Course Code: CRI 170
Course Title: Theories of Crime Causation
Student’s Activity Sheet: Module #6
Name:_________________________________________________________ Class number: ______
Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________ Date:______________
Lesson Title: The Formula of Crime Causation Materials: Ballpen, Paper, Notebook
& SAS
Lesson Objectives: References:
At the end of this module, you should be able to:
1. identify the types of crime classification; and Textbook:
2. state briefly the formula of crime causation. Panugaling, G.C. and Caño, G. J.
(2019). Theories of Crime Causation.
Rex Book Store Inc.
Productivity Tip: Score: /40
To get a fresh set of ideas, try studying in a different place.
A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW
Introduction (2 mins)
Have a tremendous day to you there at your home! Our topic for today is all about “The
Formula of Crime Causation.” Do you know what the criminal formula of the existence of crime is?
You may ask yourself. If you knew then very well! Yes, our topic on the previous module was all about
the Development of Theory. If you’re going to analyze our topic today it is still connected with the
previous since today you will uncover the formula of the existence of crime which will later be discussed
on theories of crime causation. The learning objectives are: a) you should be able to state briefly the
formula of crime causation; and b) judge what element is significant for a crime not to happen. Are you
ready? Alright, you may begin with this first activity!
B. MAIN LESSON
Activity 1: Content Notes (13 mins)
Instructions: Read and analyze the concepts below and after that you
have to answer the questions that follow. Write it on the space provided.
Types of Crime Classification
Crime is a generic term which may be referred to as felony when it is punishable by the
Revised Penal Code, offense when punishable by the Special Law and misdemeanor when it violated
an ordinance. Crime based on the biblical point of view can be considered a sin. When Eve chose to
eat the forbidden fruit despite the warning of God not to eat that kind of fruit only shows that man by
nature is a sinner. We are created by virtue of sin. Logically speaking, all crimes are sin but not all sins
are crimes if there is no law punishing such act. Example, it is a sin to get envious, “For where envy
and self- seeking exist, confusion and every evil thing are there.” James 3:16, but it’s not a crime as
long as you have not harmed anybody.
The Normality of Crime
David Emile Durkheim maintained that criminality is a "normal" factor rather than a pathological
one. He indicates that crime is found in all societies, "Crime is normal because a society exempt from it
is utterly impossible". The "fundamental conditions of social organization-logically imply it." Crime is not
1
Course Code: CRI 170
Course Title: Theories of Crime Causation
Student’s Activity Sheet: Module #6
Name:_________________________________________________________ Class number: ______
Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________ Date:______________
due to any imperfection of human nature or society any more than birth or death may be considered
abnormal or pathological. It is all a part of the totality of society. "A society exempt from it (crime) would
necessitate a standardization of the moral concepts of all individuals which is neither possible nor
desirable." Durkheim maintains that crime is not only normal for society but that is necessary. Without
crime there could be no evolution in law.
([Link]
Dr. David Abrahamsen's Theory of the Etiology of Criminal Acts
According to Abrahamsen (Forensic Psychologist), "Crime is a product of the individual's
tendencies and the situation' of the moment interacting with his mental resistance. Letting 'C' stand for
crime, 'T' for tendencies, 'S' for situation, and 'R' for resistance, we derive the following formula:"
Abrahamsen points out that the "T" factor is not simply "aggressive tendencies" since they
are present in all men. "T" also refers to aggressive inclinations of an indirect nature; for instance,
projections, rebellious hostility towards anyone, protest reactions, or excessive motor activity. A criminal
act does not take place solely because of the release of repressed aggression, but may occur also
because the offender has built up a defense of aggression which is expressed tangentially by
projections, rejection of authority, protest' reactions, etc.
"S" the situation, is an indeterminate factor in mobilizing the criminal act. As each person has
a unique psychological make-up, it follows that only he can achieve a particular aim in a given
environment.
“R” the resistance to temptation, it is the ability to control one’s negative emotions, such as
bad temperament, anger, etc. According to Abrahamsen, personality reactions in criminals are by
nature comparable to those found in a disease." He also claims that a higher incidence of
psychosomatic disorders is to be found in the family constellation of the offender than in the family
members of psychotic or neurotic patients (Bates, 1949) as cited in
([Link]
C (the Act) = T (Criminal Tendency)+ S (Total Situation)
R (Resistance to Temptation)
Let us answer the question below based on your readings:
1. Based on the concept notes, who claimed this statement? “Without crime there could be no
evolution in law”
Emile Durkheim
Answer: ____________________________________________________________
2. What are the factors that include the etiology of criminal acts?
Answer: ____________________________________________________________
The etiology of criminal acts encompasses biological, psychological, social, environmental, childhood
experiences, socioeconomic, substance abuse, and cultural influences.
3. What are the types of crime classification?
Crimes can be classified into personal, property, financial, inchoate, white-collar, cyber, organized,
Answer: ____________________________________________________________
hate, violent, and drug-related crimes.
2
Course Code: CRI 170
Course Title: Theories of Crime Causation
Student’s Activity Sheet: Module #6
Name:_________________________________________________________ Class number: ______
Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________ Date:______________
Activity 2: Skill-building Activities (18 mins + 2 mins checking)
This is a self-assessment; you have to answer the question honestly. After that
check your answers against the Key to Corrections found at the end of this
SAS. Write your score on the space provided.
1.1 In your own idea, what do you think why crime exists? Limit your answer to five (5) sentences only.
Write your answer on the space provided. (5 points) Score: over 5
Crime exists as a result of a complicated confluence of variables. To begin with,
______________________________________________________________
socioeconomic inequality and limited possibilities contribute to criminal conduct
______________________________________________________________
by encouraging people to use illicit ways to achieve their requirements. Second,
______________________________________________________________
psychological characteristics such as impulsivity, lack of self-control, and
______________________________________________________________
antisocial tendencies can contribute to criminal behavior. Third, societal factors
______________________________________________________________
such as cultural standards, peer influence, and exposure to violence can all
______________________________________________________________
influence people's attitudes toward crime. Fourth, insufficient social support
systems, such as education, healthcare, and rehabilitation programs, may fail to
______________________________________________________________
address the underlying conditions that motivate people to commit crimes.
______________________________________________________________
Finally, the lack of effective law enforcement and the perception of mild
______________________________________________________________
sanctions may create a climate in which potential perpetrators are less deterred.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3.2 Using your imagination formulate your own scenario that will portray a specific crime using the
formula on crime causation or the______________________________________________________________
etiology of criminal acts. Write your answer on the box provided
below: (10 points) ______________________________________________________________
Score:
__________________________________ over 10
Mark, a young man in his early twenties, grew up in a dysfunctional family with addiction and
______________________________________________________________________________________________
limited opportunities. He became impulsive and self-controlled due to peer influence. As he faced
______________________________________________________________________________________________
financial pressures and unemployment, he joined a network of bank heists, eager to escape his
______________________________________________________________________________________________
circumstances. They executed their plan with precision, stealing cash and valuables from the bank.
______________________________________________________________________________________________
However, their plan was discovered and law enforcement quickly pursued them.
______________________________________________________________________________________________
Mark's upbringing, lack of opportunities, and vulnerability to peer influence contributed to his
______________________________________________________________________________________________
involvement in the bank robbery. Psychological assessments revealed impulsive tendencies and
______________________________________________________________________________________________
diminished self-control, exacerbating his susceptibility to criminal behavior. Mark's arrest led to
______________________________________________________________________________________________
intervention and rehabilitation, providing counseling, vocational training, and support services to
______________________________________________________________________________________________
address his psychological issues, improve decision-making skills, and facilitate his reintegration
______________________________________________________________________________________________
into society. This case highlights the importance of addressing these underlying factors to prevent
______________________________________________________________________________________________
future crimes and promote rehabilitation.
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
Activity 3: Check for Understanding (5 mins)
______________________________________________________________________________________________
This is a self-assessment; you have to answer these questions honestly.
______________________________
After that check your answers against the Key to Corrections found at the
end of this SAS. Write your score on your paper.
3
Course Code: CRI 170
Course Title: Theories of Crime Causation
Student’s Activity Sheet: Module #6
Name:_________________________________________________________ Class number: ______
Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________ Date:______________
3.1 Case Analysis: You study the scenario given below and then identify Score: over 5
what type of crime classification is asked in it. Is it felony, offense and
misdemeanor? Why? (5 points)
A fired at C and C was hit on the shoulder. But C's wound was not mortal. What A then did was to
approach C, and told C, ―Now you are dead, I will kill you. But A took pity and kept the revolver and
left. What crime has been committed? Is it attempted, frustrated or consummated? Write your answer
on the space provided.
According to the scenario, the crime committed was an attempted crime because A took significant efforts
toward hurting C but was unable to fully carry out the planned injury.
3.2 In this activity, you are going to discuss briefly the formula of crime Score: over 10
causation using your own words. You limit your answer to 3 sentences each
only. Write it on the space provided. (10 points)
Individual characteristics encompass biological, psychological, and genetic factors that can predispose
________________________________________________________________________________________________
individuals to engage in criminal acts or exhibit deviant behavior.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Social influences involve the impact of family, peers, and societal norms on an individual's behavior,
________________________________________________________________________________________________
shaping their attitudes, values, and choices, potentially leading to criminal behavior.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Environmental factors include socioeconomic conditions, neighborhood characteristics, and access to
opportunities, which can influence an individual's likelihood of involvement in criminal acts, reflecting
________________________________________________________________________________________________
the interaction between individuals and their surroundings.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
C.________________________________________________________________________________________________
LESSON WRAP-UP
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Q1. Is there a crime without a crime scene?
Answer: Yes. Example: Libel, swindling, estafa
Q2. Is sin a crime?
Answer: Not all sins are crimes unless there is a law that punishes the same; however, all crimes are
sins. Example: When you think killing someone but there is no physical act that you did the same there
is no crime but you have committed sin already.
Activity 4: Thinking About Learning (5 mins)
A. Work Tracker
You are done with this session! Let’s track your progress. Shade the session
number you just completed. You mark the place in the work tracker which is
simply a visual to help you to track how much work you have accomplished and
how much work there is left to do.
4
Course Code: CRI 170
Course Title: Theories of Crime Causation
Student’s Activity Sheet: Module #6
Name:_________________________________________________________ Class number: ______
Section: ____________ Schedule: ____________ Date:______________
B. Think About Your Learning
B.1 Instruction: There are two (2) parts of this activity; first I am going to ask you what surprised you
about the lesson today? Support your answer. Write it on the space provided. And then on the second
part would be your self-evaluation on achieving the learning targets.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
B.2 This is a self-evaluation on achieving the learning targets: Just place a check (/) mark on the
space provided.
1. I CAN identify the types of crime classification. _______
2. I CAN state the formula of crime causation. _______
KEY TO CORRECTIONS:
Rubrics on Activity 2.1 Rate
Organization of thoughts=2 points
Grammar = 1 points
Readability = 1 points
Neatness = 1 point
TOTAL= 5 points
Rubrics on Activity 2.2; 3.2 Rate
Organization of thoughts=4 points
Grammar = 3 points
Readability = 2 points
Neatness = 1 point
TOTAL= 10 points
Rubrics on Activity 3.1 Rate
Rationale on Activity 3.1
Suggested Answer: Felony; because attempted homicide is punished under the Revised Penal Code.
The crime committed is attempted homicide and not physical injuries, because there was an intention to
kill. The desistance was with the second shot and would not affect the first shot because the first shot
had already hit C. The second attempt has nothing to do with the first.
TEACHER-LED ACTIVITIES:
At-home learning session for the students:
1. Check and grade collected SAS and other input from students.
2. Schedule phone calls/virtual calls/virtual chats to individual students or small groups of students to
monitor work, provide guidance, answer questions, and check understanding.
Congratulations! That’s enough for today; study the module regarding “The Fundamental
Schools of Thought in Explaining the Causes of Crime.” Also read pages 25-29 of our textbook.
Thank you
