N
,
N-Dicethy + Na (0
, z
+ 2H, 0
benzenamine
Amines formed contains one

carbon less than that present in

NH -

((H2) NHc -

the amide.
Hexane-1, 6-diamine
GABRIEL PHTHALIMIDE SYN. ·

Alkyl amines are stronger bases than NH3

Basic of aliphatic amines increases

N,
nature
i
·

with increase in the number of ally.

i.e effect of alkyl
groups +I
group
increases their basicity
.

Do
i order of basicity in gaseous phase...
·

-
IHR Ana) RNt
L
+
3 amine > 2amine) lamine > NH3

In
aqueous phase ,
solvation effect and

Only 10 amines can be synthesized steric hindrance ,

besides inductive

by this method effect of alkyl group decid the basic

& Aromatic 10 amines can not be strength of alkyl amines .

prepared by this method as anyl 4 When is ethyl group

alkyl group
halide do not undergo nucleophilic (C2HstyNH) (2HstyN) CH5NHc > NHy
sub RXU with potassium phthalimide
·

When alkyl group is methyl group

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES :
(CH3lzNH) CHINH2) (CH3)gN> NHS
PHYSICAL STATE * BASIC NATURE of aniline or
any 1
The lower aliphatic amine would be less than that

amines are gases with fishy odour I' ,

of ammonia.

amines with three or more carbon less basicity of auiline as compared to

atoms are liquid and ones

higher NH3 is attributed to-I effect of
are solid. benzene
ring and delocalisation of
N.
lone pair of
COLOUR - Pure amines are colourless Note ERG like- OCHy , CHy increase
but develop colour on
keeping whereas
in air for long time
basic strength
E WG
.
like NO , SigH decrease

SOLUBILITY > amines basic strength

.
=
Lower are readily
soluble in water ,
which
decreases in water and increases
&

In CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF AMINES

&

organic solvents with an increase m

molecular weight. FOR ALIPHATIC AMINES

BOILING DOINT :
ALKYLATION
10 amines are
and 20

engaged in intermolecular association R-X +

R'HH2R-NHR' + RX
(2 %
while
due to
thydrogen bonding ,
(19
RNR' + R X
-
>
-
BN
+
R'X
3 amines do not have intermol-
-
ecular association (due to absence (3 % Quaternau
ammonium sast
& H-atoms
order of Bot of isomeric amines · It yields a mixture of 1, 20 and 3

1072 3: amines and also quaternary ammonium

salt .

BASIC CHARACTER OF AMINES : ·

major product is obtained when

larger the value of Kn or smaller the amine is taken in excess.

value of pky stronger,
is the base
O
ACYLATION => NHL (C Hy (0)
-

,
O
So NH-c
i -

CH3
Aniline Pyridine
R/AU-ii-HHCOC RAr-N-ts Acetauilide

Base
BROMINATION

The reaction
a

which
base
is

stronger
removes
carried
than
He
out

leg
so
in presence
pyridine
formed and
of + Br
Br3HB
shifts equilibrium to
right side . To get monosubstituted derivative

a on
NH2
BENZOYLATION

R-NH2 + EXCOL - R-NHCO-E) + He

Bu
CARBYLAMINE REACTION :

R CHU 310H ExR-NC + IKU NITRATION

NH2 + +

a
-

↑
z +
3H20
No
Secondary and tertiary amines do not

show this reaction. Noa (47 % )

(2 %)

(51 %)
It is used as a test for 10 AMINES
To get mono substituted para desivative

Oct Haso
REACTION WITH NITROUS ACID : N ,

R-NH2 + HONO - R-OH + H 4

,
+ HC
No
REACTION WITH ARYL SULPHONYL
SULPHONATION :
CHLORIDE HINSBERG
EY-SOLL
REAGENT H
_
is
HisOn a

11
10

RNH2 + E-SOU Ex-SO NH-R

NH2
soluble in alkali
20

RNH +-sou
3
.
ESONR2 F Zwitter Fon

RyN +-SOU No Reaction

is
>
-
p-aminobenzene sulphonic acid
Reaction is used to distinguish blu the major product because distance
three classes of amines 1
,
2 and 3 amines blu-NH, and sozH is maximum .

sulphamitic acid exist in

AROMATIC AMINES 2 WITTER ION FORM .

NHL group is ortho and

directing para
and powerful activating group . for Help

Activating effect of-NH2 group in auiline you can donate

-

can be controlled by protecting the

with
N2 group by acetylation
-

acetic anhydride and then carrying

out the desired substitution By-
DIAZONIUM SALT-
Diazonium salts are written
as RN+X where
-

R =
any I group
X-ion can be Cl, Br
, HSOn and BF-
Not group is called diazonium salt
NTHSOG

egMCanonium E
benzene diazonium
chloride hydrogen sulphate

STABILITY OF DIAZONUM SALT

Arenediazonium salts
are stable than the
more alkyldiazonium salts . This can
be accounted on the
basis +R effect

Preparation (Diazotization Rx1 ) -

N= N 4
-

NaNo + Ince Nat

Diazonium salts are prepared and used only in
solution because in solid state
an
aqueous
they explode
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Benzene diazonium chloride is a
colourless crystalline solid and is readily soluble
in water . It is stable in cold water but reacts
with water when warmed It also decomposes easily .

in the dry state.

·
Benzene diazonium fluoroborate is water insoluble
and stable at room temperature.

CHEMICAL REACTION -
cut
, HePOcIt Yo + Nut + HyPOs + Ne

I
NatJ
ea

+ N2
sandmeyer

- man
a
↑

Gattermann
RxY

KCN/CCN + N2
>

scan

HBF4 Baln-Schiemann
Rxy
me

For
Batches
Ne
H28/ HeSO&
t
,

AZO DYE TEST

Boiling
N +
ney-on MN-ty-on
b-hydroxyazobenzene
coranges
ENC + H-TXNH- TNITEY-NHC

b-aminobenzeneyellow
Configuration of X-amino acids
·

Biomolecules COON
COOH

Introduction :
HN H I NH2
Biomolecules are the organic compound ,

which from the basis of life ie they build up

R (L-amino acid) R CD-amino acid)
the
living system and responsible for their growth ( NS R HS)
and maintence CN on . .

CNH, on .

that relates biomolecule to living organism is

-amino acids L-amino acids
occuring
The sequence >
- Naturally are
Biomolecules cells living D-amino acids occur in antibiotics and
>
Organells > > Tissues +
Organs some
-
- -
-

organism bacterial cell walls.

Living
>
systems
-

are made up of various complex

biomolecules like carbohydrate ,
proteins , nucleic acids, Twitterion : When a proton is migrated from carboxyl
lipids etc. to amino group dual ion is formed
Proteins and carbohydrates are essential group , a

constituents our food . and this dual ion is called zwitter ion
of
>
-
In addition , some simple molecules
like vitamins and mineral salts also play an
important role in the
function of organism .
Y

Amino Acids & Proteins ret

The compounds containing amino group (-NH2) and

carboxylic group called amino acids .
C-cooH)
(PF)
are
Iso electric Point
R= H
Twitter ion which is
where , ,

albys or
electrically neutral only exist at a specific
can

avys group ph , that pH is called isoelectric point

which is different for all amino acids.

Leucine pH
eg pFg
= 1 0 .

>
-

except
active
glycine
in
(nN-COOH ,
others are optical
pF o Arginine pH = 10 .
.
8
nature.

* Classification of amino acids =

Structure of amino acids :

R
=> C, B M - amino acids depending upon the position of
-
,

Nit-CH-O,higher ph)
-

NHL with respect to-cook group .

R

having
MN-CH-100-
Neutral one-NH and one-look group

+
>
- .
,
,

ef
NH--coon (glycine Twitter ion R

>
- Acidic ,
having one-NH, and two-COOH group .
Cisoelectric
point) HIN-in-coon
cation ( low as pH)
Nts
8101-CH-P-cool (Aspartic Acido
eblide
·
=>
peptides are condensation products of

having
HN--coonormoremini
Basic two or more NH and one-look
group
-

>
-
, , .

NHS
-8 Clysine
HN-CREP-COOH O dipeptide .

Essential and Non-Essential Amino Acids : - -NH-is known as peptide linkage or peptide bond .
*

those amino acids which can be synthesized by -2 molecules of L-amino acid from dipeptide.
non-essential amino acids
our body are known as
3 molecules of X-amino acid form tripeptide.
while which can't be synthesized
by our body so must be supplied through our >
-

Dipeptide has only peptide boad .

one
amino acids . has only two peptide bond.
diet are called essential Tripeptide
Polypeptide :
condensation products of many amino acid
(210000 is known as polypeptide and those
polypeptide which have molecular mass above

than 10000 u are called proteins .

#roteins they are linear polymers ofamino

acid :
Str .

of Proteins :
in this 10 str
Any change .

ie the sequence
of amino acid creats different protein
2.) Primary Structure :
It simply reveals the sequence
a

of amino acids.

2) Secondary structure :
x-helix Str maintained
.

by H-Bond
or -pleated sheet str .
when Ris small
group -
secondary structure of proteins :

3) Tertiary structure : The secondary .

str
The folding and superimposition of proteins the shape in which
shape .
refers to a
long
o polypeptide chains
forms a compact globular polypeptide chain can exist.
termed as tertiary str.
They are found to exist in two different
It is stabilised by covalent, ionic , H-Bond
and types of .
str
disulphide bonds .

4) Quaternary Structure : The precise arrangement of 4 helix sto .

B-pleated sheep str

constituents. most common ways In this str all peptide

inwhicha polbe chainarestretc

stone
the Basis
classification on of Hydrolysis
·

possible
maximum extensionside
all H-Bond
Simple Protein into
by twisting
:

which
give only x-amino acid upon held
handed by side are
hydrolysis
a
right
eg albumin screw Chelix)
together by intermolecular
Conjugated Protein
proteins give <-amino acid
:
These and with the -NH-group H-Bond .

protein part called geach amino acid residue

non
, prosthetic group
Tertiary Str Proteins
of :
.

Protein Prosthetic Group The tertiary str ·

of proteins
represents overall folding of polypeptide chains ie .

further folding of secondary structure

the
# gives rise 2 major molecular to

shapes is Fibrous and Globular

The main forces which Stabilize
the 20 and 30 sto ·

of Proteins are H-Bonds ,

DerivedProteins disulphide linkage , Van der waal and electrostatic

these obtained by partial hydrolysis forces attraction.
are
of
of simple or conjugated Proteins.
Polypeptides]
[Proteins
of Proteins
Proteoses Peptones str
Quaternary
>
- >
- >
-
·

On the Basis of Molecular shape some

of the proteins are

composed of two or more

I
polypeptide chains referred
Fibrous Protein Globular Protein to as subunits
The spatial arrange-
-ment
of these subunits
with respect to each

other is known as
quaternary structure
Denaturation of Proteins
The process that changes the

native protein is
3-D str ·

&
called denaturation of proteins .
It can be caused
by change in pH , change in temp .
addition of electrolyte addition
,
solvent like water
& ,
alcohol , acetone .

Primary str of Proteins

. : Nucleic Acids : These are the polymers which are
Proteins may have one or
polypeptide chains
more prepared by Nucleotide also known as polynucleotide
> each
polypeptide in a protein has amino acids nucleotide contain
-

a ....

linked with each other in a specific and sequence Pentose ) Nitrogeneous #) Phosphate
* Sugar #
it is this
sequence of amino acids that is said Base group .

to be the 10str. of thatprotein Pentose Sugar :

5 Carbon sugar either ribose o

ribose
for Help deoxy
you can donate (not contain

oxygen at -

and position)
Nitrogeneous Base Vitamins
I

Pyrimidine
The organic compounds other than carbohydrates,
Purine proteins
and fats which are required in the diet in
>
-
Adenine >
-

Thy mine small amount to perform specific biological functions,

Uracil maintain health , growth and nutritition are
Guanine
&

normal
>
-
>
-

Cytosine
O
>
-
called vitamins
Two H-Bonds present between A & T (A = 7) basis of
solubility
are
classification on the
while three hydrogen bonds are present between
( & G((EG) Fat Soluble Vitamins
Vitamins A , D, E , K are soluble in fat
and oils but insoluble in water. They are stored in
liver and adipose (fat tissues. storing)
Water Soluble Vitamins
group vitamins
-

B and I are
soluble in water . Water soluble vitamins must be
supplied regularly in diet because they are readily
excreted Urine
in and can not be stored in
our body (except Vitamin B12)
# Vitamin K is responsible for coagulation of blood .

Structure of D N A .
.

consist
It of chain
two polynucleotide
chains , each form a
right handed helical spiral
with tel bases in one turn o
the spiral
The two chains coil
to double helix and run in
opposite direction . These are
held together by H-Bonding.

Types of RNA
1 ) Messanger RNA (M-RNA)
It is produced in the
.

nucleus and carries information for the Synthesis

& protein .

2 .

) Transfer RNA
is found in cytoplasm
It .
Its function
is to collect amino acids from cytoplasm for ENZYMES
protein Synthesis . Enzymes are biocatalyst ,
almost all the enzymes

3) Ribosomal RNA (U-RNA)

are
globular proteins . They are generally named after the
provide site for compound class of compound upon which
This or
they work
protein Synthesis
eg the enzyme that catalyse hydrolysis of maltose
into
glucose is named as maltase
·

functions of Nucleic Acid

HO
tase
CiaHacOl + 2CH2O
Direct the Synthesis of protein
·

Maltose Glucose
·
transfer the genetic informations .
Some Common Example
Replication :
- Product
in which substrate
-

It is a process a molecule can Name

duplicate . Urea Urease CO2 + NHz

template
-
It means battern ,
in the process of replication Maltose Maltase Glucose
& DNA the parent strand serves as template. Sucrose Glucose + fructose
,
Invertase

Gene Stauch
the portion of DNA carrying information about Amylase Maltose
Proteins Amino Acids
specific protein is
a called gene .
Trypsin
Genetic Code : the relation between the amino acid Mechanism Of Enzyme Action -

and the the nucleotide triblet is called

genetic code .

codons the nucleotide bases in RNA function

amino
in
group of three (triblet) in coding
acid
called codons
.

These bases triplets are .

Characteristic feature of Enzyme :

·
Rate of Reaction :
They increase the rate of reaction
up to 106 to 107 times.