Society ↳ Two types: Natural science (physics, chemistry, geology) &

↳ Refers to an autonomous group of people social science (sociology, psychology, economics)

↳ Interacting with others in a distinct geographic territory
↳ And sharing a common culture ↳ Generally, the term science is used to refer to understanding
natural phenomena including the world of plants and
Culture animals, geological formations, how life began, composition
↳ The ways of thinking of substances, among others.
↳ Ways of acting ↳ Knowledge of specific cultures regarding natural and social
↳ Materials objects phenomena. How different cultures make sense of their world
↳ Together form the people’s way of life and how they act accordingly to achieve desirable outcomes
↳ Science has been instrumental in the development of
Cultures are diverse and thus vary across different places technologies
1) On how children are nurtured ● Natural sciences
2) How people marry - Early social thinkers utilized the methods of the natural
3) What people believe in sciences to understand the SOCIAL WORLD

Some of the factors contributing to cultural diversity: Technology as a component of culture

1) Physical environment - includes the various processes which a group of people use
- How people manage to utilize what is found in their to harness the environment to produce objects and systems
immediate environment in order to respond to their needs that could be utilized to respond to human needs in society.
2) Technology - Artifacts or material culture - the objects produced by
- The processes of harnessing resources in order to respond technology
to society’s needs 1) Stone tool technology
3) science 2) Use of plants for healing purposes by indigenous peoples
- The knowledge utilized to harness the resources 3) Irrigation systems

Aspects of Culture:
★ In a sociological and anthropological sense, technology is
1) Material - are those objects produced as a result of
one aspect of culture from the distant past until the present,
technology
based on the existing knowledge systems, now referred to
2) Non-material - how the objects were produced and the
as “science”, of specific societies.
processes and functions involved

Science in Society
↳ Refers to the body of knowledge utilized to understand the
world
Linking science, technology and society 2) Technological determinism
- Coined by Thorstein Vebien an American sociologist and
Three Perspectives in the Analysis of Society and Culture economist
(Sociology) - Technology is viewed as the main determinant of a
(1) Symbolic Interactionism society’s history and the driving force of its culture
● Society is made up of individuals who interact with each 3) Social construction of technology
other using symbols with corresponding meanings - Arose as a constraining view to technological
● Social problems are caused by different understanding of determinism introduced by Wieb Bijker and Trevor Pinch
symbols and their meanings in 1984
- Symbols have meanings for people in society based - Emphasizes the importance of social context in the
on their respective cultures development of new technologies viewed as a product of
(2) Structural Functionalist social processes involving several social groups
● Society is made up of interrelated systems/institutions - argues that technological innovation is a complex process
with corresponding functions wherein both technology and society negotiate the
● Social problems are caused by a dysfunction in one of the meaning of new technologies; then make changes to
systems which affect all other systems technology through resistance; and lastly construct social
- Ex. if the economy is in crisis, it affects the political and technological frameworks, actions and practices.
institution, education and all other social institutions.
Just like a car engine, if there is one part that is not FOOD AND SUSTENANCE ARE OF PRIMARY IMPORTANCE FOR
functional, it cannot function as a whole. SURVIVAL
(3)Conflict Analysis 1) Foraging Society
● Society is made up of conflicting groups with unequal ↳ Also referred to as hunting and gathering societies, exploit
levels of power, wealth and prestige wild plants and animals in their territory for food
● Social problems are caused by exploitation of the inferior ↳ They get food from what is available in the natural
group by the dominant group environment
○ Ex. it views poverty as a result of exploitation of the ↳ They use stone tools of early humans and are largely
lower class (workers) by the powerful class (capitalist) nomadic moving from place to place searching for food.
↳ Nowadays, there are only a small number of foraging
SPECIFIC VIEWS ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SCIENCE AND societies including coastal fishing communities who
TECHNOLOGY WITH SOCIETY AND CULTURE gather food through fishing, gathering of shellfish and
1) Technological somnambulism other seafoods
- Denies the various ways by which technology 2) Agricultural Society
provides structure and meaning for human life - Utilized more complex tools in both crop and livestock
- Explained by Langdon Winner, a political scientist production.
- There was intensive cultivation of land followed by private ○ Digestion: breaking down food into nutrients
ownership of land. ○ Absorption: taking in nutrients by cell
3) Pastoral Society ○ Egestion: removing any leftover wastes
- Domesticated herds of animals not only for food but also ● The acid kills off any invading bacteria or viruses
for other animal products like egg, wool, and milk. ● The enzymes (i.e. pepsin) help break down proteins and
- They are semi-nomadic as they do not settle in one place lipids.
but transfer to other places in search of greener pastures ● The mucus protects the lining of the stomach from being
for their herds. eaten away by the acid.
- As population grew, further cultivation technologies such (4)Skeletal System
as the invention of the plow were developed in order to (5)Nervous System
increase crop production
4) Horticultural Society FOOD SAFETY
- Utilized simple gardening tools in planting food crops. - It is a scientific discipline describing handling, preparation,
They practiced shifting cultivation transferring from one and storage of food in ways that prevent food-borne illness.
plot of land to another to leave the land to fallow and - The occurrence of two or more cases of similar illnesses
regenerate its nutrients. resulting from the ingestion of a common food is known as a
5) Industrial & Post Industrial Society food-borne disease outbreak.

CHANGING FOOD TECHNOLOGIES IN THE MODERN WORLD Pasteurization

1) Use of inorganic fertilizers, insecticides, and herbicides are ● Louis Pasteur, 1880’s French Microbiologist
commonly used in crop production of rice, corn and History:
vegetables ● In the 1860s French wine industry was plagued by the
2) Biotechnology: used to genetically modify certain crops to problem of wine spoilage
increase productivity ● Pasteur examined this spoiled wine under the microscope
● Microorganisms similar to the bacteria responsible for lactic
FOOD PREPARATION AND PROCESSING acid and acetic acid fermentations
Washing
Human Body Systems ● Retains the minerals and the nutritive value of the food
(1) Circulatory Systems Food Spoilage
(2) Muscular System ● Food spoilage can be defined as a disagreeable change in a
(3)Digestive System food's normal state
● Is used for breaking down food into nutrients ● changes can be detected by smell, taste, touch, or sight
● There are 4 stages to food processing ● air and oxygen, moisture, light, microbial growth, and
○ Ingestion: taking food temperature
● Escherichia coli
● Salmonella sp.
● Amoeba sp.

Other ways of preserving food

1) Salting
2) Canning
3) fermentation

HOUSEHOLD CHEMISTRY
Chemicals in our household
● Chemicals is everywhere in our home
Use of household chemicals
● A number of chemicals are found and used in every
household intended for cleaning, pest control, and general
hygiene purposes.

COMMON SIMPLE MACHINES USED

1) A lever: simplest machine of all that is a long, straight or
folded bar that can lift a load on one of its ends. Ex. see-saw
2) Inclined plane: is any surface flat or jagged, that is sloping at
an angle (flight of stairs)
3) Wedge: nother kind of simple machine used to push things
apart(an ax)
4) A wheel and axle: a simple machine that consists of a wheel
with a rod through its center called the axle. (ex. A door knob)
5) A screw: a special variation of an inclined plane that is twirled
about a cylinder or cone from top to bottom to form a spiral
(ex. Water bottle and its cover)
6) Pulley: is a wheel and axle with a rope or chain attached. (ex.
flagpole)