9/19/2024

ABE 413- FOOD PROCESS ABE 413- FOOD PROCESS

ENGINEERING
HEAT TRANSFER ENGINEERING

The most common processes found in a food processing plant involve

Application of Heat Transfer in heating and cooling of foods. In the modern industrialized food industry, we
commonly find unit operations such as refrigeration, freezing, thermal

AB Materials sterilization, drying, and evaporation. These unit operations involve the
transfer of heat between a product and some heating or cooling medium.
Heating and cooling of food products is necessary to prevent microbial and
enzymatic degradation. In addition, desired sensorial properties—color,
flavor, texture—are imparted to foods when they are heated or cooled.

ENGR. JENIEL J. LABRADOR ENGR. JENIEL J. LABRADOR

Department of Agricultual & Biosystems Engineering Department of Agricultual & Biosystems Engineering
University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines-Claveria University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines-Claveria

ABE 413- FOOD PROCESS ABE 413- FOOD PROCESS

TEMPERATURE ENGINEERING
HEAT ENGINEERING

- an intensive property that indicates the thermal state of a system or a Heat – always transferred from the high-temperature region to the low
body. Temperature is a measure of internal energy possessed by a system temperature transferred from one body (the hotter body) to another (the
and gives the direction in which energy in the form of heat will flow. colder body) by virtue of the temperature difference existing between them
•Celsius or Centigrade Scale
•Kelvin Scale •This equalization of temperature is due to
•Fahrenheit Scale the fact that energy in the form of heat
from one body to another always passes
through both bodies at the same rate.

ENGR. JENIEL J. LABRADOR ENGR. JENIEL J. LABRADOR

Department of Agricultual & Biosystems Engineering Department of Agricultual & Biosystems Engineering
University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines-Claveria University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines-Claveria

1
9/19/2024

ABE 413- FOOD PROCESS ABE 413- FOOD PROCESS

MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER ENGINEERING

MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER ENGINEERING

•Rate of heat transfer is directly proportional to temperature difference

between the heat exchanging bodies. Once the process of heat energy is
complete, its stored in one or more forms of energy such as potential,
kinetic and internal energy. Heat energy in transition cannot be measured,
but it can be calculated based on changes in other types of energy.
•Heat travels from high-temperature body to a low-temperature body in
conduction & convection modes.
•Transfer of heat between two bodies maintained at different temperatures •Heat is transferred from both bodies towards each other in the radiation mode.
can occur in three different modes namely: •Mechanism of heat transfer in each mode is different and controlled by
different laws.
ENGR. JENIEL J. LABRADOR ENGR. JENIEL J. LABRADOR
Department of Agricultual & Biosystems Engineering Department of Agricultual & Biosystems Engineering
University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines-Claveria University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines-Claveria

ABE 413- FOOD PROCESS ABE 413- FOOD PROCESS

MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER ENGINEERING

MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER ENGINEERING

a. Conduction – it may be (a) heat flow from a high-temperature region to a b. Convection – transfer of heat by the movement of fluid or gas. Heat
lower-temperature region within a body, or (b) heat transfer between two transfer by Convection occurs under the combined action of heat
bodies through their boundaries conduction and mixing motion.

ENGR. JENIEL J. LABRADOR ENGR. JENIEL J. LABRADOR

Department of Agricultual & Biosystems Engineering Department of Agricultual & Biosystems Engineering
University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines-Claveria University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines-Claveria

2
9/19/2024

ABE 413- FOOD PROCESS ABE 413- FOOD PROCESS

MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER ENGINEERING

MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER ENGINEERING

c. Radiation – A transfer of energy from its origin to the surroundings.

Radiation heat transfer does not require presence of an intervening medium
between the two bodies as in case of conduction and convection and it
takes place most effectively in a vacuum.

ENGR. JENIEL J. LABRADOR ENGR. JENIEL J. LABRADOR

Department of Agricultual & Biosystems Engineering Department of Agricultual & Biosystems Engineering
University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines-Claveria University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines-Claveria

ABE 413- FOOD PROCESS ABE 413- FOOD PROCESS

CONDUCTION ENGINEERING
CONDUCTION ENGINEERING

•Heat takes place between objects from high temp. to low temp. by direct Factors Affecting Heat Flow Between Two Points:
physical contact. a.Thermal Conductivity (k) – the ability of a material to transfer heat
•In heat conduction, energy is transferred due to exchange of molecular kinetic ⚬ only for homogeneous materials
energy. According to kinetic theory, temperature of body is proportional to mean ⚬ determines the quantity of heat passing per unit time per unit area at a
kinetic energy of its component molecules. temperature drop of unit per unit length
•Energy transfer by molecular activity continues till temperature along the entire Thermal Resistance (R) – reciprocal of conductance and/or conductivity
length of the body becomes equal.

Common units:

ENGR. JENIEL J. LABRADOR ENGR. JENIEL J. LABRADOR

Department of Agricultual & Biosystems Engineering Department of Agricultual & Biosystems Engineering
University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines-Claveria University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines-Claveria

3
9/19/2024

CONDUCTION ABE 413- FOOD PROCESS

ENGINEERING
CONDUCTION
ABE 413- FOOD PROCESS
ENGINEERING

b. The area of the conductor perpendicular to the path of flow.

c. Temperature Gradient – rate of change of temperature with change in distance Assumptions:
Fourier’s Law for Conduction:
1.Steady state-flow of heat takes place. Steady state condition: If the
amount of heat flowing into a body is exactly equal to the heat flowing out.
2.Thermal conductivity remains constant and does not vary with temperature.
3.No heat flow takes place along y- and z- coordinates. It takes place only
Q=Heat transfer rate (J/s or W) in given direction
along x-coordinate (unidirectional).
A=Area of heat flow normal to heat flow direction (m^2)
4.The surfaces at x1 and x2 are isothermal at t1 and t2 , respectively.
dT= Temp. Difference two faces of blocks of thickness dx (C or K)
dx= Thickness of solid body (m)

ENGR. JENIEL J. LABRADOR ENGR. JENIEL J. LABRADOR

Department of Agricultual & Biosystems Engineering Department of Agricultual & Biosystems Engineering
University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines-Claveria University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines-Claveria

Different Forms of Conduction

ABE 413- FOOD PROCESS
ENGINEERING Sample Problem 1 ABE 413- FOOD PROCESS
ENGINEERING

Two surfaces of a plane wall of 15cm thickness and 5 m^2 area are maintained at
Conduction through a plane homogeneous wall
240°C and 90°C respectively. Determine the heat transfer between the surfaces
and temperature gradient across the wall if conductivity of the wall material is18.5
W/(m-K).

ENGR. JENIEL J. LABRADOR ENGR. JENIEL J. LABRADOR

Department of Agricultual & Biosystems Engineering Department of Agricultual & Biosystems Engineering
University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines-Claveria University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines-Claveria

4
9/19/2024

Sample Problem 2
ABE 413- FOOD PROCESS
ENGINEERING Sample Problem ABE 413- FOOD PROCESS
ENGINEERING

The interior wall of a furnace is maintained at a temperature of 900°C.

The wall is 60 cm thick, 1 m wide, 1.5 m broad of material whose
thermal conductivity is 0.26 kcal/hr·m·°C. The temperature of the
outside surface of the wall is 200°C. Determine the heat loss through
the wall. Also determine the thermal resistance to heat flow.

ENGR. JENIEL J. LABRADOR ENGR. JENIEL J. LABRADOR

Department of Agricultual & Biosystems Engineering Department of Agricultual & Biosystems Engineering
University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines-Claveria University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines-Claveria

ABE 413- FOOD PROCESS ABE 413- FOOD PROCESS

Different Forms of Conduction ENGINEERING

Different Forms of Conduction ENGINEERING

Conduction through a flat composite wall (slabs in SERIES) Conduction through a flat composite wall (slabs in SERIES)

ENGR. JENIEL J. LABRADOR ENGR. JENIEL J. LABRADOR

Department of Agricultual & Biosystems Engineering Department of Agricultual & Biosystems Engineering
University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines-Claveria University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines-Claveria

5
9/19/2024

ABE 413- FOOD PROCESS ABE 413- FOOD PROCESS

Different Forms of Conduction ENGINEERING

Sample Problem 3 ENGINEERING

Conduction through a flat composite wall (slabs in PARALLEL) A cold room has one of the walls 5 m x 2.5 m made of bricks 12 cm thick
insulated externally by cork slabbing 8 cm thick. Cork is protected externally by
2.5 cm wood. Estimate the heat infiltration through the wall in 24 hours, if the
interior of the cold room is maintained at a temperature of 0°C and the outside
temperature is 20°C. Thermal conductivities for brick, cork and wood are 0.8,
0.038 and 0.15 kcal/m·hr· °C, respectively.

ENGR. JENIEL J. LABRADOR ENGR. JENIEL J. LABRADOR

Department of Agricultual & Biosystems Engineering Department of Agricultual & Biosystems Engineering
University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines-Claveria University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines-Claveria

ABE 413- FOOD PROCESS ABE 413- FOOD PROCESS

Sample Problem ENGINEERING

Different Forms of Conduction ENGINEERING

Conduction through a single-curved wall (hollow cylinder)

ENGR. JENIEL J. LABRADOR ENGR. JENIEL J. LABRADOR

Department of Agricultual & Biosystems Engineering Department of Agricultual & Biosystems Engineering
University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines-Claveria University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines-Claveria

6
9/19/2024

ABE 413- FOOD PROCESS ABE 413- FOOD PROCESS

Different Forms of Conduction ENGINEERING

Sample Problem 4 ENGINEERING

Conduction through a single-curved wall (hollow cylinder) The temperature of the outside surface of a double extra-strong
bare steel pipe (ID = 6.87 in, OD = 8.625 in) is 600°F while the
temperature of the inside surface is 605°F. if the thermal
conductivity of the material is 26.56 Btu-ft/hr-ft^2 -°F (a) What
is the heat loss per feet of pipe?

ENGR. JENIEL J. LABRADOR ENGR. JENIEL J. LABRADOR

Department of Agricultual & Biosystems Engineering Department of Agricultual & Biosystems Engineering
University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines-Claveria University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines-Claveria

ABE 413- FOOD PROCESS ABE 413- FOOD PROCESS

Sample Problem ENGINEERING ENGINEERING

RADIATION

ENGR. JENIEL J. LABRADOR ENGR. JENIEL J. LABRADOR

Department of Agricultual & Biosystems Engineering Department of Agricultual & Biosystems Engineering
University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines-Claveria University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines-Claveria

7
9/19/2024

RADIATION
ABE 413- FOOD PROCESS
ENGINEERING RADIATION ABE 413- FOOD PROCESS
ENGINEERING

• heat transfer without necessarily warming the medium within the

space
• operates by virtue of a wave motion in a manner very similar to light
radiation Absorptivity (α) - is the fraction of the total incident radiant energy absorbed
• takes place by means of electromagnetic waves that are emitted from the surface of a body
by atoms and molecules due to changes in their energy content. Reflectivity (ρ) – is the fraction of the total incident radiant energy reflected from
• may take place through a vacuum, through some gases, and the surface of a body
through a few liquids Transmissivity (τ) - is the fraction of the total incident radiant energy transmitted
from the surface of a body
ENGR. JENIEL J. LABRADOR ENGR. JENIEL J. LABRADOR
Department of Agricultual & Biosystems Engineering Department of Agricultual & Biosystems Engineering
University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines-Claveria University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines-Claveria

RADIATION ABE 413- FOOD PROCESS

ENGINEERING RADIATION ABE 413- FOOD PROCESS
ENGINEERING

Bodies are classified: Heat exchange between surfaces:

Black body – this body absorbs all the radiations

α=1 where:
White body – this body reflects all the radiations A = area of the radiating body
ρ=1 Fe = interchange factor or effective emissivity coefficient
FA = shape factor or geometric configuration factor
Transparent or Diathermenous body – transmits all the radiations σ = Stefan-Boltzmann constant
τ=1
Opaque body – does not transmit any radiation. It reflects and absorbs.
α+ρ=1
ENGR. JENIEL J. LABRADOR ENGR. JENIEL J. LABRADOR
Department of Agricultual & Biosystems Engineering Department of Agricultual & Biosystems Engineering
University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines-Claveria University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines-Claveria

8
9/19/2024

RADIATION ABE 413- FOOD PROCESS

ENGINEERING SAMPLE PROBLEM 5 ABE 413- FOOD PROCESS
ENGINEERING

Interchange and Find the heat loss from a polished steel sphere by radiation if the
shape factor: diameter is 20 cm, the outer temperature is maintained at 427°C. The
environment is at 27°C. If the body is oxidized, how would the heat
loss be affected? Assume that the sphere is suspended in a very large
room and the emissivities of polished and oxidized surfaces are 0.1
and 0.8, respectively

ENGR. JENIEL J. LABRADOR ENGR. JENIEL J. LABRADOR

Department of Agricultual & Biosystems Engineering Department of Agricultual & Biosystems Engineering
University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines-Claveria University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines-Claveria

ABE 413- FOOD PROCESS

ENGINEERING CONVECTION ABE 413- FOOD PROCESS
ENGINEERING

-transfer of heat by the movement of fluid or gas. Heat transfer by Convection occurs
under the combined action of heat conduction and mixing motion.
-Convection in a gas occurs because gas

CONVECTION expands when heated.

-Convection occurs because currents flow
when hot gas rises and cool gas sink.
-Convection in liquids also occurs because of
differences in density.

ENGR. JENIEL J. LABRADOR ENGR. JENIEL J. LABRADOR

Department of Agricultual & Biosystems Engineering Department of Agricultual & Biosystems Engineering
University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines-Claveria University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines-Claveria

9
9/19/2024

CONVECTION ABE 413- FOOD PROCESS

ENGINEERING SAMPLE PROBLEM 6 ABE 413- FOOD PROCESS
ENGINEERING

-If the convectional currents are set up only due to density differences, then heat
transfer process is natural or free convection but if caused by some external (blower, fan,
At an average temperature of 100 C, hot air flows through a 2.5 m long
pump etc.) then heat transfer process is called forced convection. tube with an inside diameter of 50 mm. The temperature of the tube is
20 C along its entire length. Convective film coefficient is 20.1 W/m2
Convective heat transfer rate is governed by the newton’s law of cooling and is
-K. Determine the convective heat transfer from air to the tube.
expressed as;
Q=hA(ΔT)
Where;
h= Convective heat transfer coefficient in W/(m^2-K)
A= Heat transferring area, m^2
ΔT= Change of temperature, K

ENGR. JENIEL J. LABRADOR ENGR. JENIEL J. LABRADOR

Department of Agricultual & Biosystems Engineering Department of Agricultual & Biosystems Engineering
University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines-Claveria University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines-Claveria

SAMPLE PROBLEM 7 ABE 413- FOOD PROCESS

ENGINEERING
ABE 413- FOOD PROCESS
ENGINEERING

OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER

ENGR. JENIEL J. LABRADOR ENGR. JENIEL J. LABRADOR

Department of Agricultual & Biosystems Engineering Department of Agricultual & Biosystems Engineering
University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines-Claveria University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines-Claveria

10
9/19/2024

OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER ABE 413- FOOD PROCESS

ENGINEERING SAMPLE PROBLEM 8 ABE 413- FOOD PROCESS
ENGINEERING

For composite FLAT WALL:

ENGR. JENIEL J. LABRADOR ENGR. JENIEL J. LABRADOR

Department of Agricultual & Biosystems Engineering Department of Agricultual & Biosystems Engineering
University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines-Claveria University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines-Claveria

SAMPLE PROBLEM ABE 413- FOOD PROCESS

ENGINEERING
ABE 413- FOOD PROCESS
ENGINEERING

THANK YOU !!!!

:)

ENGR. JENIEL J. LABRADOR ENGR. JENIEL J. LABRADOR

Department of Agricultual & Biosystems Engineering Department of Agricultual & Biosystems Engineering
University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines-Claveria University of Science and Technology of Southern Philippines-Claveria

11