6.

HALOALKANES AND HALOARENES

QUICK REVISION POINTS
The replacement of hydrogen atom(s) in a hydrocarbon, aliphatic or aromatic, by a
halogen atom(s) result in the formation of alkyl halide (haloalkane) and aryl halide
(haloarene), respectively.
Classification: Haloalkanes and haloarenes may be classified as follows-

On the These may be classified as

Basis of mono, di, or polyhalogen (tri-,
Number tetra-, etc.) compounds
of depending on whether they
Halogen contain one, two, or more
Atoms halogen atoms in their
structures.

Compounds (a) Alkyl halides

Containing or haloalkanes
sp 3 C—X (R—X)
Bond

(b) Allylic halides

(c) Benzylic
halides

Compounds (a) Vinylic

Containing halides
sp2 C—X
Bond
(b) Aryl halides

Nature of C-X Bond: Since halogen atoms are more electronegative

than carbon, the carbon halogen bond of alkyl halide is polarised; the
carbon atom bears a partial positive charge whereas the halogen
atom bears a partial negative charge.

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Nomenclature:

Common Name Alkyl halide

IUPAC Name Halo alkane

Methods of Preparation: 1. From Alcohols

Thionyl chloride is preferred because the

other two products are escapable gases.
Hence the reaction gives pure alkyl
halides.
The reactions of 1° and 2° alcohols with
HX require the presence of a catalyst,
ZnCl2. With tertiary alcohols, the reaction
is conducted by simply shaking with
concentrated HCl at room temperature.
The order of reactivity of alcohols with a
given haloacid is 3°>2°>1°.
2. From Hydrocarbons

(a) By free radical

halogenation

(b) By electrophilic
substitution

(c) Sandmeyer’s reaction

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(d) From alkenes
(i) Addition of hydrogen
halides

(ii) Addition of halogens

3. Halogen Exchange:

Finkelstein
reaction

Swarts reaction

Physical Properties:
a) Alkyl halides are colourless when pure. However, bromides and iodides develop
colour when exposed to light. Many volatile halogen compounds have a sweet
smell
b) Physical State: Lower members of alkyl halides (CH3F, CH3Cl, CH3Br and C2H5Cl)
are colourless gases at room temperature. The higher members up C18 are
colourless liquids whereas other members are colourless solids.
c) Solubility: Despite of polar nature of alkyl halides, they are insoluble in water
due to the inability to form hydrogen bonds. Still, they are soluble in non-polar
solvents.
d) Melting and Boiling Point:
⮚ Due to greater polarity as well as higher molecular mass as compared to the
parent hydrocarbon, the intermolecular forces of attraction (dipole-dipole and van
der Waals) are more robust in the halogen derivatives. That is why the boiling
points of chlorides, bromides, and iodides are considerably higher than those of
the hydrocarbons of comparable molecular mass.
⮚ The boiling points of alkyl halides decrease in the order: RI> RBr> RCl> RF. This is
because the magnitude of van der Waal forces increases with the increase in size
and mass of halogen atom.

The boiling points of isomeric

haloalkanes decrease with an increase
in branching.

Boiling points of isomeric

dihalobenzenes are nearly the same.
However, the para-isomers are high
melting as compared to their ortho and
meta-isomers. It is due to the
symmetry of para-isomers that fits in
crystal lattice better as compared to
ortho- and meta-isomers.

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e) Density: The density increases with an increase in the number of carbon atoms,
halogen atoms, and atomic mass of the halogen atoms.

Chemical Reactions: The reactions of haloalkanes may be divided into the

following categories-
1. Nucleophilic substitution 2. Elimination reactions 3. Reaction with metals
1. Nucleophilic substitution reactions

a. CH3CH2Cl + KOH (aq) ⎯→ CH3CH2OH (Alcohol) + KCl

b. CH3CH2Br + NaOH(aq) ⎯→ CH3CH2OH (Alcohol) +NaBr
c. CH3CH2I + NaOR ⎯→ CH3CH2OR (Alkoxy alkane) +NaI
d. CH3CH2I + AgCN ⎯→ CH3CH2NC (Alkyl Isocyanide) +Ag I
e. CH3CH2I + KCN ⎯→ CH3CH2CN (Alkyl cyanide) +KI
f. CH3CH2Cl + AgNO2 ⎯→ CH3CH2 NO2 (Nitroalkane) +AgCl
g. CH3CH2Cl + KNO2 ⎯→ CH3CH2ONO(Alkylnitrite) +KI
h. CH3CH2Br +NH3 ⎯→ CH3CH2NH2 (Primary Amines) +HBr
i. CH3CH2Br +RNH2 ⎯→ CH3CH2NHR +HBr
j.CH3CH2Br CH3CH2_H
★ Ambident nucleophiles: Groups like cyanides and nitrites possess two
nucleophilic centres and are called ambident nucleophiles. Cyanide group, linking
through carbon atom resulting in alkyl cyanides and through nitrogen atom
leading to isocyanides. Similarly, nitrite ion linkage through oxygen results in alkyl
nitrites while through nitrogen atom, it leads to nitroalkanes.
★ Haloalkanes react with KCN to form alkyl cyanides as main product while AgCN
forms isocyanides as the main product. Since KCN is predominantly ionic and
provides cyanide ions in solution. However, AgCN is mainly covalent in nature and
Nitrogen is free to donate electron pairs forming isocyanide as the main product.
Mechanism: This reaction has been found to proceed by two different mechanisms-
(a) Substitution nucleophilic bimolecular (SN2): The reaction between CH3Cl and
hydroxide ion to yield methanol and chloride ion follows second order kinetics, i.e., the
rate depends upon the concentration of both the reactants. This process is called an
inversion of configuration (Walden inversion).

(b) Substitution nucleophilic unimolecular (SN1):

These reactions are generally carried out in

polar protic solvents (like water, alcohol,
acetic acid, etc.). The reaction between
tert-butyl bromide and hydroxide ion yields
tert-butyl alcohol and follows the first
order kinetics, i.e., the rate of reaction
depends upon the concentration of only
one reactant, which is tert- butyl bromide.

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● We can sum up the order of reactivity of alkyl halides towards SN1 and SN2
reactions as follows:

● For the same reasons, allylic and benzylic halides show high reactivity towards the
SN1 reaction. The carbocation thus formed gets stabilized through resonance.

● For a given alkyl group, the reactivity of the halide, R-X, follows the same order in
both the mechanisms R–I> R–Br>R–Cl>>R–F.
● A SN2 reaction proceeds with complete stereochemical inversion while a SN1
reaction proceeds with racemization.
● The stereoisomers related to each other as non-superimposable mirror images are
called enantiomers. Enantiomers possess identical physical properties namely,
melting point, boiling point, solubility, refractive index, etc. They only differ with
respect to the rotation of plane polarised light. If one of the enantiomers is dextro
rotatory, the other will be laevorotatory.
● A mixture containing two enantiomers in equal proportions will have zero optical
rotation, as the rotation due to one isomer will be cancelled by the rotation due to
the other isomer. Such a mixture is known as a racemic mixture or racemic
modification and the process is known as racemization. A racemic mixture is
represented by prefixing dl or (±) before the name.
● Retention of configuration is the preservation of the integrity of the spatial
arrangement of bonds to an asymmetric centre during a chemical reaction or
transformation.
● Inversion, retention, and racemization: There are three outcomes for a reaction
at an asymmetric carbon atom. Consider the replacement of a group X by Y in the
following reaction;
-If (A) is the only compound
obtained, the process is called
retention of configuration.
-If (B) is the only compound
obtained, the process is called
inversion of configuration.
-If a 50:50 mixture of the above two
is obtained then the process is
called racemization.

2. Elimination reactions When a haloalkane with a β-hydrogen atom is heated with an

alcoholic solution of potassium hydroxide, there is the elimination of hydrogen atom
from β-carbon and a halogen atom from the α-carbon atom. As a result, an alkene is

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formed as a product. Since the β-hydrogen atom is involved in elimination, it is often
called β-elimination.

If there is the possibility of the formation of more than one alkene due to the availability
of more than one α-hydrogen atom, as per Saytzeff rule, “the preferred product is that
alkene which has the greater number of alkyl groups attached to the doubly bonded
carbon atoms.” Thus, 2-bromopentane gives pent-2-ene as the major product.

Elimination versus substitution: A chemical reaction is the result of competition; it is

a race that is won by the fastest runner. A collection of molecules tend to do, by and
large, what is easiest for them. An alkyl halide with α-hydrogen atoms when reacted
with a base or a nucleophile has two competing routes: substitution (SN1 and SN2) and
elimination. Which route will be taken up depends upon the nature of alkyl halide,
strength and size of base/nucleophile, and reaction conditions. Thus, a bulkier
nucleophile will prefer to act as a base and abstract a proton rather than approach a
tetravalent carbon atom (steric reasons) and vice versa. Similarly, a primary alkyl
halide will prefer a SN2 reaction, a secondary halide- SN2 or elimination depending
upon the strength of base/nucleophile and a tertiary halide- SN1 or elimination
depending upon the stability of carbocation or the more substituted alkene.
3. Reaction with metals:

Wurtz
reaction

Reactions of Haloarenes:
1. Nucleophilic substitution Aryl halides are extremely less reactive towards
nucleophilic substitution reactions due to the following reasons:
(i) C—Cl bond acquires a partial double bond character due to resonance. As a result,
the bond cleavage in haloarene is more difficult than in haloalkane, and therefore, they
are less reactive toward nucleophilic substitution reaction.

(ii) In haloalkane, the carbon atom attached to halogen is sp3 hybridised while in the
case of haloarene, the carbon atom attached to halogen is sp2-hybridised.
(iii) In the case of haloarenes, the phenyl cation formed as a result of self-ionization will
not be stabilized by resonance and therefore, SN1 mechanism is ruled out.

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(iv) Because of the possible repulsion, it is less likely for the electron-rich nucleophile to
approach electron-rich arenes.
Replacement by hydroxyl group

The presence of an electron-withdrawing

group (-NO2) at ortho- and para-positions
increases the reactivity of haloarenes.

2. Electrophilic
substitution
reactions

I. Halogenation

II. Nitration

III. Sulphonation

IV. Friedel-Crafts
reaction

3. Reaction Wurtz-Fitting
with metals reaction

Fitting reaction

Polyhalogen Compounds

Dichloromethane Used as a solvent as a paint remover, as a propellant in aerosols,

(Methylene and as a process solvent in the manufacture of drugs.

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chloride)

Trichloromethane The major use of chloroform today is in the production of the

(Chloroform) freon refrigerant R-22. Chloroform is slowly oxidized by air in the
presence of light to an extremely poisonous gas, carbonyl
chloride, also known as phosgene. It is therefore stored in closed
dark-coloured bottles completely filled so that air is kept out.

Triiodomethane It was used as an antiseptic but the antiseptic properties are due
(Iodoform) to the liberation of free iodine and not due to iodoform itself.

Tetrachloromethan Is used in the manufacture of refrigerants and propellants for

e (Carbon aerosol cans. When carbon tetrachloride is released into the air, it
tetrachloride) rises into the atmosphere and depletes the ozone layer.

Freons The chlorofluorocarbon compounds of methane and ethane are

collectively known as freons. They are extremely stable,
unreactive, non-toxic, non-corrosive, and easily liquefiable gases.
Freon 12 (CCl2F2) is one of the most common freons in industrial
use. It is manufactured from tetrachloromethane by Swarts
reaction. In the stratosphere, freon is able to initiate radical chain
reactions that can upset the natural ozone balance.

p,p’- The DDT is effective against the mosquito that spreads malaria
dichlorobiphenyl and lice that carry typhus.
trichloroethane
(DDT)

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (1 MARK)

1. Toluene reacts with a halogen in the presence of iron (III) chloride giving ortho
and para halo compounds. The reaction is
(a) Electrophilic elimination reaction (b) Electrophilic substitution reaction
(c) Free radical addition reaction (d) Nucleophilic substitution reaction

2. Which reagent will you use for the following reaction?

CH3CH2CH2CH3 → CH3CH2CH2CH2Cl + CH3CH2CHClCH3
(a) Cl2/UV light (b) NaCl + H2SO4 (c) Cl2 gas in dark (d) Cl2 gas in the presence of iron

3. Arrange the following compounds in the increasing order of their densities.

(a) (a) < (b) < (c) < (d) (b) (a) < (c) < (d) < (b)
(c) (d) < (c) < (b) < (a) (d) (b) < (d) < (c) < (a)

4. Which of the following is an example of vicinal dihalide?

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(a) Dichloromethane (b) 1,2-dichloroethane (c) Ethylidene chloride (d) Allyl
chloride

5. Based on the position of –Br in the compound in CH3CH=CHC(Br)(CH3)2 can be

classified as ____________ halide.
(a) Allyl (b) Aryl (c) Vinyl (d) Secondary

6. Chlorobenzene is formed by the reaction of chlorine with benzene in the presence of

AlCl3. Which of the following species attacks the benzene ring in this reaction?
(a) Cl– (b) Cl+ (c) AlCl3 (d) [AlCl4]–

7. Ethylidene chloride is a/an ______________.

(a) vicinal dihalide (b) geminal dihalide (c) allylic halide (d) vinylic halide

8. A primary alkyl halide would prefer to undergo _____________.

(a) SN1 reaction (b) SN2 reaction (c) α–Elimination (d) Racemisation

9. Which of the following alkyl halides will undergo SN1 reaction most readily?
(a) (CH3)3C—F (b) (CH3)3C—Cl (c) (CH3)3C—Br (d) (CH3)3C—I

10. What should be the correct IUPAC name for Diethyl bromomethane?
(a) 1-Bromo-1,1-diethylmethane (b) 3-Bromopentane
(c) 1-Bromo-1-ethylpropane (d) 1-Bromopentane

ASSERTION REASON TYPE QUESTIONS(1MARK)

For following questions select the most appropriate answer from the options given
below:
a. Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
b. Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A.
c. A is true but R is false.
d. A is false but R is true.

11. Assertion: Hydrogen halides (HX) are preferred over thionyl chloride for the
preparation of alkyl halides from alcohols.
Reason: Gaseous side products are formed in the case of thionyl chloride.
12. Assertion: Tertiary alkyl halides are least reactive towards SN1 reaction.
Reason: In SN1 reaction, the rate of reaction depends only on the concentration of alkyl
halide.
13. Assertion: Haloalkanes are sparingly soluble in water.
Reason: Haloalkanes do not form hydrogen bonds with water.
14. Assertion: Propene reacts with HBr to form 2-bromo propene.
Reason: As intermediate formed carbocation is secondary which is more stable than
primary.
15. Assertion: SN2 mechanism leads to the inversion of configuration.
Reason: As in this mechanism optical activity is lost.

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (2 MARKS)

16. What happens when an excess of bromine attacks on CH2=CH—CH2—C≡CH?

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17. Aryl chlorides and bromides can be easily prepared by electrophilic substitution of
arenes with chlorine and bromine respectively in the presence of Lewis acid catalysts.
But why does the preparation of aryl iodides require the presence of an oxidizing agent?

18. Out of o-and p-dibromo benzene which one has a higher melting point and why?

19. Which of the following compounds (a) and (b) will not react with a mixture of NaBr
and H2SO4. Explain why?

20. Which of the products will be the major product in the reaction given below?
Explain.

21. Draw resonance structures of haloarene and find out whether the functional group
present in the molecule is ortho, para directing, or meta directing.

22. Write the structures and names of the compounds formed when compound ‘A’ with
the molecular formula, C7H8 is treated with Cl2 in the presence of FeCl3.

23. Identify the products A and B formed in the following reaction:

24. Write down the structure and IUPAC name for neo-pentyl bromide.

25. Which of the following haloalkanes reacts with aqueous KOH most easily? Explain
giving reason.
(i) 1-Bromobutane(ii) 2-Bromobutane(iii) 2-Bromo-2-methylpropane(iv) 2-Chlorobutane

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (3 MARKS)

26. Compound ‘A’ with molecular formula C4H9Br is treated with aq. KOH solution. The
rate of this reaction depends upon the concentration of compound ‘A’ only. When
another optically active isomer ‘B’ of this compound was treated with aq. In KOH
solution, the rate of reaction was found to be dependent on the concentration of the
compound and KOH both.
(i) Write down the structural formula of both compounds ‘A’ and ‘B’.
(ii) Out of these two compounds, which one will be converted to the product with an
inverted configuration?

27. Why can aryl halides not be prepared by reaction of phenol with HCl in the presence
of ZnCl2?

28. Why is it necessary to avoid even traces of moisture during the use of a Grignard
reagent?

29. Aryl halides are extremely less reactive towards nucleophilic substitution. Predict
and explain the order of reactivity of the following compounds towards nucleophilic
substitution:

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30. Cyanide ion acts as an ambient nucleophile. From which end it acts as a stronger
nucleophile in the aqueous medium? Give a reason for your answer.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (5 MARKS)

31. Some alkyl halides undergo substitution whereas some undergo elimination reaction
on treatment with bases. Discuss the structural features of alkyl halides with the help of
examples that are responsible for this difference.
32. What happens when
(i) n-butyl chloride is treated with alcoholic KOH,
(ii) bromobenzene is treated with Mg in the presence of dry ether,
(iii) chlorobenzene is subjected to hydrolysis,
(iv) ethyl chloride is treated with aqueous KOH,
(v) methyl bromide is treated with sodium in the presence of dry ether

33. Case-based question (4 Marks)

Case 1
The substitution reaction of alkyl halides occurs in SN1 and SN2 mechanism, whatever
mechanism alkyl halide follow for substitution reaction to occur, the polarity of the
carbon halogen bond is responsible for the substitution reaction. The rate of SN1
reactions is governed by the stability of carbocation whereas for SN2 reactions steric
factor is a deciding factor. If the starting material is a chiral compound, we may end up
with an inverted product or racemic mixture depending upon the type of mechanism
followed by alkyl halide.

1. Among 1-bromopropane and 2-methyl-2-bromo propane, which will follow SN1

mechanism? 1
2. Among following in which inversion of configuration will occur on reaction with aq
alkali
1-bromo propane, and 2-methyl-2-bromo butane
1
3. What is the role of polar protic solvent in SN1 reaction? (2)
OR
How will a protic solvent system affect the SN2 reaction? (2)

Case 2
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) described as ‘miracle chemicals’ have no natural resources.
They were first manufactured in the 1930s and industries soon found variety of
applications for them due to their chemical non-reactivity and heat absorbing properties.
CFCs have been used as refrigerants in air conditioners and refrigerators, in aerosol
spray cans, in manufacturing foams and as cleansing agents in the manufacture of
electronics. These chemicals have been given the tradename ‘Freons’ and the term since
became a household name.
1.What is ‘Freon – 12’? (1)
2. Draw its molecular structure (1)
3. State any two harmful effects of CFCs on the environment. (2)
OR

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3. State any two ways to reduce the harmful effect of CFCs. (2)
Case 3
Alkyl Halides can be readily prepared from Alkenes by addition reactions with Hydrogen
Halides. When the alkene is symmetrical about the double bond, only one product is
obtained. But if the alkene is unsymmetrical the addition of Hydrogen Bromide results
in formation of two products. The addition of HBr to an unsymmetrical alkene in
presence of an organic peroxide also results in the formation of two products. The only
difference is in the quantities of isomeric bromides obtained in each case since the
mechanism is different.
1.What is the major product obtained when Propene reacts with HBr? What rule governs
the formation of this product? (1)
2. What mechanism is adopted in presence of Benzoyl Peroxide. (1)
3. Why does only HBr show these anomalies unlike HI or HCl. (2)
OR
3. Write the mechanism of the addition reaction of Propene with HBr in presence or in
absence of organic peroxides. (2)
Case 4
Alkyl Halides have higher melting and boiling points than Alkanes of comparable
molecular mass. The other trends observed are as follows;
i.For a given Alkyl Halide the melting point and boiling point increases with increase in
molecular mass. So, the order is RCl<RBr<RI.
ii. For a given halogen the boiling point rises with increasing Carbon number.
iii. The boiling point also varies as per the nature of the Carbon i.e primary> secondary>
tertiary.
1.Arrange CH3I, CH3F, CH3Br and CH3Cl in decreasing order of melting points. (1)
2. Which has a lower boiling point – Chloropropane or 2-Chloropropane. Why? (2)
OR
2. Arrange the following in increasing order of boiling points. (2)
(CH3)3CBr, CH3CH(Br)CH2CH3, CH3(CH2)3Br, (CH3)3CCl
3. Among the isomeric Chlorotoluene, which isomer has the highest melting point?
Case 5:
Chloroform is a colourless, volatile liquid with sweetish sickly odour and burning taste.
It is denser than water. It is soluble in organic solvents but insoluble in water. It itself
acts as a good solvent. Chloroform causes temporary unconsciousness when its vapours
are inhaled. For this reason, it was used as an anaesthetic until recently. It is also used
as a preservative for anatomical specimen and as a laboratory reagent.
1.What is the IUPAC name of Chloroform? (1)
2. How is Chloroform commercially prepared? (1)
3. Why should Chloroform be stored in dark bottles which are completely filled? Give
chemical equation in support of your answer. (2)
OR
3. Write a short note on any two-name reactions where Chloroform is used as a reagent.
(2)

ANSWERS

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Multiple choice questions

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

b a a b a b b b d b

Assertion & Reasoning

11 12 13 14 15

d b a a c

Very Short Answers

16 1,1,2,2,4,4-hexabromopentance formed
17 Iodination reactions are reversible in nature. To carry out the reaction in the
forward direction, HI formed during iodination is removed by oxidation. HIO4
is used as an oxidizing agent.
18 p-Dibromo benzene has a higher melting point than its o-isomer. It is due to
the symmetry of the p-isomer which fits in the crystal lattice better than the o-
isomer.
19 (b), C—O bond is more stable in (b) because of resonance.
20 ‘B’ is the major product of the reaction as per Markonikov’s rule.
21 Ortho-para directing due to increase in the electron density at ortho and para
positions.
22

23

24

25 iii); The tertiary carbocation formed in the reaction is stable

Short Answer Type

26

27 C—O bond in phenols is more stable due to resonance effect and it has double
bond character, hence breaking of this bond is difficult.

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28 Grignard reagents are highly reactive and react with water to give
corresponding hydrocarbons.

29 III > II > I

30 It acts as a stronger nucleophile from the carbon end because it will lead to
the formation of C–C bond which is more stable than the C–N bond.

Long Answer Type

31 Primary alkyl halides prefer to undergo substitution reaction by SN2 mechanism
whereas tertiary halides undergo elimination reaction due to the formation of a
stable carbocation.
32

33. Case Study Based

Case I
1: 2-methyl-2-bromo propane
2. 1-bromo propane
3. Polar protic solvents help to stabilize both the carbocation and the anion and that
solvation of both cations and anions helps the SN1 mechanism proceed. So that's why
polar protic solvent will favor an SN1 mechanism.
OR
For SN2 reactions involving anions as the nucleophile, protic solvents act to decrease the
nucleophilicity of that anion by solvation through hydrogen bonding. The anion acquires
a “coating” of solvent molecules thus inhibiting the ability of the anion to approach the
substrate.
Case II
1. Dichlorodifluoromethane, CF2Cl2
2. Tetrahedral Structure Diagram
3. i. Depletion of Ozone layer in the Stratosphere.
ii. Green- House Effect and global warming
OR
i. Buy air-conditioning and refrigeration equipment that does not use CFCs
ii. Buy aerosol products that do not use CFCs as propellants
iii. Conduct regular inspection and maintenance of AC and refrigeration
appliance to prevent leakage.

Case III
1. 2-Bromopropane; Markovnikov’s Rule
2. Free Radical Electrophilic addition.

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3. The bond dissociation enthalpy of H-Cl is large. In case of HI, the I- oxidises to
I2
OR
Refer Class XI TB for answer

Case IV
1. CH3I > CH3Br > CH3Cl > CH3F
2. 2- Chloropropane, since branching decreases surface area of contact and hence
Vander Waals Forces.
OR
(CH3)3CCl <(CH3)3CBr < CH3CH(Br)CH2CH3 < CH3(CH2)3Br
3. The para-isomer because it is symmetrical and fits better in the crystal lattice.
Case V
1. Trichloromethane
2. By direct halogenation of Methane in presence of sunlight.
3. In presence of air and sunlight, Chloroform produces poisonous gas Phosgene;
CHCl3 + O2 -> COCl2 + HCl
OR
The Reimer-Tiemann reaction is a classic organic reaction that involves the
conversion of phenols to salicylaldehyde (ortho-hydroxybenzaldehyde) in the
presence of chloroform (CHCl3) and a strong base, typically aqueous sodium
hydroxide (NaOH) or potassium hydroxide (KOH).

The Carbylamine Reaction, also known as the Isocyanide Test, involves the
reaction of primary amines with chloroform and alcoholic potassium hydroxide
to form foul-smelling isocyanides (carbylamine), which can be detected by their
characteristic odour.

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