TAGUM CITY COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOUNDATION INC.

Elpidio M. Gazmen Compound, Gazmen Road, Tagum City

SEC. Reg. No. 200630691 / Tel. No. 216-6824
E-mail Address: [email protected]

Grade Levels: Grade 11

Core Subject: BASIC CALCULUS
Semester: 2nd Semester

LEARNING COMPETENCY:
Illustrate the limit of a function using a table of values and the graph of the function,
Illustrate the limit laws and Apply the limit laws in evaluating the limit of algebraic functions
(polynomials, rational and radical)

Subject Teacher: RALPH KENNETH M. BAUYA, LPT.

Contact Number: 09103719248

Page 1 of 16
The Limit and Limit Laws
The Conic Sections, Their Equations and Their Importance

BEGIN!

Ever heard of limits? These are not those limits or restrictions that
we know in general, these are the limits of calculus.

The real life limits are used any time; a real world application
approaches a steady solution. One example of a limit is a chemical
reaction started in a beaker in which two different compounds react
to form a new compound. Now as time approaches infinity, the
quantity of the new compound formed is a limit. One of the major utilities of infinite limits
is that it allows us to consider large complex functions and let us figure out which pieces
of information are relevant. In other words, it let us know, the part of information that
contributes the most towards the answers. This allows us to simplify problems to solve
them easily.

In this unit introduces Limit.

In this module you will learn about:

1. Illustrate limit of a function.
2. Illustrate limit laws.
3. Apply limit laws in evaluating the limit of algebraic functions.

You’re Target!
At the end of the module, you should be able to:

a. Illustrate limit of a function and limit laws,

b. Solve for limit function using the limit laws,
c. Apply limit laws in evaluating the limit of algebraic functions.

Page 2 of 16
Direction: Matching type. Match column A with column B.

1. Addition Law a.

2. Constant Law b.

3. Division Law

4. Subtraction Law c.

5. Multiplication Law d.

e.

Do This!
TASK 1:
Direction: Search and encircle the following words that are related in Limits.

W D F T H J E T A N I M R E T E D N I V D
M U L T I P L I C A T I O N L A W D J I U
A X Z I D G B N J L O P L M F R E W V F G
Q W X V M V N C A L C U L U S T U I B L S
Q S G H M I F H K N V T E D A W S C X S W
W D G H U R T W Q A Z X CV H K I T J B Q A
A Q W E F G J S G H J K L I O X C V B N L
L Q A Z S E D F H Y U K L N C V B N R T T
R Q S X C O N S T A N T L A W D V B N M I
E Q A Z X D F G N J L A R T H N M K L O M
W Q S D D F B N M K W G H Y U J L Q S D I
O Q A X C W A L N O I T C A R T B U S Q S
P Q A X C V B N H Y U J I L O P H D X W Z
Q A S D T G H B C W A L N O I T I D D A Q

Page 3 of 16
TASK 2:
Direction: Know your limits. Complete the table below by knowing your limits. List at
least 5 limits of you.
YOU AS A … WHAT ARE YOUR LIMITS
1.
2.
SON / DAUGHTER
3.
4.
5.
1.
2.
STUDENT
3.
4.
5.
1.
2.
INDIVIDUAL IN YOUR COMMUNITY
3.
4.
5.

Explore!
Based on the activity that you have performed, answer the following questions. (Minimum
of 3 sentences)

1. What is the purpose of why Limits do exist?

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________

2. How does the existence of Limits affect your daily life?

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

3. How is the importance of a Limit for you as a student?

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________

Page 4 of 16
Keep This in Mind

ILLUSTRATION OF LIMIT THEOREMS

• THEOREM 1: The limit of a constant is itself. If k is any constant, then,

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒌 = 𝒌
𝒙→𝒄

For example, 1. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐 = 𝟐 2. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 −𝟑. 𝟏𝟒 = −𝟑. 𝟏𝟒 3. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟕𝟖𝟗 = 𝟕𝟖𝟗

𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄

• THEOREM 2: The limit of x as x approaches c is equal to c. This may be thought

of as the substitution law, because x is simply substituted by c.
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙 = 𝒄
𝒙→𝒄

For example, 1. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙 = 𝟗 2. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟓 3. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙 = −𝟏𝟎

𝒙→𝟗 𝒙→𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟓 𝒙→−𝟏𝟎

Note: For the remaining theorems, we will assume that the limits of f and g both exist as
x approaches to c and that they are L and M, respectively. In other words,
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑳, and 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝑴
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄

• THEOREM 3. The Constant Multiple Theorem.

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒌 ∙ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒌 ∙ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒌 ∙ 𝑳
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄

For example, if 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒, then

𝒙→𝒄
1. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟖 ∙ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟖 ∙ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟖 ∙ 𝟒 = 𝟑𝟐
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄

2. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 −𝟏𝟏 ∙ 𝒇(𝒙) = −𝟏𝟏 ∙ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = −𝟏𝟏 ∙ 𝟒 = −𝟒𝟒

𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄
𝟑 𝟑 𝟑
3. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐 ∙ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐 ∙ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐 ∙ 𝟒 = 𝟔
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄

• THEOREM 4. The Sum and Difference Theorem.

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑳, and 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝑴
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄

i. Sum Theorem: 𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒈(𝒙)) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) + 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝑳 + 𝑴

𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄
ii. Difference Theorem: 𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒈(𝒙)) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) − 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝑳 − 𝑴
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄

For example, if 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒 and 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙) = −𝟓, then

𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄

1. 𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒈(𝒙)) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) + 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟒 + (−𝟓) = −𝟏

𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄
2. 𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝒇(𝒙) − 𝒈(𝒙)) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) − 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟒 − (−𝟓) = 𝟗
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄

Page 5 of 16
• THEOREM 5. The Multiplication Theorem.
𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝒇(𝒙) ∙ 𝒈(𝒙)) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) ∙ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝑳 ∙ 𝑴
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄
For example, if 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒 and 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙) = −𝟓, then
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄

1. 𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝒇(𝒙) ∙ 𝒈(𝒙)) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) ∙ 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟒 ∙ (−𝟓) = −𝟐𝟎

𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄

• THEOREM 6. The Division Theorem.

𝒇(𝒙) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) 𝑳
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝒙→𝒄 = , 𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝑴 ≠ 𝟎
𝒙→𝒄 𝒈(𝒙) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙) 𝑴
𝒙→𝒄
For example,
1. If 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒 and 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙) = −𝟓,
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄

𝒇(𝒙) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) 𝟒 𝟒

𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝒙→𝒄 = =−
𝒙→𝒄 𝒈(𝒙) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙) −𝟓 𝟓
𝒙→𝒄

2. If 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟎 and 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙) = −𝟓,

𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄

𝒇(𝒙) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) 𝟎

𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝒙→𝒄 = =𝟎
𝒙→𝒄 𝒈(𝒙) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙) −𝟓
𝒙→𝒄
𝒇(𝒙)
3. If 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒 and 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟎, it is not possible to evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙), or we may
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄

say that the limit DNE (Does Not Exist).

• THEOREM 7. The Power Theorem.

𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝒇(𝒙))𝑷 = (𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙))𝑷 = 𝑳𝑷
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄
For example,
1. If 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒 , then
𝒙→𝒄

𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝒇(𝒙))𝟑 = (𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙))𝟑 = 𝟒𝟑 = 𝟔𝟒

𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄

2. If 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒 , then

𝒙→𝒄
𝟏 𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝒇(𝒙))−𝟐 = (𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙))−𝟐 = 𝟒−𝟐 = 𝟐
=
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄 𝟒 𝟏𝟔

• THEOREM 8. The Radical/Root Theorem.

𝒏 𝒏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 √𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒏√𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝑳
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄

For example,
1. If 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒 , then
𝒙→𝒄

𝐥𝐢𝐦 √𝒇(𝒙) = √𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = √𝟒 = 𝟐

𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄

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2. If 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = −𝟒 , then it is not possible to evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦 √𝒇(𝒙) because then,
𝒙→𝒄 𝒙→𝒄

√𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒙→𝒄
𝒇(𝒙) = √−𝟒 and this is not a real number.

Assess what you have learned

Direction: In a 1 whole sheet of paper, answer the following limits. Show your solutions.

Assume the following:

Glossary

Limit - is the value that a function (or sequence) "approaches" as the input (or index) "approaches"
some value. Limits are essential to calculus and mathematical analysis, and are used to
define continuity, derivatives, and integrals.

Page 7 of 16
References

Basic Limit Laws. Retrieved from:

http://sites.science.oregonstate.edu/math/home/programs/undergrad/CalculusQu
estStudyGuides/SandS/lHopital/limit_laws.html

Limits (Introduction). Retrieved from: https://www.mathsisfun.com/calculus/limits.html

Limits. Retrieved from: https://tutorial.math.lamar.edu/classes/calci/thelimit.aspx

Introduction of Limits. Retrieved from:

https://www.mathwarehouse.com/calculus/limits/what-is-a-limit.php

Prepared by:

RALPH KENNETH M. BAUYA, LPT.

SHS Faculty

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