> > 1: OPINION MATCHING » To complete the task, you need to match four people's opinions (Person A-D) to seven questions. DRIVING SCHOOL Four people respond in the comments section of an online magazine article about getting their driving licence. Read their comments and answer the questions (1-7). Growing up on a farm, | can’t even remember how old | was when | learnt how to drive my dad's jeep around the fields, It came naturally to me | think. After many years, my parents mentioned getting my driver's licence. I'd never put much thought into it before but, of course, if | wanted to drive legally on national roads it was a must. So without much further ado, | took a couple of lessons, sat my theory test and just like that | had my licence. It was a walk in the park really. I waited until | was in my thirties to finally take the plunge and learn to drive. | live in Milan, so on top of the nerves about the driving itself then you add a foreign language to the mix! Let's just say the first few lessons were more like a white-knuckle ride. Between him taking me down some of the busiest main streets in the city and yelling at me in Italian, | was a total wreck afterwards. | would like to say the lessons got better but unfortunately not. Anyway, in the end, | passed my test so it all worked out. Remember to read the questions first and think of different ways of expressing the same idea. Then, read Person A and scan the sentences again to choose any that match up, then follow the same strategy for B, C and D. ‘0 Copyright © 2021 Future House LanguagesMy family run a driving school, so it was a given that | would learn to drive as soon as | came of age. The problem is, | couldn't have cared less about it. We live in a massive city with heaps of transport links around us, so it seemed like a waste of time to me. My dad insisted, however, and of course, | had no choice but to do as he said. The lessons were fine, | knew the instructor as he’s worked for my family for ages. | did have to sit my test a couple of times though; well they say third time lucky don’t they? Getting my licence was of utmost importance for me as I'd managed to bag a nice earner taking people to and from the airport. A friend told me about it as he’d been doing it for months and the wage packet was incredible. The only catch was that | needed a full driving licence. So | did my twelve lessons and theory test. In the end, | just managed to scrape a pass on the first attempt and was able to start picking people up and dropping them off, and more importantly get paid! It suits me for the time being as | can get a bit of money together to go travelling. Who thinks there was an expectation that they would learn to drive? Who thinks learning to drive was scary? Who thinks a licence is crucial for work purposes? Who thinks it was easy to get their licence? Who thinks they suffered emotionally from the experience? Who thinks it’s important to obey your elders? Who thinks they had an additional setback? Sep eke SP ee @ There could be 1, 2 or 3 questions matched to a single text, but there's always at least ~ one for each text. Copyright® 2021 Future House Languages "> > MEISE »” complete the task, you need to match seven headings to the correct paragraphs in the text. Choose from the list (A-l) and match it to a paragraph (1-7). There is an extra heading and an example given (A). accra n Aes} 0. Considered to be the primary source of energy used for lighting, heating and powering electronic devices and appliances, electricity also plays an important role in the transportation industry as an essential eco-solution to replace the current fuels powering vehicles and polluting our towns and cities. However, more than 1.7 billion people worldwide still don't have a reliable electricity source and connection. For this reason, many turn to solar power as their potential energy saviour - at least when the sun is shining. 1. Solar technology to store energy and power utilities during the dark hours already exists, but itis still very much a work in progress. For instance, solar panels equipped with solar batteries allow energy to be stored during the day to provide electricity when the panels are resting at night or on cloudy days. This has led scientists to wonder if we could generate electricity both during the day and at night. What if we could even draw energy from the cold night sky? Interestingly, researchers at Stanford University and UCLA have just done exactly that. Although we shouldn't expect it to become solar energy’s dark twin just yet, it could play an important role the energy demands of the future. Remember to use the strategy explained in the introduction to this reading task. Read the first TWO lines and LAST line only, and match up the more obvious headings before reading specific paragraphs in detail. ® Just because a word from a heading is mentioned in a paragraph doesn't necessarily mean that it is the correct match. You need to focus on the best summary of each paragraph - don't be distracted by single words or phrases. i Copyright® 2021 Future House Languages2. The technology itself is nothing new - in fact, the principles behind it were discovered almost 200 years ago. The device, called a thermoelectric generator, uses temperature differences between two metal plates to generate electricity through something called the Seebeck effect, discovered by the German physicist Thomas Johann Seebeck (1821). The greater the temperature difference, the greater the power generated. We already use this technology to convert waste heat from sources such as industrial machinery and car engines into energy. The new research applies the same technique to harness the temperature difference between the outside air and a surface that faces the sky. 3. The device's two plates sit on top of one another. The top plate faces the cold air of the open night sky, while the bottom plate is kept enclosed in warmer air facing the ground. Heat always radiates to cooler environments, and the cooler the environment, the faster heat is radiated, Because the open night sky is cooler than the enclosed air surrounding the bottom plate, the top plate loses heat faster than the bottom plate. This generates a temperature difference between the two plates. Differences between four and five degrees Celsius were registered during studies. 4. Now at different temperatures, heat also starts to travel from the hotter bottom plate to the cooler top plate. The device harnesses this flow of heat to generate electricity. At this small temperature difference, power is limited. At this stage, the researchers’ device produced just 25 milliwatts per meter squared (mW/m?) - this is enough to power a small LED reading light. By contrast, a solar panel of the same size would be enough to sustain three 32" LED TVs - that’s 4,000 times more output. 5. In dryer climates, the device could perform better, as any moisture in the air cools and reduces the temperature difference between the plates. In the dry Mediterranean, the device could have the potential to produce twenty times more power. The device itself could also be refined. If manufacturers applied a coating allowing the device’s Surface to reach a temperature lower than the surrounding environment during the day, it could be even cooler at night. If corrugated plates were used instead of flat Ones, it would be more efficient at capturing and emitting radiation. These tech upgrades could raise the power output by as much as ten times Copyright © 2021 Future House Languages a6. With the efficiency of technologies continually improving, thermoelectric devices could play an important role in powering society before long. Professionals are developing technology that connects household devices to the internet and each other - the so-called Internet of Things - at a level of energy firmly within the reach of an enhanced device in dry climates. By connecting thermoelectric generators mounted on the walls of homes, it could noticeably lighten the energy load of houses. It’s feasible, too - it could easily be mass-produced, and sold cheaply enough to provide a viable energy source in locations where it is too expensive or impractical to connect with mains electricity. 7. It’s unlikely that thermoelectric devices will ever replace battery storage as the night-time saviour of solar energy. Batteries now cost a quarter of what they did a decade ago, and solar systems with battery storage are already becoming affordable ways to meet small-scale domestic and industrial energy needs. But the technology could be a useful complement to solar power and battery storage - and a vital alternative energy source for those living off-grid when batteries fail or panels break. When everything goes wrong on the chilliest of nights, those with thermoelectric devices to power a heater would have one thing to thank the freezing night air for. A. Worldwide inequality B. Despite limitations, power is generated C. Physics provides an interesting opportunity D. Abackup plan in times of need E. Isit really worth the additional expense? F. Academics at the vanguard of solar technology G. A few tweaks could make it more potent H. An economic solution |. Set up and operation a Copyright © 2021 Future House Languages> R3: SINGLE TEXT GAP-FILL >? complete the task, you need to complete the text by filling in the gaps. Choose the correct word from option A, B or C. FARMYARD INTELLIGENCE Pigs might not be able to fly, but they can play video games. In @ new study, researchers have shown that pigs can use a digital screen and joystick, operated by their snout, to move a cursor around for rewards. This is certainly a complex task. The animals need to understand the (1) moving around a joystick and what’s happening on a computer screen, and then connect what's happening on the screen to getting a reward. The four pigs tested were all able to do that to some extent. However, as the researchers (2) in the game, sending them to new “levels”, the pigs weren't ready to compete with the kids in Mario Kart just yet. They couldn’t even compete with the monkeys for which the task was originally designed. This may be because moving around a joystick with your snout is a lot harder than with opposable thumbs, or because the pigs are just not as good at the task as primates. This new study fits well with what we already know about pigs. They show remarkable intelligence in a number of complex cognitive tasks. They can, for instance, learn to respond differently to different sounds, and are masters at spatial learning tasks. But there are limits to what they can do. Mirror use, for instance, is not something all pigs can master, and while they can use simple geometric shapes to decide what response to give, recognising other pigs fram photographs (3) . This was surprising since other farm animals like sheep and cattle are able to recognise their sheep and cattle friends on photographs. But why do we care that pigs can perform well in the video arcade, or learn to hunt for sweets in spatial learning tasks? After all, they aren't likely to find an Xbox on the average farm. Rather than simply a chance to (4) their smarts, this study is part of a growing area in animal welfare research; the study of farm animal cognition. We're only starting to understand how different management practices used on farms are impacting animals’ cognitive development. Raised farmed species without maternal care, insufficient challenges, and mixing of social groups may all (5) cognition, As the body of research grows, wewill be able to translate this back to the improvement of farms to enrich the lives of farm animals. Coprright © 2021 Future House LanguagesCOMPLEXITY OF as ia a aren [BM LINK BETWEEN | B J RAISED AWARENESS REWARD FOR o C BG CATCHES THEIR ATTENTION LETS ANIMALS DOWN CONSIDERABLY HEIGHTEN | B NEGATIVELY AFFECT Roules. Ran aen 3 Remember that this is not designed to be a grammar test. It's a comprehension test which means you need to choose the answer based on information contained in the sentence or whole paragraph. Unlike Cambridge exams (CAE and CPE}, you can't simply rely on looking at the words before and after the gap and make your choice based on collocations, grammar or word choice. You must understand the text in order to choose correctly. Study the words carefully as often all three options could fit grammatically. The information that will guide you to the correct answer will be contained in the same sentence or paragraph. IF you don't find clues to lead you to the correct answer in the paragraph in which the question is contained, read the next paragraph. There may be examples given that will help you eliminate options, or a previous point may be referred back to or developed more fully. Copyright © 2021 Future House Languages> D> 4: MULTIPLE TEXT GAP-FILL >> 70 complete the task, you need to complete the text by filling in the gaps with the appropriate word or phrase. Choose the correct option from A, B or C. CNS ROM eae Six years ago, a major city development project was announced in South Africa. Billed as a game- changer, it was (1) the urban footprint of Johannesburg, Africa's richest city, forever. The Modderfontein New City project was launched amid much fanfare, expectation and media hype. Zendai, a Chinese developer, bought a 1600-hectare site north-east of Johannesburg for the development, which was quickly (2)___the “New York of Africa", Early plans showed it was to include 55,000 housing units, 1,468,000 m2 of office space and all the necessary amenities for urban life in the form of a single large-scale urban district. The cost estimate was set at $5.7 billion. The developer believed that Modderfontein could function as a global business hub and would become Johannesburg's main commercial centre, replacing Sandton. The project would also change Johannesburg's international profile by strengthening relations with Asian corporate interests. However, despite the release of futuristic computer-generated images which led to significant publicity for the project, it never materialised, Instead, the land was eventually sold off. A local developer has since begun construction on a much more (3) _ . in the form of a gated-community style housing development. Modderfontein has faded away from the public consciousness. The story of why it failed has never been adequately told in the media. Rumours circulated that the project was hindered by conflicting visions between the developer and the City of Johannesburg. Moreover, unexpectedly low demand for both housing and office space meant the original plan for the project was incompatible with the city’s slow-moving real estate market, C1 A] ercoicren roreverse NB] meant ro atrer oan 6 BEEZ ehuncs aes 0 DRE okinas omnes “ae Copyright © 2021 Future House LanguagesWhen the Modderfontein New City project was announced six years ago in South Africa, it understandably caused (4) ____both in the media and among the public. Its most convincing selling point was that it would completely change Johannesburg’s urban footprint. A well-known Chinese property developer splashed out on an impressive site of over 1600 hectares, which got the nickname ‘the New York of Africa’. It was to include over 50,000 houses as well as office blocks at a staggering cost of $5.7 billion. The idea was to replace Sandton as the (5) . What's more, it aimed to reposition and strengthen Johannesburg's profile on the international front. Regardless of the plans made, this promising project wasn't meant to be and unfortunately never came to fruition. Since then, another developer has shown interest in the project, albeit on a much smaller scale. When finished, the project is said to be a futuristic, gated urban development. The project’s media coverage has died down immensely and no one is exactly sure what led to its demise. However, it is said the project's failure was due to conflicting views between the property developer and the city as well as a (6) __ real estate market. 8 Acca i) kelsey It cs 5] MAJOR BUSINESS DISTRICT [MI B J DIPLOMATIC HEADQUARTERS Pat) C6 A) ictiy erocressive fi By RELATIVELY STAGNANT Metron @) Both texts are on the same topic. The informetion found in one text compliments or gives more specific details about the information found in the other. Remember that all the options are usually grammatically possible. © Remember that you need to read both texts to be able to choose the correct answer, as the information you need is likely to be found in the other text. @ ‘A good strategy is to ask yourself "What information is missing here?" and then scan the other */ text until you find a sentence relating to a similar piece of information. Use this as a clue to guide your answer choice. © Notice that the incorrect answers often have an opposite or contradictory meaning. Use this ®) tohelp you eliminate incorrect choices if you don't know the meaning ofall the words Copyright® 2021 Future House Languages au