M.Sc.

(Previous)
CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS
(To be effective form session 2019-2020)

The examination shall comprise five theory papers each of three hours duration and a
practical examination of 18 hours duration (spread over three days).
The course has been divided as follows-
Paper Course
Marks
I Inorganic Chemistry 100
II Organic Chemistry 100
III Physical Chemistry 100
IV Group Theory, Spectroscopy and Diffraction methods 100
V Environmental Chemistry 50

450
Practical’s
Marks
1. Inorganic Chemistry 30
2. Organic Chemistry 30
3. Physical Chemistry 30
4. Viva Voce 20
5. Records 10
6. Assignment/Seminar lecture 30
150

Total Marks (Theory and Practicals) 600

1
M.Sc. (Previous)
Chemistry
Paper I

Inorganic Chemistry

I Stereochemistry and Bonding in Main Group Compounds.

VSEPR, Walsh diagrams (tri- and penta-atomic molecules), d-p bonds, Bent rule
and energetics of hybridisation, some simple reactions of covalently bonded
molecules.
II Metal-Ligand Equilibria in Solution
Stepwise and overall formation constants and their interaction, trends in stepwise
constants, factors affecting the stability of metal complexes with reference to the
nature of metal ion and ligand, chelate effect and its thermodynamic origin,
determination of binary formation constants by pH- metry and spectrophotometry.
III Reaction mechanism of Transition Metal Complexes
Energy profile of a reaction, reaction reactivity of metal complexes, inert and labile
complexe, kinetics application of valence bond and crystal field theories, kinetics of
octahedral substitution, acid hydrolysis, factors affecting acid hydrolysis, base
hydrolysis conjugate base mechanism, direct and indirect evidences in favour of
conjugate mechanism, anation reactions, reactions without metal ligand bond
cleavage. Substitution reaction in square planar complexes. Redox reactions, electron
transfer reactions, mechanism of one electron transfer reactions, outer sphere type
reactions, cross-reactions and Marcus-Hush theory, inner sphere type reactions.
IV Metal-Ligand Bonding
Limitation of crystal field theory, molecular orbital theory, octahedral, tetrahedral and
square planar complexes, -reactions.
V Electronics Spectra and magnetic Properties of Transition Metal Complexes
Spectroscopic ground states, correlation, Orgel and Tanabe-Sugano diagrams for
transition metal complexes (d1-d9 states), calculations of Dq. B and  parameters,
charge transfer spectra, spectroscopic method of assignment of absolute configuration
in optically active metal chelates and their stereo-chemical information, anomalous
magnetic moments, magnetic exchange coupling and spin crossover.

2
VI Metal -Complexes
Metal carbonyl, structure and bonding vibrational spectra of metal carbonyls for
bonding and structural elucidation, important reactions of metal carbonyls;
preparation, bonding, structure and important reactions of transition metal nitrosyl,
dinitrogen and dioxygen complexes; tertiary phosphine as ligand.
VII Metal Clusters
Higher boranes, carboranes, Metalloboranes and metallocarboranes. Metal carbonyl
and halide clusters, compounds with metal-metal multiple bonds.
VIII Isopoly and Heteropoly Acids and Salts

BOOKS SUGGESTED
1. Advanced Inorganic chemistry, F.A. Cotton and Wilkinson, John Wiley.
2. Inorganic Chemistry, J.E. Huhey, Harpes & Row.
3. Chemistry of the elements, N.N. Greenwood and A. Earnshow, Pergamon.
4. Inorganic Electronic Spectroscopy, A.B.P. Lever, Elsevier.
5. Megnetochemistry, R.L. Carlin, Springer Verlag.
6. Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry eds., G. Wilkinson, R.D. Gillars and J.A.
Cleverty. Pergamon.

3
M.Sc. (Previous)
CHEMISTRY
Paper-II
Organic Chemistry
I Nature of bonding in Organic Molecules
Delocalized chemical bonding-conjugation, cross conjugation, resonance,
hyperconjugation, bonding in fullerenes. Aromaticity in benzenoid and non-benzenoid
Compounds, alternant and non-alternant hydrocarbons, Huckel's rule, energy level of
pimolecular orbitals, annualenes, antiaromaticity, homoaromaticity.
II Stereochemistry
Conformational analysis of cycloalkanes, decalines, effect of conformation of
reactivity, conformation of sugars steric strain due to unavoidable crowding. Elements
of symmetry, chirality, molecule with more than one chiral center, threo and
erythroisomers, stereospecific and stereoselective synthesis.
Asymmetric synthesis, Optical activity in the absence of chiral carbon (biphenyles
aleines and spiranes), chirality due to helical shape. Stereochemistry of compounds
containing nitrogen.
III Aliphatic nucleophilic substitution
The SN2, SN1 mixed SN1 and SN2 and SET mechanism, the neighbouring group
mechanism, neighbouring group participation by Pi and Sigma bonds, anchimeric
assistance Classical and non classical carbonations. The SNi mechanism nucleophilic
substitution at n allylic, aliphati trigonal and a vinylicarbon. Reactivity effects of
substracte structre, attacking nucleophile, leaving group and reaction medium,
ambident nucleophile, regioselectivity.
IV. Aromatic electrophilic substitution
The arenium ion mechanism, orientation and reactivity, energy profile diagrams. The
Ortho/Para ratio, ipso attack, orientation in other ring systems. Quantitative treatment
of reactivity in substrates and electrophiles. Vilsmeir reaction, Gattermann Koch
reaction.
V Aromatic nucleophilic substitution
The SNAr. SN1, Benzyne and SRN1 mechanism. Reactivity effect of substrate
structure, leaving group and attacking nucleophile. The Von Richter, sommelet-
Hauser, and Smdes rearrangements.

4
VI Free radical reactions
Free radical substitution mechanism, mechanism at an aromatic substrate, neighboring
group assistance. Reactivity for aliphatic and aromatic substrates at a bridgehead.
Reactivity in the attacking radicals. The effect of solvent on reactivity. Arylation of
aromatic compounds by diazonium salt. Sandmeyer reaction, free radical
rearrangement. Hunsdiecker reaction.
VII Addition to carbon-carbon multiple bond
Mechanistic and stereochemical aspects of addition reactions involving electrophile,
nucleophile and free radicals, regio and chemo selectivity, orientation and reactivity.
Hydrogenation of aromatic rings. Hydroboration, Michael reaction. Sharpless
asymmetric epoxidation.
VIII Elimination reactions
The E2, E1 and E1 CB mechanism. Orientation of double bond. Reactivity effect of
substrate structures. Attacking base, the leaving group and the medium. Mechanism
and orientation on pyrolytic elimination.
IX Pericyclic reactions
Molecular orbital symmetry, frontier orbitals of ethylene, 1,3-butadiene, 1,3,5-
hexatriene and allyl system. Classification of pericyclic reactions. Woodward-
Hoffmann correlation diagrams. FMO and PMO approach. Electrocyclic reactions
conrotatory and disrotatory motions, 4n, 4n+2 and allyl systems. Cyclo additions-
antarafacial and suprafacial additions, 4n and 4n+2 system, 2+2 adition of ketenes,
1,3 dipolar cyclo addition and cheleotropic reactions. Sigmatropic rearrangements-
superafacial and antarafacial shifts of H, sigmatropic shifts involving carbon moieties,
3,3 and 5,5 sigmatropic rearrangements. Claisen-Cope and Azacope rearrangement.
Fluxional tautomerism. Ene reaction.

BOOKS SUGGESTED
1. Advanced Organic chemistry-Reactions, Mechanism and Structure, Jerry March, John
Wiley.
2. Advanced Organic Chemistry, F.A. Carey and R.J. Sundberg. Plenum.
3. A Guide book to Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, Peter Sykes, Longman.
4. Structure and Mechanism in Organic Chemistry, C.K. Ingold, Cornell University
Press.
5. Organic Chemistry; R.T. Morrison and R.N. Boyd. Prentice Hall.
5
6. Modern Organic Reactions H.O. House, Benjamin.
7. Principles of Organic Synthesis, R.O.C. Normon and J.M. Coxon, Blackie Academic
and Professional.
8. Pericyclic Reactions. S.M. Mukherji, Macmillan India. Reaction Mecnanism in
Organic Chemistry S.M. Mukherji and S.P. Singh, Macmillan.
9. Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds D. Nasipuri, New Age International.
10. Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds, P.S. Kalsi, New Age International.

6
M.Sc. (Previous)
Chemistry
Paper III
Physical Chemistry

I Quantum Chemistry
(a) Fundamental Background
Operators, Postulates of quantum mechanics, Hamiltonian for different
systems, Angular Momentum.
(b) Introduction to Exact Quantum Mechanical Results
The Schrodinger equation, discussion of solutions of the Schrodinger equation
to some model system viz. particle in a box, the harmonic oscillator, the rigid
rotor, the hydrogen atom.
(c) Approximate Methods
The variation theorem, linear variation principle, Perturbation theory (First
order and non-degenerate). Applications of variation method and perturbation
theory to the Helium atom.
(d) Molecular Orbital Theory
Huckel theory of conjugated systems, bond order and charge density
calculations. Applications to ethylene, butadiene cyclobutadiene and Benzene
molecules.
II Thermodynamics
(a) Classical Thermodynamics
Brief resume of concepts of laws of thermodynamics, free energy and
chemical potential. Partial molar properties, partial molar free energy, partial
molar volume and its determination, Gibgs-Duhem equation, concept of
fugacity, determination of fugacity (by graphical method), Activity and
Activity coefficient.
(b) Statistical thermodynamics
Concept of distribution, thermodynamic probability and most probable
distribution, Canonical, grand canonical and microcanonical ensembles, The
Boltzman distribution law. Partition functions-transnational, rotational,
vibrational and electronic partition functions. Calculation of thermodynamic

7
properties and equilibrium constant in terms of partition functions. Fermi-
Dirac and Bose-Einstein statistics.
(c) Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics
Thermodynamic criteria for non-equilibrium states, entropy production and
entropy flow, entropy balance equations for different irreversible processes
(e.g. heat flow, chemical reaction etc.) transformations of the generalized
fluxes and forces, non-equilibrium stationary states, phenomenological
equations, onsager's reciprocity relations, electrokinetic phenomena.
III Chemical Dynamics
Methods of determining rate laws, collision theory of reaction rates, steric factor,
activated complex theory, Arrhenius equation and the activated complex theory, ionic
reactions, kinetic salt effects, steady state kinetics.
Dynamic chain (hydrogen-bromine reaction, pyrolysis of acetaldehyde)
photochemical (hydrogen-bromine and hydrogen chlorine reactions and oscillatory,
reactions (Belousov-Zhabotinsky reaction), homogeneous catalysis, kinetics and
enzyme reactions, general features of fast reactions, study of fast reactions by
resonance method, dynamics of unimolecular reactions (Lindemann Hinshelwood and
Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus (RRKM) theories of unimolecular reactions).
IV Surface Chemistry
(a) Adsorption
Gibbs adsorption isotherm, estimation of surface area (BET equation), surface
films on liquids (Electro-Kinetic phenomenon), catalytic activity at surfaces.
(b) Micelles
Surface active agents, classification of surface active agents, micellization,
hydrophobic interaction, critical micellar concentration (CMC), factors
affecting the CMC of surfactants, counter ion binding to micelles,
solubilization, micro emulsion, reverse micelles.
V Electrochemistry
Debye-Huckel theory of activity coefficient of electrolytic solutions, applicability and
limitations of Debye-Huckel limiting law, ionic strength, structure of electified
interfaces, Helmhholzperrin, Guoy-chapman and stern models.
Over potentials, exchange current density, derivation of Butler-volumer equation,
Tafel plot.
Electrocatalysis, Influence of various parameters, Hydrogen electrode.
8
Polarography theory, interpretation of a polarographic curve, instrumentation, limiting
current, residual and charging current, diffusion current. Supporting electrolytes,
llkovic equation, half wave potential and its significance.
Introduction to corrosion, homogeneous theory, forms of corrosion, corrosion
monitoring and prevention methods.
BOOKS SUGGESTED
1. Physical Chemistry P.W. Atkins, ELBS.
2. Introduction to Quantum Chemistry, A.K. Chandra, Tata Mc Grew Hill.
3. Quantum Chemistry, Ira N. Levine. Prentice Hall.
4. Coulson's Valence, R.M. Weeny, ELBS.
5. Chemical Kinetics, K.J. Laidler, Mcgraw-Hill.
6. Kinetics and Mechanism of Chemical Transformations J. Rajaraman and J. Kuriacose
Mc Millan.
7. Micelles, Theoretical and Applied Aspects, V. Moroi, Plenum.
8. Modern Electrochemistry Vol. I and Vol. II, J.O.M. Bockris and A.K.N. Reddy,
Plenum.
9. Introduction to Polymer Science V.R. Gowarikar, N.V. Vishwanathan and J. Sridhar,
Wiley Easter.

9
M.Sc. (Previous)
Chemistry
Paper IV
Group theory, spectroscopy and Diffraction Methods

I. Symmetry and Group theory in Chemistry

Symmetry element and symmetry operation, definitions of group, subgroup, relation
between orders of a finite group and its subgroup. Conjugacy relation and classes.
Point symmetry group. Schonflies symbols, representation of groups by matrices
(representation of the Cn, Cnv, Cnh, Dnh etc. groups to be worked out explicitly).
Character of a representation. The great orthogonality theorem (without proof) and its
importance. Character tables and their use in spectroscopy.
II Unifying Principles
Electromagnetic radiation, interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter-
absorption, emission, transmission, reflection, refraction, dispersion, polarisation and
scattering. Uncertainty relation and natural line width and natural line broadening,
selection rules, intensity of spectral lines, Born Oppenheimer approximation,
rotational, vibrational and electronic energy leaves.
III Microwave Spectroscopy
Classification of molecules, rigid rotor model, Effect of isotopic substitution on the
transition frequencies intensities, non rigid rotor. Stark effect, nuclear and electron
spin interaction and effect of external field. Applications.
IV Vibrational Spectroscopy
(a) Infrared Spectroscopy
Review of linear harmonic oscillator, vibrational energies of diatomic
molecule, zero point energy, force constant and bond strength; anharmonicity,
vibration-rotation spectroscopy. P.Q.Q. branches, vibrations of polyatomic
molecules, Selection rules, normal modes of vibration, factors affecting the
band positions and intensities.
(b) Raman Spectroscopy
Classical and quantum theories of Raman Effect. Pure rotational, vibrational
and vibrational-rotational Raman spectra, selection rules, mutual exclusion,
principle. Applications of Raman spectroscopy.
V Electronic Spectroscopy
(a) Atomic Spectroscopy

10
Energies of atomic orbitals, spectra of hydrogen atom and alkali metal atoms.

(b) Molecular spectroscopy

Energy levels, molecular orbitals, vibronic transitions, vibrational progressions
and geometry of the excited states; Franck-Condon principle, electronic
spectra of polyatomic molecules. Emission spectra; Radioactive and non-
radioactive decay, internal conversion, spectra of transition metal complexes,
charge-transfer spectra.

(c) Photoelectron Spectroscopy

Basic Principles; photo-electric effect, ionization process, Koopman's
theorem. Photoelectron spectra of simple molecules, ESCA, chemical
information from ESCA Auger electron spectra of simple molecules.

VI Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

(a) Nuclear magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Nuclear spin, nuclear resonance, saturation, shielding of magnetic nuclei,
chemical shift and its measurements, factors influencing nuclei, chemical shift
and its measurements, factors influencing chemical shift de shielding, spin-
spin interactions factors influencing coupling constant 'J' Effect of chemical
exchange, spin decoupling, basic ideas about instrument, NMR studies of
nuclei other than proton-13C, 19F and 31FT NMR advantages of FT NMR use
of NMR in medical diagnostics.

(b) Electron Spin Resonance-Spectroscopy

Basic principles, Zero field splitting and Kramer's degeneracy, Factors
affecting the 'g' value. Isotropic and anisotropic hyperfine coupling constants,
spin Hamitonian, spin densities and Mc Connell relationship, measurement
techniques and applications.
VII Photoacoustic Spectroscopy
Basic principles of photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS), PAS-gases and condensed
systems, chemical and surface applications.
BOOK SUGGESTED
1. Modern Spectroscopy, J.M. Hollas, John Wiley.
11
2. Applied Electron spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis ed. H. Windawi and F.L. Ho.
Wiley interscience.
3. NMR, NQR, EPR and Mossbauer Spectroscopy in inorganic chemistry, R. V. Parish,
Ellis Harwood.
4. Physical methods in Chemistry, R.S., Drago, Saunders College.
5. Chemical Application of Group, F.A. Cotton.
6. Introduction of Molecular Spectroscopy G.M. Barrow, Mc Graw Hill.
7. Basic Principles of Spectroscopy, R. Chang. Mc Graw Hill.
8. Theory and Applications of UV Spectroscopy, H.H. Jaffer and M. Orchin. IBH-
oxford.
9. Introduction to Photoelectron Spectroscopy. P.K. Ghosh. John Wiley.
10. Introduction to Magnetic Resonance, A Carrington and A.D. Maclachalan, Harper &
Row.

12
M.Sc. (Previous)
Chemistry
Paper V
Environmental Chemistry
I Environment
Introduction, Composition of atmosphere, vertical temperature, heat budget of the
earth atmospheric system, vertical stability atmosphere. Biogeochemical cycles of C,
N, P, S and O, Bio-distribution of elements.

II Hydrosphere
Chemical composition of water bodies-lakes, streams, rivers and wet lands etc.
Hydrological cycle.
Aquatic pollution- inorganic, organic, pesticide, agricultural industrial and sewage,
detergents, oil spills and oil pollutants, Water quality parameters-dissolved oxygen
biochemical oxygen, phosphate, nitrate and micro-organisms. Water quality
standards, Analytical methods for measuring BOD, DO, COD, F, Oils, metals (As,
Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, Se, etc.), residual chloride and chlorine demand.

III Soils
Composition, micro and macro nutrients. Soil pollution and pollutants-fertilizers,
pesticides, plastics, and metals. Waste treatments.

IV Atmosphere
Chemical composition of atmosphere-particles, ions and radicals and other their
formation Chemical and photochemical reactions in atmosphere, smog formation,
oxides of N.C.S.O and their effect, pollution by chemicals, petroleum, minerals
chlorofluorohydrocarbons Greenhouse effect, acid rain, air pollution controls and
their chemistry.
Analytical methods for measuring air pollution Continuous monitoring instruments.

V Industrial Pollution

13
Cement, sugar, distillery, drug, paper and pulp, thermal power plants, nuclear power
plants, metallurgy, polymers, drugs etc. Radionuclide analysis, Disposal of wastes and
their management.

VI Environmental Toxicology
Chemical solutions to environmental problems, biodegrade ability, principles of
decomposition better industrial processes. Bhopal gas tragedy, Chernobyl, Three Mile
Island, Sewozo and Minamata Disasters.

BOOKS SUGGESTED
1. Environmental Chemistry, S.E. Manahan, Lewis Publishers.
2. Environmental Chemistry, Sharma & Kaur, Krishna Publishers.
3. Environmental Chemistry, A.K. De, Wiley Eastern.
4. Environmental Pollution Analysis, S.M. Khopkar, Wiley Eastern.
5. Standard method of Chemicals Analysis, F.J. Welcher Vol. III. Van Nostrand
Reinhold Co.
6. Environment Toxicology. Ed. J. Rose, Gordon and Breach Science Publications.
7. Elemental Analysis of Airborne Particles. Ed. S. Landsberger and M. Creatchman,
Gordon and Breach Science Publication.
8. Environmental Chemistry, C. Baird, W.H. Freeman.

14
M.Sc. (Previous)
Chemistry Practical
Note:-
(a) A complete records of practical exercises in Inorganic Organic and Physical
Chemistry done during the session must be produced by the candidates in three
separate Record Books at the time of practical examination.
(b) Total duration of practical examination will be 18 hours spread over three days.

Inorganic Chemistry:
1. Qualitative analysis of mixture containing trace elements T1, Mo, W, Zr, Ti, Th, V, U
(Two metal ions in cationic/anionic forms) and isoluble oxides, sulphates and halides.
The mixture should not contain more than five cations and should be analysed by
semi-micro technique. M.M. 15
2. Quantitative estimation of two metal ions Cu-Ni, Ni-Zn, Cu-Fe etc. involving
volumentric and gravimetric methods. M.M. 15

3. Paper chromatography separation of a mixture of the following by IR and magnetic

susceptibility measurements. M.M. 10
(i) VO (acac)2
(ii) Na[Cr(NH3)2(SCN4]
(iii) K3[Fe(C2O4)3]
(iv) Prussian Blue
(v) [Co(Py)2Cl2]
(vi) [Ni(NH3)6]Cl2
(vii) (Ni[dmg]2)
(viii) [Cu(NH3)4]SO4H2O
Organics Chemistry
1. Qualitative Analysis: M.M. 15
Seperation, purification and identification of compounds of binary mixture (one liquid
and one solid) using TLC and column chromatography, chemical tests.
2. Organics Synthesis: M.M. 15
(i) Adipic acid by chromic acid oxidation of cyclohexanol.
(ii) Triphenyl methanol from Benzoic acid.
(iii) Dibenzal acetone from Benzalehyde.

15
(iv) p-Chlorotolune from p-toludine.
(v) Synthesis of p-nitroaniline and p-bromoaniline.

3. Quantitative synthesis M.M. 10

(i) Determination of the percentage or number of hydroxyl groups in an organic
compounds by acetylation method.
(ii) Estimation of amine/phenols using bromate bromide solution or acetylation
method.
(iii) Determination of iodine and saponification values of an oil sample.
(iv) Determination of DO, COD and BOD of water sample.
Physical Chemistry
A list of experiments under different headings is given below. Typical experiments
are to be selected from each type. Students are required to perform atleast 10 experiments
during the session including a minimum of two experiments from Electrochemistry.
In examination, two experiments of Physical Chemistry are to be performed out of
which one must be from Electrochemistry (2×20=40 M.M).
Adsorption
To study surface tension-concentration relationship for solutions (Gibbs equation)
Phase Equilibria
(i) Determination of congruent composition and temperature of a binary mixture e.g.
diphenylamine-benzophenone system.
(ii) Determination of glass transition temperature of a given salt (e.g., CaCl2)
conductometrically.
(iii) To construct the phase diagram for three component system (e.g. chloroform-acetic
acid-water).
Chemical Kinetics
(i) Determination of the effect of (a) change of temperature (b) change of concentration
of reactants and catalysts and (c) ionic strength of the media on the velocity constant
of hydrolysis of an ester/ionic reactions.
(ii) Determination of the velocity constant of hydrolysis of an ester/ionic reaction in
micellar media.
(iii) Determination of the rate constant and order of reaction between H2O2 and HI.
(iv) Determination of the velocity Constant of decomposition of Benzene diazonium
chloride.
16
(v) Determination of the primary salt effect on the kinetics of ionic reactions and testing
of the Bronsted Relationship (iodine ion oxidized by persulphate ion)
Solutions
(i) Determination of molecular weight of nonvolatile and non electrolyte/electrolyte by
crysoscopic method and to determine the activity coefficient of an electrolyte.
(ii) Determination of the degree of dissociation of weak electrolyte and to study the
deviation from ideal behaviour that occurs with a strong electrolyte.
Electrochemistry
(a) Conductometry
(i) Determination of the velocity constant, order of the reaction and energy of
activation for saponification of ethyl acetate by sodium hydroxide
conductometrically.
(ii) Determination of solubility and solubility product of sparingly soluble salts
(e.g. PbSO4, BaSO4) conductometrically.
(iii) Determination of the strength of strong and weak acids in a given mixture
conductometrically.
(iv) Determination of the activity coefficient of Zinc ions in the solution of
0.002M Zinc Sulphate using Debye-Huckel's limiting law.
(b) Potentionmetry/PH metry
(i) Determination of strength of halides in a mixture potentiometrically.
(ii) Determination of volency of mercurous ions potentiometrically.
(iii) Determination of the strength of strong and weak acids in a given mixture
using potentiometer/pH meter.
(iv) Determination of the temperature dependence of E.M.F. of a cell.
(v) Determination of the formation constant of silver-ammonia complex and
stoichiometry of the complex potentiometrically.
(vi) Acid-Base titration in non-aqueous media using a pH meter.
(vii) Determination of the dissociation constant of monobasic/diabasic acid by
Albert Serjeant method.
Polarimetry
(i) Determination of rate constant for hydrolysis/inversion of sugar using polarimeter.
(ii) Enzyme kinetics-inversion of sucrose.

BOOK SUGGESTED
17
1. Vogel's Textbook of Quantitative Analysis Revised, J. Bas set R.C. Denney. G.H.
Jeffery and J. Mendham ELBS.
2. Synthesis and Characterisation of inorganic compounds-W.L. Jolly, Prentice Hall.
3. Experiments and Techniques in Organic Chemistry-D Pasto, C. Johnson and M.
Miller-Prentice Hall.
4. Systematic Qualitative Organic Analysis-H. Middleton, Edward Arnold.
5. Handbook of Organic Analysis-H. Middleton, Edward Arnold.
6. Vogels Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry-A.R. Tatchell, John Wiley.
7. Practical Physical Chemistry-A.M. James and F.E. Prichard.
8. Findley's Practical Physical Chemistry-S.P. Levitt, Longman.
9. Experimental Physical Chemistry-R.C. Das and B. Behera, Tata Mac Graw Hill.

Assignment/Seminar Lecture
Topic and supervisor will be decided by the respective head of the department.

Notes-
In M.Sc. (Previous) Chemistry practical examination, there will a Board of three
Examiners belonging to three different branches of Chemistry such as Inorganic, Organic and
Physical. The Internal examiner of the Board should be a permanent faculty member of the
College where the examination is to be conducted and the Chairman of the Board will be
from some other College of this University where the subject is taught in P.G. classes. The
third examiner of the Board will be an external one.

18
M.Sc. (Final)
Inorganic Chemistry Syllabus
(To be effective from session 2020-21)
The examination shall comprise five theory papers each of three hours duration and a
practical examination of 6 hours duration and Master thesis/ Research Project presentation on
another day. The details of papers are given below-
(a) Theory Papers-
Paper No. Course
Marks
I Application of Group Theory and Spectroscopy 100
II Bio-inorganic and Supramolecular Chemistry 100
III Organotransition Metal Chemistry 100
IV Photoinorganic Chemistry 100
V Analytical Chemistry 50
450
(b) Practical
1. Preparation of Inorganic Complexes 30
2. Spectrophotometric /Flame photometric Determination of Elements 30
3. Chromatographic Separation 30
4. Viva Voce 20
5. Records 10
6. Master Thesis/Research Project 30

150
Total Marks (Theory and Practicals) 600

Note: Seminars are to be held for an hour in every week of the session.

19
M.Sc. (Final) Inorganic Chemistry
Paper I
Application of Group Theory and Spectroscopy

I Symmetry and Group Theory in Chemistry

Character tables for C2V and C3V point groups. Representation reducible and
irreducible, analysis of reducible representation. Simple Applications of the character
table.
II Vibrational Spectroscopy
Symmetry and shapes of AB2, AB3, and AB4, mode of bonding of ambidenate ligands
such as thiocynanate, nitrate, sulphate and urea, application of Raman spectroscopy
particularly for the study of ionic equilibrium in solution.

III Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy

Hyperline coupling spin polarization for atoms and transition metal ions, spin-orbit
coupling and significance of g-tensors, application to transition metal complexes
having one unpaired electron and inorganic free radicals such as PH4, F2 and (BH3)
IV Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance Spectroscopy
Quadrupole nuclei quadrupole moments, electric field gradient, coupling constant,
splittings, applications.
V Mossbauer Spectroscopy
Basic principles, spectral parameters and spectrum display. Application of the
technique to the studies of (1) bonding and structures of Fe+2 and Fe+3 compounds
including those of intermediate spin. (2) Sn+2 and Sn+4 compounds-nature of M-L
bond, coordination number, structure and (3) detection of oxidation state and
inequivalent MB atoms.

BOOKS SUGGESTED
1. Physical Methods for chemistry, R.S. Drago, Saunders Company.
2. Structural methods in Inorganic Chemistry, E.A.V. Ebsworth, Rankin and
Cradock-ELBS.
3. Infrared and Raman Spectra Inorganic and Coordination compounds. K.
Nakamoto. Willey.

20
4. Progress in Inorganic Chemistry Vol. 8 ed., F.A. Cotton. Vol. 15 ed. S.J.
Lippard Wiley.
5. Transition Metal Chemistry ed. R.L. Carlin Vol. 3 Dekker.
6. Inorganic Electronic spectroscopy. A.P.B. Level Elsevier.
7. NMR, NQR, EPR and Mossbauer spectroscopy in Inorganic Chemistry,
R.V. Parish, Ellis Horwood.
8. Chemical Applications of Group Theory: by F.A. Cotton.
9. Group Theory and Symmetry in Chemistry: by Lowell H. Hall.

21
M.Sc. (Final) Inorganic Chemistry
Paper II
Bio-Inorganic Chemistry and Supramolecular Chemistry
I Metal ions in Biological Systems
Essential and trace metals.

II Na+/K+ Pump
Role of metals ions in Biological processes.

III Bioenergetics and ATP cycle

DNA polymerisation, glucose storage, metal complexes in transmission on energy:
chlorophylls, photosystem I and photosystem II in cleavage of water.

IV Transport and Storage of Dioxygen

Heme proteins and oxygen uptake. Structure and function of hemoglobin, myoglobin.
hemocyanins and hemerythrin model synthetic complexes of iron, cobalt and copper.

V Electron Transfer in Biology

Structure and function of metalloproteins in electron transport process-cytochromes
and ion-sulphur proteins.
VI Nitrogenase
Biological nitrogen fixation, molybdenum nitrogenase.
VII Supramolecular Chemistry
(a) Molecular recognition: Molecular receptors for different types of molecules
including arisonic substrates. Design and synthesis of co-receptor molecules
and multiple recognition.
(b) Supramolecular reactivity and catalysis.
(c) Transport processes and carrier design.
(d) Supramolecular devices, supramolecular photochemistry, supramolecular
electronic. Ionic and switching devices. Some example of self-assembly in
supramolecular chemistry.

BOOKS SUGGESTED
1. Principles of Bioinorganic Chemistry, S.J. Lippard and J.M. Berg. University Science
Books.

22
2. Bioinorganic Chemistry. Bertini H.B. Gray, S.J. Lippartd and J.S. Valentine,
University Science Books.
3. Inorganic Biochemistry Vols I and II ed. G.L. Eichhorn Elsevier.
4. Progress in Inorganic Chemistry, Vols 18 and 38 ed. J.J. Lippard Wiley.
5. Supramolecular Chemistry. J.M. Lehn, VCH.

23
M.Sc. (Final) Inorganic Chemistry
Paper III
Organotransitions Metal Chemistry
I Alkyls and Aryls of Transition Metals
Types, routes of synthesis, stability and decomposition pathways, organocopper in
organic synthesis.

II Compounds of Transition metal-Carbon Multiple Bonds

Alkylidenes, Alkylidynes, low valent carbenes and carbines-synthesis, nature of bond,
structural characteristics, nucleophilic and electrophilic reactions on the ligands, role
in organics synthesis.

III Transitions Metal -Complexes

Transition metal -complexes with unsaturated organic molecules, alkenes, alkynes,
allyldiene, dienyl, arene and trienyl complexes preparations, properties, mature of
bonding and structural features. Important reactions relations to mucleophilic and
electrophilic attack on ligands and to organic synthesis.

IV Transitional Metal Compounds with Bonds to Hydrogen

V Homogeneous Catalysis
Stoichiometric reactions for catalysis, homogeneous catalytic hydrogenation, Zeigler-
Nattapolymerization of olefins. Catalytic reactions involving carbon monoxide such
as hydrocarbonylation olefine (oxo reaction), oxopaladation reactions, activation of
C-H bond.

VI Fluxional Organometallic Compounds

Fluxionality and dynamic equilibria in compounds such as 2 olefin, 3-allyl and
dienyl complexes.

24
BOOKS SUGGESTED
1. Principles and application of Organotransition Metal Chemistry J.P. Collman. I.S.
Hegsdus. J.R. Norton and R.G. Finke University Science Books.
2. The Organometallic Chemistry of the Transition Metals, R.h. Crabtree, John Wiley.
3. Metalloorganic Chemistry, A.J. Pearson. Wiley.
4. Organometallic Chemistry, Rc. Mehrotra and A. Singh. New Age International.

25
M.Sc. (Final) Inorganic Chemistry
Paper IV
Photoinorganic Chemistry
I Basics of Photochemistry
Absorption, excitation, Photochemical laws, quantum yield electronically excited
states, life times-measurements of the times Flash photolysis, stopped flow
techniques. Energy dissipation by radiative and non-radiative processes, absorption
spectra, Franck-Condon principle, photochemical stages-primary and secondary
processes.

II Properties of Excited States

Structure, dipole moment, acid-base strengths, reactivity photochemical kinetics
calculation of rates of radiavity processes. Bimolecular deactivation-quenching.

III Excited States of Metal Complexes

Excited states of metal complexes: comparison with organic compounds,
electronically excited states of metal complexes charge-transfer spectra, charge
transfer excitations methods for obtaining charge-transfer spectra.

IV Ligand Field Photochemistry

Photosubstitution photooxidation and photoreduction, lability and selectivity, zero
vibrational levels of ground state and excited state. Energy content of excited state,
zero, zero spectroscopic energy, development of the equations for redox potentials of
the excited states.
V Redox Reactions by Excited metal Complexes
Energy transfer under conditions of weak interaction and strong interaction-exciplex
formation; conditions of the excited state to be useful as redox reactants, excited
electron transfer, metacomplexes as attractive candidates (2,2-bipyridine and 1.10
phenonotroline complexes), illustration of reduction and oxidising character of
Ruthenium+2 (bipyridal complex, comparison with F(bipy)3 role of spin-orbit
coupling-life time of these complexes. Application of redox processes of
electronically excited state for catalytic purpose, transformation of low energy
reactant into high energy products, chemical energy into light.
VI Metal Complex Sensitizers

26
Metal complex sensitizer, electron relay, metal colloid systems, semiconductor
supported metal or oxide systems, water photolysis nitrogen fixation and carbon
dioxide reduction.

BOOKS SUGGESTED
1. Concepts of Inorganic Photochemistry, A.W. Adamson and P.D. Fleischauer, Wiley.
2. Inorganic Photochemistry, J. Chem. Educ. Vol. 60, No. 10, 1983.
3. Progress in Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 30. Ed. S.J. Lippard. Wiley.
4. Coordination Chem. Revs., 1981, Vol. 39, 121, 131:1975, 15.321: 1990, 97313.
5. Photochemistry of Coordination compounds. V. Balzan and V. Carassiti, Academic
Press.
6. Elements of Inorganic Photochemistry. G.J. Ferraudi, Wiley.

27
M.Sc. (Final) Inorganic Chemistry
Paper V
Analytical Chemistry
I Introduction
Role of analytical chemistry. Classification of analytical methods-classical and
instrumental. Types of instrumental analysis. Selecting an analytical methods.
Neatness and cleanliness, Laboratory operations and practices. Analytical balance.
Techniques of weighing errors. Volumetric glassware cleaning and calibration of
glassware. Sample preparations dissolution and decompositions. Gravimetric.
Techniques selecting and handling of reagents. Laboratory notebook Safety in the
analytical laboratory.

II Errors and Evaluation

Definition of terms in mean and median. Precision-standard deviation. Relative
standard deviation. Accuracy-absolute error relative error. Types of error in
experimental datadeterminant (systematic), indeterminate (of random) and gross.
Sources of errors and the effect upon the analytical results. Methods for reporting
analytical data Statistical evaluation of data indeterminate errors. The uses of
statistics.

III Food Analysis

Moisture, ash, crude protein, fat, crude fiber. Carbohydrates calcium, potassium,
sodium and phosphate. Food adulteration common adulterants in food, contamination
of food stuffs Microscopic examination of foods for adulterants. Pesticide analysis in
food products. Extraction and purification of sample HPLC. Gas chromatography for
organophosphates. Thin-layer chromatography for identification of chlorinated
pesticides on food products.

IV Analysis of Water Pollution

Origin of waste water types water pollutants and effects. Source of water pollution
domestic industrial, agricultural soil and indio-active wastes as sources of pollution
objectives of analysis parameter for analysis-colour turbidity total solids conductivity
acidity, alkalinity, hardness, chloride, sulphate, fluoride, silicon phosphates and
different forms of nitrogen Heavy metal pollution public health significance of

28
cadmium, Chromium copper, lead zinc manganese. Mercury and arsenic. General
survey of instrumental technique for the analysis of heavy metals in aqueous systems.
Measurements at DO BOD and COD. Pesticides as water pollutants and analysis
Water pollution laws and standards.

V Analysis of Soil, Fuel, Body, Fluids and Drugs

(a) Analysis of soil: moisture, pH, total nitrogen, Phosphorus, silicon, lime,
magnesia, manganese, sulphur and alkali salts.
(b) Fuel analysis: solid, liquid and gas, Ultimate and proximate analysis-heating
valuesgrading of coal. Liquid fuels-flash point, aniline point, octane number
and carbon residue. Gaseous fuels-producer gas and water gas-calorific value.
(c) Clinical chemistry: Composition of blood-collection and preservation of
samples. Clinical analysis. Serum electrolytes, globulins, barditurates, acd and
alkaline phosphatases. Immunoassay: principles of radio immunoassay (RIA)
and applications. The blood gas analysis trace elements in the body.
(d) Drug analysis: Narcotics and dangerous drugs. Classification of drugs.
Screening by gas and thin-layer chromatography and (spectrophotometric)
measurements.

BOOKS SUGGESTED
1. Analytical Chemistry, G.D. Christian, J. Wiley.
2. Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, D.A. Skoog, D.M. West and F.J. Holler, W.B.
Saunders.
3. Analytical Chemistry-Principles J.S. Kennedy, W.B. Saunders.
4. Analytical Chemistry-Principles and Techniques, L.G. Hargis Prentice Hall.
5. Principles of Instrumental Analysis, D.A. Skoog. and J.L. Loary., W.B. Saunders.
6. Principles of Instrumental Analysis. D.A. Skoog, W.B. Saunders.
7. Quantitative Analysis, R.A. Day. Jr. and A.L. Underwood. Prentice Hall.
8. Environmental Solution Analysis, S.M. Khopkar, Wiley Eastern.
9. Basic Concepts of Analytical Chemistry. S.M. Khopkar Wiley Eastern.
10. Handbook of Instrumental Techniques for Analytical chemistry, F. Settle, Prentice
Hall.
*******

29
M.Sc. (Final) Inorganic Chemistry
Practicals
Preparation M.M. 20
Preparation of selected inorganic compounds and structural elucidation on the basis of
given spectra (IR, ESR and MS) Selection can be made from the following-
(a) Sodium amide
(b) Dichlorophenyl borane PhBCl2
(c) Sn (IV) iodide, Tin (IV) chloride and Tin (II) iodide
(d) Ammonium hexachorostannate (NH4)2 SnCl6
(e) Trichlorodiphenyl antimony (V) hydrate
(f) Sodium Tetrathionate, Na2S4O6
(g) Metal Complexes of Dimethyl Sulfoxide, CuCl2 2D MSO
(h) Metal acetylacetonate.
(i) Ion exchange separation of oxidation state of V.
(j) Preparation of Fe (II) Chloride.
(k) Phosphine Ph3P and its transition metal complexes.
(l) Ferrocene
(m) Copper Glycine Complex
(n) Determination of Cr (III) Complex
2. Any two of the following headings. M.M. 10+10
(a) Spectrophotometric Determinations
(i) Manganese/chromium/vanadium in steel sample.
(ii) Nickel/molybdenum/tungsten/vanadium/uranium by extractive
spectrophotometric method.
(iii) Fluoride/nitrate/phosphate
(iv) Iron-phenanthroling complex: Job Method.
(b) Flame Photometric Determinations
(i) Sodium and Potassium when present together.
(ii) Lithium/calcium/Barium/Strontium
(iii) Cadmium and Magnesium in tap water
(c) Chromatographic Separations
(i) Thin layer chromatographic separation of Nickel, (Manganese Cobalt
and Zinc. Determination of Rf values.
(ii) Cadmium and Zinc

30
(iii) Zinc and Magnesium
Master Thesis/Research Project
Topic and supervisor will be decided by the respective head of the department.

31
M.Sc. (Final)
Organic Chemistry Syllabus
(To be effective from session 2020-21)
The examination shall comprise five theory papers each of three hours duration and a
practical examination of 6 hours duration and Master thesis/ Research Project presentation on
another day. The details of papers are given below-
(a) Theory Papers-
Paper No. Course
Marks
I Application of Spectroscopy and Photochemistry 100
II Bio-Organic Chemistry 100
III Organic Synthesis 100
IV Medicinal Chemistry 100
V Chemistry of Natural Products 50
450
(b) Practical
7. Qualitative analysis 30
8. Spectrophotometric /Flame photometric Determination of Elements 30
9. Chromatographic Separation 30
10. Viva Voce 20
11. Records 10
12. Master Thesis/Research Project 30

150
Total Marks (Theory and Practicals) 600

Note: Seminars are to be held for an hour in every week of the session.

32
M.Sc. (Final) Organic Chemistry Specialization
Paper I
Application of Spectroscopy and Photochemistry

I Ultraviolet and Visible Spectroscopy

Various electronic transitions (185-800 mm). Beer Lambert law. Effect of solvent on
electronic transitions, ultraviolet bands for carbonyl compounds. Unsaturated
carbonyl compounds, dienes, conjugated polyenes ultraviolet spectra of aromatic and
heterocyclic compound.

II Infrared Spectroscopy
Instrumentation and sample handling. Characteristics vibrational frequencies of
alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic compounds, alcohols, ethers, phenols and amines,
detailed study of vibrational frequencies of carbonyal compounds (ketones,
aldehydes, esters, amides, and acids), Effect of hydrogen bonding and solvent effect
on vibrational frequencies overtones, combination bands and Fermi resonance.
III Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
General introduction and definition, chemical shift, spin-spin interaction, shielding
mechanism, mechanism of measurement, chemical shift values and correlation for
protons bonded to carbon (aplihatic, olefinic, aldehydic, and aromatic) and other
nuclei (alcohols, phenols, enols and carboxylic acids) chemical exchange, effect of
deuteration, complex spin-spin interaction between two, three, four and five nuclei
(first order spectra), virtual coupling. Stereochemistry, hindered rotation, Karplus
curvevariation of coupling constant with dihedral angles.
Carbon-13 NMR Spectroscopy
General considerations. Chemical shift (aliphatic. olefinic. alkyne, aromatic,
heteroaromatic and carbonyal carbon). Coupling constants.
IV Mass Spectrometry
Introduction, ion production- El. Cl. FD. and FAB. Factors affecting fragmentation,
ion analysis, ion abundance. Mass spectral fragmentation of organic compounds.
Common functional groups. Molecular ion peak, metastable peak, Mc Lafterty
rearrangement. Nitrogen rule.
V Photochemical Reactions and Determination of Reaction Mechanism
Interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter, types of excitations, fate of
excited molecule, quantum yield, transfer of excitation energy actinometry.

33
Classification rate constants and life times of reactive energy states-determination of
rate constants of reactions. Effect of light intensity on the rate of photochemical
reactions.

VI Photochemistry of Alkenes, Carbonyl Compounds and Aromatic Compounds

(a) Photochemistry of Alkenes Intramolecular reactions of the olefinic bond-
geometrical isomerism; cyclisation reactions. Rearrangement of 1,4- and 1,5-
dines.
(b) Photochemistry of Carbonyl Compounds
Intramolecular reactions of carbonyl compounds-saturated cyclic and acyclic , 
unsaturated and ,  unsaturated compounds, Cyclohexadienones. Intemolecular
cycloaddition reactions-dimerisation and oxetane formation.
(c) Photochemistry of Aromatic Compounds
Isomerisations, additions and substitutions.

BOOKS SUGGESTED

1. Practical NMR Spectroscopy. M.L. Martin, J.J. Delpeuch and G.J. Martin,
Heyden.
2. Spectrometric Identification of Organic Compounds. R.M. Silverstein. G.C.
Bassler and T.C. Morill. John. Wiley.
3. Introduction to NMR Spectroscopy. R.J. Abraham. J. Fisher and P. Loftus. Wiley.
4. Application of Spectroscopy of Organic Compounds, J.R. Dyer. Prentice Hall.
5. Spectroscopic Methods in Organic Chemistry. D.H. Williams. I Fleming. Tata Mc
Graw-Hill.
6. Fundamentals of Photochemistry. K.K. Rohtagi Mukherji, Wiley Eastern.
7. Essentials of Molecular Photochemistry A. Gilbert, Baggot Blackwell Scientific
Publication.
8. Introductory Photochemistry. A. Cox and T. Camp. Mc Graw Hill.
9. Photochemistry. R.P. Kundal and A. Gilbert. Thomson Nelson.
10. Organic Photochemistry. J. Coxon and B. Halton. Cambridge University Press.
*******

34
M.Sc. (Final) Organic Chemistry
Paper II
Bioorganic Chemistry
I Introduction
Basic consideration proximity effects and molecular adaptation.
II Enzymes
Introduction and historical perspective chemical and biological catalysis, remarkable
properties of enzymes like catalytics power, specificity and regulation. Nomenclature
and classification, Fischer's lock and key and koshland's induced fit hypothesis,
concept and identification of active stire by the use of inhibitors. Enzyme kinetics,
Michaelis Menten and Lineweaver Burk plots, reversible and irreversible inhibition.

III Mechanism of Enzyme Action

Transition-state theory, orientation and steric effect, acid-base catalysis, covalent
catalysis, strain or distortion. Examples of some typical enzyme mechanisms for
chymotrypsin, ribonuclease, lysozyme and carboxypeptidase-A.

IV Kinds of Reactions Catalysed by Enzymes

Nucleophilic displacement on a phosphorus atom, multiple displacement reactions
and the coupling of ATP cleavage to endergonic processes, transfer of suplphate,
addition and elimination reactions, enolic intermediates in isomerization reactions, -
cleavage and condensation, some isomerization and rearrangement reactions. Enzyme
catalyzed carboxylation and decarboxylation.

V Co-Enzyme Chemistry
Cofactor as derived from vitamins coenzymes S, prosthetic groups, apoenzmes
structure and biological functions of coenzyme A thiamine pyrophosphate, pyridoxal
phosphate. NAD+1, NADP+, FMN, FAD, lipoic acid, vitamin B12.
VI Enzyme Models
Host-guest chemistry, chiral recognition and catalysis, molecular recognition,
molecular asymmetry and prochirality. Biommetic chemistry crown ethers, cryptates
Cyclodextrins, cyclodextrin based enzme modes calixarenes ionophores, micelles.
synthetic enzymes or synzymes.

35
VII Biotechnological Application of Enzymes
Large-scale production and purification of enzymes, techniques and methods of
immobilization of enzymes, effect of immobilization on enzyme activity, application
of immobilized enzymes, use of enzymes as targets for drug design. Clinical uses of
enzymes, enzyme therapy.

BOOKS SUGGESTED
1. Bioorganic Chemistry: A chemical Approach to Enzyme Action, Hermann Dugas and
C. Penny Springer Verlag.
2. Understanding Enzymes, Trevor Palmer, Prentice Hall
3. Enzyme chemistry ; Impact and Applications, Ed. Collin J. Suck Chapman and Hall.
4. Enzyame Mechanisms De. M.I. Page and A. Williams. Royal Society of Chemistry.
5. Fundamentals of Enzymology. N.C. Price and L. Stevens. Oxford University Press.
6. Immobilized Enzymes: An introduction and application in Biotechnology-Michael D.
Trevan-John Wiley.
7. Enzyme Structre and Mechanism, A Fersht, W.H. Freeman.
8. Biochemistry: The Chemical Reactions of Living Cells. D.E. Metzler. Academic
Press.

36
M.Sc. (Final) Organic Chemistry
Paper III
Organic Synthesis

I Organometallic Reagents
Principle, Preparations, Properties and applications of the following in organic
synthesis with mechanistic details.
Li, Mg, Hg, Cd, Zn, Ce, Cu, Pd, Fe, and Rh compounds.
II Oxidation
Introduction. Different oxidative processes.
Hydrocarbons-alkenes, aromatic rings, saturated CH groups (activated and
inactivated). Alcohols, diols, aldehydes, ketones, ketals and carboxyalic acids.
III Reduction
Introduction. Different reductive processes.
Hydrocarbons-alkanes, alkynes and aromatic rings.
Carbony compounds-aldehydes, ketones, acids and their derivatives. Epoxides.
IV Rearrangements
General mechanistic consideration: nature of migration, migratory aptitude, memory
effects.
A detailed study of the following rearrangements.
Pinacol-pinacolone. Wagner-Meerwein, Demjanov. Benzil-Benzilic acid, Favorskil,
Arndt-Eistert synthesis, Neber, Beckmann, Hofman, Curtius, Schmidt, Baeyer-
Villiger. Shapiro reaction.
V Disconnection Approach
An introduction to synphons and synthetic equivalents, disconnection approach,
functional group inter-conversions, the importance of the order of events in organic
synthesis, one group C-X and two group C-X disconnections, chemoselectivity,
reversal of polarity, cyclisation reactions, amine synthesis.
VI Protecting Group
Principle of protection of alcohol, amine, cabonyl and carboxyl groups.

VII One Group C-C Disconnections

Alcohols and carbonyl compounds, regioselectivity. Alkene synthesis, use of
acetyleness and aliphatic nitro compounds in organic synthesis.

37
VIII Two Group C-C Disconnections
Diels-Alder reaction 1,3-difunctionalized compounds, -unsaturated carbonyl
compounds, control in carbonyl condensations, 1,5-difunctionalized compounds.
Micheal addition and Robinson annelation.

BOOKS SUGGESTED
1. Modern synthetic Reactions, H.O. House, W.A. Benjamin.
2. Some Modern Methods of Organic Synthesis, W. Carruthers Cambridge Univ. Press.
3. Advanced Organic Chemistry, Reactions Mechanisms and Structure, J. March. John
Wiley.
4. Principles of Organic Synthesis, R.O.C. Norman and J.M. Coxon, Blackie Academic &
Professional.
5. Advanced Organic Chemistry Part B, F.A. Carey and R.L. Sundherg, Plenum Press.
6. Rodd's Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, Ed. S. Coffey Elevier.
7. Designing organic Synthesis, S. Warren. Wiley.
8. Organic Synthesis-Concept, methods, and Starting Materials, J. Fuhrhop and G.
Penzillin. Verlage VCH.
9. Some modern methods of organic Synthesis. W. Carruthers Cambridge University
Press.
10. Modern Synthetic Reactions, H.O. House W.A. Benjamin.

*******

38
M.Sc. (Final) Organic Chemistry
Paper IV
Medicinal Chemistry

I Drug Design
Development of new drugs, procedures following in drug design, concepts of lead
modification, concepts of prodrugs and soft drugs, structure-activity relationship
(SAR), factors affecting bioactivity, resonance, inductive effect, isosterism,
bioisosterism spatial considerations. Theories of drug activity occupancy theory,
induced fit theory. Quantitative structure activity relationship. History and
development of QSAR. Concepts of drug receptors. Elementry treatment of drug
receptor interactions. Physico-chemical parameters: lipophilicity, partition coefficient,
electronic ionization constants, steric, Shelton and surface activity parameters and
redox potentials. Free-Wilson analysis, Hansch analyysis, relationships between Free-
Wilson and Hansch analysis LD-50, ED-50 (Mathematical derivations of equations
excluded).
II Pharmacokinetics
Introduction of drug absorption, disposition, elimination using pharmacokinetics,
important pharmacokinetic parameters in defining drug disposition and in
therapeutics. Mention of uses of pharmacokinetics in drug development process.
III Pharmocodynamics
Introduction, elementary treatment of enzyme stimulation, enzyme inhibition
sulphonamides, membrane active drugs, drug metabolism, xenobiotics,
biotransformation, significance of drug metabolism in medicinal chemistry.
IV Antineoplastic Agents
Introduction, cancer chemotherapy, special problems, role of alkylating agents and
anti-metabolites in treatment of cancer. Mention of carcinolytic antibiotics and mitotic
inhibitors.
Synthesis of mechalorethamine, cyclophosphamide, melphalan, uracil, mustards and 6
mercaptopurine, recent development in cancer chemotherapy, Hormone and natural
products.
V Cardiovascular Drug

39
Introduction, cardiovascular diseases, drug inhibitors of peripheral sympathetic
function central intervention of cardiovascular output. Direct acting arteriolar dilators.
Synthesis of amyl nitrate, sorbitarte, diltiazem quinidine, veramil, methylodopa,
atenolol oxyprenolol.
VI Local Antinfective Drugs
Introduction and general mode of action.
Synthesis of sulphonamides, furazolidone, nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin,
dapson,e amino salicylic acid, isoniazid, ethionamid, thambutal, fluconazole,
econozole, griseofylvin, chloroquin and primaquin.
VII Psychoactive Drugs-The Chemotherapy of Mind
Introduction, neurotransmitters, CNS depressant, general anaesthetics, mode of action
of hypnotics, sedatives, antianxiety drugs, benzodiazepines, buspirone,
neurochemistry of mental diseases. Antipsychotic drug-the neuroleptics,
antidepepressants, butyrophenones, serendipity and drug development, sterochemical
aspects of psychotropic drugs. Synthesis of diazepam, oxazepam, chlorazepam,
alprazolam, phenytoin ethosuximide, trimethadione barbiturates, thiopental sodium
glutethimide.
VIII Antibiotics
Cell wall biosynthesis, inhibitors, -lactam rings, antibiotics inhibiting protein
synthesis. Synthesis of penicillin G, penicillin, ampicillin, amoxycillin,
chloramphenicol, cephalosporin, tetracyclin and streptomycin.
BOOK SUGGESTED
1. Introduction to Medical Chemistry, A. Gringuage, Wiley-VCH.
2. Wilson and Gisvold's Text Book of Organic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical
Chemistry. Ed. Robert, F. Dorge.
3. An introduction of Drug Design, S.S. Pandeya and J.R. Dimmock, New Age
International.
4. Burger's Medicinal chemistry and Drug Discovery, Vol. I, (Chapter 9 and Chapter
14) Ed. M.E. Wolff, John Wiley.
5. Goodman and Gilman's Pharmacological Basis of therapeutics, Mc Graw-Hill.
6. The Organic Chemistry of Drug Design and Drug Action. R.B. Silvermann,
Academic Press.
7. Strategies for Organic Drug Synthesis and Design. D. Lednicer, John Wiley.

40
M.Sc. (Final) Organic Chemistry
Paper V
Chemistry of Natural Products

I Trapezoids and Carotenoids

Classification, nomenclature, occurrence, isolation, general methods of structure
determination, isoprene rule.
Structure determination, stereochemistry, biosynthesis and synthesis of the following
representative molecules: Citral Geranoil, -Terpeneol, Menthol, Farnesol,
Ziniberene, Santonin, Phytol, Abietic acid and -Carotene.

II Alkaloids
Definition nomenclature and physiological action, occurrence, isolation, general
methods of structure elucidation, degradation, classification based on nitrogen
heterocyclic ring role of alkaloids in plants.
Structre, Stereochemistry, synthesis and biosynthesis of the following: Ephedrine,
(+)-Conline, Nicotine, Atropine, Quinine and Morphine.

III Steroids
Occurrence, nomenclature, basic skeleton, Diel's hydrocarbon and stereochemistry.
Isolation, structure determination and synthesis of Cholesterol, Bile acid,
Androsterone, Testosterone, Estrone, Progestorne, Aldosterone Biosynthesis of
steroids.

IV Plant Pigments
Occurrence, nomenclature and general methods of structure determination, Isolation
and Synthesis of Apigenin, Luteolin, quercetin, Myrecetin, Quercetine 3-glucoside,
Vitexin Diadzein, Butein, Aureusin, Cyanidin-7-arabinoside, acid pathway.

V Porphyrins
Structure and synthesis of Haemoglobin and Chlorophyll.
VI Prostalandins
Occurrence, nomenclature, classification, biogenesis and physiological effects,
synthesis of PGE2 and PGE2x.

41
VII Pyrethroids and rotenones
Synthesis and reaction of pyrethroids and Rotenones (for structure elucidation,
emphasis is to placed on the use of spectral parameters wherever possible).

BOOKS SUGGESTED
1. Natural Products: Chemistry and Biological Significance, J. Mannm R.S. Davidson,
J.B. Hobbs, D.V. Banthrope and J.B. Harborne, Longman, Essex.
2. Organic Chemistry, Vol-2, I.L. Finar, ELBS.
3. Stereoselective Synthesis : A Practical Approach, M. Nogradi, VCH.
4. Rodd's Chemistry of Carbon Compounds, Ed. S. Coffey, Elsevier.
5. Chemistry, Biological and Pharmacological Properties of medicinal Plants from the
Americas, Ed. Kurt Hostettmann, M.P. Gupta and A. Marston, Harwood Academic
Publishers.
6. Introduction of Flavonoids, B.A. Bohm, Harwood Academic Publishers.
7. New Trends in Natural Product Chemistry, Atta-ur-Rahaman and M.I. Choudhary,
Harwood Academic Publishers.
8. Insecticides of Natural Origin, Sukh Dev, Harwood Academic Publishers.

******

42
M.Sc. (Final) Organic Chemistry
Practicals

1. Qualitative analysis M.M. 30

Separation and identification of components of mixture of three organic compounds
(three solids or two liquids and one solid, two solids and one liquid). Suitable
derivatives to be prepared where possible. Purify of the separated components should
also be checked on TLC plates, chemical analysis.
2. Multistep synthesis of organic compounds M.M. 30
Preparation of organic compounds involving not more than three stages.
(i) Benzanilide from Benzene
(ii) Benzilic acid from Benzoin
(iii) Quinoline from Aniline
(iv) 2-Phenylindole from phenyl hydrazine.
(v) Alkylation of diethyl malonate with an alkyl halide.
3. Any one of the following experiments (a/b/c) M.M. 30
(a) Isolation of the following
(i) Caffeine from tea leaves.
(ii) Casein from milk
(iii) Lactose from milk
(iv) Nicotine dipicrate from tobacco
(v) Lycopene from tamtoes.
(b) Paper chromatography
Separation and identification of the sugars present in the given mixture of
glucose, fructose and sucrose by paper chromatography and determination R f
values.
(c) Identification of organic compounds on the basis of given spectral data
(UV, IR, PMR, CMR and MS)
Master Thesis/Research Project
Topic and supervisor will be decided by the respective head of the department.

43
M.Sc. (Final)
Physical Chemistry Syllabus
(To be effective from session 2020-21)
The examination shall comprise five theory papers each of three hours duration and a
practical examination of 6 hours duration and Master thesis/ Research Project presentation on
another day. The details of papers are given below-
(a) Theory Papers-
Paper No. Course
Marks
I Solid State Chemistry and Spectroscopy 100
II Bio-Physical Chemistry 100
III Advance Quantum Chemistry 100
IV Chemistry of Materials 100
V Polymer Chemistry 50
450
(b) practical
13. Thermodynamics 30
14. Spectroscopy 30
15. Polarography and E.M.F. Measurement 30
16. Viva Voce 20
17. Records 10
18. Master Thesis/Research Project 30

150
Total Marks (Theory and Practicals) 600

Note : Seminars are to be held for an hour in every week of the session.

44
M.Sc. (Final) Physical Chemistry
Paper I
Solid State Chemistry and Spectroscopy
I Solid State Reactions
General Principles for reaction between two solids: Reactions conditions, structural
considerations, surface area, reactivity, Kinetics of solids state reactions.

II Crystal Defects and Non-Stoichiometry

Perfect and imperfect crystals, intrinsic and extrinsic defects points defects,
vacancies-Sohottky defects and Frenkel defects. Thermodynamics of Schottky and
Frenkel defect formation, non-stoichiometry and defects.

III Electronic Properties and Band Theory

Metals, insulators and semiconductors, electronic structure of solids-band theory,
band structure of metals, insulators and semiconductors, Inrinsic and extrinsic
semiconductors, doping semiconductors, p-n junctions, super conductors.
Optical properties-Optical reflectance. Photoconduction-photoelectric effects.
IV Crystal Lattice and Unit Cell
Unit cell and Crystal lattices, brief concept of molecular symmetry, concept of
Symmetry in crystal systems, Herman Mauguin notation for symmetry elements in
crystal systems, representation of screw axis and glide planes, restriction of symmetry
elements in crystals systems, representation of lattice planes and directions, Bravias
lattices, concept of Miller indices and Weiss indices, hexagonal crystal system,
Determination of miller indices in hexagonal systems, planes of form in crystals, zone
rule ,possible combination of rotational symmetries, determination of d spacing in
crystals.
V Point Groups and Space Groups in Crystal Systems
Point groups in crystals systems, Herman maugiun notation of point groups in crystal
systems, centrosymmetric and non-centrosymmetric point groups, representation of
point groups in crystallography, Concept of space groups, structural elucidation of the
following space groups: P1,C2,C2/m,P2221, I41,determination of atomic coordinates
and special positions of space groups ,systematic absent reflections, space group and
crystal structure of perovskite (ABO3)

45
VI X-Ray diffractions
Bragg condition, Miller indices, Laue method, Bragg method of X-ray structural
analysis of crystals, index reflections. Structure of simple lattices and X-ray
intensities.

VII Electron Diffraction

Scattering intensity vs. scattering angle, Wierl equation, measurement technique,
elucidation of structure of simple gas phase molecules.

BOOKS SUGGESTED
1. Solid State Chemistry and its Applications, A.R. West, Plenum.
2. Principles of the Solid State H.V. Keer Wiley Easter.
3. Solid State Chemistry, N.B. Hannay.
4. Solid State Chemistry, D.K. Chakrabarty, New Age International.
5. Macromolecules: Structure and Functions, F. World, Prentice Hall.

46
M.Sc. (Final) Physical Chemistry
Paper II
Biophysical Chemistry
I Biological cell and its Constituents
Biological cell, structure and functions of proteins, enzymes. DNA and RNA in living
systems. Helix coil transition.

II Bioenergetics
Standard free energy change in biochemical reactions, exergonic, endergonic,
Hydrolysis of ATP, synthesis of ATP from ADP.

III Biopolymer Interactions

Forces involved in biopolymer interactions. Electrostatic charges and molecular
expansion, hydrophobic force, dispersion force interactions. Multiple equilibria and
various types of binding processes in biological systems. Hydrogen ion titration
curves.

IV Thermodynamics of Biopolymer Solutions

Thermodynamics of biopolymer solutions, osmotic pressure membrane equilibrium,
muscular contraction ion energy generation in mechanochemical system.

V Cell membrane and Transport of ions

Structure and functions of cell membrane, ion transport through cell membrane, and
irreversible thermodynamic treatment of membrane transport. Nerve Conduction.

VI Biopolymers and their Molecular Weights

Evaluation of size shape molecular weight and extent of hydration of biopolymers by
various experimental techniques. Sedimentation equilibrium, hydrodynamic methods,
diffusion, sedimentation velocity viscosity eletrophoresis and rotational motions.
BOOKS SUGGESTED
1. Principles of Biochemistry, A.L. Lehninger, Worth Publishers.
2. Biochemistry, L. Strayer, W.H. Freeman.
3. Biochemistry, J. David Rawn, Neil Patterson.
4. Biochemistry, Voet and Voet, John Wiley.

47
5. Outlines of Biochemistry: E.E. Conn and P.K. Stumpf. John Wiley.
6. Bioorganic Chemistry: A Chemical Approach to Enzyme Action, H. Dugas and C.
Penny, Springer-Verlag.

48
M.Sc. (Final) Physical Chemistry
Paper III
Advanced Quantum Chemistry
I Theoretical and Computational Treatment of Atoms and Molecules, Hartree-
Fock Theory
Review of the principles of quantum mechanica, Born Oppenheimer Approximation.
Slater-Condon Rules, Hartee-Fock equation, Koopmans and Brillouin theories,
Roothan equation, Gaussian basis sets.

II Configuration Interaction and MC-SCF

Introduction to Cl, full and truncated Cl theories, size consistency. Introductory
treatment of coupled cluster and MC-SCF methods.

III Semi-Empirical Theories

A review of the Huckel, EHT and PPP streatments, ZDO approximation, detailed
treatment of CNDO and INDO theories. A discussion of electronic energies and
properties. An introduction of MOPAC and AMI with hands on Experience of
personal computer.
IV Density Functional Theory
Derivation of Hohenberg-Kohn theorem, Kohn-Sham formulation, N-and V-
representabilites; review of the performance of the existing local (e.g. Slater Xa and
other methods) and non-local functionals, treatment of chemical concepts with the
density functional theory.

V Electronic Structure of Atoms

Russell-Saunders terms and coupling schemes, term symbols for the pn and dn
configurations, spin orbit coupling and Zeeman splitting, introduction to the
method of self-consistent field, slater type orbitals.

BOOKS SUGGESTED
1. Modern quantum chemistry, N.S. Ostlund and A. Szabo, Mc Graw Hill.

49
2. Methods of Molecular Quantum Mechanics R., Mc Weeny and B.T. Sutchliffe.
Academic Press.
3. Exploring Chemistry with Electron Structure Methods. J.B. Foresman and E. Frish.
Goussian Inc.
4. Semi-empirical MO theory, J. Pople and D.L. Beveridge.

50
M.Sc. (Final) Physical Chemistry
Paper IV
Chemistry of Materials
I Multiphase Materials
Ferrous alloys: Fe-C phase transformation in ferrous alloys: stainless steels, non-
ferrous alloys, properties of ferrous and non-ferrous alloys and their applications.

II Glasses, Ceramics, Composites and Nanomaterials.

Glassy state, glass formers and glass modifiers, applications. Ceramic structures,
mechanical properties, clay products. Refractories, characterizations, properties and
application.
Microscopic composites; dispersion-strengthened and particle-reinforces, fibre-
reinforced composites, macroscopic composite. nanocryastalling phase, preparation
procedures, special properties, applcations.

III Thin films and langmuir-Blodgett Films

Preparation techniques; evaporation/sputtering. Chemical processes, MOCVD, sol-get
etc. Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) film, growth techniques, photolithography, properties
and applications of thin and LB films.

IV Liquid Crystals
Mesmorphic behaviour, thermotropic liquid crystals, positional order, bond
orientational order, nematic and smectic mesophases; smectic-nematic transtion and
clearning temperature-homeotropic, planar and schlieren textures, twisted nematics,
chiral nemations, molecular arrangement in smectic A and smectic C phases, optical
properties of liquid crystals. Dielectric susceptidility and dielectric comstants.
Lyotropic phases and their description of ordering in liquid crystals.

V Polymeric Materials
Molecular shape, structure and configuration, crystallinity, and their applications.
conducting and ferro-electric polymers.
VI Ionic Conductors
Types of ionic conductors, mechanism of ionia conduction, interstitial jumps
(Frenkel), vacancy mechanism, diffusion superiohic conductors, phase teransitions

51
and mechanism of conduction in superionic conductors examples and applications of
ionic conductors.

VII High Tc Materials

Defect perovskites, high Tc superconductivity in cuprates, preparation and
characterization of 1-2-3 and 2-1-4 materials, normal state properies; anisotropy;
anisotropy; temperature dependence of electrical resistance; optical phonon modes,
supenerconducting state; heat capacity; coherence length, elastic constants, position
lifetimes, microwave absorption-pairing and multigap structure in high Tc materials
applications of high Tc materials.

VIII Materials for solid State Devices

Rectifiers, transistors, capacitors-IV-V compounds, low-dimensional quantum
structures; optical properties.

IX Organic Solids, Fullerences, molecular Devices

Conducting organics, organic superconductors, magnetism in organic materials.
Fullerenes-doped, fullerences as superconductors, magnetism in organic materials.
Molecular rectifiers and transistors, artificial photosynthetic devices, optical storage
memory and switches-sensors.
Non-linear optical materials; nonlinear optical effects, second and third order-
molecular hyperpolarisability and second order electric susceptibility-materials for
second and third harmonic generation.
BOOKS SUGGESTED
1. Solid State Physics, N.W. Ashcroft and N.D. Mermin Saunders College.
2. Material Science and Engineering. An Introduction. W.D. Callister, Wiley.
3. Principles of the Solid State, H.V. Keer, Wiley Eastern.
4. Materials Science, J.C. Anderson, K.D. Leaver, J.M. Alexander and R.D. Rawlings,
ELBS.
5. Thermotropic Liquid Crystalism Ed. G.W. Gray. John Wiley.
6. Handbook of Liquid Crystals. Kelker and Hafz. Chemie Verlag.

52
M.Sc. (Final) Physical Chemistry
Paper V
Polymers
I Basics
Importance of polymers. Basic concepts: Monomers, repeat units, degree of
polymerization. Linear, branched and network polymers, Classification of polymers
Polymerization; condensation, addition, radical chain-ionic and co-ordination and
copolymerization. Polymerization conditions and polymer reactions. Polymerization
in homogeneous and heterogeneous systems.
II Polymer Characterization
Polydispersion-average molecular weight concept. Number, weight and viscosity
average molecular weights. Polydispersity and molecular weight. Measurement of
molecular weights. End-group, viscocity. Light scattering, osmotic and
ultracentrifugation methods. Analysis and testing of polymers. Chemical analysis of
polymers, spectroscopic methods, X-ray diffraction study. Microscopy. Thermal
analysis and physical testing-tensile strength. Fatigue, impact, tear resistance.
Hardness and abrasion resistance.
III Structure and Properties
Morphology and order in crystalfine polymers-configurations of polymer chains.
Crystal structures. Morphology of cryastalling polymers polymers, strain-induced
morphology, crystallization and melting. Polymer structure and physical properties-
crystaling melting point Tm-melting points of homogeneous series, effect of chain
flexibility and other steric factors, entropy and heat of fusion. The glass transition
temperature, Tg-relationship between Tm and Tg. Effects of molecular weight,
diluents, chemical structure, chain topology, branching and cross linking. Property
requirements and polymer utilization.
IV Polymer Processing
Plastics, elastomers and fibres compounding processing techniques calendaring die-
casting, rotational casting film casting injection moulding. Blow moulding, extrusion
moulding thermolorming, foamian, reinforcing and fibre spinning.

V Properties of Commercial Polymers

53
Polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride polyamides polyesters, phenolic resins. epoxy resins
and silicone polymers. Functional polymers, fire retarding polymers and electrically
conducting polymers. Biomedical polymers-contact lens, dental polymers, artificial
heart, kidney, skin and blood cells.
BOOKS SUGGESTED
1. Textbook of Polymer Science, F.W. Billmeyer Jr. Wiley.
2. Polymer Science, V.R. Gowarker, N.V. Viswanathan and J. Sreedhar, Wiley-Eastern.
3. Functional Monomers and Polymers. K. Takemoto, Y. Inaki and R.M. Rttanbrite.
4. Contemporary polymer Chamistry, H.R. Alcock and F.W. Lambe, Prentice Hall.
5. Physics and chemistry of Polymer, J.M.g. Cowie, Blackie Academic and Professional.
******

54
M.Sc. (Final) Physical Chemistry
Practicals

PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
A list of experiments under different headings are given below. Typical experiments
are to be selected from each type for practice during the session. In the annual examination,
two experiments (selected from two different headings) as to be performed.
Thermodynamics M.M. 30
(i) Determination of partial molar volume of solute (e.g. KCl) and solvent in a binary
mixture.
(ii) Determination of the temperature dependence of the solubility of a compound in two
solvents having similar inter molecular interactions (benzoic acid in water and in
MDSO water mixture) and to calculate the partial molar heat of solution.
Spectroscopy M.M. 30
(i) Determination of pKa of an indicator (e.g. methyl red) in (a) inorganic (e.g. ferric-
salicyclic acid) and organic (e.g. amineiodine) complexes.
(ii) Characterization of the complexes by electronic and IR spectral data.

Polarography/E.M.F. Measurement M.M. 30

(i) Estimation of Pb2+ and Cd2+/Zn2+ and Ni2+ ions in a mixture of Pb2+ and Cd2+/Zn2+
and Ni2+ by polarography.
(ii) Determination of dissolved oxygen in aqueous solution of organic solvents.
(i) Determination of the equilibrium constant of the reaction-
H2Q  2Ag  Q  2H   2Ag
(Hydroquinone) (Quinhydrone)
(ii) Determination of activity coefficient of electrolytes.
(iii) Potentiometric titration of a solution of Fe2+ against Cr2O72 and the determination of
the redox potential of Fe2+  Fe3+ system.
(iv) Determination of ionic product of water (Kw)
Master Thesis/Research Project
Topic and supervisor will be decided by the respective head of the department.

BOOK SUGGESTED
1. Inorganic Experiments, J. Derek Woolline VCH.

55
2. Microscale Inorganic Chemistry, Z. Szafrsn, R.M. Pike, M.M. Singh, Wiley.
3. Practical Inorganic Chemistry, G. Mar and B.W. Bookett. Van Nostrand.
4. The Systematic Identification of Organic Compounds, R.L. Shnier and D.Y. Curtn5.
Semimicro, Qualitative Organic Analysis, N.D. Cheronis, J.B. Extnkin and E.M.
Hodentt.
5. Small Scale Organic Preparation, P.J. Hili
6. Organometallic Synthesis, J.J. Fisch and R.B. King Academic Press.
7. Experimental Physical Chemistry, D.P. Shoemaker, C.W. Garland and J.W. Niber,
Mc Graw Hill Interscience.
8. Findlay's Practical Physical Chemistry, revised B.P. Lew Longman.
9. Experiments in Physical chemistry, J.C. Ghosh, Bharati Bhawan.
******

56