Basic Issues/Problems Sometimes, acts by those in power are

overlooked or excused, while similar

in Categorizing Deviant Acts acts by less powerful individuals are
harshly judged.

Social Relativity Value Judgments

What is considered deviant can vary greatly The categorization of deviance often involves
between cultures and even within a single subjective value judgments about what is right
society over time. or wrong. These refers to judgments which can
be influenced by personal beliefs, cultural
Relativity norms, and social power structures.

 Social Group Focus on Specific Groups

 Society
 Place Deviance is often labeled on marginalized
 Time groups, raising questions about bias and
 Social Situation fairness in categorization.

Some of the challenges social relativity Labeling Theory

presents in categorizing deviant acts: The act of labeling someone or something as
 Difficulty in Defining Deviance deviant can create a self-fulfilling prophecy,
leading that person to embrace the deviant
 Labeling and Stigma
label and behave accordingly.
 Moral Relativism

Gray Areas

Not all behaviors fall neatly into categories of Modes of Management

deviant or non-deviant. Some acts exist in a for Deviant Acts
gray area, making them difficult to classify.

Some of the gray areas that arise when Formal Social Control
categorizing deviant acts:
In the context of managing deviant acts, it
 Moral Ambiguity refers to the mechanisms established by
For example, civil disobedience can be institutions and authorities to deter, respond to,
seen as deviant by those in power, but and potentially rehabilitate those who engage
as a necessary act of protest by others. in behaviors deemed deviant.
 Harmless vs. Harmful Deviance Modes of Formal Social Control:
Consider street art - it can be seen as
vandalism or a form of artistic  Laws and Legal System
expression. Laws define what constitutes deviant
 Mental Illness and Deviance behavior (crimes) and prescribe
Someone experiencing a mental health punishments. The legal system enforces
crisis might engage in acts considered these laws through police, courts, and
deviant, but the root cause is not correctional institutions (prisons, jails).
malicious intent.  Regulatory Agencies
 Power Dynamics Government agencies regulate specific
industries and behaviors (e.g., food
safety, environmental protection). They These can be positive (e.g., praise for
can issue fines, revoke licenses, or even good behavior) or negative (e.g.,
pursue criminal charges for violations. disapproval, social exclusion).
 Educational Institutions  Social Stigma
Schools play a role in socializing The negative association attached to a
individuals and teaching them about person or group labeled as deviant. This
norms and expectations. Disciplinary stigma can lead to social isolation and
actions like detention or suspension are hinder opportunities.
a form of formal social control within
schools.
 Workplace Policies Treatment and Rehabilitation
Organizations have policies and
This approach aims to address the underlying
procedures outlining acceptable
causes of deviant behavior and help individuals
conduct. Violations can result in
change their ways.
disciplinary measures like warnings,
suspension, or termination. Types of Treatment and Rehabilitation:

 Therapy
This is used to help individuals
Informal Social Control
understand the underlying reasons for
This refers to the unwritten rules, norms, and their deviant behavior, develop coping
expectations enforced by individuals and groups mechanisms, and address any mental
within society. These mechanisms operate on a health issues contributing to the
more personal and everyday level compared to problem.
formal social control.  Substance Abuse Treatment
This treatment is used for individuals
Modes of Informal Social Control: struggling with addiction, specialized
programs offer detox, therapy, and
 Socialization support groups to help them overcome
Family, peers, schools, and religious dependence and prevent relapse.
institutions play a crucial role in  Educational and Vocational Programs
teaching individuals about acceptable Refers to way of equipping individuals
behavior. This can be done explicitly with skills and qualifications that can
through lessons or implicitly through increase their employability and reduce
observing and mimicking others. the risk of resorting to deviant acts as a
 Social Norms means of survival.
Unwritten rules about appropriate  Anger Management
behavior within a group or society. Techniques used to manage individual's
Social pressure, disapproval, or ridicule emotions and prevent them from
can be used to enforce these norms and leading to aggressive behavior.
discourage deviance.  Social Skills Training
Examples include gossip, dirty looks, or This can help individuals build healthy
exclusion from social circles. relationships, improve communication,
 Social Sanctions and reduce the risk of social isolation
Refers to informal punishments for which sometimes contributes to
violating social norms. deviance.
 Restorative Justice Programs
These programs emphasize repairing  Crimes Against Persons
the harm caused by the deviant act. These include homicide, physical
They might involve mediation between injuries, rape, theft, kidnapping, and
the offender and the victim, community threats and coercion.
service, or other forms of reparation.  Crimes Against Property
These include theft, robbery, arson, and
Prevention vandalism.
Strategies aimed at preventing deviant behavior  Crimes Against Public Order
from occurring in the first place. This could These include public disturbances,
involve education programs, social support illegal gambling, and violations of liquor
services, and addressing root causes of social laws.
inequality.  Crimes Against Public Morality
These include adultery, concubinage,
Types of Prevention: and indecent exposure.
 Crimes Against Public Security
 Primary Prevention- proactive approach These include rebellion, sedition, and
that aims to prevent deviant acts from illegal possession of firearms.
occurring in the first place. This might
involve:
Social Programs Special Laws:
Community Development
Public Health Initiatives Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act (RA 9165)
Parental Education This law regulates controlled substances and
 Secondary Prevention- focuses on early imposes penalties for illegal drug possession,
intervention to identify individuals at use, and trafficking.
risk of deviant behavior and provide
support to prevent further problems.
This might involve: Cybercrime Prevention Act (RA 10175)
School Counseling This law addresses online crimes like cybersex,
Mentorship Programs hacking, and data breaches.
Early Intervention Programs
 Tertiary Prevention- focuses on
Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act (RA 9208)
preventing repeat offenses from
individuals who have already engaged This law prohibits human trafficking and
in deviant acts. This might involve: provides protection for victims.
Rehabilitation Programs
Probation and Parole Anti-Bullying Act (RA 10627)
Victim Support Services
This law prohibits bullying in schools and
workplaces.
Related Laws
in the Philippines Anti-Violence Against Women and Their
Children Act (RA 9262)
The Revised Penal Code (RPC) - is the
foundation of Philippine criminal law. It defines This law specifically addresses violence against
and classifies crimes, along with their women and their children, including physical,
corresponding penalties. Here are some sexual, psychological, and economic abuse. It
categories of deviant acts addressed by the RPC:
outlines protective measures, penalties for Violence can negatively affect women’s physical,
offenders, and support services for victims. mental, sexual, and reproductive health. It is
associated with increased risk of injuries,
depression, anxiety disorders, unplanned
Anti-Rape Law (RA 8353) pregnancies, sexually transmitted infections,
This law strengthens the legal definition of rape HIV and many other health problems .
and increases penalties for offenders. It also
provides support services for rape victims. According to REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9262 (ANTI-
VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND THEIR
CHILDREN ACT OF 2004), violence includes, but
Special Protection of Children Against Abuse, is not limited to:
Exploitation and Discrimination Act (RA 7610)
This is the primary law safeguarding children in  Physical violence
the Philippines. It defines various forms of child
 Sexual violence
abuse, neglect, exploitation, and discrimination
and prescribes penalties for offenders.  Psychological violence

 Economic abuse
Anti-Child Pornography Act (RA 9775)
This law prohibits the production, possession,
and distribution of child pornography.
PROSTITUTION

Enforcement: Prostitution is broadly defined as the exchange

of sexual activity for money, although
The Philippine National Police (PNP) is the definitions and laws vary among jurisdictions.
primary agency responsible for enforcing these
laws. The Department of Justice (DOJ) It is where a person, on at least one occasion
prosecutes criminal cases in court. and whether or not compelled to do so, offers
or provides sexual services to another person in
return for payment or a promise of payment to
them or a third person.
ROLES AND SKILLS OF SOCIAL WORK
IN HANDLING SELECTED ISSUES:
SEXUAL ABUSE

Sexual abuse is sexual behavior or a sexual act

VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN forced upon a woman, man or child without
their consent. It is an act in which the
According to the UN Declaration on the perpetrator targets someone they perceive as
Elimination of Violence against Women (1993), less powerful, often employing force or
Violence Against Women is any act of gender- exploiting the vulnerability of the victim.
based violence that results in, or is likely to
result in, physical, sexual, or mental harm or
suffering to women, including threats of such
acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, IMPACTS OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN
whether occurring in public or in private life.
 Physical consequences

 Mental health effects

 Legal and human rights violations SOCIAL WORK ROLES AND SKILLS IN HANDLING
VAW
 Effects on reproductive and sexual health
1. CRISIS INTERVENTION
 Generational impact
Social workers are often on the front lines,
providing immediate support to women
experiencing violence. They offer crisis
According to the Philippine Commission on
counseling, safety planning, and assistance in
Women, the impacts of VAW include:
accessing emergency shelters or services.
 Strikes the personhood of women
2. TRAUMA-INFORMED CARE
- It does not only affect women’s physical and
reproductive health but especially their mental Social workers are trained to provide trauma-
and emotional state. It has caused women to informed care, understanding the impact of
feel ashamed and lose their self-esteem. It violence on women's physical, emotional, and
threatens women’s personal security. psychological well-being. They create a safe and
supportive environment for women to heal
from trauma.
 Limits human development
- It jeopardizes women’s health and curbs their 3. COUNSELOR/THERAPIST
capacity to participate in social development.
Counseling offers essential support for
Working women’s productivity decreases due
individuals who have experienced violence,
to frequent absences resulting from VAW. VAW
particularly women. It provides a safe space for
is responsible for one out of every five healthy
them to process their trauma, manage
days of life lost to women of reproductive age.
emotions, and develop coping strategies.
Counseling also empowers women by validating
 Further drains the country’s financial their experiences, fostering self-worth, and
resources helping them build resilience.
- The Philippines spent an estimated P6 billion 4. ADVOCACY/ADVOCATE
pesos in 2002 to treat VAW survivors. This
amount covered the medical treatment of VAW Social workers advocate for the rights and well-
injuries, psychological therapies and programs being of women experiencing violence. They
for survivors, maintenance of shelters, cost of may advocate within systems such as the legal
legal and court proceedings to prosecute system, healthcare, and social services to
perpetrators, training costs of service providers, ensure women receive appropriate support and
and other indirect social costs to family protection.
members of VAW survivors and perpetrators.
5. ENABLER

 Issue of governance The role of an enabler involves empowering

- When a government doesn't adequately women experiencing violence by providing
address VAW, it indicates a failure in fulfilling its support, advocacy, and resources, while also
duty to protect its citizens and uphold human promoting their strengths and resilience. Social
rights, particularly those of women. VAW workers collaborate with others, engage in
appears as one of the country's pervasive social prevention efforts, and educate communities to
problems. enable survivors to overcome challenges and
access the help they need.
PORNOGRAPHY ADDICTION How Does Watching Porn Turn Into a Porn
Addiction?

What Is Pornography Addiction?

When a person watches porn, it can trigger a
Pornography addiction is when a person can’t release of dopamine in the brain. This release of
stop watching porn, even when they want to. dopamine causes the person to feel good and
The compulsive behaviors associated with feel pleasure.
pornography addiction interfere with a person’s
work life, personal life, relationships, and
everyday life. Over time, as a person continues to watch porn,
the brain starts associating this action with
pleasurable feelings. This association can then
Why Is Porn So Addictive? create the urge and make a person feel the
Porn is so addictive because it triggers need to watch it over and over again, even if
dopamine release in the brain. Dopamine plays they want to stop.
a huge role in the brain’s “reward center,”
causing a person to feel good, feel pleasure,
Some experts say that compulsive porn use can
and feel satisfaction. The dopamine release and
affect brain activity in a similar way to those
feelings that a person experiences when they
who face challenges with drug or alcohol
watch pornography can be similar to those
addiction.
created when a person uses drugs or alcohol.

What Does Porn Addiction Look Like? Some

What Is Considered Porn Addiction?
common signs of a porn addiction can include:
A person can be considered addicted to porn
 Ignoring daily responsibilities to watch
when they can’t stop watching it, even if they
pornography
want to, and when it interferes with their
relationships, daily life, and health. They may  Feeling ashamed after watching porn but
begin to feel unhappy with their sex life and continuing porn use
watch porn in inappropriate places, such as at  Sex life becomes less satisfying
work or in public.  Porn use causes problems in their
relationship and intimacy
Causes of Porn Addiction  Starting to view more extreme
Porn addiction may be caused by a variety of pornography (such as drug related porn)
different factors. Some of the possible causes of  Spending a significant amount of money on
porn addiction can include: pornography
 Low self-esteem  Using pornography as a coping mechanism
 Underlying mental health conditions such for sadness, anxiety, or other di#cult
as anxiety or depression Relationship feelings or mental health issues
problems
 Biological factors Porn Addiction Symptoms
Some of the common symptoms of porn
addiction can include:
 Feeling unable to stop porn viewing
 Experiencing urges and cravings for more
 Lack of interest in sex with partner access to treatment, and community resources.
 Sexual dysfunction They may collaborate with other professionals,
such as psychologists or addiction specialists.
 Intrusive thoughts
 Feelings of shame and guilt
Case Management
 Risky behaviors
• Social workers coordinate services for
 Isolation and seclusion
clients. They connect them with appropriate
 Experiencing mood swings or agitation resources, such as addiction treatment centers,
when trying to quit porn use support groups, or mental health services.
• Case management involves monitoring
ROLES AND SKILLS OF A SOCIAL WORKER IN progress, ensuring follow-up
HANDLING PORNOGRAPHY ADDICTION appointments, and adjusting the treatment plan
as needed.
Clinical Counseling
• a highly tailored and empowering aspect of Discuss implications to social work practice:
clinical social work is counseling individuals ethical considerations (no diagnostic labels),
suffering from drug or alcohol addiction. policies, programs, services
• therapeutic intervention can help an
individual heal from past trauma Ethical Considerations
• provides clients with the means to be and feel • Privacy and Confidentiality: Social workers
heard without judgement as they work toward must respect clients' privacy and
recovery.
confidentiality. When working with individuals
struggling with pornography addiction,
Psychoeducation and Counseling maintaining their privacy while addressing their
• Social workers provide psychoeducation to needs is crucial.
clients and their families. They explain the • Non-Judgmental Attitude: Social workers
nature of addiction, its effects, and available should approach clients without judgment.
treatment options. Understanding that addiction is a complex issue
• Counseling sessions focus on helping clients helps create a safe space for clients to discuss
understand their addiction, identify triggers, their struggles.
and develop coping strategies.
Social workers also address underlying Policies
emotional issues that may contribute to • Prevention and Education: Policies can focus
addiction. on prevention through educational programs.
Schools, community centers, and online
Support and Advocacy platforms can provide information about
healthy sexual behaviors and the risks of
• Social workers offer emotional support to
excessive pornography
individuals struggling with pornography
addiction. They create a safe space for clients to use.
discuss their challenges and feelings.
• Advocacy is another critical aspect. Social
workers advocate for clients' rights,
Programs and Services RA 11648
• Counseling and Therapy: Social workers can The newly passed RA 11648 amends RA 7610 or
provide individual or group counseling for those the "Special Protection of Children Against
struggling with pornography addiction. Abuse, Exploitation, and Discrimination Act",
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and raising the age of sexual consent from 12 to 16
motivational interviewing are effective years old as signed by President Duterte on
approaches. March 4, 2022.
• Support Groups: Peer support groups allow
individuals to share experiences, coping WHAT'S THE NECESSARY PROVISION OF THE
strategies, and recovery journeys. LAW?
The law increased the age for determining
How Do You Treat Pornography Addiction? STATUTORY RAPE to 16 years old to provide
Psychotherapy is the most common treatment more protection for young people against
for individuals with a porn addiction. sexual exploitation and abuse. Under this law,
rape is committed by a person who shall have
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a common carnal knowledge of another person "when the
and effective form of psychotherapy that can offended party is under 16 years of age or is
help a person identify negative thoughts and demented.
behavior patterns, as well as identify triggers
that can help a person change and restructure
them. IS THERE ANY EXCEPTION?
Yes:
Remember that social workers play a vital role • There shall be no criminal liability on the part
in supporting individuals with addiction. By of a person having carnal knowledge of another
integrating ethical principles, informed policies, person under 16 years of age when the age
and evidence-based programs, we can promote difference between the parties is more than 3
healthier outcomes for those affected by years;
pornography addiction. • The sexual act in question is proven to be
consensual, non- abusive, non-exploitative; and
• That if the victim is under 13 years of age, this
RAPE BY MINORS exception shall not apply.

WHO MAY BE THE VICTІМ?

WHAT IS STATUTORY RAPE
This new law applies to children whether male
Statutory rape is the crime of sex with a minor or female.
when the sex is agreed to by both parties, not
forced. The reason why it is considered rape is PENALTY
because the minor is considered to be too
 The penalty for lascivious conduct with
young to legally consent to have sex or sexual
minor under 16 years of age is a medium-
contact. The age at which a person is too young
term reclusion temporal.
to consent to have sex or sexual contact varies
by state, and often varies by different crimes.  The penalty for Statutory Rape under
Article 266-A paragraph of the Revised
Penal Code is Reclusion Perpetua.
ROLE OF SOCIAL WORKERS particularly when working with minors who may
(1) identifying and reporting child abuse to be vulnerable to manipulation or coercion.
agencies mandated to intervene;
(2) investigating and assessing children and
families involved in child abuse; and INCEST
(3) providing evidence-based interventions, • Recognized as a social taboo in many
both case management and treatment, to
cultures.
physically and sexually abused children.
• It is a human sexual activity between
family members or close relatives. This
SOCIAL WORKERS PLAY A VITAL ROLE IN typically includes sexual activity
HELPING PHYSICALLY AND SEXUALLY ABUSED between people in consanguinity, and
CHILDREN. IN ORDER TO PLAY THIS ROLE, THEY sometimes those related by lineage.
NEED KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE NATURE OF • Known as “Intrafamilial Sexual Abuse”.
THE PROBLEM:
(1) legal definitions of physical and sexual abuse
3 Types of Incest
(2) its incidence and prevalence, and
(3) its signs and symptoms. 1. Father-Daughter Incest - the most common
incest type.

ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS 2. Mother-Son Incest

1. Confidentiality: Social workers have to
3. Sibling Incest
maintain the confidentiality of both the survivor
and the perpetrator while complying with legal
requirements, such as mandatory reporting
laws in cases of child abuse. It is important to According to the report of Dr. Bernadette
balance confidentiality with the need to ensure Madrid, Director of the Child Protection
safety and well-being of all parties involved. Network Foundation, that only 1 percent of
abused children, especially victims of incest,
reported their ordeal to another family member.
2. Autonomy and Consent: Respecting the
survivor's autonomy is crucial, especially when “If the perpetrator is a relative and the child
working with minors, who may have limited told (another) relative about it, the usual
decision-making capacity. Social workers must response is not to report (to the authorities), to
empower survivors to make informed choices even tell the child that ‘just keep this a secret
about their care and support services. They (because) this is embarrassing to the family,’’’
should also be vigilant in identifying instances of Madrid explained.
coercion or manipulation, particularly in cases
where consent may be unclear due to age or From 2011 to 2016, the Department of Social
other factors. Welfare and Development (DSWD) attended to
2,770 incest victims, majority of them girls
between ages 14 and 17, with some below 5
3. Professional Boundaries: Social workers years old.
must maintain professional boundaries and
avoid engaging in behavior that could be From 2019 to 2022, the DSWD recorded 851
perceived as exploitative or inappropriate, incest cases involving girls and one case where
the victim was a boy.
The perpetrator in the majority of reported be culturally sensitive and avoid further
cases is a male adult, and most often the victim judgment or shame towards the victim.
is a young girl. Other dyads do occur and are
probably under-estimated in frequency.  Active Listening and Crisis Intervention:
Disturbed family relationships generate a shift Social workers possess strong active
in individual responsibilities and expectations listening skills to effectively
that can lead to incest. A lack of spousal sexual communicate with the victim,
activity is a common preceding factor. understand their experiences, and
provide emotional support during crisis
situations.
ROLES AND SKILLS OF SOCIAL WORKER IN
HANDLING INCEST  Collaboration and Communication:
Social workers effectively collaborate
ROLES and communicate with various
stakeholders involved in the case,
 Counselor/Support Person: Social ensuring a coordinated and
workers provide emotional support comprehensive response that addresses
and guidance to the victim throughout the victim’s needs from multiple angles.
the ordeal. This includes crisis
intervention, individual or group
therapy, and connecting them with SEX RELATED
appropriate mental health resources. BEHAVIOR/CONDITION
 Advocate: Social workers advocate for SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
the victim’s rights and best interests --- It refers to a broad spectrum of behavior in
throughout the legal and support which humans display their sexuality.
systems. This may involve ensuring
their voice is heard in court --- This behavioral expression contains both
proceedings, connecting them with biological elements and cultural influences and
legal aid, and navigating the involve sexual arousal.
complexities of the justice system.
--- Sexual behavior ranges from the solitary (Ex.
SKILLS musturbation) and intercourse (ex. Anal and
Oral sex)
 Trauma-Informed Care: Social workers
understand the profound impact of
--- Sexual behavior can also involve behavior
incest on the victim’s mental and
that is aimed at arousing desire in potential
emotional well-being. They employ
partner.
trauma-informed care principles, which
involve creating a safe, supportive, and
HUMAN SEXUALITY
non-judgmental environment that
--- Refers to people's sexual interest in and
prioritizes the victim’s pace and needs.
attraction to others; it is the capacity to have
erotic or sexual feelings and experiences.
 Cultural Sensitivity: Understanding the
Sexuality differs from sex assigned at birth, in
cultural context and potential social
that "sexuality" refers to the caрасity for sexual
stigmas surrounding incest is crucial.
feelings and attraction, while "sex assigned at
Social workers adapt their approach to
birth" refers to how one's anatomy, physiology,
hormones, and genetics are classified (typically empirical data on human sexuality. His large-
as male, female, or intersex). scale surveys resulted in the publication of
--- Sexuality may be experienced and expressed "Sexual Behavior in the Human Male" and
in a variety of ways, including thoughts, "Sexual Behavior in the Human Female" in 1948
fantasies, desires, beliefs, attitudes, values, and 1953, respectively. Despite controversy and
behaviors, practices, roles, and relationships. criticism, Kinsey's work initiated open
These manifests themselves not only in conversations about sexuality. While his
biological, physical, and emotional ways, but research faced scrutiny for sampling and
also in sociocultural ways, which have to do statistical errors, it significantly influenced
with the effects of human society and culture future studies on human sexual behavior.
on one's sexuality. Some researchers believe Kinsey's findings revealed a diverse range of
that sexual behavior is determined by genetics; sexual behaviors, debunking misconceptions
how- ever, others assert that it is largely and highlighting the prevalence of certain
molded by the environment. Human sexuality behaviors like masturbation and homosexuality.
impacts, and is impacted by, cultural, political, His work also introduced the Kinsey scale, which
legal, and philosophical aspects of life, and can categorizes sexual orientation.
interact with issues of morality, ethics, theology,
spirituality, or religion. Masters and Johnson's Research
Masters and Johnson conducted pioneering
SEXUAL ORIENTATION research on human sexual response in 1966,
--- A person sexual orientation is their observing nearly 700 individuals engaged in
emotional an erotic attraction towards another sexual behavior. Unlike Kinsey, they directly
individual. observed physiological responses during
intercourse and masturbation, recording
4 CATEGORIES variables like blood pressure and arousal
 Heterosexual (attraction to individual indicators. They identified four phases of the
of the opposite gender) sexual response cycle: excitement, plateau,
 Homosexual (attraction to individual of orgasm, and resolution, which are similar across
the same gender) genders. Their findings challenged
 Bisexual (attraction to both gender) misconceptions about sexual anatomy and
 Asexual (lack of attraction to others) debunked myths about penis size and sexual
pleasure. They highlighted the elasticity of the
SEXOLOGY vagina and explored variations in refractory
--- Unnatural sexual behavior experience by periods between genders.
some people who experience sexual deviations In 1966, William Masters and Virginia Johnson
or called “paraphilias”. proposed a four-stage “linear” model of human
sexual response based on some 10,000
PARAPHILIAS recordings of changes in participants’
--- Are sexual feelings or behavior that may physiology.
involve sexual partners who are not human,
without permission, or that suffering from From these data, they identified four successive
torture by one or both partners. (hence, linear) stages: (1) excitement, (2)
plateau, (3) orgasm, and (4) resolution.
Researches about Human Sexual Behavior: The first phase, excitement, refers to the initial
physiological sexual arousal response as
Kinsey’s Research characterized by increased heart rate,
Alfred Kinsey's groundbreaking research in the respiration, and blood pressure. In addition,
late 1940s challenged the prevailing lack of myotonia (an increase in muscle tension),
vasocongestion (engorgement of blood vessels), 6. Sexual Sadism
and nipple hardening or erection occur. --- An individual sadism achieves sexual
gratification by hurting other people.
The plateau phase intensifies the responses
from the excitement phase—breathing, blood 7. Transvestic Fetishism
flow, and heart rate continue to increase and --- These disorders are characterized by
stabilize. Muscle tension increases and may heterosexual men who wears women’s clothes
extend to hands, feet, face, and other areas of in order to achieve sexual response.
the body.
8. Voyeurism
The orgasm phase represents the peak or --- A paraphilia in which a person finds sexual
sexual climax of excitement, though not all men pleasure by watching or peeping man naked,
and women necessarily reach this stage. undressing or having sex.
Orgasm is marked by involuntary, rhythmic
muscle contractions throughout the body as 9. Zoophilia
well as a sense of euphoria and a feeling of --- A term that describes sexual feeling or
tension relief. behaviors involving animals.

The last phase is resolution, marked by a return 10. Necrophilia

to baseline. Muscles relax, blood pressure drops, --- A term that describes sexual feeling or
and respiration returns to the prearousal state. behavior involving the body of the dead.
Blood flow to the genital region decreases, and
erectile tissues return to normal. Despite the widespread use of the DSM, social
workers should be cognizant of the ethical
Types of Sexual Behavior/Conditions issues that may arise in the context of using
this diagnostic tool.
1. Exhibitionism
--- A gay and a lesbian who like showing sex Respect - The social work value of “respect for
organs to other who do not want to see. the dignity and worth of all people” (in the
National Association of Social Workers Code of
2. Fetishism Ethics) can be translated into ethical guidelines
--- People with this disorder achieve sexual such as being nonjudgmental and building on
satisfaction by using non-human object. client strengths. Diagnosing mental illnesses,
however, is essentially an exercise in judging
3. Frotteurisme clients and focusing on their pathologies or
--- People with this disorder often rub his weaknesses.
genital organs to others who do not want it.
Empowerment - refers to providing clients with
4. Pedophilia time, space, support, and other conditions that
--- Involves sexual activity with young children, allow them to have greater control over their
generally under the age of 13. lives. Empowerment demonstrates respect for
the dignity and worth of clients by treating
5. Sexual Masochism clients as autonomous individuals with the right
--- A term used for certain sexual disorders, to make choices and decisions throughout the
which also has a wider usage applying pain to helping process (NASW Code of Ethics, Standard
oneself to obtain pleasure. 1.02)
Professional Competence - In terms of  Republic Act No. 9344 (Juvenile Justice
professional competence (NASW Code of Ethics, and Welfare Act of 2006) An act
Standard 1.04), workers should not diagnose establishing a comprehensive juvenile
clients unless they have the appropriate training, justice and welfare system, creating the
supervision, knowledge, and skills—as well as juvenile justice and welfare council
licensing. If social workers lack such under the department of justice,
competence or accreditation, they should avoid appropriating funds therefor and for
language that suggests they have diagnosed a other purposes
client.

Duty of Care - Social workers owe their primary

 Minimum Age of Criminal
duty of care to the clients they are serving. Thus,
Responsibility
when determining whether to diagnose a client,
they should consider whether the diagnosis is
A child fifteen (15) years of age or
truly in the client’s best interests.
under the time of the commission of
the offense shall be exempt from
CRIMINAL JUSTICE: CHILDREN criminal liability. However, the child
shall be subjected to an intervention
IN CONFLICT WITH THE LAW program pursuant to section 20 of this
Act.
 Children in conflict with the law -refers
to a child who is alleged as, accused of, A child above the fifteen (15) years
or adjudged as, having committed an below eighteen (18) years of age shall
offense under Philippine laws. likewise be exempt from criminal
liability and be subjected to an
 Child - refers to a person below intervention program, unless he/she
eighteen (18) years old. has acted in discernment, in which case,
such child be subjected to the
 Child at risk – refers to a child who is appropriate proceedings in accordance
vulnerable to and at the risk of with this act.
committing criminal offenses because
of personal, family and social United Nation Convention on the
circumstances. Rights of the Child

 Best interest of the child - refers to the Article 37

totality of the circumstances and (A) No child shall be subjected
conditions which are most congenial to to torture or other cruel, inhuman or
the survival, protection and feelings of degrading treatment or punishment.
security of the child and most Neither capital punishment nor life
encouraging to the child`s physical, imprisonment without possibility of
psychological, and emotional release shall be imposed for offences
development. It also means the least committed by persons below eighteen
detrimental available alternative for years of age.
safeguarding the growth and
development of the child. Article 40
State parties recognized,
alleged as, accused of, or recognized as
having infringed the penal law to be alternatives to rehabilitation centers, offering
treated in a manner consistent with the tailored support and interventions within the
promotion of the child`s sense of local community to address the needs of CICL
dignity and worth, which reinforces the and facilitate their rehabilitation, reintegration,
child`s respect for the human rights and and access to necessary support and
fundamental freedoms of others which intervention.
takes into the child`s age and the
desirability of promoting the child`s Program – Facilitated by social workers, it offers
reintegration and the child`s assuming a individuals involved in criminal activity a chance
constructive role in society. to address legal issues while promoting spiritual
growth, personal development, and
What are the Causes of Juvenile reintegration into society, aiming to redirect
Delinquency in the Philippines? them away from life of crime and foster holistic
and fulfilling life.
 Abuse and Trauma
Case Manager – The social worker develops and
 Criminal Imitation implement intervention plans that address both
 Syndicate Activities the immediate needs (such as legal assistance)
 Lack of Access to Proper Education and long-term needs (such as education and
 Extensive Access to Technology mental health services) of the child.

Advocate – The social worker advocates for the
Understanding Key Factors Faced by Many child`s rights and best interests throughout the
Countries in Promoting Juvenile Justice legal process to ensure that legal proceedings
are carried out fairly and that rehabilitative,
 Lack of Data and Statistics
rather than punitive, measures are prioritized.
 Lack of Specialized Juvenile Justice
Systems Assessment – Conduct thorough assessments
 Low Priority to understand the child`s history, environment,
 Lack of Social Integration Programmes and the circumstances leading to their legal
and Services issues. This includes assessing family,
 The Number and Profile of Children in educational, and social contexts.
Detention

CRIMINAL JUSTICE: ADULT

Social Workers Roles and Skills in Handling
OFFENDER
Children in Conflict with the Law

Counseling – Employed as an intervention

strategy by social workers, it is utilized to meet What is an Adult Offender?
the needs of CICL. Through counseling sessions, An adult offender is a person convicted of
the social workers aimed to assist the children committing a crime after reaching the legal age
in navigating their challenges, developing (at least 18 years of age) of majority.
effective coping strategies, and fostering
personal growth and positive behavioral
transformations.

Community-based programs – In social work

practice, Community-Based Programs serve as
Types of Crimes Committed by Adult Offenders 4. Advocate Social Workers advocate for the
Researchers and commentators may classify rights and needs of adult offenders within the
crime committed by adult offenders into criminal justice system and in the community.
categories, including the following: They work to ensure that offenders are treated
fairly and have access to opportunities for
 Property crime rehabilitation and reintegration.
 Public order crime
 Violent crime
5. Reentry Support Social workers assist adult
offenders in transitioning back into the
Crimes Committed by Adult Offenders
community after serving their sentence. This
These may also be classified in terms of the may involve helping them find stable housing,
following: secure employment, reconnect with family
 Organized crime members, and access ongoing support services.
 Serial crime
 Signal crime
Implications to social work practice: ethical
 Verbal offence considerations (no diagnostic labels), policies,
 White-collar crime programs, services
1. Confidentiality - Social workers must uphold
ROLES AND SKILLS OF SOCIAL WORKER IN the confidentiality of their clients, including
HANDLING ADULT OFFENDERS adult offenders, while also balancing the need
1. Assessment Social Workers conduct to report any potential harm or risk to others.
comprehensive assessments to understand the 2. Non-judgmental Attitude - Social workers
individual needs, strengths, and challenges of should approach adult offenders without
adult offenders. This assessment helps in preconceived notions or biases, treating them
developing personalized intervention plans with respect and dignity.
tailored to the specific circumstances of each 3. Autonomy - Respecting the autonomy of
offender. adult offenders in decision-making processes
while also considering the safety and well-being
2. Case Manager Social Workers act as case of others is essential.
managers for adult offenders, coordinating
services such as counseling, substance abuse POLICIES:
treatment, housing assistance, and employment
support. They ensure that offenders have 1. Risk Assessment
access to the resources they need to Policies around risk assessment tools and
successfully reentry society. procedures play a significant role in determining
appropriate interventions for adult offenders.
3. Counselor and Therapist Social Workers [Link] Programs
provide counseling and therapy to help adult Understanding the policies governing
offenders address underlying issues that may rehabilitation programs for adult offenders can
contribute to their criminal behavior. This can help social workers advocate for comprehensive
include mental health issues, trauma, substance support services.
abuse, or relationship problems. 3. Reentry Services Policies
Related to reentry services for adult offenders
transitioning back into society impact their
successful integration and reduce recidivism • Methamphetamine Hydrochloride
rates. (shabu)
Programs and Services: • Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products
1. Counseling and Therapy Providing Signs of a Substance Use Problem
counseling and therapy services tailored to the
needs of adult offenders can support their • Lack interest in things you used to love
rehabilitation and address underlying issues • Change your friends a lot
contributing to criminal behavior. • Stop taking care of yourself
2. Case Management Offering comprehensive • Spend more time alone than you used
case management services can help coordinate to
various aspects of an offender’s life, such as • Eat more or less than normal
housing, employment, healthcare, and legal • Sleep at odd hours
matters. • Have problems at work or with family
• Crave or strongly desire to use the
3. Mental Health Support Programs that offer substance
mental health support and interventions are
critical for addressing co-occurring disorders
among adult offenders.
Roles and Skills of Social Workers
4. Community Reintegration Programs Services
focused on community reintegration help adult • Assessment: Social workers conduct
offenders rebuild their lives post-incarceration comprehensive assessments to
by providing resources for education, understand clients' substance use
employment, housing, and social support. history, mental health, family dynamics,
and social support systems. They use
this information to develop
SUBSTANCE ABUSE individualized treatment plans.
Substance abuse refers to the harmful or
hazardous use of psychoactive substances, • Counseling: Social workers provide
including alcohol and illicit drugs. One of the counseling and therapy to individuals
key impacts of illicit drug use on society is the with substance use disorders. They use
negative health consequences experienced by evidence-based approaches to help
its members. Drug use also puts a heavy clients identify triggers, develop coping
financial burden on individuals, families and skills, and set achievable goals for
society. recovery.

It occurs when you use alcohol, prescription • Case Management: Social workers
medicine, and other legal and illegal substances coordinate care and services for clients,
too much or in the wrong way. which connects them to medical,
mental health, and social resources that
Commonly Abused Drugs can aid in their recovery journey.
• Alcohol • Crisis Intervention: During emergencies
• Prescription Over-the-Counter (OTC) or relapse situations social workers
Medicine provide immediate crisis intervention
• Heroin and support to clients and their families,
• Cocaine helping them regain stability and access
• Marijuana appropriate care.
• Advocacy: Social workers advocate for DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY
their clients' rights and access to quality DISORDER
healthcare and social services. They
may work with legal systems, What is Depression?
healthcare providers, and social service Depression (also called major depression, major
agencies to ensure clients receive the depressive disorder, or clinical depression) is
support they need. different. It can cause severe symptoms that
affect how a person feels, thinks, and handles
Policies, Programs, and Services daily activities, such as sleeping, eating, or
working.
Republic Act 9165 or the Comprehensive What are the different types of depression?
Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002: It is the policy of
There are two common types of depression:
the State: to safeguard the integrity of its
territory & the well-being of its citizenry, ● Major depression includes symptoms
particularly the youth, from the harmful effects of depressed mood or loss of interest, most of
of dangerous drugs on their physical & mental the time for at least 2 weeks, that interfere with
well-being. daily activities.
● Persistent depressive disorder (also
Dangerous Drugs Abuse Prevention and called dysthymia or dysthymic disorder)
Treatment Program (DDAPTP): was created as consists of less severe depression symptoms
a specialized program of the Department of that last much longer, usually for at least 2
Health, under the Office for Health Services years.
Development, serving as the directing,
coordinating, and monitoring office for national
health matters and public health issues related Other types of depression include the following:
to drug abuse prevention, treatment and ● Seasonal affective disorder comes and goes
rehabilitation in the country. with the seasons, with symptoms typically
starting in the late fall and early winter and
Family Drug Abuse Prevention Program -
going away during the spring and summer.
FDAPP is a community-based presentation
program designed to educate families and
communities on the adheres effects of drug ● Depression with symptoms of psychosis is a
abuse. The program adheres to the provisions severe form of depression in which a person
of RA 9165 or the Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002 experiences psychosis symptoms, such as
Which recognizes the vital role of the family in delusions or hallucinations.
educating its members on the ill effects of
dangerous drugs.
● Bipolar disorder involves depressive episodes,
Yakap Bayan Program – it is focused on the as well as manic episodes (or less severe
welfare and rehabilitation of those recovering hypomanic episodes) with unusually elevated
from substance abuse, it aims to provide mood, greater irritability, or increased activity
holistic care and support services such as rehab, level.
counselling, skills training, job placement and
livelihood assistance.
What are the signs and symptoms of
depression?
Common signs and symptoms of depression Treatment
include: Psychotherapy ( counseling or talk therapy)
● Persistent sad, anxious, or “empty” Cognitive Therapy
mood
Behavioral Therapy
● Feelings of hopelessness or pessimism
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
● Feelings of irritability, frustration‚ or
restlessness Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)

● Feelings of guilt, worthlessness, or Problem Solving Therapy

helplessness
● Loss of interest or pleasure in hobbies Medication
and activities Antidepressants are medications commonly
● Fatigue, lack of energy, or feeling used to treat depression.
slowed down
● Difficulty concentrating, remembering, What is anxiety?
or making decisions
Anxiety is a feeling of fear, dread, and
● Difficulty sleeping, waking too early in uneasiness. It might cause you to sweat, feel
the morning, or oversleeping restless and tense, and have a rapid heartbeat.
● Changes in appetite or unplanned It can be a normal reaction to stress.
weight changes
● Physical aches or pains, headaches, What are anxiety disorders?
cramps, or digestive problems without
Anxiety disorders are conditions in which you
a clear physical cause that do not go
have anxiety that does not go away and can get
away with treatment
worse over time. The symptoms can interfere
● Thoughts of death or suicide or suicide with daily activities such as job performance,
attempts schoolwork, and relationships.

How is depression diagnosed? What are the types of anxiety disorders?

To be diagnosed with depression, a person  Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
must have symptoms most of the day, nearly
 Panic Disorder
every day, for at least 2 weeks. One of the
symptoms must be a depressed mood or a loss  Phobias
of interest or pleasure in most activities.
Children and adolescents may be irritable rather What causes anxiety disorders?
than sad.
The cause of anxiety is unknown. Factors such
Although several persistent symptoms, in as genetics, brain biology and chemistry, stress,
addition to low mood, are required for a and your environment may play a role.
depression diagnosis, people with only a few
symptoms may benefit from treatment. The
severity and frequency of symptoms and how What are the symptoms of anxiety disorders?
long they last vary depending on the person. Anxious thoughts or beliefs that are hard to
control. They make you feel restless and tense
and interfere with your daily life. They do not
go away and can get worse over time.
Physical symptoms, such as a pounding or 3. Organizing Services: Social workers help
rapid heartbeat, unexplained aches and pains, clients in accessing suitable mental health
dizziness, and shortness of breath. services, including therapy, medication
management, support groups, and community
resources. They oversee care, advocate for
Changes in behavior, such as avoiding clients' necessities, and ensure continuity of
everyday activities you used to do Using services.
caffeine, other substances, and certain
medicines can make your symptoms worse.
4. Advocacy: Social workers push for policies
and initiatives that enhance mental health
How are anxiety disorders diagnosed? awareness, reduce stigma around mental illness,
To diagnose anxiety disorders, your health care and enhance access to care. They may engage
provider will ask about your symptoms and in legislative efforts, community education, and
medical history. [Link] also have a physical outreach to tackle systemic obstacles to mental
exam and lab tests to make sure that a different health services.
health problem is not the cause of your
symptoms..If you don't have another health
problem, you will get a psychological evaluation. 5. Support and Empowerment: Social workers
Your provider may do it, or you may be referred offer emotional support, validation, and
to a mental health professional to get one. motivation to those facing depression and
anxiety. They empower clients to recognize
their strengths, set realistic goals, and instigate
What are the treatments for anxiety disorders? positive changes in their lives.
The main treatments for anxiety disorders are
psychotherapy (talk therapy), medicines, or 6. Crisis Intervention: Social workers are skilled
both: in assessing and responding to crises like
suicidal thoughts, self-harm, or acute
Roles of Social Worker psychiatric symptoms. They collaborate with
emergency services, mental health experts, and
support systems to ensure their clients' safety
1. Assessment and Diagnosis: Social workers and well-being.
conduct initial assessments to comprehend a
client's symptoms, background, and social
environment. They may use standardized tools Ethical Considerations
to detect signs of depression and anxiety,
collaborating with other healthcare 1. Client Autonomy: It's important to respect
professionals for a thorough diagnosis. clients' right to make their own decisions. For
instance, when assisting a client dealing with
2. Counseling and Therapy: Social workers offer depression, it's crucial to involve them in
individual or group counseling to assist clients in choosing their treatment plan, discussing
managing symptoms, delving into underlying therapy options, medications, and lifestyle
issues, and developing coping mechanisms. changes while considering the client's
They employ diverse therapeutic techniques preferences and goals.
like cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT),
mindfulness practices, or interpersonal therapy 2. Confidentiality: Social workers must uphold
tailored to individual needs. strict confidentiality when handling clients'
personal information. When sharing details  KonsultaMD
about a client's case with others or
collaborating with professionals, it's essential to
limit the information shared to what is REPUBLIC ACT NO. 11036
necessary and obtain the client's consent AN ACT ESTABLISHING A NATIONAL MENTAL
whenever possible. HEALTH POLICY FOR THE PURPOSE OF
ENHANCING THE DELIVERY OF INTEGRATED
MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, PROMOTING AND
3. Informed Consent: Social workers need to PROTECTING THE RIGHTS OF PERSONS
make sure clients understand the services UTILIZING PSYCHIATRIC, NEUROLOGIC AND
offered, including potential risks and benefits. PSYCHOSOCIAL HEALTH SERVICES,
APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFOR, AND FOR
4. Cultural Competence: Social workers must be OTHER PURPOSES.
culturally sensitive and understand the diverse
backgrounds of their clients. When working However, while these recommendations are
with clients from different cultures, social beneficial, they may not be sufficient on their
workers should be aware of cultural beliefs and own to fully counteract the client's problems.
practices related to mental health and It's important to consider additional measures
depression to tailor their interventions such as specific financial assistance or
accordingly. scholarships tailored to the client's situation, as
well as ongoing support from social workers or
5. Professional Boundaries: The need to community organizations to address the client's
maintain appropriate boundaries with clients to needs comprehensively. A multi-faceted
practice ethically. approach that addresses both immediate and
long-term needs will likely be more effective in
supporting the client's educational goals.
6. Self-Care: Must prioritize their own self-care
to effectively support clients with depression.
This could involve seeking supervision and CYBER DEVIANCE
consultation with colleagues, practicing self-
care, and seeking support when necessary to What is Cyber Deviance?
prevent burnout and compassion fatigue.
Wherever there are constraints on personal
expression, there will always be spaces, virtual
Policies, Programs and Services or otherwise, that allow people to feel secure in
expressing their identities and validated in their
 National Mental Health Policy
opposition of oppressive structures.
 Community-Based Mental Health
Program (CBMHP)
Cyber-deviance can be broadly defined as
 Teletherapy and Telepsychiatry Services
engaging in deviant or criminal behaviors with
 Philippine Mental Health Association, Inc. the facilitation of technology (Furnell, 2003;
(PMHA) Grabosky, 2001; Holt & Bossler, 2014).
 National Center for Mental Health Wherever there are constraints on personal
(NCMH) expression, there will always be spaces, virtual
 Natasha Goulbourn Foundation or otherwise, that allow people to feel secure in
expressing their identities and validated in their
 MentalHealthPH opposition of oppressive structures.
Virtual deviance encapsulates how deviant activities defined as entering a pornography
subculturists express themselves through online website or selling pornography goods on the
media – how they interact with each other, how Internet; using the Internet or computer to
they game, and how they present their deviant violate copyrights laws or other contracts such
identities through anonymous and non- as institutional or third party copyright, license
anonymous means. agreements and other contracts, intentionally
disrupting the Internet traffic by spreading a
computer virus, spreading rumors about
Consistent with the age-crime curve approach another person on the Internet, intimidating,
(Moffitt, 1993b; Shulman et al., 2013; stalking and frightening another person on the
Farrington, 2017) which sustains that teenagers Internet.
engage into deviant behaviors more often than
other categories, adolescence is worth
considering in studying deviance. In addition, Other types of deviance under scrutiny are
with the spread of Internet technology, a new different types of aggression, antisocial
type of deviant behavior emerged, which is disorders in adolescents, sexual offenses, sexual
known as cyber-deviance, particularly prevalent deviance, social deviance, white-collar crimes,
in adolescents' lives. As such, teenagers' online delinquency, and cybercrime. With regards to
deviant behavior has become a matter of grave the reviews conducted on the topic of deviance,
concern for parents, educators, and researchers. the main topics of interest are specific forms of
Nevertheless, like in the case of crime and offline deviance, namely, drug use, alcohol
deviance, there is no clear demarcation abuse, violence, dating violence, sexual
between cybercrime and cyber deviance. This is aggression, deviant sexual fantasies, illicit
because norm-breaking behaviors may be sexual behaviors, sexual deviance, ritualistic
included in the formal regulations at any time child abuse, pornography exposure, self-injury,
and certain behaviors that are sanctioned by etc.
law may not be regarded as deviant in all
contexts. In the study of cyber deviance as
occurring in the adolescent stage, scholars At the same time, researchers focus on
mostly focus on digital piracy (Udris, 2016), different types of online deviance, such as
online harassment and computer hacking (Lee, cyberbullying (including adolescent
2018), cyberbullying (Hinduja and Patchin, 2010; cyberbullying), Internet-based radicalization,
Holt et al., 2012; Lee, 2018), sexting and online online sexual deviance, online negative user
sexual exposure (Karaian, 2012; Garcia-Gomez, behavior, cyber dating abuse, social spamming,
2017; Dodaj et al., 2020). problematic social media usage, and
problematic use of the Internet.

Deviant behavior on the computer and the

Internet is rising as technology use increases Concerning online deviance, most of the
(Hollinger, 1996b; Power, 2000; Vatis, 2000). systematic reviews refer to a specific type of
Deviant behavior, when using computers and behavior, which is cyberbullying (Kowalski et al.,
the Internet, includes the same types of deviant 2014; Watts et al., 2017; Vale et al., 2018; Rosa
activities performed before the popularity of et al., 2019; Zych et al., 2019). While reviews on
computers or the inception of the internet. online deviance focus on main theories of
These activities include: using the Internet for deviance, the systematic reviews in the field of
illegal activities that violate local, state, and/or online literature focus on specific online
federal laws, inappropriate use defined as a behaviors and their correlates, including the
violation of the intended use of the Internet or predictors of offline deviance mentioned before,
computer, and/or purpose and goal, obscene Internet access, and computer use. Of particular
interest is the systematic review of Estévez et al. predictors, which are widely presented in the
(2020), which provides a bridge between online literature. The analyses presented show that
and cyber-deviance by revealing similar the most common predictors of deviance relate
patterns in the development of bullying and to family patterns, socio-demographic aspects,
cyberbullying behavior. In this sense, the socialization, victimization, and school and
authors show that risk factors and protective individual factors. Family, peer group, and
factors of the two problematic behaviors mostly school are the main social spaces of adolescents.
coincide. In addition, considering the impact of the
Internet and Web 2.0 technologies on
socialization, identity formation, and leisure, we
With regards to the most common predictors of explored the predictors of offline and online
online deviance, they can be grouped into five deviance.
categories: family patterns (parental abuse,
parental deviance, family history and abuse,
parenting style, etc.), socio-demographic Family Patterns
aspects (gender and age effects, demographic Family relationships have a major influence on
and socio-economic, etc.), victimization (offline teenagers' level of engagement in deviant acts
victimization, traditional bullying, physical and by loosening social constraints - Loeber and
offline activities, exposure, etc.), school and Stouthamer-Loeber (1986), Thornberry (1987).
individual factors (school problems, school Centered on the impact of parents' deviant
bonding, school involvement, empathy, school behavior and attitudes on children's
perception, school behavior, prosocial delinquency, deviant behaviors and attitudes
involvement, etc.) and Internet and computer paradigm analyzes family deviance, which
use (home Internet access, digital inequality, includes family disorganization, parental
frequency usage of Internet, technology involvement in lawbreaking acts and parental
information habitus, etc.). deviant values, and tolerating attitude related
to dishonesty and criminality, as major risk
In relation to cyber-deviance (see Figure 9), the factors of engagement in deviant conducts.
frequent predictors for cyber deviance
encompass the following: traditional bullying, Socio-Demographic Aspects
offline victimization, parental abuse, alcohol
and substance use, Internet access, Internet Researchers indicate a link between living in a
misuse, compulsive Internet use, substance use, certain area of a city and deviance. Grounded
online exposure, parental control, school on the seminal work of Wilson (2012) regarding
factors, self-efficacy, socioeconomic status, the criminalization process of people living in
parenting, digital inequality, information poorneighbourhoods, the underclass,
habitus, etc Predictors of Deviance and Cyber- sociologists have noticed that there is a high
Deviance in Social Sciences Given the high rate of crimes and delinquency in such
concern of researchers for the predictors of disadvantaged neighbourhoods, which are
deviance and online deviance, we have inhabited by jobless people. The link between
provided a more detailed review of these deviancy and the neighborhood context
predictors. Therefore, the present review represents a factor that mediates the link
attempted to provide more clarity on the most among peer influence, family context, and
encountered predictors of deviance. To provide deviance (Sampson and Laub, 1997; Sampson et
an understanding and an overview of this field, al., 2002; Hwang and Sampson, 2014; Billings
we considered it necessary to categorize these and Hoekstra, 2019). In addition, the structural
inequality mirrored by urban topology is deviance, while difficulties with school,
amplified by network effects (DiMaggio and operationalized as lower grades and the
Garip, 2012). likelihood to drop out of school, strongly predict
engagement in deviant acts. Despite the way
the causal relationship between academic
Socialization failure and deviance is questioned (Phillips and
Association with deviant peers is related to the Kelly, 1979), there is no doubt that school
engagement in deviant and delinquent behavior deviance correlates to academic
(Agnew, 1991; Warr and Stafford, 1991; underachievement. Researchers have found
Sutherland et al., 1992; Matsueda and that socioeconomic status, cultural capital, and
Anderson, 1998; Haynie and Osgood, 2005; social capital have an impact on academic
Akers, 2017). The inquiry of whether one is results, even after controlling for family
deviant because one belongs to a deviant group, characteristics (DiMaggio, 1982).
encompassed in the socialization theories
(Agnew, 1985, 1991;Warr and Stafford, 1991;
Dishion and Tipsord, 2011; Lin and Yi, 2016; Internet and Computer Use
Akers, 2017; McGloin and Thomas, 2019; Lee (2018) identifies two main theoretical
Schwartz et al., 2019), or whether one chooses frameworks that explain the occurrence of
to be a part of a group with antisocial behavior online deviant behaviors: self-control and social
because of a personal inclination for deviance, learning theory. Rooted in the general theory of
known as selection mechanism (Matsueda and crime, self-control theory asserts that
Anderson, 1998; Haynie and Osgood, 2005; individuals with low-level control have a higher
Barnes et al., 2006; Schwartz et al., 2019; chance of engaging in online deviant acts such
Gallupe et al., 2020), helps capture this causal as computer piracy, online exposure to sexually
relationship. explicit materials, online harassment, and cyber
deviance in general (Holt et al., 2012, 2015).
Moreover, teenagers who have a higher
Victimization sensation-seeking attitude have a positive
Researchers (Gorman-Smith et al., 1998) have attitude toward risk-taking and most often
established that there are significant indulge in illegal downloading of music, games,
associations among the profiles of offenders and sexual content (Weisskirch and Murphy,
and patterns of family involvement, with non- 2004). Deviant peer affiliation partially
offenders being more likely to have families mediates the link between adolescent sensation
with minimal problems, with serious chronic seeking and internet gaming addiction (Tian et
offenders belonging to families with many al., 2019). Association with deviant peers,
problems, such as issues of neglect, and with including online interaction with virtual peers, is
escalating offenders having a conflictual family the main predictor of cyber-deviance (Bossler
background that is characterized by disruption. and Holt, 2009; Burgess-Proctor et al., 2009;
In the case of escalating offenders, the Bossler et al., 2011; Holt et al., 2012; Lee, 2018).
influence of family functioning toward engaging Subcultural theorists explain the mechanisms
in deviant acts seems to be corroborated with through which cyberspace assists in justifying
peer deviance, the authors conclude. engagement in deviant acts such as computer
hacking and digital piracy, transferring social
relationships from offline to online, and
School and Individual Factors
creating communities and shared norms (Holt,
As Davies (1995, 1999) emphasizes, the socio- 2007, 2020; Holt and Copes, 2010; McCuddy
economic background is a weak predictor of and Esbensen, 2020).
Computer proficiency and technology use HIV infection in humans came from a type of
correlate with cyber deviant acts, including chimpanzee in Central Africa. Studies show that
hacking, digital piracy, and online harassment HIV may have jumped from chimpanzees to
(Lee, 2018). Therefore, we can conclude that humans as far back as the late [Link]
the digital world is a field where actors attempt chimpanzee version of the virus is called simian
to gain social, symbolic, and digital capital to immunodeficiency virus. The virus has existed in
ensure and justify their power (Ragnedda and the United States since at least the mid to late
Muschert, 2013; Lindell, 2017; O'Neil and 1970s.
Ackland, 2020.
SYMPTOMS
Cybercrimes And The Role Of The Social Worker • fever
• diarrhea
Preventive Role: • headache
A social worker can play an important role in • cough
preventing cybercrime, especially among
students, especially school children. There are • rash
certain signs or behavioral changes that a social • thrush
worker can recognize and conduct counseling. A • sore throat
social worker can discuss things like
• confusion
cyberbullying and how it affects an individual.
• weight loss
• anxiety
Counseling:
• forgetfulness
Cybercrime causes huge physiological problems
in certain cases, especially when the victim was • depression
emotionally attached to the cyberattacker. In
cases of extortion where the victim has shared TRANSMISSION
personal photos or videos the victim may suffer
from guilt and fear. In such cases, counselling is • Sexual Contact
very important as the victim lives in constant • Shared needles
fear or guilt. • Contact with infected blood
• Parent to child during pregnancy

HIV • Breastfeeding
• Semen/Vaginal fluids
(HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY
VIRUS)
STAGES
WHAT IS HIV?
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is an
infection that attacks the body’s immune STAGE 1: Acute HIV infection
system. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome • People have a large amount of HIV in their
(AIDS) is the most advanced stage of the disease. blood and are very contagious.
• Many people have flu-like symptoms.
BRIEF HISTORY • If you have flu-like symptoms and think you
may have been exposed to HIV , get tested.
STAGE 2: Chronic HIV infection ROLE OF SW IN HIV CARE
• This stage is also called asymptomatic HIV 1. Advocate on behalf of people living with
infection or clinical latency. HIV/AIDS,families, groups and communities, as
• HIV is still active and continues to reproduce needed.
in the body 2. Develop and deliver education to individuals,
• People may not have any symptoms or get families and communities. Perform community
sick during this phase but can transmit HIV health needs assessments and participate in
community health planning.
• People who take HIV treatment as prescribed
may never move into Stage 3 (AIDS). 3. Plan, develop and evaluate community
programs.
• Without HIV treatment, this stage may last a
decade or longer, or may progress faster. At the
end of this stage, the amount of HIV in the Ethical considerations for social workers in the
blood (viral load) goes up and the person may context of HIV/AIDS are:
move into Stage 3. 1. Informing and Empowering Clients to Make
Autonomous Decisions:
STAGE 3: Acquired immunodeficiency - Social workers should ensure clients living
Syndrome (AIDS) with HIV/AIDS have access to accurate
• The most severe stage of HIV infection. information to make informed decisions about
their care and treatment.
• People with AIDS can have a high viral load
and may easily transmit HIV to others - Clients should be empowered to exercise
their right to health-related autonomy.
• People with AIDS have badly damaged
immune systems. They can get an increasing
number of opportunistic infections or other 2. Observing Confidentiality:
serious 1illnesses. - Social workers must maintain the
• Without HIV treatment, people with AIDS confidentiality of clients’ HIV status and related
typically survive about three years. information.
- They should advocate for policies and
PREVENTION regulations that protect the privacy and
confidentiality of people living with HIV/AIDS.
• Get tested for HIV
• Choose less risky sexual behaviors
3. Prohibiting Stigma and Discrimination:
• Use condoms every time you have sex
- Social workers have a responsibility to
• Limit your number of sexual partners combat HIV-related stigma and discrimination
• Get tested and treated for STDs in their practice and the broader community.
• Abstinence - They should promote equality, non-
discrimination, and respect for the rights of
people living with HIV/AIDS.
TREATMENT
There is no cure for HIV infection. It is treated
with antiretroviral drugs (ART), which stop the 4. Accountability and Advocacy:
virus from replicating in the body. - Social workers should be accountable for the
quality of services provided to clients affected
by HIV/AIDS.
- They should advocate for increased funding, POLICIES, PROGRAMS AND
resources, and access to HIV/AIDS prevention,
SERVICES IN HELPING THE
care, and treatment services.
POOR

5. Cultural Competence: R.A 11291

- Social workers must demonstrate cultural An Act Providing a Magna Carta for the Poor
competence and sensitivity when working with Is the declared policy of the State to uplift the
diverse populations affected by HIV/AIDS. standard of living and quality of life of the poor
- They should strive to understand the cultural and provide them with sustained opportunities
context and its implications for clients’ for growth and development.
experiences and needs

Definition of Poor: The law defines the poor as

RESPONSIBILITIES OF SW IN DEALING WITH individuals or families whose income falls below
CLIENTS the poverty threshold as defined by the
• Hold individual counselling and psychotherapy National Economic and Development Authority
sessions for individuals, couples and families (NEDA)
• Conduct support groups for people living with RIGHTS AND ENTITLEMENT
HIV/AIDS and their partners, children and
friends
• Work as part of an interdisciplinary team to Right to Adequate Food
develop individualized treatment plans Is the right of individuals or families to have
physical and economic access to adequate and
• Liaise with agencies, organizations and service
healthy food, or the means to procure it.
providers to offer additional support or
augment what already exists, make referrals to Right to Decent Work
community resources Is the right to the opportunity to obtain decent
and productive employment, in conditions of
POLICY FOR HIV freedom, equity, gender equality, security, and
human dignity.
RA 11166 - This Act shall be known as the
“Philippine HIV and AIDS Policy Act”. The State Right to Relevant and Quality Education
shall respect, protect, and promote human Is the right to attain the full development of the
rights as the cornerstones of an effective human person. The Department of Education
response to the country’s HIV and AIDS (DepEd), the Commission on Higher Education
situation. Hence, HIV and AIDS education and (CHED) and the Technical Education and Skills
information dissemination should form part the Development Authority (TESDA).
right to health.
Right to Adequate Housing
Is the right to have a decent, affordable, safe
and culturally appropriate place to live in.

Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of

Health
Is the right to have equitable access to a variety
of facilities, goods, services and conditions
necessary for the realization of the highest • EDUCATION GRANT: P300 per child every
attainable standard of health. month for ten months, or a total of P3,000
every year (a household may register a
Government Responsibilities: The law maximum of three children for the program).
mandates the government to prioritize the
needs of the poor in the allocation of resources
and the formulation of policies and program R.A. 8425
Social Reform and Poverty Alleviation Act
Social Protection Programs: It requires the
government to implement social protection
programs aimed at reducing poverty and  The law aims to alleviate poverty,
improving the welfare of the poor, including promote social justice, and empower
conditional cash transfer programs, livelihood marginalized sectors of society.
support, and social insurance schemes.  It adopts a comprehensive approach to
poverty alleviation, addressing various
aspects such as livelihood, housing,
Access to Justice: The Magna Carta of the Poor
health, education, and social services.
also emphasizes the importance of access to
It establishes the National Anti-Poverty
justice for the poor, including legal assistance
Commission (NAPC) and local anti-
and support for legal empowerment initiatives
poverty bodies to coordinate and
implement poverty alleviation programs.
 It encourages partnerships between the
R. A. 11310 government, civil society organizations,
Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program and private sector entitiesin poverty
reduction efforts.
This conditional cash transfer program provides The law promotes the creation of
financial assistance to eligible low-income sustainable livelihood opportunities for
families, conditional upon fulfilling certain the poor, including skills training, access
requirements such as sending children to school to credit, and support for micro-
and regular health check-ups. enterprises.
It aims to improve access to basic social
services such as healthcare, education,
The program aims to alleviate immediate
housing, and sanitation for marginalized
poverty by providing families with additional
communities.
income while also promoting long-term
 RA 8425 emphasizes community
investments in education and health..
participation and empowerment in the
planning and implementation of
Provides conditional cash transfer to poor poverty alleviation programs.
households for a maximum period of seven (7) The law includes provisions for
years, to improve the health,nutrition, and monitoring and evaluating the
education aspect of their lives. effectiveness of poverty reduction
initiatives to ensure accountability and
The 4Ps has two types of cash grants that are transparency in their implementation.
given out to household beneficiaries: RA 8425 seeks to address the root
causes of poverty and promote social
• HEALTH GRANT: P500 per household every reform through a multi-sectoral and
month, or a total of P6,000 every year. participatory approach
PROGRAMS By promoting sustainable livelihoods, SLP aims
to enhance income-generation capabilities,
improve living standards, and reduce
KALAHI CIDSS (Kapit Bisig Laban sa Kahirapan dependency on welfare assistance among
and Integrated Delivery of Sociak Services) program participants.
KALAHI CIDSS is a flagship poverty alleviation
program in the Philippines, initiated in 2002. It
operates under the Department of Social SPES (Special Program for Employment of
Welfare and Development (DSWD). Students)
SPES was established in 1992 as a government
The program focuses on empowering initiative to provide employment opportunities
communities to identify and address their own for financially disadvantaged students during
development needs through a participatory school breaks. The program aims to help
process. students finance their education while gaining
valuable work experience.

Community members are involved in every step,

from identifying priority projects to planning, SPES not only helps students cover educational
implementation, and monitoring. Projects expenses but also fosters skills development,
typically include infrastructure such as roads, work ethic, and a sense of responsibility among
bridges, water systems, and community centers, the youth.
as well as livelihood initiatives and social
services delivery. TUPAD (Tulong Panghanapbuhay sa Ating
Disadvantaged/Displaced Workers)
KALAHI CIDSS employs the principles of TUPAD, launched in 2016 by the Department of
transparency, accountability, and Labor and Employment (DOLE), provides
empowerment to ensure that resources are emergency employment opportunities to
allocated efficiently and effectively, leading to disadvantaged and displaced workers,
sustainable development outcomes. particularly during times of crisis.

SLP (Sustainable Livelihood Program) TUPAD prioritizes the most vulnerable sectors
Launched in 2011 by the Department of Social of society, including informal workers, displaced
Welfare and Development (DSWD), the migrants, and marginalized communities.
Sustainable Livelihood Program (SLP) aims to
reduce poverty by providing livelihood ALS (Alternative Learning System)
opportunities to poor and vulnerable
households. The Alternative Learning System (ALS) was
established in 1984 by the Department of
Education (DepEd) to provide an alternative
SLP interventions include skills training, pathway to education for out-of-school youths,
employment facilitation, seed capital assistance, adults, and those who have not completed
and community enterprises. Beneficiaries are basic education.
guided through a process of identifying viable
livelihood options based on their skills,
resources, and market demand. ALS offers flexible learning modalities such as
Accreditation and Equivalency (A&E) Test, Basic
Literacy Program, and the Expanded ALS for
Indigenous Peoples (IPs) and Muslim Learners. affected by mental illness, physical
These programs enable learners to acquire disability or other conditions that make
basic education competencies and functional it difficult or impossible for them to
literacy skills. advocate for their needs. Social workers
help the poor by providing advocacy
services, such as acting as mediators or
ALS aims to make education accessible to directly intervening with social services
marginalized groups, promote lifelong learning, organizations or governmental agencies.
and empower individuals to improve their
socio-economic status through education and POLICY/PROGRAM CHANGE ADVOCATE
skills development.
 Social workers also help the poor on a
macro, or large-scale, level by working
to bring changes to social policies. They
SOCIAL WORKERS' ROLES IN accomplish this goal in a variety of ways,
HELPING THE POOR such as through community
organization or political action.
Social workers play an important role in helping
 Some social workers join committees or
the poor and working to eradicate poverty,
work directly with elected officials to
explains the International Federation of Social discuss community needs or to suggest
Workers. One of the guiding principles of social possible changes to specific social
work is working for social justice, which lists policies that affect the poor. They might
poverty as a primary social problem, according also help influence social policies
to the National Association of Social Workers. through other activities, such as
Social workers provide assistance to the poor organizing community protests or
on both the micro, or individual, and the macro, fundraisers.
or large-scale, levels. The following are some of
the roles of social workers in helping the poor: EDUCATOR
RESOURCE PROVIDER AND BROKER  Another important role of social
workers is providing community
 Providing assistance with concrete education on poverty and related
needs is one of the most important concerns. For example, poor
ways that social workers help the poor. communities are often affected by
Concrete needs might include basic
issues like gang violence, drug and
requirements like food, clothing and
alcohol abuse, a lack of available child
shelter, but can also include social care or educational limitations.
benefits, health care or child care.
 Social workers help educate
 Social workers help clients with communities on how to avoid or reduce
concrete needs in a variety of settings, these problems, help communities find
including social services agencies, more productive ways of working
community services agencies and together and advise communities about
international aid organizations. how to find creative or practical
ADVOCATE solutions to problems.

 Sometimes, clients in poverty are

unable to speak up for themselves to
obtain needed resources. They may be
HOMELESSNESS major life change or catastrophic event. These
are individuals who don’t have a “safety net” of
The Philippines is one of the fastest-growing family support or a financial cushion to fall back
economies in Southeast Asia, yet it is facing a on. If they lose their job, become sick, or
homeless crisis. There are approximately 4.5 experience another type of sudden life change,
million homeless people, including children, in they lose their home. Generally, these are
the Philippines, which has a population of 106 younger people and families who turn to a
million people. shelter or temporary housing system for only a
brief stay.
An individual or family who lacks a fixed, regular,
and adequate nighttime residence, such as
4. Hidden Homelessness
those living in emergency shelters, transitional
There is a fourth type of homelessness that
housing, or places not meant for habitation.
most people are not aware of because it often
goes unreported and undocumented. This
Types of Homelessness category is known as hidden homelessness and
includes those who are temporarily living, or
“couch-surfing,” with friends or family. They
1. Chronic homelessness have no guarantee that they will be able to stay
If someone has been continuously homeless for long-term and no immediate way to find a
over a year, or has had at least four episodes of home. Because they are not in a shelter or using
homelessness in the previous three years, the other forms of homeless services, they aren’t
Federal government defines their situation as counted in standard homelessness statistics.
chronic homelessness. People experiencing But their struggles and instability are no less
chronic homelessness tend to be older and are difficult.
often struggling with complex health issues,
disabilities, mental illness, or addiction. They
typically live on the street, in a car, a park, or Causes of Homelessness
another location that is not suitable for human
habitation.
Poverty
Poverty can lead to homelessness due to a lack
2. Episodic homelessness of affordable housing, limited access to
If a person has experienced at least three education and job opportunities, health issues,
periods of homelessness in the previous year, and social safety nets. So When people don't
their circumstances are described as episodic have enough money for basic needs like
homelessness. Many of these individuals are housing, food, and healthcare, they can become
younger people who may suffer from health homeless. It's a complex issue with economic,
issues or addiction. Help at this stage is critical social, and political roots.
as episodic homelessness can quickly turn into
chronic homelessness and problems can
Natural disaster
become much more severe.
Natural disasters like earthquakes, floods,
hurricanes, and wildfires can cause
3. Transitional Homelessness homelessness because they destroy homes,
This type of homelessness is actually the most infrastructure, and communities. When people
common, and becoming even more prevalent lose their homes due to these disasters, they
as a result of the pandemic. It is defined as a may not have anywhere else to go, leading to
person who has become homeless due to a homelessness. Additionally, the disruption
caused by natural disasters can result in job loss, focusing on long-term goals like education,
making it difficult for people to afford housing. employment, and stability.

Domestic violence Advocacy: Social workers advocate for policy

Domestic violence can lead to homelessness changes and resources to address systemic
because victims may need to escape abusive issues contributing to homelessness, such as
environments quickly to ensure their safety. affordable housing, mental health services, and
They often leave without adequate financial employment opportunities.
resources or support networks, making it
challenging to find stable housing. Additionally,
abusers may control access to finances or Crisis Intervention: They provide immediate
sabotage efforts to secure housing, leaving support during crises, including access to
victims with few options other than emergency shelters, counseling, and safety
homelessness. planning.

Human trafficking Collaboration: Social workers collaborate with

Human trafficking can lead to homelessness other professionals and agencies, including
because victims are often exploited, government organizations, nonprofits,
manipulated, and forced into situations where healthcare providers, and law enforcement, to
they lose control over their lives, including their coordinate services and support for individuals
housing. Traffickers may use tactics like experiencing homelessness.
coercion, threats, and violence to keep victims
under their control, sometimes forcing them
out of their homes and into situations of Ethical Considerations
homelessness or unstable living conditions. Social workers adhere to ethical principles,
Additionally, survivors of human trafficking may including respect for the dignity and worth of
face challenges accessing safe and stable individuals. Avoiding diagnostic labels helps
housing due to trauma, financial instability, and prevent stigmatization and respects the
legal barriers. person's autonomy and self-identity. Instead,
focus on strengths-based approaches that
empower individuals and promote their
resilience.
Roles and Skills

Assessment: Social workers conduct thorough

Program and services
assessments to understand the unique needs
The Modified Conditional Cash Transfer for
and challenges of individuals experiencing
Homeless Street Families (MCCT-HSF)
homelessness, including mental health issues,
program was launched by the Department of
substance abuse, and barriers to accessing
Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) to
services.
provide immediate relief, support, and services
to homeless families, aiming to transition them
Case Management: They develop individualized into the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program
plans to address immediate needs such as (4Ps)This initiative targets homeless street
housing, food, and healthcare, while also families with children under 14 years old,
offering assistance in education, health, and
shelter to improve their access to social services 5. Be kind and help create a better world
and economic opportunities.
Self-Care in Social Work
"Oplan Pag-Abot: Reaching out, Rebuilding
lives” targets people living on the street and — Self-care involves activities that reduce stress
facing hardships to bring them “hope and a new and promote health. In the field of social work,
lease on life.” self-care is considered a crucial professional
practice.
The program is one of the latest initiatives of — The World Health Organization (WHO)
the agency to reach out to children and families, refers to self-care as the ability “to promote
including indigenous peoples, staying or living health, prevent disease, maintain health and
on the streets. cope with illness and disability.”
— In 2021, the National Association of Social
Workers (NASW) added an amendment to the
“TIPS IN MAINTAINING MENTAL NASW Code of Ethics encouraging proactive
HEALTH AND IT’S IMPLICATION self-care to support a healthy culture among
social workers.
TO SOCIAL WORKERS”
 The amendment describes self-care in
social work as “a key component of
What is mental health?
ethical and professional excellence.”
 “Mental health” refers to your overall
The same amendment also refers to
psychological well-being. It includes the
scientific research showing that
way you feel about yourself, the quality
“proactive self-care reduces the
of your relationships, and your ability to
likelihood of impairment and enhances
manage your feelings and deal with
job satisfaction and professional
difficulties.
longevity.”
 Mental health is important at every
stage of life, from childhood and
adolescence through adulthood and
aging Why Is Self-Care Important for Social Workers?

Why is mental health important? Self-care is beneficial for professionals in

Mental health is important because it can virtually any industry. However, self-care is
help you to: especially important for social workers given
 Cope with the stresses of life the demanding and often selfless nature of
their work.
 Be physically healthy
 Have good relationships
 Common Self-Care Tips for Social
 Make meaningful contributions to your
Workers
community
 Work productively
1. Practice self-compassion. Self-
 Realize your full potential compassion can decrease depression,
stress, secondary traumatic stress and
Best Mental Health Tips (Acc. Mental Health burnout in care professionals, including
Foundation) social workers.
1. Get closer to nature
2. Get more from your sleep 2. Try various strategies. Different self-
3. Keep moving care techniques may be more effective
4. Eat healthy food in different contexts. By trying multiple
self-care strategies, social workers can  Signs of Resilience
develop a wide range of tools for
managing stress and improving health 1. A survivor mentality:
and well-being. When people are resilient, they view
themselves as survivors. They know that even
3. Develop a plan. Social workers should when things are difficult, they can keep going
develop a plan for improving their self- until they make it through.
care practice, paying attention to their
own stressors, triggers and symptoms. 2. Effective emotional regulation:
Resilience is marked by an ability to manage
4. Know when to ask for help. Individuals emotions in the face of stress. This doesn’t
who are struggling to care for mean that resilient people don’t experience
themselves must know when to seek strong emotions such as anger, sadness, or fear.
help from others. Social workers can It means that they recognize those feelings are
turn to colleagues, mentors and temporary and can be managed until they pass.
supervisors for support — as well as
qualified mental health professionals — 3. Feeling in control:
when they’re unable to practice self- Resilient people tend to have a strong internal
care. locus of control and feel that their actions can
play a part in determining the outcome of
Mental health social workers engage mostly events.
with clients struggling to overcome addictive — Internal locus of control means that
behaviors, such as drug or alcohol abuse, or control comes from within. You have
mental health conditions, such as eating personal control over your own
disorders, clinical depression, and post- behavior.
traumatic stress disorder (PDSD) among others.
4. Problem-solving skills:
 CONCEPT OF RESILIENCY When problems arise, resilient people look at
the situation rationally and try to come up with
Resilience solutions that will make a difference.
—is the ability to cope with and recover from
setbacks. People who remain calm in the face of 5. Self-compassion:
disaster have resilience. Another sign of resilience is showing self-
—Resilience is the process and outcome of acceptance and self-compassion. Resilient
successfully adapting to difficult or challenging people treat themselves with kindness,
life experiences, especially through mental, especially when things are hard.
emotional, and behavioral flexibility and
adjustment to external and internal demands. 6. Social support:
—A resilient person is someone who has strong Having a solid network of supportive people is
coping skills and is able to marshall their another sign of resilience. Resilient people
available resources, ask for help when needed, recognize the importance of support and
and find ways to manage the situation they are knowing when they need to ask for help.
facing.
 TYPES OF RESILIENCY

1. Physical Resilience
Physical resilience refers to how the body deals
with change and recovers from physical
demands, illnesses, and injuries. Research  Pets/Connectedness to others
suggests that this type of resilience plays an  Good problem-solving skills
important role in health.  Medical compliance and a sense of the
importance of health and wellness
2. Mental Resilience
Mental resilience refers to a person’s ability to
adapt to change and uncertainty. People who Family Protective Factors
possess this type of resilience are flexible and  Strong interpersonal bonds, especially
calm during times of crisis. They use mental with family and adults
strength to solve problems, move forward, and  Family cohesion
remain hopeful even when they are facing  Parental presence at key times
setbacks.  Cultural and religious beliefs that
discourage suicide and support self-
3. Emotional Resilience preservation
Emotional resilience involves being able to  Ability to cope and handle crises
regulate emotions during times of stress.
Resilient people are aware of their emotional Community Protective Factors
reactions and tend to be in touch with their  Reasonably safe, stable environment
inner life. Because of this, they are also able to
 Effective care for mental and physical
calm their mind and manage their emotions
health and substance use problems
when they are dealing with negative
 Availability of counseling or trusted
experiences.
adult in the life of a youth
 Restricted access to firearms or other
4. Social Resilience
lethal means
Social resilience, which may also be called
 Opportunities to
community resilience, involves the ability of
contribute/participation in school
groups to recover from difficult situations. It
and/or the larger community
involves people connecting with others and
working together to solve problems that affect
Having good mental health makes life easier. It
people both individually and collectively.
helps us to calm and comfort ourselves when
we’re upset, to cope with the losses, changes,
 What are Protective Factors?
fears and uncertainties in life, to make and keep
good relationships with other people and to
Protective factors are influences that make it
learn. Having good mental health does not
less likely that individuals will develop a mental
mean feeling good all the time.
health problem. They include biological,
psychological, or social factors in the individual,
family, or community.

Individual Protective Factors

 Abstinence from alcohol and other
drugs
 Help-seeking behavior
 Friends and supportive significant
others
 Hope for the future
 Having goals