An Overview of distribution system and rooftop solar electricity in Kirloskar Brothers Limited.

An
Internship report on

Study on Roof Top Solar Electricity and distribution system in KBL

Submitted by
Miss. Prajakta Pandit Patil [B.Tech-B]
[21042046]

Under the guidance of

Mr. Omkar Swami [Assistant Professor]

Department of Electrical Engineering

Annasaheb Dange college of Engineering and Technology

(Year 2023-2024)

Department Of Electrical Engineering, ADCET Ashta. 1

An Overview of distribution system and rooftop solar electricity in Kirloskar Brothers Limited.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to thank all those who have contributed in the successful completion of an Internship
at "Kirloskar Brothers Limited, Kirloskarvadi". I am greatly indebted to him for his help throughout project
work. I express my sincere gratitude towards Dr. P. Balkrishnan Head of the Department, Electrical
Engineering, for providing necessary facilities, guidance and support. And I express my sincere gratitude
towards my Internship and Project guide Mr. Omkar Swami (Assistant Professor), Department of Electrical
Engineering, for always providing necessary guidance, support and various information regarding to
academics.

I respect and thank Mr. Ajitkumar Donavade (General Manager, HR) and Mr. Neel Shriwastav (Div Head
Maintenance) for providing me an opportunity to do a project in Kirloskar Brothers Limited, Kirloskarvadi
and constantly supporting and guiding me throughout the internship tenure in spite of their busy schedule. I
respect and thank Mr.nRamesh Gardade (Assistant Manager, Maintenance Utility),Ms. Laxmi Mane
(Assistant Manager, Maintenance Utility), Mr. Shivraj More (Deputy Manager, Maintenance Utility) and Mr.
Om Pakale for mentoring, supporting and guiding me which made me complete the internship duly. I am
extremely thankful to him for providing such a nice support and guidance, although he had busy schedule
managing the corporate affairs.

Nevertheless, I express my gratitude toward my family members for their kind co-operation and
encouragement which helped me in the completion of this internship.

Miss. Prajakta Pandit Patil [21042046]

B. Tech-B, Academic Year 2023-2024

Department Of Electrical Engineering, ADCET Ashta. 2

An Overview of distribution system and rooftop solar electricity in Kirloskar Brothers Limited.

ABSTRACT
The Solar Energy is produced by the Sunlight is a non-varnishing renewable source of energy which is free
from eco-friendly. It is inexhaustible, freely available and clean source of energy generation. Every hour
enough sunlight energy reaches the earth to meet the world's energy demand for a whole year. In today's
generation we needed Electricity every hour. This Solar Energy is generated by as per applications like
industrial, commercial, and residential. It cans easily energy drawn from direct sunlight. So it is very
efficiency & free environment pollution for surrounding. The solar PV system generates variable output, its
operation depends upon the solar irradiance. Solar energy is environmentally friendly technology, a great
energy supply and one of the most significant renewable and green energy sources. It plays a substantial role
in achieving sustainable development energy solutions. Therefore, the massive amount of solar energy
attainable daily makes it a very attractive resource for generating electricity. Both technologies, applications
of concentrated solar power or solar photovoltaics, are always under continuous development to fulfil our
energy needs. Hence, a large installed capacity of solar energy applications worldwide, in the same context,
supports the energy sector and meets the employment market to gain sufficient development.
India is geographically located at 28° 36.8' N and 77° 12.5' E in the hemisphere of the globe, that is an
ideal location for solar energy utilization. India has a high solar insulation of about 5000 Trillion Kwhr/year
, which is far larger than current energy consumption. Growing demand for energy and increasing power
value from utility companies compel industries to look for various choices. Captive solar roof power plant is
cost effective and reliable solution which might achieve the payback in only 3-5 years, whereas the plant
will last for more than twenty five years. The main reason behind choosing roof top is that there's no
problem of land acquisition for fitting the power plant. The solar Roof top power plant produce clean and
renewable energy. No sort of pollution is created, no greenhouse gases are emitted, no by-products are give
out, and therefore the Solar Roof Panels are completely recyclable and reusable.

Department Of Electrical Engineering, ADCET Ashta. 3

An Overview of distribution system and rooftop solar electricity in Kirloskar Brothers Limited.

CONTENT

Sr.No Content

1 Introduction
2 Company Profile

3. Power Distribution system

4 Diesel Generator

5 Wind Power Plant

6 Roof Top Solar System

7 Troubleshooting of faults

8 Reference

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An Overview of distribution system and rooftop solar electricity in Kirloskar Brothers Limited.

1. Introduction:
Since ages, our energy desires are met by numerous fuel like coal, petrol, diesel, lamp oil & natural gases.
But all of these energy sources are non-renewable & thus destined to finish in some unspecified time in the
future. Today, we’ve started feeling the crisis of non-renewable resources & it’s time that we start using
renewable natural resources, among that solar energy from sun is that the best choice for our country. India
is the fourth largest client of electricity in the world. As we have average three hundred sunny days during a
year, our country is best suited to solar energy. With presently available technology, we can use solar power
for any kind of applications. Due to technological advances & economy of scale, the solar equipment has
become economical particularly in comparison to DG sets or when grid electricity costs are more than Rs.10
per unit. With depreciation advantages, and a payback period of 3 to 5 years whereas the savings will be
realized for twenty five years.
This system has not only reduced diesel consumptions, but also saved electricity cost, improved productivity
& equipment life, and provided drinking water in no electricity zones.
This system can be installed on hospitals, banks, government buildings, institutional buildings, petrol
pumps, etc.

Present power scenario

India depends greatly on fossil fuels for its energy. Here coal remains the most important fuel for power
generation. About eighty seven of generated power comes from natural gas and the rest is from liquid fuel,
coal and hydropower. The current share of renewable energy is barely 13%

Fig 1- Present Power scenario

Future power scenario

Fig 2- Present Power scenario

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An Overview of distribution system and rooftop solar electricity in Kirloskar Brothers Limited.

Roof Top Solar System:

The main reason behind choosing roof top is that there’s no drawback of land acquisition for fitting the
power plant.
Roof top solar power plants are both green and economical. The customers will have access to power all the
time and will not suffer from any regular or unexpected power cuts.
Customers does not have to rely on diesel generators throughout load shedding hours. The roof top plant is
capable of running all the appliances, just like normal grid electricity. In fact, the quality of the power is
much superior compared to grid power in most places.
Solar power plants assist you generate clean and green energy at affordable price. A extremely optimized
solar power plant generates most of its power during 8:00 am to 6:00 pm

Benefits of Roof Top Solar System

The biggest advantage of installing rooftop solar panels is that they offer cost savings. The tariff rates for
rooftop solar in comparison to industrial and commercial tariff rates are cheaper by 17% and 27%
respectively. Rooftop solar installations are also attaining grid parity in many residential sectors of India. For
building owners, rooftop solar installations can even help in cutting down electricity bills. Rooftop panels
supply electricity to buildings, so they need to buy less electricity.
• Reduces carbon footprints
Solar panels harness sunlight to generate electricity. So, they pose fewer pollution risks to the
environment in comparison to conventional sources of energy. Unlike a generator, they run without
producing any noise and give out lesser emissions of harmful gases. Furthermore, it is a good source
of energy that combats climate change. Thus, rooftop solar is ideal as it reduces carbon footprints.
• Green source of energy
This is an era where more and more people are adopting eco-friendly items. The consumers,
especially industrial and commercial consumers, are willing to make capital investments to
contribute towards the preservation of the environment. Environment-friendly customers are even
willing to pay higher than grid power.
• Low maintenance cost
The chief factor that accentuates the importance of rooftop solar panels is that they require very less
maintenance. They come with a service life of over 20 years if maintained properly.

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An Overview of distribution system and rooftop solar electricity in Kirloskar Brothers Limited.

2. Company Profile:-
Kirloskar Brothers Limited was established in 1888 and incorporated in 1920, KBL is among the pioneers of
industrial revolution in India. From developing the country’s first plough to being India’s first manufacturer
of centrifugal pumps, KBL, with its rich legacy extending over a span of 130 years, has many “firsts” to its
credit. Be it India’s first diesel engine, electric motor, lathe or the specialized Concrete Volute Pump (CVP),
KBL’s long list of revolutionary achievements and contribution to the Indian industry is impeccable. The
foundation of Kirloskar Brothers was laid by our founder, Shri Laxmanrao Kirloskar and his brothers, Shri.
Ramuanna Kirloskar, in the form of a small bicycle shop in 1896, which later went on to pioneer an industrial
revolution in India with the establishment of Kirloskar Brothers Limited. If Shri Laxmanrao sowed the seeds
of industrialization in the country with the establishment of Kirloskar Brothers Limited, his son, Shri
Shantanurao Kirloskar, who joined his father’s business in 1936, ensured its growth and expansion under his
leadership. From selling bicycles in 1888, the company, under the leadership of Shri Shantanurao, later
divested into a conglomerate group of companies. Our aim is to empower people, enhance business, strengthen
infrastructure and create new opportunities for growth through Total Fluidity Management. As the flagship
company of the US $2.1 billion Kirloskar Group, we manufacture and develop a range of leading-edge
solutions for Total Fluidity Management. Our capabilities span from large infrastructure projects such as water
supply, power generation, irrigation, oil & gas and marine & defense to small pumps for domestic and
agricultural use. Kirloskarvadi plant, established in 1910, is Kirloskar Brothers Limited’s (KBL’s) mother
plant, which houses manufacturing facilities starting from foundry to machining, assembly and testing of
various types of pumps ranging from 5 KW to 4500 KW. KBL’s mother plant is well equipped with all the
latest state-of-the-art manufacturing and technological capabilities. It is home to Asia’s only 3- D printing
machine for pump modelling. The factory houses Asia’s largest state-of the art hydraulic testing facility for
testing centrifugal pumps of all sizes.

Vision Statement:
The Vision of Kirloskar Brothers is Enriching Lives across communities through innovative and sustainable
engineering solutions.
Mission Statement: The Mission of Kirloskar Brothers is to lead the industry through reliable, intelligent
hydraulic machines & systems providing superior value and ensuring customer delight.

Capabilities and Strengths:

To stay ahead, we think ahead. Which is why, we constantly incorporate best-in-class technology in our
production processes. For well over a century, we have honed our engineering intelligence and expertise to
develop manufacturing capabilities that are benchmarked to the highest quality standards and supported by

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An Overview of distribution system and rooftop solar electricity in Kirloskar Brothers Limited.

an integrated network of services. KBL manufactures over 75 types of pumps with EPC capabilities and a
flow capacity of 120,000 m3 /hr, which can easily reach up to 1,200 m. This has helped us carve a niche
over our competitors in producing a wide range of energy efficient pumpson a large scale, including the
smallest and the largest pumps in the world. With 14 manufacturing facilities, out of which 7 are based
outside India, KBL is well-equipped to meet the growing demands of local and global clients. KBL has
12,700 channel partners in India and 80 overseas and issupported by best-in-class network of authorized
centers and authorized refurbishment centers across the country. All our Total Quality Management (TQM)
enabled manufacturing facilities are certified for Integrated Management System comprising of ISO
9001:2015 (QMS), ISO 14001:2015 (EMS), ISO 45001:2018 (OH&S) and ISO 50001:2018 (EnMS)
Management.

Kirloskarvadi Plant:
The Kirloskarvadi plant is located near Sangli, Maharashtra, off the Mumbai-Bangalore (NH4) highway. The
industrial township is spread across a vast expanse of 150 acres of land area, which covers the factory and
residential area. The residential area includes basic medical facilities, school, recreation hall, and golf course
and play grounds. It is home to one of India’s first industrial townships which, today, comprises a housing
colony of over 250 families who have access to all the modern residential amenities, living a healthy and uber
lifestyle. The Kirloskarvadi plant is a green facility committed towards reducing resource consumption and
minimizing waste while considering the life-cycle costs of products. Over 42% of the total energy consumed
within the plant. With over of its premises covered under the green belt, Kirloskarvadi is one of those rare
manufacturing facilities where there is enough space for the coexistence of all three – flora, fauna and humans.
The facility has been the proud winner of the CII Green Co Gold Award, which is a reflection of its
commitment towards implementation of environment management practices in a sustainable manner.

Departments:-
• Large Pump Division:
• Large Vertical Turbine.
• Medium Vertical Turbine.
• Small Vertical Turbine.
• Small and Medium Pump Division:
• End Suction Pump Division.
• Multi-Stage Pump Division.
• Split Case Pump Division.
• Process Pump Division.

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An Overview of distribution system and rooftop solar electricity in Kirloskar Brothers Limited.

• Advanced Technology Product Division.

The above divisions are controlled by the following departments:

• HRMC (Human Resource Management& Communication)
• IED (Industrial Engineering Department)
• MED (Manufacturing Engineering Department) - Tool room
• QA (Quality Assurance) – NDT (Non-destructive Testing)
• R & D (Research and Development) - Automation projects (IoT, AI, AR, etc.) – NPD (New product
development) & PED (Product Engineering Department).
• Purchase -General Store, S & OP department (Sales and operations Planning department)
• Foundries - Pattern shop - casting upgradation, welding, RT, UT, DP.
• Packing and dispatch - FC (Finished component store).
• Maintenance & Production Department.

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An Overview of distribution system and rooftop solar electricity in Kirloskar Brothers Limited.

3. Distribution System

Fig 3- Single line diagram of distribution System

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An Overview of distribution system and rooftop solar electricity in Kirloskar Brothers Limited.

3.1Advantages and components of Single Line Diagram:-

– Gives an overall understanding of the system.

– It simplifies the troubleshooting process and makes it faster.
– It further ensures the safety of personnel and makes maintenance more convenient.
– It ensures a safer and more reliable operation of the system.

3.2 Transformers:
1)Current Transformer. 2)Potential Transformer

Fig 4- Current Transformer Fig 5- Potential Transformer

Power Transformer:
A power transformer is defined as a transformer that operates with high voltages and currents in the power
system network. It is mainly used to increase or decrease the voltage level between the generator and the
distribution circuits. A power transformer has two or more windings that are magnetically coupled through a
core. A varying current in one winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the core, which induces a varying
voltage in the other windings.Power transformers are used for several reasons in the electrical power system
such as reduce power loss in transmission lines, provide galvanic isolation between circuits, to match the
load impedance with the source impedance, to provide multiple voltage levels for different applications.

Fig 6- Power Transformer

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An Overview of distribution system and rooftop solar electricity in Kirloskar Brothers Limited.

4. Diesel Generator
4.1 Ratings OF DG set
• 500 KVA DG
Rated KVA 500 KVA

Rated KW 400 KW

Voltage 415 V

Frequency 50Hz

Rated speed 1500 rpm

Fuel tank capacity 990 L

Fuel required for 1Hr. 90L

Table 1- Specificatios of 500 KVA DG Fig 7 - Diesel Generator 500KVA

• 1010 KVA DG
Year of Manufacturing 2023
Power Factor 0.8

Rated KVA 1010

Rated KW 1600

FL Current (0.8 PF) Amp 1405

Rated Voltage 415

Frequency 50hz

Rated Speed 1500 rpm

Fuel required for 1 hr. 180 L

Table 2- Specificatios of 1000 KVA DG Fig 8- Diesel Generator 1010KVA and Breaker

• 165 KVA DG set ( 60Hz)

This Diesel Generator is of 165 KVA and it is used for pump testing of pumps which are exported to another
country. This Diesel Generator is designed with 60hz frequency and generally having an alternator speed is
1800 rpm.

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An Overview of distribution system and rooftop solar electricity in Kirloskar Brothers Limited.

4.3 Supporting the Power Supply in case of breakdown or any electricity failure
In our industry there is need of stand by power system in case of emergency power supply like failure in
electricity and breakdown in system. Diesel Generator is ever-ready for providing power in times of
emergency. A generator, being a source of independent electrical power, can keep the electrical systems alive
in times of need. It will help you get back up to continue your work without any hitch.
When there is testing of high rated pumps Diesel Generator provides temporary supply to pumps.
The functions of generators also involve producing electricity within a specific period to support a power
grid. For example, the electricity demand is the highest during peak hours. It may cause stability problems
sometimes, and STOR (Short Term Operating Reserve) generators help the grids meet the demand for power
rising above the predicted level. These are synchronized into the main system to deliver emergency
electricity when required. Their function is different from the large-scale renewable generation that supplies
inconsistent power to the grids.

4.4 Synchronising Panel

Synchronization panels are mainly designed and used to meet power system requirements. These panels
function both manually and with an automatic synchronizing function for two or more generators or breaker.

Fig 9-Synchronising Panel

A generator synchronisation is the process of equalising parameters such as Voltage, Frequency, Phase angle
and Phase sequence.
A generator cannot deliver power to an electrical power system unless all the aforementioned parameters
exactly match those of the network. The need for synchronization arises when two or more alternators work
together to supply the power to the load. Since electrical loads do not remain constant, the two or more
generators supplying the power need to be interconnected and operate in parallel to handle larger loads.

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An Overview of distribution system and rooftop solar electricity in Kirloskar Brothers Limited.

5..Wind Power Plant

There are 5 wind mills owned by KBL. Three are situated in Satara and Two are situated in Nashik.
Generation capacity of each of them is 0.8 MW. So total generating capacity of this wind mill is 4MW.
 Three Wind mills in Satara having generating capacity of 2.4 MW

 Two wind mills in Nashik having generating capacity of 1.6 MW

Power generated by these wind mills is supplied to the nearby grid and our company getting benifit of this
wind mill in the form of deduction in energy bill. The total units consumed from these windmills are
deducted from the total units consumed by the company.
This specifies consumption of units in monthly MSEDCL bill.

Total drawal units - Total injected units = Units @MSEDCL Tariff

5.1 General Structure of Wind Power Plant

Fig 9-General structure of Wind Power Plant

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An Overview of distribution system and rooftop solar electricity in Kirloskar Brothers Limited.

6. Solar Power System

PV module
Photovoltaic modules are made up of many individual, interconnected photovoltaic cells. To ensure the modules are
tilted correctly and facing the sun, they are housed in support structures. Every module has two output terminals that
collect the generated current and transfer it to the management systems at a solar power stati

Fig 10- PV Module

1. Monocrystalline silicon:
These dark blue almost black modules have cells with blunted edges and are made of silicon crystals all
facing the same direction. In the presence of perpendicular light, they generate electricity with 18-21%
efficiency. Monocrystalline solar panels are best for areas where space is limited since they produce more
electricity on a smaller scale than poly panels. Monocrystalline solar panels can draw out the maximum
amount of energy even in areas of lower sunlight. So, they are ideal when the goal is efficiency more than
cost.
2. Polycrystalline/ Multicrystalline silicon:
These almost iridescent blue modules are made of silicon crystals facing different directions. They are less
efficient (15-17%) when struck by sunlight perpendicularly, but they take better advantage of sunlight
throughout the entire day. Compared to their efficiency, polycrystalline solar panels have less cost per watt
making them cheaper than the monocrystalline type. The reason for this is that the manufacturing process
creates less waste and uses less energy resulting in less production costs
PV array

Fig 11- PV Array

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An Overview of distribution system and rooftop solar electricity in Kirloskar Brothers Limited.

6.1 Type of Solar System

Grid-tie system- A grid-tied solar system is, as the name suggests, a solar energy system that is connected
to the main electricity grid. They can operate without being connected to a solar battery, making them the
most simple, cost-effective, and popular type of solar system.Our plant is grid-tied solar system and it is
simplest type of solar system, with different equipment and layout required compared with off-grid and
hybrid solar systems.
Net Metering:
It is an electricity billing mechanism that allows consumers who generate some or all of their own electricity
to use that electricity anytime, instead of when it is generated. This is particularly important with renewable
energy sources like wind and solar, which are non- dispatchable. Monthly net metering allows consumers to
use solar power generated during the day at night. Most net metering laws involve monthly rollover of kWh
credits, a small monthly connection fee, require a monthly payment of deficits (i.e. normal electric bill), and
annual settlement of any residual credit. Net metering uses a single, bi-directional meter and can measure the
current flowing in two directions.
6.2 Solar system parameters:
Commissioned on 6 May 2019
Latitude 17.08
Longitude 74.42
Panel type Multicrystalline
No. of Panel 4893
Panel Cell 72
Panel Size 3.75ft*6.50ft
Rated voltage 37.70 V
Rated Current 8.50A
Panel wattage 320 W
Open circuit voltage 46 V
Short circuit current 9.03 A
Module Efficiency 16.70 %
Inverter Efficiency 98.4 %
Grid-tie Inverters 27
Operating Voltage 1000 V (IEC)
Approximate Cost 8 Cr
Table 3- Parameters of Roof Top Solar System

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An Overview of distribution system and rooftop solar electricity in Kirloskar Brothers Limited.

6.5 Monitoring system of Roof top Solar System

This is layout of 1.5 MWp solar plant of our company contains grid-tie Inverters, CTB , ACTB and Array
Junction Box. There are 27 delta inverters are used in this plant used 3,4,6,9,10 no of strings per inverter
according to requirement. One string contains 20 panels connected in series and all strings are connected
parallel to the inverters to get required voltage. Parallel solar panels can produce more energy and they are
more effective because they can generate more power from sunlight. Total energy generated by plant on each
shop is delivered to these shop this helps to reduce transmission cost and for more reliability.

Fig 12- Monitoring system of solar Roof Top System

Inverter

A grid-tie inverter converts direct current (DC) into an alternating

current (AC) suitable for injecting into an electrical power grid,
normally 120 V RMS at 60 Hz or 240 V RMS at 50 Hz. To inject
electrical power efficiently and safely into the grid, grid-tie inverters
must accurately match the voltage, frequency and phase of the grid
sine wave AC waveform. Inverters contains strings and One string
contains 20 panels connected in series and all solar panels are
connected parallel. Parallel solar panels can produce more energy and
they are more effective because they can generate more power from
sunlight.
Fig 13- Inverter

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An Overview of distribution system and rooftop solar electricity in Kirloskar Brothers Limited.

CTB (Cable Terminal Box

Cable Terminal Box is directly connected to grid tie solar inverters and AC
Distribution Box. CTB contains Switches and Busbar. From CTB Ac
power is supplied to the ACDB. Either one or inverter is connected to the
CTB according to the KVA rating of Inverter. Main purpose of cable
terminal box is to require integration of cable from multiple instruments
into one conventional location. Cable Terminal Box can be supplied for 5
to 20 pairs according to the requirement. This box is highly reliable and
weather proof.
Fig 14- Cable Terminal Box

ACDB (AC Distribution System)

AC Distribution box is installed between solar inverters and the various shop
loads through the control panels to provide overload and short circuit
protection. It is LT panel which distributes power from inverter to the load.
ACDB contains two main primary components which will protect circuit from
travelling surges, overload and short circuit and also human from earth leakage
fault.
AC Surge Protective Relays:They protects against power surges, by earthing the
high voltages.
AC MCB or MCCB:AC MCB for low circuit current or AC MCCB is for high
circuit current.
Fig 15 - ACDB

AJB(Array Junction Box)

Array Junction Boxes (AJB), also referred to as PV combiner boxes, basically collect DC power from PV
strings with blocking diodes on each string for protecting panels from reverse current flow. It is important
and necessary equipment in the solar photovoltaic electric generation system, because it reduces the cable
between PV modules and charge controllers/inverters, to facilitate maintenance and improve reliability.

6.5 Solar Plant Installation

Total KW Generation= 1500KW
Total solar panels= 4893
Module Efficiency=16.7 %

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An Overview of distribution system and rooftop solar electricity in Kirloskar Brothers Limited.

7. Trobleshooting of Faults:
Fault Detection of Underground HT cables
One of the major limitations of underground HT cables is the fault detection.There are various equipments
for finding the location of cable fault.
 Open circuit fault
When one or more cable conductors break, it leads to discontinuity. This discontinuity also occurs
when the cable comes out of its joint due to mechanical stress. This is known as Open circuit fault. If
there’s an open circuit in a conductor, the megger will read infinite when connected between that
conductor and the earth.

 Short circuit fault

When two or more conductors of the same cable come in contact with each other, then this is called a
short circuit fault. A short-circuit is characterized by zero resistance. The resistance between any two
conductors is measured using a megger. This is done for all the conductors, two at a time. If the megger
reads zero, it indicates that a short-circuit fault has occurred between those two conductors.
Potential Transformer Showing zero megger reading
Two cable conductors Showing zero megger reading

 Earth faults
When any of the conductors of the cable comes in contact with the earth, it is called an earth fault. This
usually occurs when the outer sheath. The megger is connected between the conductor and the ground
and If megger reading is showing nearly equal to zero then earth fault is present in it.

Cable Jointing

Fig 16- Cable Joint

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An Overview of distribution system and rooftop solar electricity in Kirloskar Brothers Limited.

RPFC Panel ( Reverse Power Flow Control )

Reverse Power Flow for solar is used to eliminate any
power reverse back to gird from on-grid (grid-tie) PV
power plant to grid or to generator by tripping either on-
grid solar inverter. When load demand is less and amount
of power supply is sufficient then RPFC panel send
command to the inverter and inverter stops their power
supply or generation of power. This panel contains Reverse
power realy and purpose of this relay is basically to
prevent damage of the prime mover (turbine or motor)
upon a reverse power condition.
Fig 17- RPFC Panel

RTPFC Panel (Real Time Power Factor Correction)

APFC panels help reduce Reactive Power and Apparent
Power Demand. These panels also help to avoid Power
Factor Surcharges & Maximum Demand Penalties. It
reduces the risk of Operational Issues and Power Loss.
Whereas it also improves the power Factor. So in every
indudtry it is used to increase power factor of the industry.

Fig 18- RTPFC Panel

True Demand Utilizer

In modern industrial settings, effective energy management
is crucial for optimal plant operation and increased
production. This is where the TDU (True Demand
Utilization) system comes into play. The TDU system is
designed to manage and utilize the maximum demand (MD)
effectively, ensuring that the plant operates at peak efficiency
with minimal energy waste.
TDU System meant for true utilization of sanction.
TDU is used to control and maintain Electricity Board
Sanction Demand of the plant through intelligent load
management of Furnaces and other Auxillary.
TDU system communicate with energy meter and
accordingly controls (increase/decrease) the running power
of furnace to achieve better utilization of total available
Power.

Fig 19- True Demand Utilizer

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Reference:-
• www.tutorialspoint.com/electric-power-distribution-system-basics
• www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/solar-power-plant
• www.exploreindia.com
• www.loonsolar.com
• www.electronicshub.org
• Research Paper- Solar Roof Top Electricity
• Research Paper- Renewable Energy
• Principles of Solar Engineering by D. Goswami

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