CHAPTER 3:

HISTORICAL CHRONOLOGY OF PHILIPPINES

Lesson 1
Pre-colonial to Spanish Period

Lesson Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, the student should be able to:
LO1. Determine the political, economic and socio- cultural development during pre-
colonial to Spanish period.

LO2. Familiarize the significant events that happened in this period.

LO3. Demonstrate the ability to select readings and sources of information in the
gathering of data in organizing a timeline of the important events during this period.

CONTENT DEVELOPMENT

The Pre-Colonial Period

� According to the discovery of Pleistocene stone tools and butchered animal

remains connected to human activity, the Philippines' history began at least
709,000 years ago with the arrival of the first people using rafts or boats. Homo
luzonensis, an early human species, lived at least 67,000 years ago on the
Philippine island of Luzon. Around 47,000 years ago, the earliest modern human
was unearthed at Palawan's Tabon Cave. The Negrito tribes were the first to settle
in the ancient Philippines. The islands were then invaded by groups of
Austronesians

� Archeological findings, records from contacts with the Song Dynasty, the Bruneian
Empire, Japan, and Muslim traders, Muslim rulers' genealogical records, accounts
written by Spanish chroniclers in the 16th and 17th centuries, and cultural patterns
that had not yet been replaced by European influence are all sources of pre-
colonial history.

Laguna Copperplate Inscription

� Acquired by the National Museum of the Philippines in January 1990

� Thin sheet of crumpled, blackened copper, approx. 20 cm x 30 cm

� Contains 10 lines of text on one side

� Initially failed to sell as an antique

� Philippine archipelago formed around 30,000 years ago

� Migrations from the Indonesian archipelago and beyond occurred

� Continued migrations shaped the islands over millennia

� The barrio was the basic settlement unit, a term derived from Malay meaning
"boat."

� Society was hierarchical, distinguishing between nobles, freemen, agricultural

laborers, and slaves

� Each barangay was led by a Datu (chief)

� Chinese traders joined the Indo-Malay migration

� Introduction of Islam from Indonesian traders and proselytizers

� By 1500, Islam spread throughout the Sulu Archipelago and Mindanao

� By 1565, Islam reached the Manila area

� The spread of Islam was followed by the arrival of Christianity with the Spanish

The Arrival of the Spanish

� The Portuguese sailed towards Africa's Cape of Good Hope for the Spice Islands.
� The Spanish set sail across the Pacific, led by Ferdinand Magellan.
� Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese explorer who assumed the Castilian flag as
Hernando de Magallanes.
� Led Spain's expedition into the Pacific.
� Miguel López de Legazpi arrived in Cebu from Mexico.
� Established the first European settlements in the Philippines.
� Defeated the Portuguese with five ships and 500 warriors, supported by
Augustinian monks.
� Spanish forces, Latin-American recruits, and Filipino (Visayan) allies attacked
Maynila.
� Incorporated the kingdom of Tondo and established Manila as the capital of the
Spanish East Indies.
� Juan de Salcedo, a notable conquistador and ally, had romantic ties to Tondo's
princess, Kandarapa.
� Iloilo and Panay are described as one of the most populated and productive
islands in the archipelago by Gaspar de San Agustin, O.S.A.
� Iloilo (specifically Halaur) noted as a central commercial post and a hub for
influential nobles.

The manuscript of Gaspar de San Agustin

� Gaspar de San Agustin authored a letter to the Filipinos, which has generated
significant debate among various authors.
� Manuscript copies exist in numerous collections, archives, and libraries.
� An early manuscript copy owned by Mr. E. E. Ayer in Chicago serves as the basis
for the current translation.
� The letter includes variants found in the Museo-Biblioteca de Ultramar, Madrid,
indicated by pressmark "6–5a; caja 17; 21–4a" (denoted as MS M).
� Edited versions of the letter can be found in Delgado's Historia (pp. 273–296).
� Miguel López de Legazpi built a fort in Maynila.
� Offered friendship to Lakan Dula of Tondo, who accepted.
� Previous ruler, Rajah Sulayman, a Muslim vassal of the Sultan of Brunei, refused
to submit.
� Rajah Sulayman could not secure support from Lakan Dula or northern cities
(Pampangan and Pangasinan).
� Tarik Sulayman led Muslim soldiers in an attack against the Spaniards at the Battle
of Bangkusay.
� Tarik Sulayman was eventually defeated and killed.
� Spanish forces captured most of the Philippine nation, excluding the southern
islands.
� The subject peoples were converted to Catholicism.
� Under Spanish rule, the population fell under the authority of Spanish
administrators and the influence of Spanish priests for the next three centuries.

Spanish colonization
� The Galleon Trade between Manila and Acapulco became the backbone of the
Philippine economy during the Spanish period.

� Spanish colonization led to significant changes, including the introduction of

Christianity, new crops, and trades.

� Despite its benefits, the colonization also resulted in the exploitation and
marginalization of Filipinos.

Catholicism and Its Patriarchal Politics and Cultures

� Catholicism was a major influence, leading to the construction of churches and the
unification of Filipinos under a common religion.

� The excessive control of the Spanish religious orders over the people's lives led to
unrest and conflict.

� The Aglipayan or Independent Church of the Philippines was formed in response

to the growing dissatisfaction with the Spanish clergy.

Lesson 2: Reform and Revolution to American Period

Learning objectives:

● Trace the political, social and economic issues that help shape the Filipino nation
at the different stages of its historical development.
● Appreciate the achievements of Filipino leaders who have played a major role in
building our nationhood.
● Realize that the problems of today are consequences of decisions and events
that happened in the past.

Concept of Nationhood
The Role of the Middle Class

● Composed of Spanish and Chinese mestizos and natives

● Looked down by the Spaniards, who belong to Peninsulares (Spaniards born in
Spain) and insulares (Spanisiards born in the Philippines)
● Prior to 1870s, Filipinos were the insulares of creoles
● The middle class began the movement for reforms in their attempt to win a “place
in the sun” and to end the abuses and arrogance of colonial officials
● They were looked upon with suspicion by the masses due ton the perceived
arrogance and insolence of the latter
● The middle class sided with the masses

FILIPINO STRUGGLE DURING SPANISH PERIOD

Before our own American revolution, the Filipinos revolted against their Spanish
masters a half dozen times, with countless smaller uprising in between. Because
Filipinos where unable to obtain peace change during the 19th century.

The katipunan, a secret organization of ordinary people, was established.

The Nature of the Reform Movement

● This propaganda aims to exposed the evils of Spaniards colonialism, particularly
the abuses of the friars and the guardia civil, in Madrid, Spain
● Colonial officials in thePhilippines were reactionary
● There was no clamor for independence at first,. The Reformists’ main goal was
the assimilation of the Philippines, which was to become a province of Spain, in a
peaceful manner

The Great Reformists

The First group
● Suspected Filibusteros
● Included the creoles and Spanish mestizos in the wake of Cavite Mutiny of 1872

The Second Group

● Young men sent Spain for studies like Jose Rizal
Third group
● Refugees who left the Philippines to escape persecuation
● Most prominent were Graciano Lopez- Jaena and Marcelo H. Del Pilar

In Philippine history there have been many heroes but none has stood out as much as
Rizal.
He was the personification of the people pride and longing for liberty. He was one
of the few Filipinos who were able to obtain a decent education and study abroad, and
he returned to his home land eager to change the situation of his people and the
government that Spain had force on them. His works such Social Cancer and
Filibusterism, were not only notable for their social and political significance at the time
of their publication.

Jose Rizal and his colleagues illustrados founded the Propaganda Movement in
Europe in the 1880’s, when they fiercely fought for the Philippines’ much needed
reforms

The Propaganda Movement

The propaganda movement, which lasted roughly in 1880 to 1886 with the highest
activity between 1880 and 1885, was a period when local Filipinos called for changes.

Jose Rizal author of Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, Graciano Lopez Jaena,
Publisher of La Solidaridad, the movements main Oregon Mariano Ponce the secretary
and Marcelo H. Del Pilar were among the prominent members.

The Results and Significance of Propaganda Movement

The Failure of the movement
● Spain was too preoccupied with its own internal problems
● Frors were too powerful
● Reformists did not have sufficient means and support ffrom the public
● Lack of funds which even jeopardized the publication of La Solidaridad
● Propagandists were divided

The Katipunan; The Secret Organization that initiated the Revolution

La Liga Filipina disbanded after Rizal’s imprisonment and exile to Dapitan. This was
eventually replaced with demand for radical changes, which Bonifacio proposed and
supported.

When Bonifacio and his associates learned of Rizal imprisonment, they formed the anti-
colonial secret organization eventually draw members forms country’s lower and middle
classes enlisting them in an armed rebellion against Spain
Andres Bonifacio, who became known as the Supremo of Katipunan with the help of
Emilio Jacinto, who became known as the “Brains of Katipunan.”

The Philippine Revolution was organized and started by the Katipunan on July 7, 1889.
It was formed in Tondo, Manila, by Andres Bonifacio and few other urban laborers, the
(KKK) Kataastaasan Kagalang- galang na Katipunan nang mga Anak ng Bayan
(Highest and Most Venerated Association of the Sons and Daughter of the Land)

Katipunan has been created by blood from its beginning, with everyone of its members
performing the customary blood contract and writing their names with their own blood.
The katipunan’s main objective was political, namely the secession of the Philippines
from Spain.

Factors Leading to the Philippine Revolution

● Influence of Reform Movements
● The Role of Masonry
○ Filipino propagandists in Spain were affiliated with Masonic lodges in
Spain
○ Masonic movement were anti- friar
○ They were responsible for founding the Masonic lodges in the Philippines
and, in turn, helped to recruit members and to fund propaganda work in
Spain
○ At the outbreak of the 1896 Revolution, Masonry was already deeply
entrenched in the Philippines

● La Liga Filipina
○ Organized by Jose Rizal upon his return in the Philippines in July 1892
○ Sought to involve the people directly int he reform movement
○ Andres Bonifacio became one of the founders
○ The primary aim was “to unite the whole archipelago into one compact,
vigorous and homogenous body”
○ It was considered dangerous by the Spanish authorities and Rizal was
arrested on July 6, 1992

● The Split
○ La Liga lay low after Rizal was arrested and deported
○
Cuerpo de Compromisarios
Conservative which pledge to continue supporting the La Solidaridad

Katipunan
The radicals led by Bonifacio devoted to a new secret society
● Centuries of oppression, exploitation and land question
○ Organized by Jose Rizal upon his return in the Philippines in July 1892
○ Sought to involve the people directly in the reform movement
○ Andres Bonifacio became one of the founders
○ The primary aim was “to unite the whole archipelago into one compact,
vigorous and homogenous body”
○ It was considered dangerous by the Spanish authorities and Rizal was
arrested on July 6, 1992

Significance of the KKK Movement

● Copies of La Solidaridad and of Rizal’s novels reached the local illustrados
● Propaganda materials highlighted the very lack freedom
● A feeling of empathy grew among the people
● Led to the founding of the Katipunan

A Series Of Bloody Revolt

Following the katipunan’s discovery Spanish authorities made many arrests in order to
identify its members. Bonifacio and his comrades were plotting a national uprising. This
resulted in the Cry of Pugad Lawin, in which revolutionaries tore cedulas community
tax certificates in bulk ripped symbolize their battle against Spain.

Cavite’s insurgents eventually tasted triumph after a series of failed revoltes. The
Philippine Revolution was in full swing under Emilio Aguinaldo, mayor of Cavite El Viejo
and Mariano Alvarez Bonifacio’s uncle. Rizal’s name was pulled down by the revolt. He
was suspected of being a member of a covert militant group. Rizal was sentenced to
death by firing squad after being charged with sedition, conspiracy and insurrection.

Internal Struggles, Conflicts and a Surprising Turn of Events

Katipuneros soon began fighting amongst themselves, alongside the Spanish
authorities. Rivalries arose between commanders and areas, causing major schisms
within the organization. The Katipunan was split into two councils, the Magdiwang and
Magdalo, which were supporters of Bonifacio.

The Tejeros Assembly of 1897

The Tejeros Convention was formed to resolve the leadership conflict. The purpose of
this gathering of officials was to bring the two groups together and elect officers for the
revolutionary administration. Bonifacio was defeated by Aguinaldo in a sham election
and the leadership was handed over to him. The position of Director of the Interior was
granted to Bonifacio, although his qualifications were questioned. He departed the
congress as a result of the increased scrutiny and Aguinaldo was sworn in as president
the next day.

Soon after, Bonifacio headed of laic Cavite, to form a parallel government against
Aguinaldo’s launched a coup d’etat against Aguinaldo’s administration after being
recognized as the revolutions leader. When Aguinaldo learned of this he ordered
Bonifacio’s Arrest.

Aguinaldo and his associates quickly created the republic of biak na bato and prepared
the country’s first constitution. They devised a plan to put a stop to the revolt, Which
was warmly received by the Spanish governor General. The agenda of the deal
included the surrender of arms to revolutionaries, amnesty, exile for leaders, and patent
of $400,000 USD to the revolutionaries.

THE AMERICAN PERIOD (1901- 1935)

The Arrival of the Americans and the Declaration of the Independence

The Second phase of the Philippines revolution began in April 1898, after a US navy
vessel exploded and sank in Havana port, the Americans began the Spanish war
against Spain.

Commodore George Dewey led the US NAvy’s Asiatic squadron to Manila and beat the
Spanish navy. All Spanish ships were destroyed in a matter of hours and the US took
possession of the Philippine capital.

Meanwhile, Aguinaldo developed a friendship with the americans. He met with the US
consul, who recommended that he works with the Americans. As a result, Bonifacio
returned to the Philippines after his exile in hanking and resumed his attacks on the
Spanish rulers.

The Philippine Republic was founded on June 12, 1998 when Aguinaldo announced the
country’s independence. The Philippines flag was flown from the balcony of his home in
Kawit Cavite, The Filipino people first heard the first national anthem, “Lupang
Hinirang”

The Philippines in, 1898- 1946

The Philippines becomes commonwealth and become semi- Independent in 1935.
Manuel Quezon was elected president of the Philippines. In 1945, the United States
pledged that the Philippines would be totally independent

In December 1941, however, Japan launched an attack on the US navy at Pearl Harbor.
The Philippines were invaded by Japanese Soldiers on December 10 1941, they took
manila. All of the Philippines had been under Japanese co ntrol by May 6, 1942. In
October 1944 however, American forces returned to the Philippines. In February 1945,
they regained Manila.

“The Philippines are not ours to exploit, but to develop, civilize , educate and to train in
the science of self- government”
— WILLIAM MCKINLEY

The American Colonial Government

A. The Taft Commission
B. Civil Government
C. Philippine Bill of 1902
D. Philippine Assembly
E. Resident Commissioners
F. The Filipinization of the Government
G. The Jones Law of 1916
H. The Wood- Forbes Mission
I. The OSROX Mission

A. The Taft Commission

● Created on March 16, 1900
● Also known as The Second Philippine Commission
● Headed by Judge William Howard Taft
● Members: Luke E. Wright, Henry C. Ide, DEan C. Worcester and
Bernard Moses
● Establish a civil government in the Philippines
● To train the Filipinos in self- government
● Guided by a set of instructions issued to it on April 7, 1900 by McKinley
● Those instructions were drafted by Secretary of War, Elihu Root

“Bear in mind that the government which they (the Commission) are establishing is
designed not for our selfish satisfaction… but for the happiness, peace and prosperity of
the people of the Philippine Islands, and the measures adopted be made to conform to
their customs, habits..”

● Arrived in Manila on June 3, 1900

● $1,000,000 for building and repairing roads and bridges
● From September 1900 to August 1902, it enacted more than 400 laws
● In September 1901, it was expanded to include three pro- American
Filipino as members. They were: Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera, Benito
Legarda, Jose Luzurriaga
B. Civil Government
● Inaugurated on July 4, 1901
● William Howard Taft as the first Civil Governor
● In 1905: Governor- General
● Gov. Taft exercised both executive and legislative functions
● His policy “the Philippines for the Filipinos” made him popular amig the Filipinos
● Taft served until December 1903

C. Philippine Bill of 1902

● Also known as the Cooper Act
● Sponsored by U.S. Representative HEnry A. Cooper of Wisconsin
● On July 1, 1902, the Philippine Bill of 1902 was passed by Congress. It created
the Philippine Assembly

Among the key provisions of the Philippine Bill of 1902 were:

1. A bill of right for the Filipinos;
2. The appointment of two Filipino resident commissioners to represent the
Philippines in the U.S. Congress, but without voting rights;
3. The establishment of a Philippine Assembly to be elected by the Filipinos rwo
years after the publication of a census and only after peace has been completely
restored in the country. The Philippine Assembly would be the lower house of the
legislature while the Philippine Commission would be the upper house.
4. Executive power would be exercised by the Civil Governor who would have
several executive departments under him such as Interior, Public Information,
Finance and Justice and Commerce and Police
5. Conservation of the country’s natural resources for the Filipinos

D. Philippine Assembly
● On July 30, 1907, the first free national elections were held in the Philippines for
members od all the Filipino lawmaking body
● Hundreds of candidates campaign under many new political parties
● 80 delegates won, most of them came from the Nacionalista Party
● Inaugurated on October 16, 1907 at the Manila Grand Opera House
● Speaker: Sergio Osmena
● Majority Floor Leader: Manuel L. Quezon

E. Resident Commissioners
● The Philippine Bill of 1902 gave the Filipinos the right to be represented by two
Filipino resident commissioners in the United State Congress
● They could speak out for or against any bill in Congress affecting the Philippines
● Manuel L. Quezon served from 1909 to 1916
● Considered as one of the greatest Filipino resident commissioners
● Spoke out strongly against those they considered harmful to Filipino interest

F. The Filipinization of the Government

● America made it a policy to appoint qualified Filipinos tpo government positions
● A number of prominent Filipinos were named to high positions
● In 1903, there were more Americans (2,777) in the government than Filipinos
(2,697)
● In 1904, the number rose to 3,377 compared to 3,228 Americans.
● Cayetano Arellano was named Chief Justice of the Philippine Supreme Court
● Florentino Torres became Attorney General..
● By 1908, Gregorio Araneta was named Secretary of Finance and JUstice.

G. The Jones Law of 1916

● Signed by President Woodrow Wilson on August 29, 1916.
● Also known as the Philippine Autonomy Act..
● Sponsored by U.S. Representative William Atkinson Jones of Virginia.
● It contained American’s promise to give independence to the Philippines.
● Gave the Filipinos greater participation in the government.
● It defined the structure of the government the powers and duties of the officials,
and provided for a bill of rights for the Filipinos.
● Executive Power: Governor General (an American).
● Appointed by the President of the United States.
● Legislative Power: Exclusive to the Filipinos
● Created two houses: the House of Representatives (lower house) and the
Philippine Senate (upper house).
● Judicial Power : Chief Justice (Filipino) and associate justices (Filipino and
American)
● Appointed by the President of the United States.
● On October 3, 1916, elections were held for the new Philippine Legislature.
● It was formally inaugurated on October 16, 1916.
● Sergio Osmena was elected Speaker of the House of Representatives.
● Manuel L. Quezon became President of the Senate.

H. The Wood-Forbes Mission

● Gen. Leonard Wood and Gov. Gen W. Cameron Forbes stayed in the
Philippines for four months.
● In October 1921, the mission submitted its report to the president that the
Filipinos were not yet prepared for independence and U.S. should not yet grant
independence to the Philippines.
I. The OSROX Mission
● In November 1931, the Philippine Legislature sent a mission to the United States
to work for the passage of an independence law.
● U.S. Senator Harry B. Hawes filed an independence bill in the U.S. Congress,
with U.S. Congressman Hare and U.S. Senator Cutting as co-sponsors.
● The bill was approved in December 1932, but President Herbert Hoover,
vetoed the bill.
● The U.S. Congress replaced the bill on January 17, 1933 known as the Hare-
Hawes-Cutting Act.
● The Antis were those that sided with Quezon in opposing the law.
● The Pros were those who supported the law and backed Osmena and Roxas.
● The laws’s provisions on trade relations were disadvantageous to the Philippines
● He objected to the provision limiting the immigration of Filipinos to the U. S.
● He also objected to the retention by the U.S of military bases in the Philippines.
● OSROX claimed that the Hare- Hawes- Cutting Act was the best independence
law that the Filipinos could obtain from the U.S
● On October 17, 1933, the legislature rejected the Hare- Hawes- Cutting Act.
● The US Congress enacted a new independence bill sponsored by Senator
Milliard Tydyings and Representative John McDuffie
● Signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on March 24,1934

Social Progress
A. Education
B. Religious Developments
C. Rise of the Aglipayan Church

A. Education
Spain
a. Christianing the pagan natives was more important than giving them and
education
b. It was only in the closing of decades of Spanish rule that some system of
public school education was introduced by Spain in the Philippines

United States
c. “To educate, to train in the science of self- government”
d. Americans made it a policy to teach English to the Filipinos
● In January 1901, the TAft Commission enacted Act No. 74 which established
the Philippine public school system
● It provided free primary education and the establishment of a school to train
Filipino teachers
● On August 2,3, 1901, the first group of 600 teachers from the Unified States
arrived in MAnila on board the transport ship Thomas
● These teachers came to be known as the Thomasites
● Elementary Schools: 7 years course
● High School: 4-year course
● Those who finished high could take up higher education in a public junior college
or at the University of The Philippines which was created in 1908 by Act No.
1870 enacted by the Philippine Assembly and the Philippine Commission
● Filipino pensionados- bright young Filipino students

“No people ever accepted the blessings of education with more enthusiasm than
the Filipinos”
-Governor- General Frank Murphy, 1935

● By 1935, there were 1,229,242 students enrolled in 7, 330 public schools

throughout the country
● The private schools, which numbered about 400, had a total student population
of 97, 500

B. Religion
● Introduction of Protestantism
○ The Protestants sought to win the Filipinos through friendly persuasion
■ Presbyterians (1899)
■ Baptists (1900)
■ The Disciples of Christ (1905)
■ Methodist Episcopalians (1908)

C. Rise of the Aglipayan Church

● Church was established in Manila
● Founder: Isabelo de los Reyes
● He founded the Democratic Labor Union in July 1901
● Iglesia Filipina Independiente
● De los Reyes proclaimed Father Gregorio Aglipay as the new church’s
Supreme Bishop
● On October 17, 1902, Aglipay agreed to head the new church
● On January 18, 1903, he was formally consecrated as the Supreme Bishop
● The new church known as Aglipayan Church
● In 1939 census, 9.8% of the population, or 1,573,608 claimed to be Aglipayans

Economics Progress
A. American Economic Policy
B. New Prosperity
C. Population Explosion
D. New Land Policy
E. Agricultural Increase
F. Free Trade
G. Business Boom
H. New Industries
I. Improvement in Transportation and Communications
J. Better Budget
K. New Banks
L. International Exhibitions and Meetings
M. Economic Problems

A. American Economic Policy

● The Philippine Bill of 1902 declared that all public lands and natural resources
of the Philippines are for “the benefit of the inhabitants”
● The Jones Law of 1916 and Tydings- Duffie Law of 1934
● William H. Taft, the American Governor- General, said that the Philippines was
for the Filpinos
● We had to serve the national interest of the United States
● We could not make our own policy

B. New Prosperity

● The new prosperity of the Philippines as a colony of America was shown in the
following ways
■ Population explosion
■ New land policy
■ Agricultural increase
■ Free trade with America
■ Business Boom
■ New Industries
■ Improvement in transportation adn communications
■ Better government budget
■ New banks
■ Participation in internal exhibitions

C. Population Explosion

D. New Land Policy

Three ways on how Americans improved land policy in the Philippines:
● Friars land were resold to Filipino farmers
● Homestead Act in 1924 allowed any Filipino to own up 24 hectares of public
land
● All lands had to be registered and their owners got Torrens Titles

E. Agricultural Increase
● The Filipinos and the Americans cooperated to revive agriculture
● The Bureau of Agriculture (1902)
● In 1903, the American Congress sent a $3 million emergency fund to import rice
and carabaos from other Asian countries
● Modern farm tools from the United States were also introduced

F. Free Trade with America

● Most important economic change
● A country has to trade with other countries abroad in order to develop
● We were introduced to the big American market and American products were
brought by Filipinos
● The Americans were the richest people in the mid-20th century
● American products could not enter the Philippines without paying customs

G. Business Boom
● Retail trade inside the Philippines also doubled from 1907- 1935. Filipinos had
more money to buy different things, however, they liked to buy imported goods

H. New industries
● The Philippines entered the Industrial Age.
● The Americans invented mass production in big factories
● Manila: Coconut oil, cigars and cigarettes, sugar, rope and textiles
● Marikina: Shoes
● Ilocos: Blankets and towels
● Bulacan, Laguna, Tayabas, Bohol and Pangasinan: hats and mats
● Pampanga, Rizal And Bulacan: rattan and wood furniture
● Albay, Rizal ans Laguna: pottery and bricks

I. Improvement in Transportation and Communication

● The FIlipinos enjoyed the automobile, electric street car (tranvia), airplane,
telephpne, wireless telegraph, radio and movies
● Americans developed our railroads in Luzon, Cebu and Panay
● Pier 7 in Manila become the largest port in Asia
● Manila became the center of air travel in Asia
● The telephone and telegraph system in our country was the best in Asia
● The best newspapers, radio stations and postal services in Asia.

J. Better Budget
● The Philippine budget was balanced even during the Great world Depression in
the 1930s
● In the 1930s, other government had huge deficits and problems
● But the Philippines colonial budget has a surplus

K. New Banks
● In 1906, the Postal Savings Bank was introduced
● Philippine National Bank was established in 1906
● Rural credit groups for farmers helped to reduce usury in the provinces

L. Internal Exhibitions and Meetings

● The Philippines was projected into the world’s limelight because of its
participation in international exhibitions, conferences and meetings
● The Philippine Army Band became the world- famous at the Golden Gate
Exposition held at San Francisco, California in 1939
● Filipino athletes were also able join the olympic Games

M. Economic Problems
● We sold our raw materials cheap and bought expensive manufactured goods
from America
● Colonial mentality became worse
● Labor and peasant unrest spread in the 1920s and 1930s
● American capitalista and businessmen controlled the new companies

FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC TO THE CONTEMPORARY PERIOD

The First Philippine Republic

⚫ The First Philippine Republic, also known as the Malolos Republic, was established
as a result of the Philippine Revolution and the subsequent political developments
during the Spanish-American War. It was a significant but short-lived government
that aimed to create a sovereign nation for Filipinos. The establishment,
governance, and eventual dissolution of this republic reflect the struggles and
aspirations of the Filipino people during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
⚫ The First Philippine Republic was formally established with the proclamation of the
Malolos Constitution on January 23, 1899, in Malolos, Bulacan. It was the first
constitutional republic in Asia, despite being unrecognized outside the Philippines.
Emilio Aguinaldo served as its president during its existence.
⚫ The republic originated from a desire for independence that emerged during the
Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial rule. The revolution began in 1896
and culminated in the declaration of independence on June 12, 1898, when
Aguinaldo issued the Philippine Declaration of Independence. Following the
declaration, the Philippine Revolutionary Government was established as a
precursor to the republic.
⚫ The United States acquired the Philippines from Spain through the Treaty of Paris in
December 1898, which transferred control over the islands. The Filipino people
resisted American colonization, leading to the outbreak of the Philippine-American
War in February 1899.
⚫ The First Philippine Republic was distinguished by its democratic framework, with
three branches of government: Executive, Legislative, and Judiciary. The Malolos
Constitution facilitated a representative democracy, allowing for elected officials and
establishing a cabinet to assist the president.
⚫ The republic faced numerous challenges, particularly from American military forces.
Aguinaldo was captured on March 23, 1901, effectively ending the First Philippine
Republic. Following his capture, Aguinaldo declared allegiance to the United States,
marking a significant loss for Filipino aspirations of independence.
⚫ The First Philippine Republic is remembered as a pivotal moment in Philippine
history, marking the first attempt at self-governance after centuries of colonial rule. It
laid the groundwork for subsequent movements toward Philippine independence
and is regarded as a symbol of national pride and sovereignty.
The Establishment of Philippine Commonwealth
⚫ The Philippine Commonwealth, established in 1935 and existing until 1946, was a
critical transitional government aimed at preparing the Philippines for eventual
independence from the United States. It faced numerous challenges, including
occupation during World War II, but ultimately laid the groundwork for the
emergence of the Republic of the Philippines.
⚫ The Commonwealth of the Philippines was inaugurated on November 15, 1935,
following the approval of the Tydings-McDuffie Act by the U.S. Congress, which
provided for a transitional government with a ten-year period leading up to
independence. Manuel L. Quezon was elected as the first president, marking the
beginning of self-governance for Filipinos.
⚫ The Commonwealth government aimed to prepare the Philippines for full political
and economic independence. This involved the establishment of democratic
institutions, the promotion of local industries, and the enhancement of national
defense through various acts and policies. The government focused on nation-
building, with initiatives in education and infrastructure set in motion.
⚫ The Commonwealth era was interrupted by the Japanese occupation from 1942 to
1945 during World War II. The Commonwealth government, led by Quezon and
Sergio Osmeña, was forced into exile. While in exile, they participated in the Pacific
War Council and continued to promote Filipino sovereignty, although the country
faced significant hardships and destruction due to the war.
⚫ The Philippines was liberated from Japanese control beginning with the Allied
landings in October 1944, culminating in Japan's surrender in September 1945.
Following the war, the Commonwealth government was restored, and preparations
for independence resumed12. Elections were held in April 1946, leading to the
election of Manuel Roxas as the first president of the independent Republic of the
Philippines on July 4, 1946.
⚫ The legacy of the Commonwealth includes the establishment of significant political
and legal frameworks that would continue to influence the governance of the
Philippines post-independence. It aimed to foster a national identity and self-
governance, significantly shaping the course of Philippine history. The period is
remembered for both its aspirations for independence and the challenges faced,
especially during the war.

The Second Philippine Republic

⚫ The Japanese occupation of the Philippines, which lasted from 1942 to 1945,
marked a tumultuous period in Philippine history during World War II. The
occupation began with a swift invasion following the attack on Pearl Harbor and was
characterized by military control, resistance movements, and significant hardships
for the Filipino populace. The occupation ultimately concluded with the liberation of
the Philippines by Allied forces and Japan's surrender in 1945.
⚫ The invasion of the Philippines commenced on December 8, 1941, just hours after
the attack on Pearl Harbor. Japanese forces quickly targeted key locations, leading
to the significant loss of American and Filipino military personnel. General Douglas
MacArthur was ordered to leave the Philippines for Australia, abandoning the
garrisoned troops. The surrender of the American and Filipino defenders on Bataan
on April 9, 1942, and the subsequent Bataan Death March, where thousands
perished, exemplified the brutal conditions of the occupation.
⚫ Japan established strict military rule over the islands, imposing martial law and
extensive controls over daily life. The Japanese military administration used
propaganda to garner support, although it was ultimately met with distrust and
resistance from many Filipinos. Throughout this period, the local populace endured
severe shortages of food and resources, alongside the constant threat of violence
and repression from occupiers.
⚫ Resistance to Japanese rule proliferated during the occupation, with numerous
guerilla movements forming across the archipelago. These resistance fighters
conducted sabotage operations and gathered intelligence, with Philippine guerilla
forces managing to control significant portions of the jungle and mountainous areas.
Over 60% of the islands were under the influence of active resistance, supported
covertly by General MacArthur and Allied forces.
⚫ The occupation finally began to unravel with the arrival of Allied forces in 1944. A
series of military campaigns, including the Leyte Gulf landing, initiated the liberation
of the Philippines. The liberation culminated in Japan's surrender on August 15,
1945, which ended the occupation and restored Philippine sovereignty. The
occupation left a lasting impact on the Filipino people and the socio-political
landscape of the nation, highlighting the resilience and tenacity of the local
population amidst adversity.
⚫ The aftermath of the Japanese occupation revealed extensive destruction, loss of
life, and socioeconomic challenges for the Philippines. Memories of collaboration
and resistance shaped the national psyche, influencing post-war politics and
identities. As the Philippines rebuilt, this period remained etched in the collective
memory of the nation, emphasizing the importance of autonomy and self-
determination.

The Third Philippine Republic (1946-1972)

⚫ The Third Republic was officially established on July 4, 1946, culminating in a
peaceful campaign for Philippine independence from the United States. Manuel A.
Roxas became the first president, focusing on post-war recovery and navigating the
challenges of establishing a sovereign government.
⚫ During the Third Republic, prominent leaders included Roxas, Elpidio Quirino,
Ramon Magsaysay, Carlos Garcia, and Diosdado Macapagal. Each president
enacted various social welfare programs, land reforms, and economic
independence initiatives to improve the conditions of the Filipino people. The
government aimed to address the socio-economic challenges left in the wake of
World War II, focusing on rehabilitation and development.
⚫ The period was marked by significant socio-economic challenges, including
inflation, corruption, unemployment, and civil unrest. These issues prompted
reforms and policies aimed at promoting socio-economic welfare and addressing
the needs of the population1. Magsaysay, known for his connection to "the
masses," sought to alleviate poverty and combat the HUKBALAHAP insurgency,
striving to restore public trust in the government.
⚫ The stability established during the Third Republic began to erode by the late
1960s, leading to the declaration of martial law in 1972 by Ferdinand Marcos, which
effectively transitioned the country into the Fourth Republic. Marcos' regime was
characterized by authoritarian rule, human rights abuses, and increasing corruption,
which contrasted sharply with the aspirations of the earlier republic.

The Start of Marcos Administration (1965-1986)

⚫ The Marcos administration, which spanned from 1965 to 1986, was marked by
significant socio-economic transformations, the declaration of martial law,
widespread human rights abuses, and the eventual downfall of Ferdinand Marcos
due to a popular uprising. Despite initial progress in infrastructure and agricultural
production, the regime is often remembered for its authoritarian governance and
corruption, which culminated in a crisis that led to a revolution and the exile of the
Marcos family.
⚫ Ferdinand Marcos, Sr. was elected as the President of the Philippines in 1965 and
re-elected in 1969. Initially, his administration focused on economic development,
aiming to improve infrastructure, agriculture, and educational systems. In his first
State of the Nation Address, he outlined ambitious plans for construction and
revitalization across various sectors—including the construction of roads, bridges,
and power generation.
⚫ During his first term, the Marcos administration achieved notable feats, such as
improving rice production, which led the country to self-sufficiency for the first time
since the American period1. However, the second term faced increasing
challenges, including an economic crisis driven by inflation and civil unrest1. The
dissatisfaction among students led to widespread protests, particularly evident
during the First Quarter Storm in 1970.
⚫ On September 21, 1972, amidst escalating unrest, Marcos declared martial law
under Proclamation No. 1081. He cited a "state of anarchy" and the need to restore
order as the rationale for this drastic measure. The martial law regime enabled him
to strengthen his grip on power, suppress dissent, and curtail civil liberties while
promoting the New Society Movement.
⚫ During the martial law period, many civil rights were suspended, and the media was
heavily censored. The 1973 Constitution was enacted, which allowed Marcos to
legislate and exercise powers with significant authority. However, the administration
faced criticism for corruption and abuse of power, with many political opponents
disappearing or being imprisoned.
⚫ Despite initial economic growth, widespread corruption, cronyism, and
mismanagement led to severe economic decline by the early 1980s. The
assassination of opposition leader Benigno Aquino Jr. in 1983 intensified public
outrage against the Marcos regime. As protests grew, culminating in the People
Power Revolution in 1986, Marcos was ousted and fled to exile in Hawaii, marking
the end of his 21-year rule.
The Fourth Philippine Republic (1981-1986)
⚫ The Fourth Philippine Republic was declared by Ferdinand Marcos following his
victory in the June 16, 1981 presidential election. Marcos announced the beginning
of the Fourth Republic during his inauguration speech on June 30, 1984. This
period was marked by a facade of democracy while Marcos retained significant
authoritarian powers.
⚫ Martial law, initially declared on September 21, 1972, was officially lifted on January
17, 1981. Despite lifting martial law, Marcos maintained considerable control over
governance, including powers for arrest and detention, enabling him to suppress
opposition and dissent throughout his rule. This lifting did not fully restore civil
liberties or end governmental abuses.
⚫ The Fourth Republic faced rampant corruption, nepotism, and civil unrest, which
contributed to a serious decline in economic growth. Marcos’ administration
struggled with political opposition, leading to boycotts of elections and protests
against his regime's actions, particularly following the assassination of opposition
leader Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr. in August 21, 1983.
⚫ A significant turning point occurred with the snap presidential election on February
7, 1986, after growing pressure on Marcos, particularly in light of the Aquino
assassination. Marcos was declared the winner under controversial circumstances,
leading to widespread allegations of electoral fraud. This led to mobilization against
his regime, culminating in the People Power Revolution from February 22 to 25,
1986, which was instrumental in ousting Marcos.

The Fifth Philippine Republic (1986-Present)

⚫ Under Corazon Aquino's administration, significant reforms were implemented,
including the ratification of the 1987 Constitution that limited the president's power
to declare martial law and restored civil liberties4. The Aquino government faced
numerous challenges, including attempted coups, economic instability, and natural
disasters, such as the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991.
⚫ Fidel Ramos succeeded Aquino in 1992, continuing efforts toward national
reconciliation and economic reform. His administration is noted for the peace
agreement with the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) in 1996, although
conflicts with splinter groups persisted4. However, political instability continued, and
economic growth was periodically hampered by various crises, including the 1997
Asian financial crisis.
⚫ Joseph Estrada assumed the presidency in 1998, promising to address poverty and
crime. However, his administration was marred by allegations of corruption, leading
to his impeachment and eventual ousting during the EDSA II Revolution in 20014.
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, Estrada's vice president, took office amid controversies
and allegations of election fraud during her tenure.
⚫ Arroyo's reputation has been tarnished by reports that her husband and son are
getting money from gambling lords. A tape recording of Arroyo speaking with an
election commissioner surfaced, proving her impropriety and implying that she may
have affected the outcome of the recent elections. In June 2005, protests erupted,
asking for Arroyo's resignation.
⚫ The Sandiganbayan, the anti-graft court, finds former President Joseph Ejercito
Estrada guilty of plunder and sentences him to 40 years in jail. In Philippine history,
he is the first former president to be found guilty of a crime. Estrada was pardoned
by President Arroyo six weeks later, on October 26. Estrada was free to run for
Mayor of Manila, which he won, thanks to the amnesty. Currently, he serves as
Manila's mayor.
⚫ On the eve of the "People Power Revolution's" anniversary on February 24, 2006,
the government took preventative steps to thwart suspected conspiracies to depose
Arroyo through large demonstrations and a coup. The next day, Arroyo proclaimed
a "State of Emergency," deploying the police and troops to prevent any more
instability. Arroyo has been hospitalized since 2011 on allegations of election
sabotage and misappropriation of public money. She is being held at the Quezon
City Veterans Memorial Hospital in Metro Manila.
⚫ Former Senator Benigno Simeon Cojuangco Aquino III is the son of former
President Corazon C. Aquino and Senator Benigno Aquino. He is also known as
"Noynoy" and "Pnoy." After winning the presidential election on May 10, 2010, he
was elected president on June 30, 2010 in Rizal Park in Manila. Former Philippine
President Gloria Arroyo was elected to Congress to represent Pampanga's second
district. President Rodrigo Duterte of the Philippines was elected in the country's
first computerized national elections. Aquino has a high public approval rating and is
widely considered as trustworthy. Renato Corona, the Chief Justice of the Supreme
Court, was impeached in 2011 for failing to register assets, and during his tenure,
prominent politicians like Senators and Congressmen were accused of corruption.
⚫ Aquino's anti-corruption fight continues. Aquino is barred from seeking re-election
under the current constitution. On May 9, 2016, presidential elections were
conducted. Mary Grace Sonora Poe-Llamanzares, Rodrigo Roa Duterte, Manuel
"Mar" Araneta Roxas II, and Jejomar Cabauatan Binay were all strong contenders.
⚫ Rodrigo "Rody" Roa Duterte (a.k.a. Digong), the former mayor of Davao City in
Mindanao who is known for his tough stance against illicit drugs and crime, was
elected president on June 30, 2016, after defeating Benigno Aquino III in a landslide
victory in the May 9 elections. Former congresswoman Maria Leonor "Leni" Santo
Tomas Gerona-Robredo (Leni Robredo for short) takes office as vice-president,
following Jejomar Binay, on the same day but in a different party. Both Duterte and
Robredo are limited to a single six-year term (till 2022). Duterte is calling for a
transition from a presidential to a federal administration.
⚫ Unlike past presidents, Duterte, who is known for his strong rhetoric, is hostile to the
United States, which has been a longtime friend of the Philippines. Surprisingly, he
is friendlier with China, which the previous government sued at The Permanent
Court of Arbitration in The Hague for seizing numerous islands within the
Philippines' 200-mile exclusive economic zone. In July 2016, the court ruled
decisively in favor of the Philippines, but China has refused to acknowledge the
decision. Human rights organizations and certain members of the international
community have chastised Duterte for his tough stance on illegal narcotics, which
has resulted in the deaths of thousands of people (including innocent bystanders)
supposedly implicated in the drug trade.
⚫ On March 10, 2020, Duterte declared a public health emergency in the Philippines
due to the worldwide spread of the Novel Coronavirus (officially known as COVID-
19). The virus was discovered in the Chinese city of Wuhan at first. To decrease the
amount of illnesses and fatalities, Metro Manila and finally the entire island of Luzon
were placed under lockdown. The total number of COVID-19 victims has yet to be
determined.