Notes Science

LESSON 2 – Organelles

Organelles – specialized structures within a cell that are like organs in a

human body
There are many organelles in a cell like:

Nucleus:
 This is like the city hall where all the important decisions are made. It
tells the rest of the cell what to do.
 Control center with genetic material.
Mitochondria:
 These are the power plants of the city. They make energy so the cell
can do its work.
 Powerhouses that produce energy.
Ribosomes:
 Think of these as factories that make things the cell needs, like
proteins.
 They assemble amino acids into proteins based on the instructions
from DNA
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):

 It helps move things around the cell.
 Two Types of ER
* Rough ER: Has ribosomes for protein synthesis
* Smooth ER: Doesn’t have ribosomes on it for lipid synthesis and
detoxification.
Golgi Apparatus:
 This is the post office.
 It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids.
Lysosomes:
 These are the recycling centers.
 They break down old parts of the cell and recycle them. It is more
common in animal cells.
Cell Membrane:
 This is the city wall.
 It protects the cell and controls what goes in and out.
Cytoplasm:
 This is like the land where everything in the city sits.
 It’s a jelly-like substance that fills the cell.
Some organelles are exclusive to plant cells. These include

 Chloroplasts: Contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis.
 Cell Wall: Provides structure and protection, made of cellulose.
 Central Vacuole: Large, stores water and maintains cell pressure.
While some organelles are exclusive to animal cells. These include

 Centrioles: Help in cell division.
 Smaller Vacuoles: Not as large or prominent as the central
vacuole in plant cells.
LESSON 3-Unicellular and Multicellular Organisms
Unicellular Organisms
Life on earth evolved from a single cell millions of years ago. These single cells are
known as unicellular organisms. All the life processes in a unicellular organism,
including digestion, excretion, respiration, occur within a single cell. These cannot
be seen by the naked eyes and are hence called microorganisms. There are
several kinds of unicellular organisms such as
 Bacteria
 Protozoa
 Algae
 Fungi
 And many more
Let us have a detailed look at the characteristics, types, and examples of unicellular
organisms
The characteristics of unicellular organisms are as follows:
 The unicellular organisms usually reproduce by asexual means.

 They can be eukaryotes or prokaryotes.
 They are found in almost all habitats, from hot springs to frozen tundra.
 They possess whip-like structures for movement
 The nutrients enter or leave the cell by the process of diffusion.
 Also Read: Multicellular Organism Types of Unicellular Organisms
Examples:
a. Escherichia coli
b. Diatoms
c. Protozoa
d. Protista
e. Streptococcus
f. Pneumococci
g. Dinoflagellates
There are two types of unicellular organisms:
Prokaryotes
 Unicellular organisms without a true nucleus.

 Very small in size from 0.1 to 5.0 µm. This facilitates the diffusion of ions
and molecules to different parts of the cell.
 Have a peptidoglycan cell wall. The cell wall helps to maintain the
shape of the cell and prevents dehydration.
 They use flagella for locomotion.
 They possess fimbriae for attachment to the host cell, and pili to
exchange genetic material during conjugation.
Examples
a. Archaebacteria
b. Eubacteria
Eukaryotes
 Larger than prokaryotes

 Has a membrane-bound nucleus.
 DNA is present in the nucleus of the cell.
 Eukaryotes can be plant cells or animal cells.
 The plant cells contain vacuoles, chloroplast and a large central
vacuole. These cannot be found in animal cells.
 Lysosomes and centrosomes are present in animal cells and not in
plant cells.
Examples
a. Protozoa
b. Protista.
Nutrition in Unicellular Organisms
 Unicellular organisms feed on other organisms or liquid matter.

 The digestion is intracellular
 Larger particles are ingested by phagocytosis or pinocytosis
 The smaller sized particles enter into the cell through osmosis and
diffusion
Reproduction in Unicellular Organisms
Unicellular organisms reproduce by the following ways:
Binary fission
 In this, a single cell divides, giving rise to two daughter cells.

 This can be seen in bacteria and amoeba.
Budding
The yeast cells reproduce by the process called budding. Budding is a

process where a new organism is created from a small part of the
parent organism's body. The new organism, or bud, detaches from the
parent and develops into a new organism that is genetically identical
to the parent.
Encysting
Sometimes amoeba reproduces by the process called encysting. During

unfavorable conditions, it forms a protective covering around itself called a
cyst. This cyst contains chitin that helps it to reproduce.
Respiration in Unicellular Organisms
 The unicellular organisms respire aerobically or anaerobically.

 They do not have any respiratory structures for respiration
 They respire by the process of diffusion through the skin surface.
Cells in multicellular organisms can vary in appearance and function. They adapt to
their specific roles by having different numbers and types of organelles. Outer
skin cells form flattened stacks that protect the body from the environment.
Muscle cells are slender fibers that bundle together for muscle contraction.
The cells of multicellular organisms may also look different according to the
organelles needed inside of the cell. For example, muscle cells have more
mitochondria than most other cells so that they can readily produce energy for
movement; cells of the pancreas need to produce many proteins and have more
ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticula to meet this demand. Although all
cells have organelles in common, the number and types of organelles present
reveal how the cell functions.

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LESSON 2 – Organelles

Organelles – specialized structures within a cell that are like organs in a

There are many organelles in a cell like:

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):

Some organelles are exclusive to plant cells. These include

While some organelles are exclusive to animal cells. These include

LESSON 3-Unicellular and Multicellular Organisms

The characteristics of unicellular organisms are as follows:

 The unicellular organisms usually reproduce by asexual means.

There are two types of unicellular organisms:

 Unicellular organisms without a true nucleus.

 Larger than prokaryotes

Nutrition in Unicellular Organisms

 Unicellular organisms feed on other organisms or liquid matter.

Reproduction in Unicellular Organisms

Unicellular organisms reproduce by the following ways:

 In this, a single cell divides, giving rise to two daughter cells.

The yeast cells reproduce by the process called budding. Budding is a

Sometimes amoeba reproduces by the process called encysting. During

Respiration in Unicellular Organisms

 The unicellular organisms respire aerobically or anaerobically.

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