PRACTICAL WORK
6.1. types of visual arts
There is difference of opinion among various scholars regarding the word 'Kala' used in Sanskrit language.
The word 'art' is derived from the root 'kal', which means 'to inspire' or 'to inspire creation'. Some scholars
believe its origin to be from the root 'kad' which means 'to make happy'. According to Amar Kosh, it is
derived from the root 'K' - Kan (Sukham) Lati Iti Kalam.
The use of the word 'Art' is described by the word 'Kaushal' in texts like Aranyaka Sankhyan, Brahmin,
Shatapath Brahmin, Atharva Veda etc. Bharatmuni has also used it in Natyashastra.
"It is not that knowledge, it is not that craft, it is not that knowledge, it is not that art.
That is, there is no knowledge, no craft, no knowledge which is not art.
In ancient times, art was known as 'craft'. Even in modern times, Nandlal Vasu in his book 'Shilp Charcha'
has expressed art by the name 'Shilp'. Panini has used the word Shilp in his Ashtadhyayi for both useful and
fine arts. In Kamasutra, 64 types of arts have been considered, in ancient texts, at some places, 86, at some
places 72 types of arts have been considered. In his book 'Kala Vilas', Kshemendra has described 64 arts of
public use, 64 of goldsmiths, 64 of prostitutes, 10 medicinal arts, 16 arts of Kayasthas, 100 abstract arts
and 32 arts related to religion, artha, kama, moksha. This proves that the word art has a broad meaning and
a wide variety of types. Art is classified into these broad types only.
drawing and painting
The painting done before making any picture is called drawing and after drawing, the picture made with oil,
water, pastel, colored pencil is called painting, which has been described in detail in other chapters.
6.1.1. pastel colors
Pestle is the purest and simplest illustration medium. Due to lack of suitable tools, the durability of the
colors increases and the colors do not get spoiled for a long time, but the only drawback of pastel is that its
maintenance is very difficult and the limited tonal value of the colors restricts imagination and freedom.
Limits. If the very best paper and completely permanent colors are used, then it is the most permanent
medium of illustration.
Special papers prepared in different ranges of roughness for pastel are available in the market. The grains
of this paper should be such that it can remove the color from the pastel's crayon and does not allow it to
fall on the paper. Therefore, there should be no grease or smooth spots on the paper. Sticking fine sand on
a paper board (as is done on fine colored paper) also produces a better ground suitable for pastel. When
the entire picture area is covered with pastel, then the color of the picture area does not matter, but if the
illustration is sketchy and the background is visible, then its color plays an important role. For this, pastel
papers are available in many colors. Sometimes handmade paper with white rough surface is also used.
6.1.1.2. Technique
The technique of pastel, like the technique of other mediums, is a matter of the painter's personality. From a
sweet mixture of tones to thick strokes or color movement, all effects are possible in pastel. The finger is
the best tool for mixing colours, but some artists use stumps of different thicknesses made of leather or
paper. While drawing, the drawing surface should be kept tilted in such a way that the color does not fall off
and stick to other places on the paper. Inhalation of color powder should be avoided.
6.1.1.3. Stabilization of pastel paintings
Generally, paintings whose color and texture have to remain intact are not stabilized and are mounted in this
special type of glass frame, with care also being taken that the painting does not touch the glass. . This way
the picture does not get spoiled. There is no fixative medium that can preserve the effects of pastel, but
good fixing mediums affect this effect very little.
Figure 6.1-Pastel painting
The common mediums available in the market are dilute solutions of lac, copal, sundara etc. in alcohol. With
this, chalk and charcoal drawings are also stabilized. Stabilization is also possible by diluting the medium of
acrylic colors and spraying them.
There is no doubt that the beauty of true artworks is eternal, universal, beyond the changes of time and
place. Their exquisite beauty is truly spectacular.
6.1.2. Pencil
If there is any instrument for teaching taan and understanding the importance of taan, it is 'pencil'. Its color
ranges from light gray to black like kajal. The special thing is that with just the pressure of the pencil we get
the desired range that we require. If we have to express our feelings very quickly, then the pencil in hand will
also do its work with equal dexterity and if we have to work with utmost devotion and seriousness, then the
pencil will also work with the same seriousness. All this magic is only of the fingers of the hands, of its
pressure.
If coloring is to be done then the pencil will outline only the main subjects. For this only H.B. Pencil should
be used. This drawing only serves to tie the main topic. This drawing is only a preview of the picture. In this,
the picture does not have to be completed with pencil, only the original picture on the mental screen is
underlined.
Apart from this, to give full importance to the tone and surface perspective in the picture, then the picture is
made by giving very beautiful shadow and light with light pressure and full pressure with the pencil. These
paintings, once complete, will not be less in importance than any water or oil painting. The pencil is
complete in itself. It does not need any support. In pencil work, when we provide shadow lighting, two B,
three B, four B and six B are required. Pencil is the initial tool by which the designer outlines the first
expression of his ideas on paper in visual form.
There are different types of pencils depending on the softness and hardness of the lead. Softest Pencil: The
softness of pencils of B to 6B, EB, EE series increases sequentially. HB is the middle level pencil and H to
9H series pencils are hard pencils which become harder as the points increase. Nowadays, modern clutch
pencils are also used in place of traditional peeling pencils. Lead is inserted separately in these pencils. The
writing materials used in these pencils are also of different types, hard and soft.
Pencil is the only tool which is easily available at every moment and you can use it anywhere in the temple,
in the train, on the road, in the classroom.
Always keep a pencil with you along with your scratch book. The scratch book and pencil in the bag hanging
on the shoulder of every student, teacher, artist painter not only enhances his beauty, it also identifies a
painter and also gives him convenience
Colored pencils: Colored pencils are also hard and soft, soluble and insoluble. Colored pencils are available
in the market in sets of 24 to 36 colors.
Figure 6.2- Pencil drawing before applying water colors
6.1.3. pen and ink
Art gives birth to various mediums and techniques according to its time. The artist has been using all these
techniques with different mediums. Pen and ink method is among them. There are many types of ink pens.
Ink pens are used for out lines and shadows. The best quality pens are called technical pens which are very
expensive. Nowadays cheap pens are also available with plaster tip, through which fine lines can be drawn.
Apart from these, speed ball pens of different sizes are also necessary for free-hand lettering. These are of
dip-in-ink type which are used by placing them in pen holders. Other types of pens also include 'fountain
pens with built-in-ink'. Ink is filled in these or ink cartridges are used. These are available in different sizes
and types with interchangeable nibs.
Writing pens, ball-point pens, felt-tipped pens, broad-tipped felt pens are now also available in water-proof
colors, which are cheap, non-stop and can be used on any paper surface. Generally ivory card or scholar
paper is used for transparent colors (inks).
Rangoli
'Rangoli is still popular under the ancient Indian tradition. Often the courtyard is decorated with Rangoli on
religious and auspicious occasions. Usually this work is done by housewives who learn this art traditionally
from their grandmothers and teach it to the coming generations.
Women are generally very skilled in this art. It is made on the ground from colored sawdust, flour, turmeric,
rice, sawdust, whitewash, roli, gulal, ground chalk etc.
Rangoli – is an art made of colorful dry colors which is especially made in Maharashtra. In South India also it
is made from dry rice powder. Sanskar Bharti's grandfather Yogendra encouraged this art a lot. Rangoli is
decorated in big events. Starting from Maharashtra, this art has now reached India and abroad.
Rangoli is made with dry colors in which black, chocolate, peacock or purple colors predominate. The
geometric symbols in Rangoli are circular, rectangular and start from the middle and end.
6.1.4.1. rangoli training method
Following are the necessary materials for Rangoli:
1) rope,
2) chalk,
3) White and colored rangoli,
4) A sieve for sifting flour which does not have leaves in between, and
5) Waste cloth.
Essential instructions for rangoli
1) The construction site should be clean and level. If it is raw then it should be covered with cow dung or
tiles or flooring is also suitable.
2) First of all, before starting Rangoli, the composition should be prepared on paper.
One should stand with a certain distance between both the legs. Rangoli should be made by bending from
the waist towards the front.
Standing (equal distance of both feet)
Instead of making a rangoli in a pinch, one should use all five fingers and practice the same symbol at least
25 times.
Taking Rangoli in a pinch
Drawling with the help of chalk and string
Every time you make a sign, you should keep changing your direction. This practice should be done so that
each symbol is made on the front side only.
Making a mark
The center of the largest rangoli should be fixed and a circle should be made around it with rope and chalk.
While filtering the colored rangoli through a sieve, symbols should be made with white rangoli.
Making a sphere through a sieve.
While drawing the snake line, one should keep all the four fingers on the ground and take the rangoli in the
hand and move it forward in a zig-zag line by moving the hand so that the distance between the fingers is
maintained and the snake shape is also formed.
easel
An easel (stand) is used to work on board/canvas. There are two types of easels-
1) For studio – This easel is kept at one place and can be made bigger or smaller as per the requirement
depending on the size of the canvas.
2) Folding - The easel can be taken out by shrinking it for visual depiction. It folds and becomes smaller.
6.2.2. Drawing Board Drawing board is also a basic tool for making paintings. It is basically made of soft
wood. It is used for the surface by placing it under the paper. Generally it is available in 1/4 Imperial, 1/2
Imperial or Imperial and larger sizes. Engineers also use it to make maps etc. Its size can also be increased
as per requirement
-Drawing board
water color
To know about water color, first we need to know about colour, its principles and types, only then we will be
able to understand water color well.
6.2.3.1. Colour
Color is an important element of visual art. Color is a property of light. It has no existence of its own. This is
an effect of the retina on the brain because when rays of light fall on an object, that object absorbs some
part of the light and reflects some back. This reflected light is the color of that object.
This theory was propounded by Newton. In 1660, Isaac Newton passed the rays of light through a prism
(triangular mirror) and saw that this light came in seven different colors (VIBGYOR) – Violet, Indigo, Blue,
Green. Green, Yellow, Orange and Red
Light itself has different types of colors. White light is created by mixing all the colors. To see the proof of
this, divide a round cardboard and fill it with seven colors and after rotating it vigorously, you will find that
the circle has become white, that is, light contains all the colors. Red, green and blue are the primary colors
of light. These are called additive primary because the combination of these three creates the effect of
white light. Other colors are formed by mixing any two of these three additive primary colors, such as red
blue = magenta (dark pinkish red), green + red = yellow, green + blue = dark blue (sky blue). These colors
are called subtractive primary. These colors are the primary colors of pigments. By mixing liquids of these
three colors, a dark color (almost black) is formed which reduces the reflection of light. Almost all colors
can be created by mixing these three primary colors (RGB) in different proportions.
In the full color printing process, these are known as process colours. Primary colors of light are used for
color separation of color pictures and primary colors of pigments are used for printing. red, blue and green
basic primary colors. The colors formed by mixing any two of these primary colors are called secondary
colors and the color formed by mixing any primary color with the secondary color is called tertiary color.
The perception of colors produces mental reactions. For example, blue and green colors give a feeling of
coolness. Red and orange colors give a feeling of warmth. On the basis of this mental reaction, colors are
divided into cool and warm colors. Green, blue, purple and the colors derived from them are considered
cold colors, while red, yellow, orange and the colors derived from them are considered warm colors.
-Effect of color value according to background.
Every color has three physical properties-
1) Hue
2) Value of character
3) Sturation/Intensity/Chroma
1) Color 'Color' is the name of color in which we recognize a color. Like yellow, red, blue etc., different
colors are made from these colors and the color wheel is arranged according to the color.
2) Value - The darkness and lightness of the hue is known as the value of color, like when we look at a black
and white image, the dark value is close to black and the light value is close to white and both of these
foggy in the middle
Art and aesthetics in education
(Gray). The light image formed through this dark gray is the value of the color. The value of color which is
closer to normal blackness is called shade or the value which is closer to normal white is called aura or light
tint. Along with the color, the effect of color value is also affected by the color used in the background, for
example, if a dark value is placed on a white background then the dark value there will be visible.
Figure 6.42-Color values
3) Strength of color – It indicates the purity and brightness of the color. The intensity of a color can be
reduced either by adding gray to that color (black + white = gray) or by adding the complementary color of
that color (the color that is opposite to it on the color wheel). Is.
6.2.3.2. Choosing the Colors
Color is the most important source of visual depiction. any object white or
It is easier to recognize if it is seen in color than if it is seen black. Attention is drawn to the picture. A color
image is 15 times more effective than a black and white image. Colors also have symbolic meaning and
psychology which is very important for visualization. As-
1) Red color is the most attractive. It expresses excitement, bravery, anger, love and adornment.
2) Blue color is a symbol of honesty, hope and expansion. 3) Green color symbolizes peace, security, rest
and youth.
4) Yellow color is considered a symbol of optimism, happiness, light, intelligence and divinity.
5) White color is considered a symbol of purity, purity, truth and peace. 6) Black color creates the effect of
seriousness, depression and darkness.
6.2.3.3. watercolor painting land
Paper is mainly used for watercolor painting. Paper is available in the market with different names and
qualities. Nowadays mainly handmade paper is used for watercolor painting. They generally fall into three
categories
is received-
1) Smooth-Hot Pressed
2) Medium-Cold Pressed
3) Rough-Antigue
For this, it is very difficult to identify good paper without using it, but the tendency of paper to absorb water
is considered a bad quality. Some papers are bleached more to make them white. Due to this, the chemical
properties of the paper change and the colors change their color when applied to the paper. The weight and
strength of the paper can vary and thus the flow of colors cannot be controlled. Therefore, some painters
stick the paper on the board. Even after wetting the paper and pasting it on the drawing board with glue or a
sticky strip (tape) at the edges, the paper gets stretched like a canvas and then does not move up or down
when color is applied. The roughness of the paper surface depends on the artist's interest, experience and
the needs of the particular work because different surface textures produce different effects.
6.2.3.4. paintbrush
Sable (hair of an animal called sable) paintbrush is considered best for watercolor painting. The flexibility
found in its hair is very suitable for water colour. These are available in the market in round and flat shapes
and in different thicknesses. Generally, a round and thin paintbrush is suitable for fine work and a flat
paintbrush is suitable for painting large areas. It is worth noting that the paintbrush is as important in
watercolor painting as it is in other painting mediums. Therefore, as far as possible, only the best paintbrush
should be used.
6.2.3.5. Technique
Traditionally, in the technique of water color painting, a transparent layer (wash) of water color is applied
and instead of white paper, white paper is used. The use of opaque water colors was earlier known by the
name of medium like wash (wash) or casein etc. but nowadays only the word water color is used. Therefore,
poster color also comes under the category of opaque water color.
Figure 6.43-Substance illustration
By applying thin washes of color one above the other, the effect of a bright atmosphere is created,
especially the effect of sky and water is successfully created with this technique. In this, first wet the paper
a little, apply color wash only on the damp area and blot it with white blotting paper. In this way about two-
thirds of the color is absorbed by the blotting paper. Once dried, the same process is repeated again and
again until the desired effect is achieved. Remove color from light spots with a wet paintbrush To white.
Art and aesthetics in education
Rub and remove it. Another technique of water drawing is to draw on wet paper. The paper is soaked in
water for sufficient time and then applied on a varnished board or glass. Thus the paper remains stuck as
long as it remains wet. It is depicted in dark colors only. With this technique, the effects of soft outline lines
and smooth blending are created.
6.2.4. Brushes
Selection of suitable paintbrush for oil painting is also very important. Generally, different types of
paintbrushes are available for oil painting. Of these, flat brushes with white hair are considered the best.
These are called pallet bushes.
The second type of brushes have white hair but their edges are rounded. This is called Filbert. These
paintbrushes are best for blending soft colors and drawing lines. Paintbrushes are also used for drawing and
fine work. Among these, the paintbrush with black or brown svelte hair is the best.
care of paintbrush
In oil painting, if the cleanliness and size of the paintbrushes are not taken care of, then they get destroyed
quickly and their shape gets spoiled, which creates hindrance in making a good painting. The paintbrush
should be kept clean. The color should not be allowed to dry in these. First of all, wipe off the color from the
oil paintbrush with a cloth, then wash it with lukewarm water and soap until all the color comes out from the
paintbrush, then wash it with clean water and keep it in its correct shape. Never stand the paintbrush by its
hair nor keep it immersed in turpentine for longer than necessary. Due to this, the hair of the paintbrush
becomes crooked. By putting naphthalene tablets in the paintbrush box, insects will not be able to destroy
the hair of the paintbrush.
6.2.5. oil paint
Different types of ground are used for oil painting. Like canvas,
Wooden Panel, Masonite Board or Hard Board, Gas Wall etc.
But some of the main types are as follows - 1) Oil Sketching Paper - It is suitable for the practice of oil
painting. The grains of this paper are made like canvas. For strength, cloth or board can be pasted behind it.
2) Canvas Board – This is a type of canvas which is pasted on the board. It is suitable for practicing oil
painting. It is also available ready in many sizes.
3) Canvas – It is used for long-term storage of paintings. It can be prepared on the finest fabric with any
willing weave. Ready made canvas are also available in the market. The canvas is stretched and stretched by
nails on a wooden frame in such a way that there is no shrinkage in it. The following methods can be used to
prepare the canvas yourself - i) Sizing - When oil colors come in direct contact with the cloth, the fibers of
the cloth get damaged. Therefore, a good cloth is placed on a wooden frame
But lightly tighten and apply glue dissolved in water on a thin surface. In this, the microscopic pores of the
cloth are also closed and due to the formation of a light membrane on the cloth, it does not come in direct
contact with the oil colours.
ii) Priming - After proper sizing, a mixture of white (zinc, titanium or lead oxide) turpentine and linseed oil is
prepared and applied with a wide brush on the canvas. This process is called priming. Generally, canvas is
prepared by priming two surfaces (after applying the second one after the first one has dried). Nowadays,
instead of white, white casein color or white plastic emulsion paint is also used successfully for priming.
4) Hard Board (Masonite Board)- Many types of hard boards are available in the market-
i) Having flat surface on both sides.
ii
) having flat surface on one side and textured surface on the other side. iii) Coarse textured surface and
finely textured surface.
For oil painting, boards with flat surface on one side and textured surface on the other side are mostly used.
The thickness and fineness of the texture depends more on the subject matter of the painting and the
painter's interest, but the textured surface has a tendency to absorb oil. Due to which the picture appears
dry and dull. Therefore, before painting, this surface should also be sized and primed like a canvas.
5) Wooden Panels- The method of preparing it is similar to preparing canvas and masonite board.
6.2.5.1. Channel
Generally turpentine, linseed oil and varnish are used as medium for oil painting. These items are available
in the market under different names.
1) Impure turpentine available at turpentine-paint shops should not be used for painting. It should be used
only for cleaning paintbrushes. For illustration, it is best to use purified turpentine of a good company which
is sold under the name of refined turpentine and spirit of turpentine.
2) Linseed oil – This is also available in raw, boiled and double boiled form at paint shops, but this too is not
good for painting. Over time it turns the colors of the picture dull yellow. Therefore, only specially purified
refined oil should be used for painters.
3) Varnish-Many types of varnish are available in the market but only the best copal varnish is suitable for
painting.
4) The use of the above three mediums depends on the interest and experience of the painter, but the best
medium for students is prepared by mixing all three in equal parts.
5) Turpentine oil, thinner or petrol can often be used to dilute other liquid colours. All these liquids dry
faster than linseed oil. Therefore, they should not be mixed in too much quantity, otherwise the picture may
crack or the colors may crack. It is best to use turpentine oil thickened after keeping it for a few days.
6.2.5.2. acrylic medium
This is a resin medium invented in the modern era whose colors are extremely stable. It is used on slightly
rough and absorbent surfaces like paper, canvas, wood and wall etc. First of all, the surface should be given
a light color with coloring medium and then a layer of acrylic solution should be applied. Colors are applied
by mixing them in water or acrylic solution like tempera. When dried, they become extremely hard and have
no effect on them. The paintings made with these colors do not have the shine like oil or varnish, but the
cleanliness and luster of the colors is very high. These colors are finely ground, very soft and light and can
be mixed in water or acrylic solution like water colors. These are also transparent.
Therefore, very dilute solutions can also be used. As per requirement, it can be applied very thickly and
dries quickly. After drying, they can also be shined with varnish etc. These paintings can also be washed
with soap and water solution and if the varnish applied on them needs to be removed, it can also be cleaned
with spirit or turpentine oil.
Figure 6.44-Acrylic medium, painter Sonal Gandhi
6.3. earthworks
Although molds can be made of many things, molds made of clay are better. These molds are cheap, strong
and moisture absorbing. Apart from this, molds made of dry clay (plasticine), rubber and plaster of Paris are
also suitable but these molds are expensive.
6.3.1. clay mold material
1) Smooth prepared soil,
2) Model of the object,
3) Ground limestone or sifted ash,
4) Strainer and tools.
mold making method
yes
After carefully studying the model of the object, it should be divided into two parts as per convenience, then
rub limestone or sifted ash on half of the model and make a 1/4 inch thick strip of prepared smooth clay and
place it on that part and it turns out to be smooth and ready. Cut away the soil with a knife and separate it.
Do the same for the model. Then, such marks should be made on the top edge of the mold which will make
it easier to join while working and the shape of the item made from the mold will not get spoiled. After this
process, the model should be taken out and kept aside and assembled keeping in mind the marks marked
on the mold, then the mold should be dried thoroughly and baked in a closed furnace. Such molds are more
durable and strong.
6.3.3. The cooking of the key
First of all, a deep round pit should be dug in the earth and broken earthen utensils should be laid in pieces.
After this, a layer of cakes should be placed, small molds should be placed on top of it, and then another
layer of cakes should be placed. After placing the mold in this way, the oven should be closed by applying
mud from all sides, but a hole should be kept in the top part through which fire can be given in the oven and
the smoke can come out. When smoke stops coming out of the fire, this hole should also be closed with
mud. The molds will be ready after cooking in 36 hours. The molds should be opened and removed only
when the aave has completely cooled down, otherwise there will be a risk of the molds cracking.
6.3.4. joining broken clay molds
Sometimes clay molds get broken due to carelessness. It is not possible to buy new molds. Time has to be
wasted in making new molds. Therefore, it is better to use broken molds by joining them together. This also
teaches children about thrift.
The two methods used to join the molds are as follows - 1) Joining the molds by making a pulp of baked clay
and other items.
stuff-
Belgiri 100 grams
Fenugreek 100 grams
dhok or dhwade gum 100 grams
baked clay 300 grams
Method
Pulp should be made by taking the above mentioned ingredients in the same proportion. The mold is
strongly attached to this pulp. There should not be even the slightest difference in the proportion of this
mixture, otherwise the molds will not fit together. Linked templates should be used with caution. They
should be kept gently in a safe place even after work.
Method of joining the mold with Chapadi. Ingredients - 100 grams Chapadi, Angeethi etc.
Method
To join the pieces through chapadi, the pieces have to be held in the hand and first heated on the stove and
later the chapadi is placed on the joining place of the bigger piece. Then both the pieces should be taken in
the hand and joined by fitting the proper joints of the mould. After five-ten minutes of this process, water
should be applied on the joint of the mold so that the mold cools down. The mold attached to this chapadi
should be used after an hour. It should be kept in a shady safe place. The mold attached to the chapadi
should not be kept in the sun even by mistake, otherwise the chapadi will become loose due to heat and the
mold will open.
