LEARNING OUTCOMES

1. Apply essential rules of English Grammar in English

conversation and writing;
2. Understand and avoid common mistakes in the
English language;
3. Identify the most frequent punctuation marks required
for grammatically correct sentences
4. Carry out simple English Conversations with
confidence
5. Handle complaints and create a positive atmosphere
through verbal communication
6. Respond to verbal and written instruction
appropriately
A PERSON OF GOOD GRAMMAR WILL
RECEIVE A GOOD IMPRESSION AND
MAY BE OTHERS CONSIDER TO BE A
MARK OF INTELLIGENCE AND
EDUCATION
THE 8
PARTS OF
SPEECH IN ENGLISH
THE 8
PARTS OF
SPEECH IN ENGLISH

Nouns: nouns are words that name people, places, things,

ideas, or qualities. Examples: cat, house, tree, love, happiness
Pronouns: pronouns are words that take the place of nouns.
Examples: I, you, he, she, it, we, they
Verbs: verbs are words that describe actions or states of being.
Examples: run, eat, sleep, be, have
Adjectives: adjectives describe nouns. Examples: big, small,
red, happy, sad
THE 8
PARTS OF
SPEECH IN ENGLISH

Adverbs: adverbs describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.

Examples: quickly, slowly, carefully, very, too
Prepositions: prepositions show the relationship between a noun
or pronoun and another word in the sentence. Examples: in, on,
at, to, from
Conjunctions: conjunctions connect words, phrases, or clauses.
Examples: and, but, or, so, because
Interjections: interjections are words that express emotion or
feeling. Examples: oh, wow, oops, ouch
TYPES OF
SENTENCES

1.
. ? !
Declarative Sentences – sentences that provide information. States a fact or opinion
and always ends with a period.
2. Interrogative Sentences – sentences that ask direct questions, and always end with
the question mark
3. Exclamatory Sentences – sentences express strong emotion. It always ends with an
exclamation point
BASIC
GRAMMAR
RULES IN ENGLISH
BASIC
GRAMMAR
RULES IN ENGLISH
Subject-verb agreement: The subject and verb of a
sentence must agree in number. This means that if the
subject is singular, the verb must be singular, and if the
subject is plural, the verb must be plural.
o Singular subject: The cat sits on the mat.
o Plural subject: The cats sit on the mats.
BASIC
GRAMMAR
RULES IN ENGLISH
Punctuation: Punctuation marks are used to clarify the meaning of a sentence and to
make it easier to read. Some common punctuation marks include the period, comma,
semicolon, colon, and question mark.
o Period:
o Statement – ”Our hotel offers complimentary breakfast.”

o Comma:
o Series – “The room service menu includes sandwiches, salads, and
desserts.”
o Introductory Phrase – “Located in the heart of the city, our hotel is
within walking distance of many attractions.”
o Direct Address – “Mr. Smith, thank you for choosing our hotel.”
BASIC
GRAMMAR
RULES IN ENGLISH
Punctuation: Punctuation marks are used to clarify the meaning of a sentence and to
make it easier to read. Some common punctuation marks include the period, comma,
semicolon, colon, and question mark.
o Semicolon:
o Related Independent Clauses – “The spa offers a variety of treatments;
some of our most popular include massages, facials, and body wraps.”

o Colon:
o Introducing a List – “The hotel amenities include: swimming pool,
fitness center, and business center.”

o Question mark:
o Direct Question – “Would you like to upgrade to a suite?”
BASIC
GRAMMAR
RULES IN ENGLISH
Sentence structure: A sentence must have a
subject and a verb. It can also have other parts of
speech, such as objects, adjectives, and
adverbs.
Complete sentence: The guests enjoyed the
live music in the lobby.
Incomplete sentence: Delicious food served in
the restaurant.
BASIC
GRAMMAR
RULES IN ENGLISH
Verb tenses: Verbs are used to describe actions or states
of being. Verbs have different tenses to indicate when the
action or state of being is happening.
Present tense: The hotel offers a spa and fitness
center.
Past tense: The guest checked in at 3 PM.
Future tense: The hotel will open a new pool next
month.
COMMONLY
CONFUSED
WORDS
COMMONLY
CONFUSED
WORDS

“Affect” is a verb meaning to

influence. ”Effect” is a noun
meaning result.

Example:
While the student didn’t see how
studying affected his test-taking,
the positive effects soon became
clear.
COMMONLY
CONFUSED
WORDS

Lie is a verb meaning to recline or

rest on a surface. Lay is a verb
meaning to put or place.

Example:
Kim lies down to take a nap every
day at 3:30 p.m. Before falling
asleep, Kim lays her bracelet on
the table.
COMMONLY
CONFUSED
WORDS

Lose is a verb meaning to

misplace. Loose is an adjective meaning
slack, moveable, or weak.

Example:
I always manage to lose my loose-fitting
tank top.
COMMONLY
CONFUSED
WORDS
Than is a conjunction used to compare
two things. Then is usually an adverb
indicating time.

Example:
Do you think that Pepsi Cola is
better than Coca Cola? We went to the
store, and then to a movie.
COMMONLY
CONFUSED
WORDS
That is used when the phrase or clause that
follows it is necessary in the sentence.
Which is used when the phrase or clause
that follows it is not necessary.

Example:
Students that fail to thoroughly proofread
often miss unnecessary points.
Procrastinated papers, which students write
often, fail to lead to the desired grades for
their classes.
COMMONLY
CONFUSED
WORDS
Their is a pronoun that is plural
possessive. There is a word that means
place. They’re is a contraction that means
they are.
Example:
Their dog is over there digging through the
trash. They’re not the most responsible pet
owners.
COMMONLY
CONFUSED
WORDS

To is a preposition indicating direction. Too is

an adverb meaning in addition or also. Two is
a number.

Example:
Too many times, students go to their adviser
to set up their classes, but only have two of
their five classes picked out.
COMMONLY
CONFUSED
WORDS

Who is a pronoun used as the subject of a

sentence. Whom is a pronoun used as a direct
object.

Example:
Who is responsible for the research on this
group project? We assigned research to
whom for this group project?
COMMONLY
CONFUSED
WORDS

Your is a pronoun that is second-person

possessive. You’re is a contraction that means
you are.

Example:
Your clothes will wrinkle if you’re not careful
with the drying cycle you choose.
"YOUR GRAMMAR IS A REFLECTION OF
YOUR IMAGE. GOOD OR BAD, YOU HAVE
MADE AN IMPRESSION. AND LIKE ALL
IMPRESSIONS, YOU ARE IN TOTAL
CONTROL." - JEFF HADEN
REFERENCES:
SOMORAY, A.M.M. (2021) PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT & APPLIED ETHICS
THE WRITING STUDIO (N.D.) SEMICOLONS AND COLONS. UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH FLORIDA
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS (N.D) COMMONLY CONFUSED WORDS
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Prepared and compiled by:

ABIGAIL SL. GERONIMO

September 2024