Architecture and Town Planning

ARCE 4823
Credit Hours :3
Introduction of the
Instructor

 Dr. Maria Ghufran

 PhD in Construction Engineering and

Management

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Education Background
2020-2024 PhD in Construction Engineering and Management 3.92/4
National University of Sciences and Technology-Islamabad, Pakistan

Thesis title: Circular Economy for the successful implementation of Circular

Economy for sustainable development in the Construction industry: A System
Dynamics Approach
2017-2019 MS in Construction Engineering and Management 3.65/4
National University of Sciences and Technology-Islamabad, Pakistan

Thesis title: Adoption of Sustainable Supply Chain Management using System

Dynamics for performance improvement in the Construction Industry
2013-2017 BSc in Building and Architectural Engineering 3.94/4
Bahauddin Zakariya University-Multan, Pakistan (Gold-
Medalist)
Theis titled: Building System Integration in Architectural and Structural Design
of a Mega Complex at Multan
Experience

Duration Designation Location

January 2022 - June 2022 Temporary Visiting Faculty School of Art, Design and Architecture
(SADA), NUST, H-12, Islamabad

April 2020 – January 2022 Planning Engineer Khyber Grace (Private) Limited,
Islamabad

February 2019 – March 2020 Planning Engineer The Dream Designers and Builders,
Islamabad
Research Interest

➢ Circular Economy
➢ Sustainability
➢ Construction Management
➢ Supply Chain Management

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Introduce yourself

6
Expectations
from me
➢ Be prepared
➢ Be on time
➢ Interesting exams
➢ Fair grading system
➢ Provide real world examples
➢ Make you think

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Expectations from You

➢ Be prepared
➢ Be on time. No attendance after 10 minutes.
➢ Be attentive
➢ Avoid negative attitude/environment
➢ Remain engaged in class activities
➢ Participate in discussions
➢ Don’t give up until you understand
➢ No use of Mobile Phones in class

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Expectations from You

➢ Learn
➢ Listen
➢ Be patient
➢ Respect
➢ Be kind
➢ Forgive
➢ Reflect

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Books

Text Book(s): Town Planning in Practice, Rymond U., FQ Legacy Books, Latest
Edition

Reference Book(s): Origins of Modern Town Planning. Leonard B., MIT Press, Latest
Edition
A History of Architecture, Dan Cruickshank, 20th Edition
Marks Distribution

CLOs
CLO-1 CLO-2 CLO-3 CLO-4
Assessment
Modules
Project-1 (10%)
Project (20%) - - -
Final D-4 (10%)
Quiz-2 (5%)
Quizzes (20%) Quiz-1 (5%) - Quiz-4 (5%)
Quiz-3 (5%)
Midterm Exam (20%) Mid-A (10%) - Mid-B (10%) -
Final-A (10%)
Final Exam (40%) - Final-C (10%) Project-2 (10%)
Final-B (10%)
Total 15% 45% 30% 10%
Course Learning Outcomes

(C3) - 5-20%
1. to explain and implement preliminary studies, materials and different
planning phases.

(A4) PLO-6 ≥40%

1. to interpret and justify material selection and various processes for master
planning

1. to argue and build land use patterns. (A4) PLO-7 21-39%

1. to demonstrate different steps of town planning. - - 5-20%

Architecture

 Architecture is the art and science of designing and constructing buildings and other
physical structures. It encompasses a wide range of activities, including:
• Design: Creating functional and aesthetic solutions for spaces.
• Planning: Considering the layout, materials, and technology needed for construction.
• Construction: Overseeing the building process to ensure designs are realized effectively.
• Functionality: Balancing aesthetics with the practical needs of occupants.
• Context: Taking into account the cultural, environmental, and historical context of a site.

• Architects work on various projects, including residential, commercial, institutional, and

public buildings, often emphasizing sustainability and user experience.
Town Planning

 Town planning, or urban planning, is the process of designing and managing the
development and growth of urban areas. Key aspects include:
• Land Use: Allocating areas for residential, commercial, industrial, and
recreational purposes.
• Transportation: Planning for roads, public transit, and pedestrian pathways to
ensure efficient movement.
• Public Spaces: Creating parks, plazas, and community facilities to enhance
livability.
• Zoning: Establishing regulations that dictate how land can be used and
developed.
• Sustainability: Promoting environmentally friendly practices and efficient
resource use.
What is a Town?
•A town is a human settlement larger than a village but
smaller than a city.

What is a City?
• A city is a relatively large and permanent settlement.
Although there is no agreement on how a city is
distinguished from a town within general English
language meanings.
• Many cities have a particular administrative, legal, or
historical status based on local law.
What is Planning
• Planning means scientific, aesthetic, and
orderly disposition of:
•land, resources, facilities and services with a view
to secure,

•the physical, economic and social efficiency, health

and well-being of urban and rural communities.
What do Planners Do??
Planners deal with:
- Land Use.
- Addressing transportation and infrastructure.
- Planning social and community services.
- Managing cultural and heritage resources.
- Creating economic capacity in local communities.
What is Town Planning?

Town planning, also known as urban planning, is the

process of designing and regulating the use of land,
resources, and infrastructure within urban areas to
create functional, sustainable, and aesthetically
pleasing communities.
What is Town Planning?

An art of shaping and guiding the physical growth of the

town creating buildings and environments,
to meet the various needs such as social, cultural,
economic and recreational etc. and
to provide healthy conditions for both rich and poor to
live, to work, and to play or relax.
Thus, bringing about the social and economic well-being
for the majority of mankind.
Town or Urban Planning
Urban, city, and town planning integrates land use
planning and transportation planning to improve the built,
economic and social environments of communities.

Regional planning deals with a still larger environment, at

a less detailed level.

Urban planning can include urban renewal, by adapting

urban planning methods to existing cities suffering from
decay and lack of investment
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•It encompasses many different disciplines and brings them all under a single
umbrella.

•The simplest definition of urban planning is that it is the organization of all

elements of a town or other urban environment.
Planning should be proper in every way!
Urban Planning?

•Communities are constantly changing through development and

population growth. Rather than reacting to these changes, most
communities choose to control their own fate through planning.
•As an urban planner, you can help communities chart their future
growth by helping them preparing socio-economic and physical design
plans.
•These plans take into consideration the felt needs of community
residents and through them communities are able to preserve and
enhance their quality of life, preserve the physical and natural
environment, and promote economic growth.
Basic Terminologies

• Suburb is a separate residential community within commuting

distance of a city.
• Exurbs are the ring of prosperous communities beyond the
suburbs that are commuter towns for an urban area.
• A Commuter Town is an urban community that is primarily
residential, from which most of the workforce commutes out to
earn their livelihood.
• The term Metropolitan Area refers to a region consisting of a
densely populated urban core and its less-populated surrounding
territories, sharing industry, infrastructure, and housing.
Basic Terminologies
• An Urban Area is characterized by higher population density and
vast human features in comparison to areas surrounding it. Urban
areas may be cities, towns or conurbations, but the term is not
commonly extended to rural settlements such as villages and
hamlets.

• A Conurbation is a region comprising a number of cities, large

towns, and other urban areas that, through population growth and
physical expansion, have merged to form one continuous urban
and industrially developed area.
Basic Terminologies

Hamlet is usually a rural settlement which is too small to be

considered a village, though sometimes the word is used for
a different sort of community.

Isolated Dwelling, Village, Town, Large Town,

City, Large City, Metropolis, Megalopolis,
Ecumenopolis (a city made of the whole world).
Without Urban Planning…(Residential)
Without Urban Planning…(Sewerage)
Without Urban Planning…(Transport)
Without Urban Planning…(Land use)
Elements of Urban Structure
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Buildings: Are the most pronounced elements of urban design -

they shape and articulate space forming the street walls of the city.

Public Space: Is the place where people come together to enjoy

the city and company of each other. Great public spaces are the
living room of the city.
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Streets: Are the connections between spaces and places, as well as

being spaces themselves.

Transport: Transport systems connect the parts of cities and help

shape them, and enable movement throughout the city.

Landscape: Is the green part of the city that weaves throughout. It

appears in form of urban parks, street trees, plants, flowers, and
water in many forms.
Planning and aesthetic…hand in hand
INTRODUCTION TO ARCHITECTURE
Introduction

Architecture refers to the art and science of designing buildings and

other physical structures. It involves the planning, designing, and
construction of spaces, with consideration for functionality, aesthetics,
and environmental impact.
Architecture is both the process and product of planning, designing
and construction.
❑ It is a design activity,
from the macro-level
(urban design, landscape
architecture) to the
micro-level
(construction details and
furniture).
One of the early architectural developments
was the use of the “post-and-lintel” method

A beam is placed horizontally

across upright posts.
The arch was a purely Roman
invention. An arch is often
made up of small stones called
voussoir and a large central
stone called a keystone.
A series of columns
is called a
colonnade. A series of arches
is called an arcade.
The arch, vault, and dome
are variations of the same
concept that allowed for
greater height and more
space inside a building.

The Romans were great

engineers. They
developed concrete as a
building material, which
was used in building
numerous projects.
Flying Buttress: external arch
that counter-balanced the
outward thrust of the high,
vaulted ceilings.
During the Industrial Revolution, many new materials were
developed: glass-- Crystal Palace (1851) and wrought iron:
The Eiffel Tower.
The architecture profession
❑ Architecture is the art and
profession of designing
buildings.
❑ Human give expression to
feelings and values by building.
❑ Architectural success was the
product of a process of trial
and error, with progressively
less trial and more replication
as the results of the process
advanced.
What is architecture?
❑French architect Le http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Chandigarh_Monument.jpg/220px-Chandigarh_Monument.jpg

Corbuiser said:
"Architecture is the
masterly, correct, and
magnificent play of forms
The open hand monument ,
under the light." (Vers une Chandigarh
architecture, 1923) http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Secretariat.jpg/220px-Secretariat.jpg

❑The word Architecture

(Greek) may also refer to a
building style of a particular
culture or to an artistic Assembly building, Chandigarh
movement such as Greek,
Gothic, and Renaissance
architecture.
❑Architecture gives a
recognition/a face to
civilizations/settlements
❑Almost everything we know
about ancient civilization is
mainly based upon what we
have found in and about it's
architecture such as the
Pyramids of Egypt and the
Roman Coliseum.
❑Even modern cities and
locations are both visited and Organic Architecture by
known by architectural Frank Loyd Wright

landmarks such as the Opera

House in Sydney.
❑Architecture has many
artistic qualities but must
also satisfy practical
considerations.
❑Example: Office Buildings
▪ A building cannot just be aesthetically pleasing.
▪ Needs to accompany the comfort and efficiency
levels for people in it.
▪ If the building does not fulfill comfort, it fails
architecturally.

Unite d'Habitation by Le
Corbusier at
Briey, France
Historical development of architecture
Beginning of architecture

❑Architecture started in Nile valley for the very first time, while
second center of architecture was discovered in valley of
Euphrates and Tigris.

❑ Ancient architecture had two main functions to consolidate power

and security and to amuse the Gods. The wealthier the society, the
more essential these functions became.
The Greeks and the Romans
❑ The Greeks evolve cement in about 200
BC as a building material, in place of
such weaker mortars as gypsum plaster
or bitumen.
❑ The main secret of the newly acquired
material was the lime which binds clay,
sand and water. A series of aesthetically
pleasing architectures came up in the
early 15th century in Italy.
❑ In the 16th century the Romans
developed a base for construction and
decoration and from them it spread to
the rest of the world.
❑ The Romans used finely ground volcanic lava
instead of clay, deriving it mostly from Pozzuoli
region.
❑ Their cement, popularly known as pozzolanic,
was the strongest mortar at that time. When it
was blended with small fragments of volcanic
rubble, the result was extremely concrete.
❑ The Romans set out the principles of their crafts
in ten volumes that dealt with all aspects, from
the general principles to materials, to stucco
work, aqueducts, painting, and machinery. This
treatise is one of the most, if not the most
influential material in the history of architecture.
The Roman’s Greatest Achievements
❑ The greatest accomplishments of the Roman architecture
lie in the development of the dome, the arch, and the
vault.
❑ The dome has for years been a familiar concept, but it
has not been widely used.
❑ The arch has greater capabilities as compared to the
lintel, because it can combine a number of smaller units
to make a greater whole.
❑ The vault is only a remarkably deep arch. The dome is
actually a collection of arches all sharing one center. The
Roman achievement in all the forms was aided by their
improvement of concrete.
❑ The scale of Romans smartness is superbly
seen in the aqueduct at Nîmes, popularly called
the bridge of the Gard. Built in AD 20, this
bridge is 100% practical. One section of this
great structure supplies water from Eure River
to the Roman town of Nîmes. Water flows
smoothly downhill for about 50 km.
❑ After the Romans discovered a base for
decoration and construction, it spread to the
rest of the world
❑ The influence of many of the Roman’s designs
spread throughout Europe in 16th century,
before losing their taste two centuries later.
The Chinese, Japanese and Indian Achievements
❑ Designs influenced by Chinese, Japanese and
Indian art and architecture were popular in the
early 19th century.
❑ The Chinese architecture emphasized more on
decorative aspect as compared to the
constructive aspect.
❑ The Chinese introduced a new art of mosques
and palaces of India, Turkey, Persia and Spain
to the world.
❑ There architecture was based on three Kinkaku-ji, Kyoto,
fundamental structural principles: lintel, vault, originally built in 1397
and truss. The adoption of these construction (Muromachi period)
principles actually affected the styles and
decoration of structures.
Modern Designs
❑ The Combination of early and modern architecture took place as years went
by.
❑ People started incorporating the ancient architecture with the modern
architecture to create eye catching buildings. As a result, architecture became
a mixture of past and present. In different high profile structures, earlier and
modern architecture are well blended.
❑ For instance, The Royal Pavilion in Brighton, designed by Henry Holland, is
based on a combination of both ancient and modern designs to give it
attraction. The Roman and the Indian architecture are superbly seen in this
structure.
❑ Any building today, regardless of whether it’s a commercial building, temple
or a palace, you will observe that ancient architecture in it.
View of the Royal Pavilion
ch4_jpg

Antonio Gaudi: Spanish

architect– no flat surface or
straight lines (organic)

Antonio Gaudi’s most

famous building: “La
Sagrada Familia”
The 1st skyscraper was made in St.
Louis, MO by Louis Sullivan

Frank Lloyd Wright: American

architect; carefully considered the
environment where the building
was to be constructed.
[Fallingwater]

“Falling Water”

“Falling Water”
Steel and concrete are
the favored materials
for commercial type
construction.

Wood and brick are the

favored materials for
residential construction.
Architecture
by time period
Neolithic Architecture
10000 BC-3001 BC

❑Neolithic architecture was said to have started in southwest Asia.

❑Used mud-brick to build house and villages.
❑Houses were plastered and painted with pictures of animals.
❑A great example would be Stonehenge which is in England.
Ancient Architecture
3000 BC- 299 AD
❑ Ancient Egypt- They still used mud-brick but they also used limestone.
Example- Great Pyramid of Khufu
❑ Ancient Greece- Three types of architecture was Doric, Ionic, and
Corinthian. Example- Parthenon
❑ Ancient Rome- Created the Coliseum and the Aqueducts. Example- Roman
Colosseum
Ancient Architecture
3000 BC- 299 AD
Ionic Architecture

Doric Architecture

Corinthian Architecture
Roman Colosseum
Medieval Architecture
300AD – 1300s
❑In medieval architecture there were three main phases of the
architecture.
❑The three phases of architecture were Pre-Romanesque,
Romanesque, and Gothic.
❑Pre- Romanesque led up to Romanesque which they use slightly
pointed arches, and barrel vaults in their architecture. Gothic used
pointed arches, and ribbed vaults.
❑An example would be the Tower of London.
Renaissance Architecture
1300s – 1500s

❑Renaissance architecture used symmetry, proportion, and

geometry.
❑They used orderly arrangements of columns, pilasters, and lintels.
❑Instead of a flat roof, in renaissance architecture they came up
with the dome. They also created semicircular arches.
❑An example would be Chateau de fontainebleau in France.
Baroque Architecture
1600s

❑ This architectural style had concern for color, light, and shade.
❑ This style tried to show the wealth and power of the church.
❑ To get light into the building they used several windows to bring in
sunlight.
❑ An example would be the Pantheon in Paris.
Neo-Classical
1700 – 1800s

❑ In Neo-classical architecture they used many visuals and decorations.

❑ Neo-classical architecture was mostly used in public buildings like
museums, libraries, and academies.
❑ An example would be the white house in Washington D.C.
Early Modern Architecture
1890s - 1910

❑ During this architectural period craftsman homes became much more popular.
❑ An example of this architecture is the Einstein Tower in Potsdam, Germany.
Modern Architecture
1910 - 1950

❑ This architecture type became popular after World War 2.

❑ No decorations on the buildings. It was just a plain old building with no
statues, cool designs, etc.
❑ An example would be the A.I.A. Headquarters in Washington D.C.
Post Modern Architecture
1950 - 1980s

❑ Modern architecture had non-orthogonal angles, and unusual surfaces.

❑ There still is no use in ornaments, statues, art, cool designs, etc.
❑ An example of this architecture would be the Vanna Venturi House in Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania.
Deconstructive Architecture
1980s - Today

❑ Deconstructive comes in all shapes and sizes. Circular, rectangular, triangular,

etc.
❑ A type of this is blobitecture. The buildings just look like big blobs.
❑ An example in the background is the Wexner Center in Columbus, Ohio.