312/2

GEOGRAPHY
Paper 2
MARKING SCHEME

1. (a) - Motor vehicles are cheaper to buy and maintain than crafts
- Road transport is more flexible than air
- Transport / road leads everywhere/ carry people or good from one place to the other.
- Construction of roads is cheaper than that of airports.
- Faves / freight charges on roads are lower than that of air transport.
- Skills required to operate air crafts are higher and rare than those required to operate
motor vehicles.
Any 3 x 1 = 3marks
(b) - It encourages the growth of tourist industry
- It promotes horticultural industry/perishable goods can be transported easily
- It enables cultural exchange between Kenya and other countries
- It encourage international trade
- It promotes international cooperation/ facilitates emergency services.
- It earns foreign exchange from industries
Any 2 x1marks
2. (a) - Presence of sedimentary rocks
- Presence of organic remains / fossils
- Presence of non-porous rocks/cap rock
- Presence of pressure to compress or organic remains
- Presence of porous rocks
Any 3x = 3marks
(b) - It leaves behind open ugly craters/dereliction
- It causes water / air pollution / noise pollution
- It leads to soil erosion
- Dumping of heaps of rock waste litters the surface
- Water collects in the open craters forming breeding group for mosquitoes / pests
- Destruction of biodiversity (Plants and animals)
Any 3x 1 = 3marks
3. (a) - Deforestation / Clearing of vegetation
- Overgrazing/ Overstocking
- Fire outbreak
- Over cropping/Monochepping/Monoculture
- Ploughing across the contours/up-down slope or along slope
- Mining / Quarrying
- Cultivation along river banks
Any 2x1 = 2 marks

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(b) - To maintain source of food supply / to maintain soil fertility
- To preserve genetic resources
- Protecting water catchment areas / for aesthetic value
- For preventing desertification
- To sustain sources of raw materials for industries
- To preserve cultural heritage
- For medicinal value
- For keeping air clean
- For maintaining natural habitat for wild animals and plants
- Modification of climate
Any 4x1 = 4 marks
o
4. (a) - High temperature of 25 C
- High rainfall of 1200mm-1500mm
- Well distributed rainfall throughout the year.
- Deep, well drained, fertile soils
- High relative humidity
- Shade from strong sun rays for the seedlings
- Shelter from strong hamaton winds.
Any 3 x1 = 3 marks
(b) - Fluctuation of prices in the world mark
- Competition from other land uses.
- Inadequate labour during harvesting
- High production costs
- Competition from other beverages.
Any 3 x1 = 3 marks
5. (a) - It is the process whereby an increasing of the total population in a country settles in
towns
- Charges fro primary to secondary and tertiary production
- growth of town in number and size/ process by which population is transferred from
rural-rural based agricultural life style to urban based life style.
Any 1 x 1= 1 mark
(b) - It has a deep sheltered harbor
- It has fine weather throughout the year
- It has a large hinterland
- It is located at a strategic point on the East.
- It is well linked to the interior by railway, road and air
- Early settlement / Early trade by Arabs / old pors
Any 3 x1= 3 marks
6. Totals = 140,800
15cm represent 140,800
Flowers =

Oranges =

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Tomatoes =

Carrots =
KEY

Scale: 1 grid square represents 1cm

Calculate 4 x1 = 4 marks
Rectangle 1 mark
Segments ½ x4 = Max. 2 marks
Title 1 mark
(ii) Range of the above data
= 52,500 – 25400 = 27,100 2 marks
(iii) Percentage of the horticultural crop with the highest tonnage

(b) (i) - Easy to draw or construct

- Easy to compare components
- Gives a clear visual impression
- Takes up less space than if the same data was represented using comparative
bar graphs
- Each components proportion to the total can easily be seen at glance
3 x1 = 3 marks
(ii) - Only one measurement can be used.
- it is difficult to read the exact values of the individual components. 2 marks
(c) - Most roads are impassable during the rainy season causing delays that make
the produce go bad/rot.
- Attack of crops by pests and diseases

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- Stiff competition in the international market from the industrialized countries
- Lack of adequate refrigeration facilities leading to deterioration of the quality
of products
- Inadequate capital to purchase all farm inputs
7. (a) - Coal
- Oil
- Solar energy
- Nuclear energy
- Geothermal energy
- Bio gas
- Gas
Any 4x1 = 4 marks
(b) - Fast flowing water/ waterfall / to drive the turbines/ head water
- Large volume of water
- Constant flow of water / river without great fluctuations
- Availability of space for a reservoirs / low populated area.
- Hard basement rock for foundation
- Narrow valley / gorge
- Government policy
Any 5 x1 = 5 Marks
(c) - The scheme generates electricity when is used for industrial / domestic purposes
- Dams have modified the local climate / vegetation
- The project provides site that are tourist attractions
- it has led to t he improvement of infrastructure – Thus opening up of the area.
- It has created employment opportunities / raising the standard of living for the people
- It has led to control of floods in the lower parts of river Tana enabling people to make
use of the valley
- The project has created reservoirs which provided fishing grounds.
- Some of the dams provided water for irrigation the nearby farms
- Dams provide water for domestic use / industries

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- Saved foreign exchange which could have been used to import power from
neighbouring countries.
- Government earns some income / revenue from electricity sales.
Any 5x2 = 10 marks

(d) - The country does not produce crude oil, hence relies on importation / ignoring other
sectors of the economy.
- When there is a sharp increase in oil prices, Kenya spends large amounts of her
revenue importing oil, affects balance of payment.
- When oil prices are high, the cost of manufactured goods and services increases
causing inflation in the country
- The oil producing and exporting countries dictate the prices without consulting the
consumer. Countries such as Kenya. This necessitates higher taxation to increase
revenue for importing oil.
- Frequency shortage of petroleum products e.g. gas, has led to destruction of forests
Any 3x 2 = 6 marks
8. (a) (i) - it is the process of change from primary to secondary and tertiary
- Production/ setting up of more industries 1 mark
(ii) - Oil refining - Mombasa
- Motor vehicle assembly – Nairobi / Mombasa/Thika
- Paper manufacturing – Webuye
(b) - Availability of coal from within the region iron ore from the Rhine valley and later
imported / limestone provided raw materials needed in the industries.
- Presence of navigable rivers Rhine which provided cheap transport for the bulky raw
materials and finished products
- Rich merchants and companies provided the capital required for the establishment of
the industry.
- Presence of other industries in the region such as food and textile industries provided
industrial inertia.
- Coal / imported petroleum provided water required for the cooling in the industry

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- The local population had acquired the skills on iron work. These formed the
foundation of iron and steel industry.
- Availability of ready market from Western Europe/ local market.
- Tributaries of Rhine e.g Lippe, Ra e.t.c.
5 x 2 = 10 marks

(C) (i) - Engineering e.g. Vehicle, Ship building

- Chemical industries / petro-chemical / Fertilizer
- Textile industries
- Oil refining
- Electronics
- Food processing/ Agricultural based
- Cultery and surgical ins.
- Service industry (Banks, Insurance)
(ii) - Foreign Exchange is earned/ local income
- Kenya saves foreign exchange
- Employment opportunities
- Development of trade links with neighbours
- Capital investment
- Stimulate growth
- Diversification of the economy
- Earns government revenue
9. (a) (i) International trade is the exchange of goods and services between different countries.
2 marks
(ii) - Machinery
- Capital equipment
- Textiles
- Pharmaceutical products / medicine
- Fertilizers
- Automobiles
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Any 3 x 1= 3 marks
(b) - Government policy/ Government legislation/imposition of tariffs on imports
- Demand for goods both locally and outside Kenya
- Variation of natural resources / goods/quality of goods
- Availability of transport/ communications
- The purchasing power
- The level of industrialization
- Quota system/tariffs imposed on Kenya’s imports any 4x1=4 marks
(c) - There will be improved access to raw materials for industrial development
- The expanded market will attract new investments from local and foreign sources
which will lead to expansion of industries / more earnings
- There will be exchange of research findings/training which will help in economic
development.
- There will be improved negotiating powers in the international arena.
- There will be improved transport links between Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania which
will facilitate faster movement of goods and people.
- There will be increased employment opportunities because of free movement of
people within the region / Expanded trade.
- There will be mutual political understanding between Kenya and its neighbours.
Any 4x 2= 8 marks
(d) - Overspecialization / overdependence on a particular item is risky incase of a fall in the
prices in the world market.
- Imported items may become a threat to the local industries leaded to closure of some
of them.
- Some imported goods e.g. expired goods or sub standard goods may have adverse
effects on the citizens
- If a country depends on another, it may sometimes have to tolerate some undesirable
gestures from such countries.
- There may be over exploitation of natural resources leading to their depletion e.g.
minerals any 4 x2 = 8 marks

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10. (a) It is suited where the number of people living in a country or region exceed the available
resources
(b) - The population of Kenya consists mainly of young people below 20 years of age while
Sweden has an ageing population.
- Kenyan population has lower life expectancy than that of Sweden.
- A higher percentage of Kenya’s population lives in rural areas while in Sweden most
people live urban centres.
- Kenya has high population death rate while Sweden has low.
- Kenya has high population birth rate while in Sweden has low birth rate.
- Kenya’s fertility rate is higher than that of Sweden. Any 4 x 1=4 marks
(c) - Climate
- Gentle sloping
- Transport and communication
- Development of industries
- Disease and pests discourage settlement
- Government policy encourages
(e) (i) - Rural – Urban
- Urban – Rural
- Urban – Urban
- International
(ii) - Population pressure
- Insecurity in areas such as North – eastern and Northern Kenya which have
frequent attacks from bandits and cattle rustler shapes made some people to
migrate to more secure areas.
- Establishment of large plantation bear Thika town and rice irrigation schemes
in Mwea and Ahero attract people from neighbouring areas as they search for
employment / mining/ Lumbering/ Fishing
- Natural catastrophes such as floods in Kano plains and lower Tana valley
cause people to move to secure higher grounds.
- Pastoral comm. such as Maasai, Samburu and Boran migrate from one rural
area to another in search of pasture and water for their livestock.
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- Drought and famine sometimes cause people to migrate in search of food e.g.
some people who live in semi – arid areas of Kenya temporarily migrate to
those districts where they can get food during the time of droughts.
Any 4 x 2 = 8 marks

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