Learning Objectives
[Link] the meaning and importance of
Science and Chemistry.
[Link] the beginning of Chemistry
[Link] the branches of Chemistry.
[Link] the Scientific Method
Question #1
A pure substance that cannot be
broken down into simpler
substances by chemical means.
L M T S E E E N
Question #2
A substance that donates hydrogen
ions (H+) in aqueous solutions.
D I A C
Question #3
Attractive force between atoms that
holds them together in molecules
and compounds.
O N I N D G B
Question #4
Any substance that has a defined
composition.
A E I M C L C H
Question #5
A substance made up of two or
more different elements chemically
combined in a fixed proportion.
D C O P O N U M
1.1
What Is Chemistry?
lMatter is anything that has mass
and occupies space.
lChemistry is the study of the
composition of matter and the
changes that matter undergoes.
q Chemistry is the study of the
composition, structure, properties, and
reactions of matter.
q chemistry happens all around
you every day and has a big
impact on everything you use
and do.
q All the things you see around
you are composed of one or
more chemicals.
qToothpaste is a combination of many chemicals
qWhat are the different chemicals present in a toothpaste?
Brief History of Chemistry
Ø Prehistoric man- used metals and made pottery
and bricks
Ø 400 BC- beginning of chemistry as a science;
four-element theory proposed.
Ø F i r s t C e n t u r y- c o m b i n a t i o n o f t h e a r t s o f
Egyptian and the Greeks; first book of chemistry
written in Egypt; also the beginning of Alchemy
in China.
Ø 12th Century- alchemy reached Europe through
Spain
Ø 16 t h and 17 t h Century- chemistry applied to
medicine; study of gases began;
quantitative experiments began;
first textbook of chemistry written (1957);
Boyle studied gases and criticized the basic
ideas of alchemy in his book The Skeptical
Chemist.
Ø1 8 t h c e n t u r y - P h l o g i s t o n
Theory proposed; oxygen
discover (1774); careful
quantitative work by Lavoisier
g e n e ra l l y d e s c r i b e d a s t h e
beginning of modern chemistry.
Ø19th and 20th Century- atomic
theory (Dalton), periodic law
and theories of the structure of
the atom led to modern
theories of the nature of
matter; further development
and application of the theories
is currently taking place.
Importance of Chemistry in
Everyday Life
Importance of Chemistry in Food
Chemicals are the fundamental components of
everything. Chemical molecules make up all food,
including carbs, vitamins, lipids, proteins, and
fiber, which are all safe and often desirable.
Importance of Chemistry in Medicines
Medicines or pharmaceuticals are chemical
substances that are used to treat diseases
and relieve pain. Chemistry has made
significant contributions to health care.
Chemistry, for example, aids in the
manufacture and application of surgical
materials (sutures, artificial skin, and sterile
materials).
Some important drugs in chemistry
ØAnalgesics are pain relievers that are used to
treat a variety of ailments.
ØTranquilizers are medications that are used to
treat mental illnesses. Take, for instance,
tension.
ØAntiseptics are used to destroy or prevent the
growth of microorganisms on the skin, wounds,
and cuts.
ØDi s i nf e c t a n t s - T h e s e a r e c h e m i c a l s t h a t
destroy microorganisms but are dangerous to
humans.
ØA n t i b i o t i c s - A n t i b i o t i c s a r e c h e m i c a l
substances produced by some microorganisms
that can be used to kill bacteria that cause
infections.
Importance of Chemistry in Cosmetics
In our daily lives, we use lotions, fragrances,
talcum powder, and a variety of other cosmetic
goods. All of these items are developed in
laboratories using chemicals for our health and
skin. All cosmetic items, from babies to adults,
are made up of chemical components.
Importance of Green Chemistry
Green chemistry contributes to environmental
protection by monitoring, protecting, and
enhancing the conditions in which we live, such as
air, water, and soil. Many methods and strategies
have been created to ensure that all types of
pollution in the environment are measured and
prevented from depleting.
Importance of Chemistry in Soaps and
Detergents
Soaps are sodium and potassium salts of fatty
acids with greater molecular weights, such as
stearic acid, palmitic acid, and oleic acid.
Sodium salts of long-chain alkyl hydrogen
sulphates or sodium salts of long-chain alkyl
benzene sulphonic acids are commonly used as
detergents.
Detergents and soaps are used for washing,
cleaning, and bathing, among other things.
The saponification method is used to make
them in chemical companies. As a result,
chemistry plays a significant role in the
development of molecules, chemicals, and
procedures for the production of soaps and
Importance of Chemistry in Textiles
Wool, silk, jute, cotton, flax, glass fiber,
polyester, acrylic, nylon, and other raw
materials are used in the textile industry to
create usable items such as clothing, bags,
carpets, furniture, towels, nets, and so on.
Importance of Chemistry in Building and
Constructions
Chemical items such as bricks, cement,
pipelines, and other building materials all
play an essential part in the quality of
construction. Floor and wall tiles are
constructed of heat-resistant polymers that
also add strength to the structure.
Importance of Chemistry in Fuel
Fuels are the sole thing that allows us to
travel by land, sea, and air nowadays. Petrol,
diesel, LPG, CNG, kerosene, oils, and other
fuels are all obtained through sophisticated
refining procedures from harsh oil found
beneath the Earth’s crust.
Petrochemistry is a discipline of chemistry
concerned with the study of petrochemical
processes and how to use fuels in a way that
is both pollution-free and long-term.
Importance of Chemistry in Wars
TNT, RDX, HMX, gun powders used in bullets,
and other explosives used in conflicts are all
chemical compounds. It was the chemistry
that allowed these chemicals to be used during
the war. Nuclear weapons, which have become
more well-known in recent years, are also
chemicals.
1.1
Areas of Study
lFive traditional areas of
study are
lorganic chemistry
linorganic chemistry
lbiochemistry
lanalytical chemistry
lphysical chemistry
1.1 Areas of Study
Organic
chemistry is
defined as the
study of all
chemicals
containing
carbon.
1.1 Areas of Study
Inorganic
chemistry is
the study of
chemicals
that, in
general, do
not contain
carbon.
1.1 Areas of Study
The study of
processes that
take place in
organisms is
biochemistry.
1.1 Areas of Study
Analytical
chemistry is
the area of
study that
focuses on
the
composition
of matter.
1.1 Areas of Study
Physical
chemistry
deals with the
mechanism,
rate, and
energy
transfer when
matter
undergoes a
change.
Name few essential
inorganic elements for
our human body.
1.3
The Scientific Method
l The scientific method is a
logical, systematic approach
to the solution of a scientific
problem.
§ Steps in the scientific
method include making
observations, testing
hypotheses, and
developing theories.
The Scientific Method
l Making
Observations
l When you use your
senses to obtain
information, you make
an observation.
l Suppose you try to
turn on a flashlight and
it does not light. An
observation can lead
to a question: What’s
wrong with the
flashlight?
1.3
The Scientific Method
l Testing Hypotheses
l A hypothesis is a proposed
explanation for an observation.
l You guess that the flashlight
needs new batteries. You can
test your hypothesis by putting
new batteries in the flashlight. If
the flashlight lights, you can be
fairly certain that your
hypothesis is true.
1.3
The Scientific Method
l An experiment is a procedure used to
test a hypothesis. When you design
experiments, you deal with variables, or
factors that can change.
l The variable that you change is the
manipulated variable, or independent
variable.
l The variable that is observed during
the experiment is the responding
variable, or dependent variable.
1.3
The Scientific Method
l Once a hypothesis meets the test of
repeated experimentation, it may
become a theory.
l A theory is a well-tested
explanation for a broad set of
observations.
l A theory may need to be changed
at some point in the future to
explain new observations or
experimental results.
1.3
The Scientific Method
l Scientific Laws
l A scientific law is a concise
statement that summarizes
the results of many
observations and
experiments.
Activity: Scientific Method Scenarios
Objective:
To identify and apply the steps of the scientific method in real-world
scenarios.
Materials:
Scenario cards
Pens or pencils
Papers
Procedure:
Prepare scenario cards: Create a set of cards, each containing a
different scientific scenario.
Divide students into groups: Divide the class into 6 groups.
Distribute scenario cards: Give each group a scenario card.
Identify steps: Students work together to identify the different steps of
the scientific method as they appear in the scenario.
Discussion: Each group presents their findings to the class, explaining
how they determined the steps.
Reflection: As a class, discuss any challenges encountered and clarify
any misconceptions about the scientific method.
Suggested Scenarios:
1. Rust Prevention
2. Baking Soda and Vinegar Reaction
3. Water Purification
4. Mold growth
5. Plant growth
6. Water temperature and dissolving
7. Conductivity and solution
Observation-problem-hypothesis-
experimentation-data analysis-
conclusion
