Outline in MAPEH 9 Characteristics of the Mass

• Polyphonic
1st Quarter • May be sung a cappella or with orchestral
accompaniment.
Music • Text may be syllabic, neumatic, or melismatic
MUSIC OF MEDIEVAL, RENAISSANCE AND BAROQUE PERIODS
Music of the Medieval Period (700-1400) Five Main Sections of Mass
-Known as “Middle Ages” or “Dark Ages” that started 1. Kyrie (Lord Have Mercy)
with the fall of the Roman empire. 2. Gloria (Glory to God in the Highest)
3. Credo (I believe in One God)
MONOPHONIC PLAINCHANT was named after Pope Gregory I, 4. Sanctus and Benedictus (Holy, holy and Blessed Is
who made this the approved music of the Catholic church. He)
5. Agnus Dei (Lamb of God)
Characteristics of Gregorian Chants
2. MADRIGAL- a secular vocal polyphonic music
1. Monophonic composition which originated from Italy.
2. Free Meter - It is written and expressed in a poetic text and sung during
3. Modal courtly social gatherings.
4. Usually based on Latin liturgy
5. Use of Neume notation Characteristics of the Madrigal
• Polyphonic
During the latter part of the Medieval period, secular music • Sung a cappella.
which was not bound by Catholic traditions emerged. Most of • Through-composed
these songs were performed across Europe by groups of • Frequently in 3 to 6 voices
musicians called TROUBADOURS.
FAMOUS COMPOSER OF THE RENAISSANCE PERIOD
Characteristics of Troubadour Music
Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina, Rome (1525- February 2,
1. Usually Monophonic 1594)
2. Sometimes with improvised accompaniment
3. Tells of chivalry and courtly love - Said to be the Greatest Master of Roman
4. Originated in France Catholic Church music during the
5. Written in French language Renaissance period. Majority of his
compositions are sacred.
FAMOUS COMPOSER OF THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD - He has a keen interest in satisfying the desires
Adam de la Halle, France (1237-1288) of church leaders in the 16th century.
- He was an organist and choir master at both the
- Known as Adam le Bossu (Adam the Hunchback) Sistine Chapel and St. Peter’s Church.
- He was the son of a well-known citizen of Arras, Henri - He has two sons but lost them both in during the
de la Halle. plague epidemic that struck Rome in 1570.
- He received his education at the Cistercian Abbey of - He had planned to become a priest but
Vaucelles, near Cambral eventually change his mind and married a
- Adam was destined for the church, but he eventually wealthy widow, this improve his wealth and
married. enabled him to pursue a musical career for the
- His patrons were Robert II, Count of Artois, and Charles rest of his life.
of Anjou, brother of Louis IX. - Palestrina’s POPE MARCELLUS MASS is held
- One of the oldest secular composers whose musical up as the perfect example of counter -
works include poetic debates. reformation style. Kyrie is part of the first two
sections of the Pope Marcellus Mass.
His works include: - His first book MASSES became popular and
was greatly appreciated by Pope Julius III.
1. Le Jeu de Robin et da Marion
2. La Chanson du roi de Sicile Thomas Morley 1557 – 1602
Music of the Renaissance Period (1400-1600) - Morley was born in Norwich, East England, the son of a
- Comes from the word “RENAITRE” which means “rebirth”, brewer. He was a singer in the local cathedral from his
“revival” and “rediscovery”. boyhood, and he became master of choristers there in
- It is a period of “Looking back” to the Golden Age of Greece 1583.
and Rome. - Thomas Morley was the most famous composer of
- It became popular as entertainment and activity for amateurs secular music in his time. He was a singer in the local
and the educated. cathedral during his childhood and was believed to have
- LUTE was the prominent instrument in this period. studied music with William Byrd, an Elizabethan
- This era was also known as the “Golden Age of a Capella composer of sacred music.
choral music”. - He received his bachelor’s degree in Oxford and became
- Renaissance composition- Musical instruments used an organist at St. Paul’s in London.
during this period include the cornett, harpsichord, and
- He tried imitating Byrd in his early works but veered
recorder.
towards composing madrigals that show a variety of color,
Characteristics of Renaissance Music form and technique. Most of his madrigals are light and
easy to sing with some aspects of Italian style.
1. Mostly polyphonic - His MUSICA TRANSALPINA, a collection of Italian
2. Imitation among the voices is common. madrigals fitted with English text, was published in 1588
3. Use of word painting in texts and music by Nicholas Yonge. Shortly after, he began publishing his
4. Melodic lines move in a flowing manner. own collections of madrigals and made significant
5. Melodies are easier to perform because these move contribution to the history of music.
along a scale with a few large leaps.
His works include:
Vocal Music of the Renaissance Period
• Fire, Fire, My Heart
1. MASS- is a form of sacred musical composition that sets • Sing and Chant It
texts of the Eucharistic liturgy into music. • Fantasie
• April Is In My Mistress‟ Face
• It Was A Lover and His Lass
• Works for clavichord and harpsichord

Music of the Baroque Period (1685-1750) Antonio Vivaldi Venice, March 4, 1678, to Vienna,
July 28, 1741
- The word Baroque is derived from the Portuguese word - Antonio Lucio Vivaldi Antonio Lucio Vivaldi ,
―BARROCO” which means ―pearl of irregular shape. nicknamed il Prete Rosso ("The Red Priest")
- During this time, the arts highlighted grandiose and because of his red hair, was an Italian Baroque
elaborate ornamentation. These were clearly seen in the composer, Catholic priest and a virtuoso violinist.
musical compositions created by Baroque composers. Recognized as one of the greatest Baroque
- New instrumental techniques and changes in musical composers, his influence during his lifetime was
notation were developed. Major and minor tonality was widespread over Europe. Vivaldi is known
also created in this period. A lot of the musical terms and mainly for composing instrumental concertos,
concepts that evolved in this era are still used today. especially for the violin, as well as sacred
choral works and over forty operas.
Characteristics of Baroque Music: - He entered the priesthood and was ordained in
1703. Vivaldi is well known for giving the strings
• Melodies sound elaborate and ornamental a major role in his compositions.
• Melodies are not easy to sing or remember His works include:
• Primarily contrapuntal textures with some homophony
• Dynamic contrast – alternation between loud and soft His most famous piece is The Four Seasons.
• Music genres—operas, oratorios, suites, tocatas, This composition is a series of four violin concerti
concertó grosso, fugue depicting each of the seasons, ―Spring, ‖
• Orchestra consists of strings and continuo ―Summer,‖ ―Autumn,‖ and ―Winter.‖
• Harpsichord and organ are the keyboard instruments
that are commonly used George Friedrich Händel Germany, February 23,
1685, London, April 14, 1759
New forms: - George Händel was the second son from the
1. Binary – AB second marriage of a pastor. Despite his father’s
2. Ternary – ABC opposition, George secretly taught himself to
3. Ground Bass play the harpsichord.
4. Fugue - At age 7, he gained access to a church organ
and started to play. A Duke heard him play and
Baroque Artworks- La lattaia insisted on giving him a formal music education.
Under Zachau, organist of Halle cathedral, he
Music Genres of Baroque Music studied counterpoint, canon and fugue.
- Händel is remembered for his operas and
1. Concerto – A form of orchestral music that employs a solo oratorios. Handel became England’s favorite
instrument accompanied by an orchestra. composer. He had given English audiences
music that in variety and interest rivalled
2. Concerto Grosso - A form of orchestral music during the anything they could remember. Handel lost both
Baroque Period wherein the music is between a small group of solo of his eyesight in 1753. When he conducted his
instruments called concertino and the whole orchestra called tutti. oratorio, ―Samson,” a few in the audience were
unaware that he had lost his eyesight.
3. Fugue - A contrapuntal piece, developed mainly by imitative
counterpoint His works include:

4. Oratorio – a large scale musical composition for orchestra and The Messiah is Handel’s most famous creation
voices that incorporates narratives on religious themes. Unlike and the very well-known Hallelujah‖ chorus is
usual theatrical works, this is usually performed without the use of part of Handel’s Messiah
costumes, scenery, or action. It is usually written in the native
language for the intended audience. Musical improvisation (also known as MUSICAL
EXTEMPORIZATION) is the creative activity of immediate musical
Famous Composers of the Baroque Period composition, which combines performance with communication of
emotions and instrumental technique as well as a spontaneous
Johann Sebastian Bach Born: Germany March 21, 1685, response to other musicians.
Died: July 28, 1750
Arts
- J.S. Bach came from a family of musicians. He was taught WESTERN CLASSICAL ART TRADITIONS
to play violin by his father who was then the town musician ELEMENTS OF ART
in Eisanach.
- He entered school at age 7 where he was taught religion These are basic elements that are used by artist in
and other subjects. He became orphaned at age ten. His creating art; they are what you use to create an aesthetically
brother, a church organist provided for him. Bach’s pleasing work.
beautiful soprano singing voice helped him to be accepted LINE -A mark made by a tool such as a brush, pen or stick,
at a school in Luӥeberg. a moving point.
- A few years later, his voice changed, and Bach focused SHAPE -A flat, enclosed area that has two dimensions,
his attention to playing the violin and harpsichord. length and width. Artists use both geometric and organic shapes.
- Bach was a religious man. His personal and deep faith is COLOR- Is one of the most dominant elements. It is
shown in his sacred music. He was known for his created by light. There are three properties of color; Hue (name)
compositions for organ, orchestra, and oratorio. His most Value (shades and tints,) and intensify (brightness.)
VALUE- Degrees of lightness or darkness. The difference
important and long – term position was as ―cantor” at St.
between values is called value contrast.
Thomas Church. FORM- Objects that are three-dimensional having length,
His works include: width and height. They can be viewed from many sides. Forms take
up space and value.
• Concerto Grosso TEXTURE- Describes the feel of an actual surface. The
e.g. Brandenburg Concertos (concerto grosso) surface quality of an object; can be real or implied.
• Masses SPACE- Is used to create the illusion of depth. Space can
e.g. Mass in B minor be two dimensional, negative and/ or positive.
• Cantatas
e.g. Cantata 208 and 211 Principles of Art
• Fugues These are the standards or rules to be observed by artist
e.g. Fugue in G minor in creating works of Art; they are how to create and organize
Toccata and Fugue in D minor
Artwork. When elements are utilized with the principles in mind, 3. lebes gamikos (with high handles and lid use to carry
outstanding artwork is created. bridal bath)
BALANCE-A distribution of visual weight on either side of 4. krater (bowl use for mixing wine and water) Most
the vertical axis. Symmetrical balance uses the same common motifs were mostly scenes from the life of
characteristics. Asymmetrical uses different but equally weighted women (often exaggerately idyllic), mythological beings
features. that were popular among the people of the black sea, or
CONTRAST-The arrangement of opposite elements (light
a scene form mythical story or event.It used a technique
vs. dark, rough vs. smooth, small vs. large, etc...) in a composition
called polycromy, combination of different colors specially
so as to create visual interest.
EMPHASIS- Uses to make certain parts of an Artwork the brilliant one in an artistic manner.
stand out. It creates the center of interest or focal point. It is the
Panel Painting
place in which an Artist draws your eye to first.
MOVEMENT- How the eye moves through the - There are paintings on flat panels of wood. It can be either
composition, leading the attention of the viewer from one aspect of a small, single piece or several panels joined together.
the work to another. Can create the illusion of action.
Most of the panel paintings no longer exist because of its
PATTERN-The repetition of specific visual elements such
as a unit of shape or form. A method used to organize surfaces in organic composition. The earliest known panel painting is
a consistent regular manner. the:
RHYTHM-Regular repetition of, or alternation in elements
Artworks:
to create cohesiveness and interest.
Pitsa Panel (Archaic Period between 540 and 530
UNITY- Visually pleasing agreement among the elements
in a design. It is the feeling that everything in the work of Artworks B.C.E.)
together and look like it fits.
Tomb / Wall Painting
PREHISTORIC ERA
- Pre-historic includes all human existence before the - Tomb or wall painting was very popular during the
emergence of writing. classical period. It uses the method frescos either
tempera (water-base) or encaustic (wax). It has a sharp,
Paintings from the Pre-historic Era
flatly outlined style of painting and because it uses water-
- Their paintings were found inside the caves which may
have been their way of communicating with each other. It based materials, very few samples survived.
may also be for religious or ceremonial purposes.
Artworks:
Prehistoric drawings of animals were usually correct in
Tomb of the Diver, Paestrum 480 BCE
proportion.
Artworks: Paintings from the Romantic Era
Cave of Lascaux, 15000-10000 B.C. –
Paintings from Ancient Egypt Most of the paintings in this era were copied or imitated
- The purpose of Egyptian paintings is to make the from Hellenic Greek paintings. Fresco technique was used in
deceased afterlife place pleasant. With this in mind, brightly colored backgrounds; division of the wall into a multiple
themes include journey to the underworld introducing rectangular areas (tic-tac-toe design); multipoint perspective; and
the deceased to the gods of the underworldby their
a tropme-l’-oeil effect. Roman paintings have a wide variety of
protective deities.
subjects, animals, everyday life, still life, mythological subjects,
- It emphasizes the importance of life after death and
the preservation of the knowledge of the past. portraits and landscapes.
- Most paintings were highly stylize, symbolic, and
The development of landscape painting is the main
shows profile view of an animal or a person.The main
colors used were red, black, blue , gold and green innovation of Roman painting from Greek painting.
taken derived from mineral pigments that can Mosaic
withstand strong sunlight without fading.
Artworks: It is an art process where an image is createdusing an
assemblage of small pieces of colored glass, stones, or other
Paintings from Sarcophagus of Tutankhamen XVIII materials. This technique uses for decorative art or interior
dynasty, 1362 A.D.- 1253 BC
decorations.
Paintings from Classical Greek Era
Artworks:
- Paintings during the classical era were most • Head of Alexander
commonly found in vases, panels and tomb. It • Fresco from the Villa of Mysteries, Pompeii 80
depicts natural figures with dynamic BC
compositions.
- Most of the subjects were battle scenes, Paintings from the Medieval Era
mythological figures, and everyday scenes It
reveals a grasp of linear perspective and Byzantine Painting -The lively styles of paintings which had been
naturalist representation. invented in Greek and Rome lived on in Byzantium but this time for
Christian subjects. By the 11th century, the Greek and Oriental
Most common methods of Greek painting: styles seem to blend together in magnificent, imposing images,
1. Fresco- method of painting water-based pigments on which adorned the churches in large and small forms.
a freshly applied plaster usually on a wall surfaces. Colors
Artworks:
are made with grind powder pigments in pure water, dry
The court of Empress Theodora, mosaic 6th century AD
and set with a plaster to become a permanent part of the
San Vitale, Ravena
wall. Ideal for murals, durable and has a matte style.
2. Encaustic– developed to use by Greek ship builders, Romanesque Painting
who used the hot wax to fill the cracks of the ship. Soon
pigments (colors) was added and used to paint a wax hull. These are largely placed mosaics on the walls of the
churches that follows a strict frontal pose. It has a remarkable
Artworks: variety of artistic traditions such as modeling and treatment of faces
Judgement of Paris (370-330B.C.) and draperies that follow Byzantine convention while the
refreshingly decorative feeling comes from southern French styles.
Vase painting
Artworks:
- Kerch Style also referred to as Kerch Vases are red- Christ in Majesty, painting from the Church of Saint
figured pottery named after the place where it was found. Clemente, Tahull, Lerida Spain
Shapes commonly found are:
1. pelike (wine container) Paintings from the Gothic Era
2. lekanis (a low bowl with two horizontal handles and a
low broad foot)
Paintings have been confined in the illumination of • Sarcopagus, from cervetiri, c. 520 BCE, Museo Nazionale
manuscript pages and the painting of frescoes on the walls of de Villa Giulia, Rome
churches in cosmopolitan style, elegant, mannered and
sophisticated. Byzantine Sculptures

Subjects usually depicts popular legends and love stories, The dominant themes in Byzantine sculptures are
patterns like “mille fleur” or thousand flowers show influence which religious, everyday life scenes, and motifs from nature.
may have been due to the Crusades. Animals were used as symbols (dove, deer, peafowl) while
some had acrostic signs (form of writing in which taking the
Artworks: first letter; syllable or word of different lines and putting them
• Lady and the Unicorn tapestry, 1506- 1513 together it can be read a message) that contained a great
theological significance.
Stained glass windows -were created to transform the vast stone
interiors with warm and glowing color and at the same time to Sculptures:
instruct Christians in their faith. The Barberini Diptych

Artworks: Romanesque Sculptures

Rose window from the North transcept, about 1230
Some of the famous sculptural pieces are reliquaries,
SCULPTURES FROM THE EARLY AGE altar frontals, crucifixes, and devotional images. Small individual
works of art were generally made of costly materials for royal and
Pre-Historic Sculptures- Materials used in sculptures vary aristocratic patrons. These lightweight devotional images were
according to region and locality. Archeologists believed that their usually carried in the processions both inside and outside the
sculpture is a result of natural erosion and not of human artistry. churches.
Frequently carving may have mythological or religious significance.
Sculptures:
Sculptures: Last Judgement
• Venus of Willendorf 28,000 B.C.E. – 25,000 B.C.E
• Venus of Brassempouy Gothic Sculptures

Sculptures from the Egyptian Era- Symbolic elements were Gothic sculptures have a greater freedom of style. They
widely used such as forms, hieroglyphics, relative size, location, no longer lay closely against the wall but begun to project outward.
materials, color, actions and gestures. Their tombs required the Figures were given their own particular attitudes instead of being
most extensive used of sculpture. The most common materials set into particular patterns and are livelier and more realistic.
used for sculptures are wood, ivory and stones.
Sculptures:
Characteristics of the sculptures: Resurrection of the Virgin, end of the 12th century
Cathedral Amiens
1. Symbolisms were heavily used to represent the gods. They were
represented as composite creature with animal heads on human ARCHITECTURES FROM THE EARLY AGE
bodies
Pre-Historic Architecture
2. Relief compositions were arranged in horizontal lines to record
Man has developed a form of architecture based on
an event or represent an action.
megaliths (a big rock) from the Greek word lithos (stone) and
3. Most of the time the gods were shown larger than humans, the megas (big). This architecture is made of huge stone blocks which
kings larger than their followers, the dead larger than the living. were probably intended for burial.

4. Empty space were filled with figures or hieroglyphics Megalithic monuments have always ignited man’s
imagination. It provided plenty of legends and superstition. During
5. All individual components were all brought to the plane of this era, stones and rocks were associated with divinity.
representation and laid out like writing
Three main types of megalith stones:
Sculptures:
• Queen Nefertiti, painted limestone 18th Dynasty, 1375- 1. Menhir
1357 BC 2. Dolmens
• The Pharoah Menkaure and his Queen, stone 4th 3. Cromlech
Dynasty, 2548 - 2530 B.C.E.
Egyptian Architecture
Sculptures from the Classical Period
This architectural style was developed during the pre-
Greek Sculptures- Early Greek sculptures were tense and stiff, dynastic period 4,000BC.
their bodies were hidden within enfolding robes.After three
Architecture: PYRAMIDS OF GIZA, Mastaba
centuries of experiments, Greek sculptures had finally evolved and
showed all the points of human anatomy and proportion. One of
Greek Architecture
the most popular styles of the greek sculptures was the Hellenistic
style. Hellenistic denotes a preference in sculpture for more
Temples consisted of a central shrine or room in an
elaborated patterns, mannered arrangement of figures and groups,
and an emphasis on the representation of movement for dramatic aisle surrounded by rows of columns. These buildings were
effects. designed in one of three architectural style or orders:
Sculptures:
• Myron; The Discobulus, 450 BC

Roman Sculptures

Most Roman sculptures are made of monumental terra-

cotta. They did not attempt to compete with the free-standing Greek
works of history or mythology but rather they produced reliefs in the
Great Roman triumphal columns with continuous narrative reliefs
around.

Sculptures: Architecture: The Parthenon 447-432 BC, Athens

• The Portonacio Sarcophagus between 180-190 BCE
Museu Nationale Romano
Roman Architecture • BMI (Body Mass Index)

They built sturdy stone structures both for use and to Classification of BMI
perpetuate their glory. • 18.4 below – underweight
• 18.5-24.9 – normal
The emperors erected huge halls and arenas for public • 25.0-29.9 – overweight
games, baths and procession. They built them of gigantic arches • 30 above – obese
of stone, bricks and concrete or with barrel vaults.

Architecture: The Colosseum, AD 70-82, Rome also Common Injury Encountered by Officiating Officials and
known as Flavian Amphitheater Athletes
Byzantine Architecture FIRST AID refers to the emergency or immediate care you should
provide when a person is injured or ill until full medical treatment is
It has a lot in common with the early Christian
available. For minor conditions, first aid care may be enough. For
architecture. Mosaic decoration was perfected by the Byzantines,
serious problems, first aid care should be continued until more
as was the use of clerestory to bring light in from high windows.
advanced care becomes available.
Byzantine's advancement in developing the dome created a new
style in global architecture. Objectives of First Aid
Architecture: Hagia Sophia. Istanbul, 537 BC 1. To save lives.
Romanesque Architecture 2. To minimize injuries or to prevent them from happening.
3. To hasten or promote recovery.
Romanesque architecture displayed solid masonry walls,
rounded arches, and masonry vaults. It is the period of great SPORTS OFFICIATING is the supervision of sports competitions
building activities in Europe, castles, churches, monasteries arose in accordance with established rules. Sports Officials play a major
everywhere. role in the success of sports competitions. Thus, they are also
prone to different injuries. The common injuries encountered by the
The doorways of Romanesque’s churches are often grand sports officials and their first aid are the following:
sculptured portals. Wood or metal doors are surrounded by
elaborate stone sculpture arranged in zones to fit architectural 1. SPRAIN is a stretch or tear of a ligament, the band of connective
elements. tissues that joins the end of one bone to another. This injury is
caused by trauma such as fall or blow to the body. Areas of the
Architecture: The groin-vaulted crypt of Worcester Cathedral body most vulnerable to sprains are ankles, knees and wrists.
Signs of sprain include varying degrees of pain, bruising,
Gothic Architecture
inflammation, swelling, inability to move a limb or joint, laxity or
This design included two new devices: pointed arch which instability.
enabled builders to construct much higher ceiling vaults and stone
2. STRAIN is an acute or chronic soft tissue injury that occurs to a
vaulting borne on a network of stone ribs supported by piers and
muscle, tendon, or both. It results from overstretching and over-
clustered pillars.
contraction. Symptoms of strains include pain, muscle spasm and
Architecture: Cathedral of Chartres, also known as the Notre loss of strength.
dame Cathedral (1145- 1260)
First aid for Sprains and Strains:
Physical Education a. Follow the R.I.C.E Method
SPORTS OFFICIATING R - Rest the sprained or strained area especially for the
Physical Activity and Physical Fitness Assessment first 24 to 48 hours. Avoid any activity that causes pain or
makes it worse.
The PHYSICAL FITNESS TEST is a set of measures I - Ice for 20 minutes every hour. Never put ice directly
designed to determine one’s level of physical fitness. It has two against the skin or it may damage the skin. Use a thin
components namely: Health Related and Skill Related. towel for protection.
C - Compress by wrapping an elastic bandage or sleeve
Health related and skills related involves the exercise lightly (not tightly) around the joint or limb. Take the
activities that you do in order to try to improve your physical health bandage off at night.
and stay healthy particular in the categories of cardiovascular E - Elevate the area above heart level if possible. It drains
endurance, muscular strength, flexibility, muscular endurance and fluid from injured tissues.
body composition.
b. Use Paracetamol for the first day of the injury to reduce pain
• Cardiovascular fitness- the ability to exercise your entire without increasing bleeding.
body for long period of time. c. Do not apply heat during the first two days as this will only
• Muscular Strength- the amount of force your muscles increase swelling.
can produce. d. After 48 hours, start moving the limb gently but only enough not
• Flexibility- the ability to use your joints fully through a to cause pain.
wide range of motion. e. Gradually increase the range of movement. Let pain be your
• Muscular endurance- the ability of the muscles to work guide.
for a long period of time.
• Body Composition-the amount of total fat and muscles 3. KNEE INJURIES- The knee is the largest joint in the body, and
in the body one of the most easily injured. It is made up of four main things:
Skills related fitness consists of six components: agility, bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons. It is also the most
balance, coordination, speed, power, and reaction time. commonly injures joint because of its complex and weight-bearing
capacity. Knee injuries can result from a blow or twist to the knee,
• Agility – ability to rapidly and accurately change direction from improper landing after a jump or from running too hard, too
of the whole body in space. much or without proper warm up.
• Balance – ability to maintain equilibrium while stationary
or moving. First aid for Knee Injuries:
• Coordination – ability to use senses and body parts in
order to perform motor tasks smoothly and accurately. a. Stop your activity immediately. Don’t ‘work through’ the pain.
• Power – amount of force a muscle can exert. b. Rest the joint at first.
• Reaction Time – ability to respond quickly to stimuli. c. Reduce pain, swelling and internal bleeding with icepacks,
• Speed – amount of time it takes the body to perform applied for 15 minutes every couple of hours.
specific task.
d. Bandage the knee firmly and extend the wrapping down the
lower leg.
e. Elevate the injured leg.
f. Don’t apply heat to the joint.
g. Avoid alcohol, as this encourages bleeding and swelling. h. Don’t
massage the joint, as this encourages bleeding and swelling.

4. FRACTURE is a break in the bone that can occur from either

quick, one-time injury to the bone (acute fracture) or from repeated
stress to the bone over time (stress fracture). Symptoms of a
Held ball or Jump ball
fracture are intense pain, deformity (the limb looks out of place),
swelling, bruising, or tenderness around the injury, numbness,
tingling and problems moving a limb.

First aid for Fractures:

a. Apply the R.I.C.E Method

b. Stop any bleeding.
c. Immobilize the injured area.
d. Don’t give the person anything to eat or drink in case surgery is
needed.
e. Get medical attention immediately.

5. DISLOCATION occurs when the two bones that come together

to form a joint become separated. Dislocation is most common in
shoulders and fingers. Other sites include elbows, knees and hips.
A dislocated joint can be visibly deformed or out of place, swollen
or discoloured, intensely painful and immovable.

First aid for Dislocation:

a. Leave the joint alone. Attempting to move or jam a dislocated

bone back in can damage blood vessels, muscles, ligaments, and
nerves.
b. Put an ice pack covered in a cloth on the area around the joint.
Ice can ease swelling and pain in and around the joint.
c. Use pain reliever
d. Get medical attention immediately.

Enhancing your Sports Officiating Skills

The role of an official is very crucial in a sporting endeavor. He

defines success or failure of a certain physical activity. It is
therefore necessary for an aspiring official to possess a number of
qualities for him to meet the goal of having a satisfying, complain-
free, impartial, and successful game. The following are some of the
qualities to be considered:

• Physical Qualities
• Emotional Qualities
• Mental Qualities
• Social Qualities

A healthy official life a healthy lifestyle.

Health
According to the World Health Organization, HEALTH is a
state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not just
the absence of disease or infirmity. It led to the ability to lead a socially
and economically productive life.”

Community is defined as a sociological group in a large

place sharing one environment. It therefore includes the individual and
the family.

Community Health is defined as the art and science of

maintaining, protecting and improving the health of all the members of
the community through organized and sustained community efforts.

Environment is the sum total of all the surroundings whereby

living organism, including natural forces and other living things interact.

Environmental Health comprises those aspects of

TIME-OUT DOUBLE DRIBBLING
human health that are determined by physical, chemical, biological,
social and psychosocial factors in the surrounding environment.

Characteristics of a Healthy Community

1. Access to quality education

2. The community naturally blends into its environment.
3. Health care and preventive health services
4. Access to healthy food.
5. Fitness and wellness opportunities.
6. A community should have enough security and safety for all the people.
7. People in the community should love and unify with each other.
8. People in the community should be free from any vices. • AIR POLLUTION means any alteration of the physical,
9. A community should have access on affordable healthy foods, clean air, chemical, and biological properties of the atmospheric air.
clean water and quality education. • WATER POLLUTION means any alteration of the physical,
10. A community should have an educational facility for all the children and chemical, biological, or radiological properties of a body of
youth. water resulting in the impairment of its purity or quality.
11. A community should have enough jobs and transportation for all the • NOISE POLLUTION is the excessive sound that causes
people. hearing loss, stress, fatigue, irritability, tension, headaches,
and high blood pressure.
IMPORTANCE OF A HEALTHY COMMUNITY • SOIL POLLUTION is chiefly caused by chemicals in pesticides,
such as poisons that are used to kill agricultural pests like insects and
A healthy community is all what we need as a human herbicides that are used to get rid of weeds.
being living in the community. We are all seeking a livable and peaceful ✓ Soil pollution results from:
community for our family and children. Community is a reflection of its ✓ Unhealthy methods of soil management.
people; thus, a healthy community makes people healthy and happy. If a ✓ Harmful irrigation methods.
community promotes respect and fair treatment to all its people, then the
people will also be respectful and fair to all. It is important that a community Environmental Law: Pollution Control” is all about
leader uphold the law and promotes peace and unity among people. It is combating pollution in the Philippine setting.
the prime duty of the community leader to take good care of the welfare of
the people. A healthy community gives many benefits such as it (1) The following are pertinent laws adhering to
promotes happiness, (2) peace of mind, (3) unity, (4) generosity and (5) environmental safety and health protection:
friendliness.
• P.D. 389 (P.D. 705) – The Forestry Reform Code codifies,
WAYS TO MAINTAIN HEALTHY COMMUNITY updates and raises forestry laws in the country. It emphasizes
the sustainable utilization of forest resources.
There are ways to maintain a healthy community. These include the • P.D. 704 – Preservation of optimum
following: productivity of fishery resources through
conservation and protection.
1. Enough budget to support community projects. • P.D. 1219 – Providing for the protection of coral ecosystems.
2. All should participate in any program implemented within the community. • P.D. 1067 – Water Code of the Philippines adopts adequate
3. Local government should evaluate community performance. measures to conserve and regulate the use of water in
4. National Government should mobilize money and resources to create commercial, industrial and residential areas. It also provides
anything which is necessary for the people. other policy guidelines on water quality and management of
water resources.
Health Benefits of A Healthy Community • P.D. 463 – Amended the Mining Act of
1.Promote physical activity. 1936. Requires all mining leaseholders to
comply with Pollution Control Laws and
2.Promote a diet free of additives, preservatives, and regulations and provide penalties for
pesticides. noncompliance.
3. Improve air quality. • P.D. 1251 – Imposes fines on tailings and mine
4.Lower risk of injuries. waste and the funds generated is used to pay
for the damages to land, agricultural crops,
5.Increase social connection and sense of community. forests products, aquatic resources and
6. Reduce contributions to climate change. infrastructures caused by pollution for mining
operations.
Community Health Problems • P.D. 984 – The Pollution Control Law
• P.D. 825 – Prohibits the improper disposal of garbage.
Community health problems are common nowadays with • P.D. 856 – Sanitation Code places the responsibility on the local
government units for he solid waste management in their area of
the rise in modern technology; people neglect the production.
importance of the basic need for safety. A safe environment • R.A. 8749 – Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999- provides for a
will ensure quality of life that will lead to more productive comprehensive air pollution control policy.
citizen of the country.
There are different agencies working together for community
health. Their programs are also anchored on sustaining community
development. Activities and programs for the community must be
coordinated with the following agencies mentioned below for
support and cooperation.

• DepEd—Department of Education
• DND-- Department of National Defense
• DPWH—Department of Public Works and Highways
• PIA—Philippine Information Agency
• PopCom—Population Commission
Environmental Problems in the Philippines • DA—Department of Agriculture
• DBM -Department of Budget and Management
Natural Resources and Biodiversity explain why the Philippines is • PMA—Philippine of Medical Association
a rich country. • PNRC—Philippine National Red Cross
• DILG- Department of Interior and Local Government
➢ Deforestation -the destruction of big areas of forest. • NNC- National Nutrition Council
• NEDA- National Economic and Development Authority
➢ FLASH FLOOD is a sudden flood of great volume, • PHA- Philippine Hospital Association
usually caused by a heavy rain. • DOH-Department of Health
➢ ILLEGAL MINING is defined as the extraction of valuable
minerals or other geological materials from the earth from Ways to Prevent and Manage Environmental Health Issues
an ore body, lode, vein, seam, or reef, which forms the
mineralized package of economic interest to the miner in Every action or inaction of any person has an effect on the
the absence of land rights, mining license, exploration, or environment which be it good, neutral, or negative. By becoming
mineral transportation permit or of any document that aware and doing the right thing, we choose to be part of the
could legitimate the on-going operations. solution. Here are some things you can do:
➢ SOIL EROSION happens when soil and rock are moved
from one place to another by wind, water, and gravity.
➢ Coral reef degradation is defined as the destruction (and 1. Stop Smoking.
potential mass death) of the ocean’s corals. It is normally 2. Use Eco-Friendly Transportation.
caused by illegal fishing techniques, pollution, careless 3. Dispose Waste Responsibly
tourism, other natural phenomena such as earthquakes 4. Choose Renewable Sources of Energy
and hurricanes, and of course, climate change—the 5. Use the power supplied abundantly and freely by
culprit responsible for our warmer oceans. wind and sun.
➢ POLLUTION means any alteration of the physical, chemical, and 6. Promote Conservation as a Consumer.
biological properties of water, air and/or land resources.