ELECTRICAL Engineering Interview

Questions and Answers

Section 1
1. What is electric traction?
Electric traction means using the electric power for traction system (i.e. for
railways,trams, trolleys etc).
Electric traction means use of the electricity for all the above machines. Now a
days, magnetic traction is also used for bullet [Link] basically dc motors are
used for electric traction systems.
2. How can you start-up the 40w tube lite with 230v AC/DC without using any
choke/Coil?
It’s possible by means of Electronic chokes,otherwise it’s not possible to ionize
the particles in tube light with normal voltage.
3. What is “pu” in electrical engineering?
Pu stands for per unit and this will be used in single line diagram of power
distribution and it is like a huge electrical circuit with no of components
(generators, transformers, loads) with different ratings (in MVA and KV). To bring
all the ratings into common platform we use pu concept in which, in general
largest MVA and KV ratings of the component is considered as base values, then
all other component ratings will get back into this [Link] values are called as
pu values. (p.u=actual value/base value).
4. Operation carried out in Thermal power stations?
The water is obtained in the boiler and the coal is burnt so that steam is obtained
this steam is allowed to hit the turbine , the turbine which is coupled with the
generator generates the electricity.
5. Why link is provided in neutral of an ac circuit and fuse in phase of ac circuit?
Link is provided at a Neutral common point in the circuit from which various
connection are taken for the individual control circuit and so it is given in a link
form to withstand high Amps. But in the case of Fuse in the Phase of AC circuit it
is designed such that the fuse rating is calculated for the particular circuit (i.e
load) [Link] if any malfunction happen the fuse connected in the particular
control circuit alone will blow off.

6. How tube light circuit is connected and how it works?

A choke is connected in one end of the tube light and a starter is in series with the
circuit. When supply is provided ,the starter will interrupt the supply cycle of AC.
Due to the sudden change of supply the chock will generate around 1000 volts .
This volt will capable of to break the electrons inside the tube to make electron
flow. once the current passes through the tube the starter circuit will be out of
part. now there is no change of supply causes choke voltage normalized and act
as minimize the current.
7. whats is MARX CIRCUIT?
It is used with generators for charging a number of capacitor in parallel and
discharging them in [Link] is used when voltage required for testing is higher
than the available.
8. What is encoder, how it function?
An encoder is a device used to change a signal (such as a bit stream) or data into a
code. The code may serve any of a number of purposes such as compressing
information for transmission or storage, encrypting or adding redundancies to the
input code, or translating from one code to another. This is usually done by
means of a programmed algorithm,especially if any part is digital, while most
analog encoding is done with analog
circuitry.
9. What are the advantages of speed control using thyristor?
Advantages :
Fast Switching Characteristics than Mosfet, BJT, IGBT
Low cost
Higher Accurate.
10. Why Human body feel Electric shock ?? n in an Electric train
during running , We did nt feel any Shock ? why?
Unfortunately our body is a pretty good conductor of electricity, The golden rule
is Current takes the lowest resistant path if you have insulation to our feet as the
circuit is not complete (wearing rubber footwear which doing some repairs is
advisable as our footwear is a high resistance path not much current flows
through our body).The electric train is well insulated from its electrical system.
11. what is the principle of motor?
Whenever a current carrying conductor is placed in an magnetic field it produce
turning or twisting movement is called as torque.
12. Why, when birds sit on transmission lines or current wires
doesn’t get shock?
Its true that if birds touch the single one line (phase or neutral) they don’t get
electrical shock… if birds touch 2 lines than the circuit is closed and they get
electrical shock.. so if a human touch single one line(phase) then he doesn’t get
shock if he is in the air (not touching – standing on the ground if he is standing on
the ground then touching the line (phase) he will get a shock because the ground
on what we standing is like line (ground bed – like neutral)? and in the most of
electric lines the neutral is grounded..so that means that human who touch the
line closes the circuit between phase and neutral.
13. what is meant by armature reaction?
The effect of armature flu to main flux is called armature reaction. The armature
flux may support main flux or opposes main flux.
14. what happen if we give 220 volts dc supply to d bulb r tube
light?
Bulbs [devices] for AC are designed to operate such that it offers high impedance
to AC supply. Normally they have low resistance. When DC supply is applied, due
to low resistance, the current through lamp would be so high that it may damage
the bulb element.
15. Which motor has high Starting Torque and Staring current
DC motor, Induction motor or Synchronous motor?
DC Series motor has high starting torque. We can not start the Induction motor
and Synchronous motors on load, but can not start the DC series motor without
load.
16. what is ACSR cable and where we use it?
ACSR means Aluminium conductor steel reinforced, this conductor is used in
transmission & distribution.
17. What is vacuum circuit [Link] with cause and where
be use it Device?
A breaker is normally used to break a circuit. while breaking the circuit, the
contact terminals will be separated.
At the time of separation an air gap is formed in between the terminals. Due to
existing current flow the air in the gap is ionized and results in the arc. various
mediums are used to quench this arc in respective CB’s. but in VCB the medium is
vacuum gas. since the air in the CB is having vacuum pressure the arc formation is
interrupted. VCB’s can be used up to kv.
18. What will happen when power factor is leading in
distribution of power?
If their is high power factor, i.e if the power factor is close to one:
losses in form of heat will be reduced,
cable becomes less bulky and easy to carry, and very cheap to afford, &
it also reduces over heating of transformers.
19. whats the one main difference between UPS & inverter ? And
electrical engineering & electronics engineering ?
uninterrupt power supply is mainly use for short time . means according to ups VA
it gives backup. ups is also two types : on line and offline . online ups having high
volt and amp for long time backup with with high dc [Link] ups start with 2v
dc with 7 amp. but inverter is start with 2v,24,dc to 36v dc and 20amp to 80amp
battery with long time backup.
20. What is 2 phase motor?
A two phase motor is a motor with the the starting winding and the running
winding have a phase split.
e.g;ac servo [Link] the auxiliary winding and the control winding have a
phase split of 90 degree.
21. Advantages of vvvf drives over non vvvf drives for EOT
cranes?
smooth start and stop.
no jerking of load.
exact positioning
better protection for motor.
high/low speed selection.
reliability of break shoe.
programmable break control.
easy circuitry
reduction in controls
increases motor life
22. What is the significance of vector grouping in Power
Transformers?
Every power transformer has a vector group listed by its manufacturer.
Fundamentally it tells you the information about how the windings are connected
(delta or wye) and the phace difference between the current and voltage. EG.
DYN means Delta primary, Wye Secondry and the current is at o clock referred to
the voltage.
23. Which type of A.C motor is used in the fan (ceiling fan,
exhaust fan, pedestal fan, bracket fan etc) which are find in the
houses ?
Its Single Phase induction motor which mostly squirrel cage rotor and are
capacitor start capacitor run.
24. Give two basic speed control scheme of DC shunt motor?
By using flux control method:in this method a rheostat is connected across the
field winding to control the field [Link] by changing the current the flux
produced by the field winding can be changed, and since speed is inversely
proportional to flux speed can be controlled .armature control method:in this
method a rheostat is connected across armature winding by varying the
resistance the value of resistive drop(IaRa)can be varied,and since speed is
directly proportional to Eb-IaRa the speed can be controlled.
25. what is the principle of motor?
Whenever a current carrying conductor is placed in an magnetic field it produce
turning or twisting movement is called as torque.
26. what is meant by armature reaction?
The effect of armature flu to main flux is called armature reaction. The armature
flux may support main flux or opposes main flux.
27. Give two basic speed control scheme of DC shunt motor?
By using flux control method:in this method a rheostat is connected across the
field winding to control the field [Link] by changing the current the flux
produced by the field winding can be changed, and since speed is inversely
proportional to flux speed can be controlled .armature control method:in this
method a rheostat is connected across armature [Link] varying the resistance
the value of resistive drop(IaRa)can be varied,and since speed is directly
proportional to Eb-IaRa the speed can be controlled.
28. what is the difference between synchronous generator &
asynchronous generator?
In simple, synchronous generator supply’s both active and reactive power but
asynchronous generator(induction generator) supply’s only active power and
observe reactive power for [Link] type of generators are used in
windmills.
29. What is the Polarization index value ? (pi value)and simple
definition of polarization index ?
Its ratio between insulation resistance(IR)i.e meggar value for 0min to insulation
resistance for min. It ranges from 5-7 for new motors & normally for motor to be
in good condition it should be Greater than .5 .
30. Why syn. generators are used for the production of
electricity?
synchronous machines have capability to work on different power factor(or say
different imaginary power varying the field emf. Hence syn. generators r used for
the production of electricity.
31. What is the difference between synchronous generator &
asynchronous generator?
In simple, synchronous generator supply’s both active and reactive power but
asynchronous generator(induction generator) supply’s only active power and
observe reactive power for [Link] type of generators are used in
windmills.
32. 1 ton is equal to how many watts?
1 ton = 12000 BTU/hr and to convert BTU/hr to horsepower, 12,000 * 0.000929 =
4.715 hp therefore 1 ton = 4.715*.746 = .5 KW.
33. why syn. generators r used for the production of electricity?
synchronous machines have capability to work on different power factor(or say
different imaginary pow varying the field emf. Hence syn. generators r used for
the production of electricity.
34. Enlist types of dc generator?
[Link] are classified into two types:
separately excited [Link]
self excited [Link],
which is further classified into;1)series 2)shunt and compound(which is further
classified into cumulative and differential).
35. What is Automatic Voltage regulator(AVR)?
AVR is an abbreviation for Automatic Voltage [Link] is important part in
Synchronous Generators, it controls the output voltage of the generator by
controlling its excitation current. Thus it can control the output Reactive Power of
the Generator.
36. What is an exciter and how does it work?
There are two types of exciters, static exciter and rotory [Link] of excitor
is to supply the excitation dc voltage to the fixed poles of [Link] excitor
is an additional small generator mounted on the shaft of main generator. if it is dc
generator, it will supply dc to the rotory poles through slip ring and brushes(
conventional alternator). if it is an ac excitor, out put of ac excitor is rectified by
rotating diodes and supply dc to main fixed [Link] excitor is the ac generator
whose field winding are stationary and armature rotates. initial voltage is built up
by residual [Link] gives the starting torque to the generator.
37. Difference between a four point starter and three point
starter?
The shunt connection in four point stater is provided separately form the line
where as in three point stater it is connected with line which is the drawback in
three point stater
38. Why use the VCB at High Transmission System ? Why can’t
use ACB?
Actually the thing is vacuum has high arc quenching property compare to air
because in VCB ,the die electric strengths equal to 8 times of air . That y always
vacuum used as inHT breaker and air used as in LT .
39. What is the difference between surge arrestor and lightning
arrestor?
LA is installed outside and the effect of lightning is grounded,where as surge
arrestor installed inside panels comprising of resistors which consumes the
energy and nullify the effect of surge.
40. What happens if i connect a capacitor to a generator load?
Connecting a capacitor across a generator always improves power factor,but it
will help depends up on the engine capacity of the alternator,other wise the
alternator will be over loaded due to the extra watts consumed due to the
improvement on pf. Secondly, don’t connect a capacitor across an alternator
while it is picking up or without any other load.
41. Why the capacitors works on ac only?
Generally capacitor gives infinite resistance to dc components(i.e., block the dc
components). it allows the ac
components to pass through.
42. Explain the working principal of the circuit breaker?
Circuit Breaker is one which makes or breaks the [Link] has two contacts
namely fixed contact & moving [Link] normal condition the moving
contact comes in contact with fixed contact thereby forming the closed contact
for the flow of current. During abnormal & faulty conditions(when current
exceeds the rated value) an arc is produced between the fixed & moving contacts
& thereby it forms the open circuit Arc is extinguished by the Arc Quenching
media like air, oil, vacuum etc.
43. How many types of colling system it transformers?
ONAN (oil natural,air natural)
ONAF (oil natural,air forced)
OFAF (oil forced,air forced)
ODWF (oil direct,water forced)
OFAN (oil forced,air forced)
44. Define What is the function of anti-pumping in circuit
breaker?
when breaker is close at one time by close push button,the anti pumping
contactor prevent re close the breaker by close push button after if it already
close.
45. What is stepper [Link] is its uses?
Stepper motor is the electrical machine which act upon input pulse applied to it. it
is one type of synchronous motor which runs in steps in either direction instead of
running in complete [Link], in automation parts it is used.
46. How to calculate capacitor bank value to maintain unity
power factor with some suitable example?
KVAR= KW(TAN(COS(-1)#e)- TAN(COS(-1)#d) )
#e= EXISTING P.F.
#d= DESIRED P.F.
47. Tell me in detail about c.t. and p.t. ?(Company:reliance)
The term C.T means current transformer,and the term P.T means potential
[Link] circuit where measurements of high voltage and high current is
involved they are used [Link] when a measuring device like voltmeter
or ammeter is not able to measure such high value of quantity because of large
value of torque due to such high value it can damage the measuring [Link], CT
and PT are introduced in the circuits.
They work on the same principle of transformer, which is based on linkage of
electromagnetic flux produced by primary with [Link] work on the ratio
to they are designed.E.g if CTis of ratio 50005A and it has to measure secondary
current of [Link] ANS=8000*55000=8Aand this result will be given to
ammeter .and after measuring 8A we can calculate the primary [Link] is
the operation of PT but measuring voltage.
48. There are a Transformer and an induction machine. Those
two have the same supply. For which device the load current will
be maximum? And why?
The motor has max load current compare to that of transformer because the
motor consumes real power.. and the transformer is only producing the working
flux and its not consuming.. hence the load current in the transformer is because
of core loss so it is minimum.
49. What is power factor? whether it should be high or low?
why?
Power factor should be high in order to get smooth operation of the [Link]
power factor means losses will be [Link] is the ratio of true power to apparent
power. it has to be ideally 1. if it is too low then cable over heating & equipment
overloading will occur. if it is greater than 1 then load will act as capacitor and
starts feeding the source and will cause tripping.(if pf is poor ex: 0.17 to meet
actual power load has to draw
more current(V constant),result in more losses if pf is good ex: 0.95 to meet
actual power load has to draw less current(V constant),result in less losses).
50. What is the difference between Isolator and Circuit Breaker?
Isolator is a off load device which is used for isolating the downstream circuits
from upstream circuits for the reason of any maintenance on downstream
circuits. it is manually operated and does not contain any solenoid unlike circuit
breaker. it should not be operated while it is having load. first the load on it must
be made zero and then it can safely operated. its specification only rated current
is [Link] circuit breaker is
onload automatic device used for breaking the circuit in case of abnormal
conditions like short circuit, overload etc., it is having three specification 1 is rated
current and 2 is short circuit breaking capacity and 3 is instantaneous tripping
current.
51. what is boucholz relay and the significance of it in to the
transformer?
Boucholz relay is a device which is used for the protection of transformer from its
internal faults, it is a gas based relay. whenever any internal fault occurs in a
transformer, the boucholz relay at once gives a horn for some time, if the
transformer is isolated from the circuit then it stop its sound itself other wise it
trips the circuit by its own tripping mechanism.
52. What is SF6 Circuit Breaker?
SF6 is Sulpher hexa Flouride gas.. if this gas is used as arc quenching medium in a
Circuitbreaker means SF6 CB.
53. What is frantic effect?
Output voltage is greater than the input voltage or receiving end voltage is
greater than the sending end voltage.
54. What is meant by insulation voltage in cables? explain it?
It is the property of a cable by virtue of it can withstand the applied voltage
without rupturing it is known as insulation level of the cable.
55. Why we do 2 types of earthing on transformer (ie:)body
earthing & neutral earthing , what is function. i am going to
install a oo kva transformer & 380 kva DG set what should the
earthing value?
The two types of earthing are Familiar as Equipment earthing and system
earthing. In Equipment earthing:
body ( non conducting part)of the equipment shouldd be earthed to safegaurd
the human [Link] Earthing : In this neutral of the supply source (
Transformer or Generator) should be grounded. With this,in case of unbalanced
loading neutral will not be [Link] that unbalanced voltages will not arise. We
can protect the equipment also. With size of the equipment( transformer or
alternator)and selection of relying system earthing will be further classified into
directly earthed,Impedance earthing, resistive (NGRs) earthing.
56. What is the difference between MCB & MCCB, Where it can
be used?
MCB is miniature circuit breaker which is thermal operated and use for short
circuit protection in small current rating circuit. MCCB moulded case circuit
breaker and is thermal operated for over load current and magnetic operation for
instant trip in short circuit [Link] voltage and under frequency may be
inbuilt. Normally it is used where normal current is more than 100A.
57. Where should the lighting arrestor be placed in distribution
lines?
Near distribution transformers and out going feeders of 11kv and incomming
feeder of 33kv and near power transformers in sub-stations.
58. Define IDMT relay?
It is an inverse definite minimum time [Link] IDMT relay its operating is inversely
proportional and also a characteristic of minimum time after which this relay
[Link] is inverse in the sense ,the tripping time will decrease as the
magnitude of fault current increase.
59. What are the transformer losses?
TRANSFORMER LOSSES – Transformer losses have two sources-copper loss and
magnetic loss. Copper losses are caused by the resistance of the wire (I2R).
Magnetic losses are caused by eddy currents and hysteresis in the core. Copper
loss is a constant after the coil has been wound and therefore a measurable loss.
Hysteresis loss is constant for a particular voltage and current. Eddy-current loss,
however, is different for each frequency passed through the transformer.
60. What is the count of hvdc transmission lines in India?
Resolution:At present there are three hvdc transmission lines in india
chandrapur to padghe(mumbai)–(100 MW at ±00 kV DC)
rehand to delhi (100 MW at ±00 kV DC)
talchal to kolar (200 MW)
61. What is meant by regenerative braking?
Resolution:When the supply is cutt off for a running motor, it still continue
running due to inertia. In order to stop it quickly we place a load(resitor) across
the armature winding and the motor should have maintained continuous field
supply. so that back e.m.f voltage is made to apply across the resistor and due to
load the motor stops [Link] type of breaking is called as “Regenerative
Breaking”.
62. Why is the starting current high in a DC motor?
Resolution:In DC motors, Voltage equation is V=Eb-IaRa (V = Terminal voltage,Eb =
Back emf in Motor,Ia = Armature current,Ra = Aramture resistance).At starting, Eb
is zero. Therefore, V=IaRa, Ia = V/Ra ,where Ra is very less like 0.01ohm.i.e, Ia will
become enormously increased.
63. What are the advantages of star-delta starter with induction
motor?
Resolution:
(1). The main advantage of using the star delta starter is reduction of current
during the starting of the [Link] current is reduced to 3-4 times Of
current of Direct online starting.
(2). Hence the starting current is reduced , the voltage drops during the starting of
motor in systems are reduced.
64. Why Delta Star Transformers are used for Lighting Loads?
Resolution:For lighting loads, neutral conductor is must and hence the secondary
must be star winding. and this lighting load is always unbalanced in all three
phases. To minimize the current unbalance in the primary we use delta winding in
the primary. So delta / star transformer is used for lighting loads.
65. Why in a three pin plug the earth pin is thicker and longer
than the other pins?
Resolution:It depends upon R=rho l/a where area(a) is inversely proportional to
resistance (R), so if (a) increases, R decreases & if R is less the leakage current will
take low resistance path so the earth pin should be thicker. It is longer because
the The First to make the connection and Last to disconnnect should be earth Pin.
This assures Safety for the person who uses the electrical instrument.
66. Why series motor cannot be started on no-load?
Resolution:Series motor cannot be started without load because of high starting
torque. Series motor are used in Trains, Crane etc.
67. Why ELCB can’t work if N input of ELCB do not connect to
ground?
Resolution:ELCB is used to detect earth leakage fault. Once the phase and neutral
are connected in an ELCB, the current will flow through phase and that much
current will have to return neutral so resultant current is zero. Once there is a
ground fault in the load side, current from phase will directly pass through earth
and it will not return through neutral through ELCB. That means once side current
is going and not returning and hence
because of this difference in current ELCB wil trip and it will safe guard the other
circuits from faulty loads. If the neutral is not grounded, fault current will
definitely high and that full fault current will come back through ELCB, and there
will be no difference in current.
68. How electrical power is generated by an A.C Generator?
For the generation of elect power we need a prime mover which supplies
mechanical power input to the
alternator, can be steam turbines,or hydro turbines .When poles of the rotor
moves under the armature
conductors which are placed on the stator ,field flux cut the armature conductor
,therefore voltage is generated
and is of sinusoidal in nature…due to polarity change of rotor poles(i,e) N-S-N-S.
69. Why an ac solenoid valve attract the plunger even though we
interchanges the terminal? Will the poles changes?
Yes because the poles changes for every half-cycle of ac voltage so the polarity of
AC voltage is continuously changing for every half cycle. so, interchanging of
terminals in ac system does not show any difference. That’s why the ac solenoid
attract the plunger even though it’s terminals are interchanged.
70. What is derating?, why it is necessary, it is same for all
means for drives, motors,and cables.
The current currying of cables will change depending upon the site temperature
(location of site), type of run (it will run through duct, trench, buried etc.),
number of tray, depth of trench, distance between cables. Considering this
condition actual current currying capacity of cable reduce than current currying
capacity (which given to cable Catalogue) this is called derating.
71. Why temperature rise is conducted in bus bars and isolators?
Bus bars and isolators are rated for continuous power flow, that means they carry
heavy currents which rises their temperature. so it is necessary to test this devices
for temperature rise.
72. When voltage increases then current also increases then
what is the need of over voltage relay and over current relay?
Can we measure over voltage and over current by measuring
current only?
[Link] can’t sense the over voltage by just measuring the current only because
the current increases not only for over voltages but also for under voltage(As
most of the loads are non-linear in nature).So,the over voltage protection & over
current protection are completely different. Over voltage relay meant for sensing
over voltages & protect the system from insulation break down and firing. Over
current relay meant for sensing any
internal short circuit, over load condition ,earth fault thereby reducing the system
failure & risk of [Link], for a better protection of the [Link] should have both
over voltage & over current relay.
73. If one lamp connects between two phases it will glow or not?
If the voltage between the two phase is equal to the lamp voltage then the lamp
will glow. When the voltage difference is big it will damage the lamp and when
the difference is smaller the lamp will glow depending on the type of lamp.
74. How do you select a cable size (Cu & Al) for a particular load?
At first calculate the electrical current of the load, after that derate the electrical
current considering derating factor(depending on site condition and laying of
cable) after choose the cable size from cable catalog considering derating
electrical [Link] that measure the length of cable required from supply
point of load to load poin. Calculate the voltage drop which will max 3%
(resistance and reactance of cable found from
cable catalog of selecting cable) if voltage drop>3% then choose next higher size
of cable.
75. What are HRC fuses and where it is used?
HRC stand for “high rupturing capacity” fuse and it is used in distribution system
for electrical transformers.
76. Which power plant has high load factor?
All base load power plants have a high load factor. If we use high efficiency power
plants to supply the base load,we can reduce the cost of [Link] power
plants have a higher efficiency than thermal & nuclear power plants.
77. Mention the methods for starting an induction motor?
The different methods of starting an induction motor
DOL:direct online starter
Star delta starter
Auto transformer starter
Resistance starter
Series reactor starter
78. What is the difference between earth resistance and earth
electrode resistance?
Only one of the terminals is evident in the earth resistance. In order to find the
second terminal we should recourse to its definition: Earth Resistance is the
resistance existing between the electrically accessible part of a buried electrode
and another point of the earth, which is far away. The resistance of the electrode
has the following components:
(A) the resistance of the metal and that of the connection to it.
(B) the contact resistance of the surrounding earth to the electrode.
79. Explain What is use of lockout relay in ht voltage?
A lock-out relay is generally placed in line before or after the e-stop switch so the
power can be shut off at one central location. This relay is powered by the same
electrical source as the control power and is operated by a key lock switch. The
relay itself may have up to 24 contact points within the unit itself. This allows the
control power for multiple machines to be locked out by the turn of a single key
switch.
80. What is the power factor of an alternator at no load?
At no load Synchronous Impedance of the alternator is responsible for creating
angle difference. So it should be zero lagging like inductor.
81. Explain How to determine capacitor tolerance codes?
Resolution:In electronic circuits, the capacitor tolerance can be determined by a
code that appears on the casing. The code is a letter that often follows a three-
digit number (such as 130Z).The first two are the 1st and 2nd significant digits and
the third is a multiplier code. Most of the time the last digit tells you how many
zeros to write after the first two digits and these are read as Pico-Farads.
82. Why most of analog o/p devices having o/p range 4 to 20 mA
and not 0 to 20 mA?
Resolution:4-20 mA is a standard range used to indicate measured values for any
process. The reason that 4ma is chosen instead of 0 mA is for fail safe operation
.For example- a pressure instrument gives output 4mA to indicate 0 psi, up to 20
mA to indicate 100 psi, or full scale. Due to any problem in instrument (i.e) broken
wire, its output reduces to 0 mA. So if range is 0-20 mA then we can differentiate
whether it is due to broken
wire or due to 0 psi.
83. Two bulbs of 100w and 40w respectively connected in series
across a 230v supply which bulb will glow bright and why?
Resolution:Since two bulbs are in series they will get equal amount of electrical
current but as the supply voltage is constant across the bulb(P=V^2/R).So the
resistance of 40W bulb is greater and voltage across 40W is more (V=IR) so 40W
bulb will glow brighter.
84. What is meant by knee point voltage?
Resolution:Knee point voltage is calculated for electrical Current transformers and
is very important factor to choose a CT. It is the voltage at which a CT gets
saturated.(CT-current transformer).
85. What is reverse power relay?
Resolution:Reverse Power flow relay are used in generating stations’s protection.
A generating stations is supposed to fed power to the grid and in case generating
units are off,there is no generation in the plant then plant may take power from
grid. To stop the flow of power from grid to generator we use reverse power
relay.
86. What will happen if DC supply is given on the primary of a
transformer?
Resolution:Mainly transformer has high inductance and low [Link] case of
DC supply there is no inductance ,only resistance will act in the –> electrical
circuit. So high electrical current will flow through primary side of the
[Link] for this reason coil and insulation will burn out.
87. What is the difference between isolators and –>electrical
circuit breakers? What is bus-bar?
Resolution:Isolators are mainly for switching purpose under normal conditions
but they cannot operate in fault conditions .Actually they used for isolating the
CBs for maintenance. Whereas CB gets activated under fault conditions according
to the fault [Link] bar is nothing but a junction where the power is getting
distributed for independent loads.
88. What are the advantage of free wheeling diode in a Full Wave
rectifier?
Resolution:It reduces the harmonics and it also reduces sparking and arching
across the mechanical switch so that it reduces the voltage spike seen in a
inductive load
89. What is the function of interposing current transformer?
Resolution:The main function of an interposing current transformer is to balance
the currents supplied to the relay where there would otherwise be an imbalance
due to the ratios of the main current transformers.
Interposing current transformer are equipped with a wide range of taps that can
be selected by the user to achieve the balance required.
90. What are Motor Generator Sets and explain the different
ways the motor generator set can be used ?
Resolution:Motor Generator Sets are a combination of an electrical generator and
an engine mounted together to form a single piece of equipment. Motor
generator set is also referred to as a genset, or more commonly, a generator.
The motor generator set can used in the following different ways:
Alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC)
DC to AC
DC at one voltage to DC at another voltage
AC at one frequency to AC at another harmonically-related frequency
91. Define what is power quality meter ?
Power Quality meters are common in many industrial environment. Small units
are now available for home use as well. They give operators the ability to monitor
the both perturbations on the power supply, as well as power used within a
building, or by a single machine or appliance. In some situations, equipment
function and operation is monitored and controlled from a remote location where
communication is via modem, or highspeed
communication [Link] we can understand the importance of power
measurement through power quality meters.
92. What is the different between digital phase converter and
ordinary phase converter?
Digital phase converter are a recent development in phase converter technology
that utilizes proprietary software in a powerful microprocessor to control solid
state power switching components. This microprocessor, called a digital signal
processor (DSP), monitors the phase conversion process, continually adjusting the
input and output modules of the converter to maintain perfectly balanced three-
phase power under all load conditions.
93. Explain the operation of variable frequency transformer?
A variable frequency transformer is used to transmit electricity between two
asynchronous alternating current domains. A variable frequency transformer is a
doubly-fed electric machine resembling a vertical shaft hydroelectric generator
with a three-phase wound rotor, connected by slip rings to one external ac power
circuit.
A direct-current torque motor is mounted on the same shaft. Changing the
direction of torque applied to the shaft changes the direction of power flow; with
no applied torque, the shaft rotates due to the difference in frequency between
the networks connected to the rotor and [Link] variable frequency
transformer behaves as a continuously adjustable phase-shifting transformer. It
allows control of the power flow between two
networks .
94. What is the main use of rotary phase converter ?
Rotary phase converter will be converting single phase power into true balanced 3
phase power,so it is often called as single phase to three phase converter . Often
the advantages of 3 phase motors, and other 3 phase equipment, make it
worthwhile to convert single phase to 3 phase so that small and large consumers
need not want to pay for the extra cost of a 3 phase service but may still wish to
use 3 phase equipment.
95. Use of switch mode power converter in real-time basis?
Switch mode power converter can be used in the following 5 different ways
step down an unregulated dc input voltage to produce a regulated dc output
voltage using a circuit known as Buck Converter or Step-Down SMPS,
step up an unregulated dc input voltage to produce a regulated dc output voltage
using a circuit known as Boost Converter or Step-Up SMPS,
step up or step down an unregulated dc input voltage to produce a regulated dc
output voltage,
invert the input dc voltage using usually a circuit such as the Cuk converter, and
produce multiple dc outputs using a circuit such as the fly-back converter.
96. Which type of oil is used as a transformer oil?
Transformer oil, or insulating oil, is usually a highly-refined mineral oil that is
stable at high temperatures and has excellent electrical insulating properties. It is
used in oil filled transformers, some types of high voltage capacitors, fluorescent
lamp ballasts, and some types of high voltage switches and circuit breakers. Its
functions are to insulate, suppress corona and arcing, and to serve as a coolant.
Well into the 170s, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)s were often used as a
dielectric fluid since they are not flammable. They are toxic, and under
incomplete combustion, can form highly toxic products such as furan.
Starting in the early 170s, concerns about the toxicity of PCBs have led to their
banning in many countries.
Today, non-toxic, stable silicon-based or fluoridated hydrocarbons are used,
where the added expense of a fireresistant liquid offsets additional building cost
for a transformer vault. Combustion-resistant vegetable oil-based dielectric
coolants and synthetic pentaerythritol tetra fatty acid (C7, C8) esters are also
becoming increasingly common as alternatives to naphthenic mineral oil. Esters
are non-toxic to aquatic life, readily biodegradable, and have a lower volatility and
higher flash points than mineral oil.
97. If we give 2334 A, 540V on Primary side of 1.125 MVA step up
transformer, then what will be the Secondary Current, If
Secondary Voltage=11 KV?
As we know the Voltage & current relation for transformer-V1/V2 = I2/I1
We Know, VI= 540 V; V2=11KV or 11000 V; I1= 2334 Amps.
By putting these value on Relation-
540/11000= I2/2334
So,I2 = 114.5 Amps
98. what are the points to be consider for MCB(miniature circuit
breaker selection?
I(L)*1.25=I(MAX) maximum current. Mcb specification are done on maximum
current flow in circuit.
99. What is the full form of KVAR?
We know there are three types of power in Electrical as Active, apparent &
reactive. So KVAR is stand for “Kilo
Volt Amps with Reactive component.
100. What is excitation?
Excitation is applying an external voltage to DC shunt coil in DC motors.
ELECTRICAL Interview Questions ::
101. In three pin plug 6 Amp. 220v AC rating. why earth pin
diameter is higher than other two pin? what its purpose ?
Because Current flow in the conductor is inversely proportional to the conductor
diameter. So if any short circuits occur in the system first high currents bypassed
in the Earthling terminal.( R=Pl/a area of the conductor increases resistance value
decreases)
102. Difference between megger test equipment and contact
resistance meter test instruments?
Megger test equipment used to measure cable electric resistance, conductor
continuity, phase identification where as contact resistance meter test
instruments used to measure low resistance like relays ,contactors.
103. When we connect the large capacitor bank in series ?
we connect large capacitor bank in series to improve the voltage power supply at
the load end in balanced transmission line when there is considerable voltage
drop along the balanced transmission line due to high impedance of the [Link] in
order to bring the voltage at the load terminals within its limits (i.e (+ or – %6 )of
the rated high terminal voltage )the large capacitor bank is used in series.
104. What is electrical diversity factor in electrical installations?
Electrical diversity factor is the ratio of the sum of the individual maximum
demands of the various subdivisions of a system, or part of a system, to the
maximum demand of the whole system, or part of the system, under
consideration. Electrical diversity factor is usually more than one.
105. Why field rheostat is kept in minimum position while
armature rheostat at maximum position?
In motors at the time of starting the armature resistance is introduced to reduce
the high starting current and the field resistance is kept minimum to have high
starting torque.
106. Why computer humming sound occurred in HT
transmission line?
This computer humming sound is coming due to ionization (breakdown of air into
charged particles) of air around transmission conductor. This effect is called as
Corona effect, and it is considered as power loss.
107. Explain What is rated speed?
At the time of motor taking normal current (rated current)the speed of the motor
is called rated speed. It is a speed at which any system take small current and give
maximum efficiency.
108. What is different between resistance grounding system and
resistance earthing system?
Resistance grounding system means connecting the neutral point of the load to
the ground to carry the residual current in case of unbalanced conditions through
the neutral to the ground whereas resistance earthing system is done in an
electric equipment in order to protect he equipment in occurrence of fault in the
system.
109. Why should be the frequency 50 Hz 60Hz only why not
others like 45, 95 56 or anything , why should we maintain the
frequency constant if so why it is only 50 Hz 60Hz?
We can have the frequency at any frequency you like, but than you must also
make your own motors,high voltage transformers or any other equipment you
want to [Link] maintain the frequency at 50hz or 60hz because the world
maintains a standard at 50 /60hz and the equipments are are made to operate at
these frequency.
110. How to determine alternating current frequency?
Zero crossings of the sine wave to trigger a monostable (pulse generator) is a way
to determine alternating current frequency. A fixed width pulse is generated for
each cycle. Thus there are “n” pulses per second, each with with a constant
energy. The more pulses there are per second, the more the energy. The pulses
are integrated (filtered or averaged) to get a steady DC voltage which is
proportional to frequency. This voltage can then be displayed on an analogue or
digital voltmeter, indicating frequency. This method is more suitable than a direct
counter, as it can get good accuracy in a second or so.
111. Why electricity in India is in the multiples of 11 like 11kv,
22kv, 33kv ?
Transformer Induced voltage equation contains 4.44 factor.
E=4.44*f*T*phi
E -Induced emf per phase
T -number of turns
f -frequency
phi -maximum flux per pole
From the equation we see that E is proportional to 4.4 and it is in turn multiple of
11.
So always transmission voltage is multiple of 11
112. Why we use ac system in India why not dc ?
Firstly, the output of power stations comes from a rotary turbine, which by it’s
nature is AC and therefore requires no power electronics to convert to DC.
Secondly it is much easier to change the voltage of AC electricity for transmission
and distribution. thirdly the cost of plant associated with AC transmission (circuit
breakers, transformers etc) is much lower than the equivilant of DC transmission
AC transmission provides a number of technical advantages. When a fault on the
network occurs, a large fault current occurs. In an AC system this becomes much
easier to interupt, as the sine wave current will naturally tend to zero at some
point making the current easier to interrupt.
113. Which type of motor is used in trains, what is the rating of
supply used explain Working principal?
Dc series is in the trains to get high starting torque while starting of the trains and
operating voltage is 1500v dc.
114. Battery banks are in connected in series or parallel and
why?
Battery banks are always connected in series in order to get a multiplied voltage
where the AH or current capacity remaining same. Ex : 24 nos. 2V,200Ah batteries
connected in series will give 48V,200Ah output (AH = Ampere hours)
115. What is inrush current?
Inrush current is the current drawn by a piece of electrically operated equipment
when power is first applied. It can occur with AC or DC powered equipment, and
can happen even with low supply voltages.
116. In a Tap changing transformer where is the tap connected, is
it connected in the primary side or secondary side?
Tapings are connected to high voltage winding side, because of low current. If we
connect tapings to low voltage side, sparks will produce while tap changing
operation due to high current.
117. Why transformer ratings are in kva?
Since the power factor of transformer is dependent on load we only define VA
rating and does not include power factor .In case of motors, power factor depend
on construction and hence rating of motors is in KWatts and include power factor.
118. Define what is difference between fuse and breaker?
Fuses are burned at the time of over current flows in the circuit but breakers are
just open(not burn) at the time of over current flow. Fuses are used in only one
time but breakers are used by multiple number of times.
119. What is the difference between delta-delta, delta-star
transformer?
Delta-delta transformer is used at generating station or a receiving station for
Change of Voltage (i,e) generally it is used where the Voltage is high & Current is
[Link]-star is a distribution kind of transformer where from secondary star
neutral is taken as a return path and this configuration is used for Step down
voltage phenomena.
120. Capacitor is load free component but why ampere meter
shows current when capacitor bank breaker close?
As we know that Electrical is having two type of load, Active and Reactive
.Capacitor is a reactive load which is not considering as a load,& its factor is Isin@
.Meter is design based on Current RMS value because of it meter is showing the
current RMS value.
121. What’s electric traction?
Traction implies with the electric power for traction system i. e. for railways,
trams, trolleys etc. electric traction implies use of the electricity for all these. Now
a day, magnetic traction is also utilised for bullet trains. Essentially dc motors are
utilized for electric traction systems.
122. What is “pu” in EE?
Pu stands for per unit in power system. (pu = actual value/ base value)
123. Define stepper motor. What is the use of stepper motor?
The motor which work or act on the applied input pulse in it, is called as stepper
[Link] stepper motor is under the category of synchronous motor, which
often does not fully depend of complete cycle. It likes to works in either direction
related to steps. for this purpose it mainly used in automation parts.
124. What is a differential amplifier? Also, explain CMRR.
Differential Amplifier: The amplifier, which is used to amplify the voltage
difference between two input-lines neither of which is grounded, is called
differential amplifier. This reduces the amount of noise which is injected into the
amplifier, because any noise appearing simultaneously on both the input-
terminals as the amplifying circuitry rejects it being a common mode signal.
CMRR: It can be defined as the ratio of differential voltage-gain to common made
voltage gain. If a differential amplifier is perfect, CMRR will be infinite because in
that case common mode voltage gain would be zero.
125. What is use of lockout relay in ht voltage?
A lock-out relay is generally placed in line before or after the e-stop switch so the
power can be shut off at one central location. This relay is powered by the same
electrical source as the control power which is operated by a key lock switch. The
relay itself may have up to 24 contact points within the unit itself. This allows the
control power for multiple machines to be locked out by the turn of a single key
switch.
126. How can you start-up the 40w tube lite with 230v AC/DC
without using any choke/Coil?
It’s possible with Electronic choke. otherwise it’s not possible to ionize the
particles in tube. light, with normal voltage.
127. What types domain of Laplace transforms? What behavior
can Laplace transform predict how the system work?
Types domain of Laplace transforms is s-domain, Laplace transforms provide a
method to find position, acceleration or voltage the system will have.
128. In the magnetic fluxes, what is the role of armature
reaction?
The armature flux has an important role for the running condition. This armature
flux can oppose the main flux or it may support the main flux for better running
condition. This effect of supporting and opposing of main flux to armature flux is
called armature reaction.
129. Explain thin film resistors and wire-wound resistors
Thin film resistors- It is constructed as a thin film of resistive material is deposited
on an insulating substrate.
Desired results are obtained by either trimming the layer thickness or by cutting
helical grooves of suitable pitch along its length. During this process, the value of
the resistance is monitored closely and cutting of grooves is stopped as soon as
the desired value of resistance is obtained.
Wire wound resistors – length of wire wound around an insulating cylindrical core
are known as wire wound resistors. These wires are made of materials such as
Constantan and Manganin because of their high resistivity, and low temperature
coefficients. The complete wire wound resistor is coated with an insulating
material such as baked enamel
130. whats the one main difference between UPS & inverter ?
And electrical engineering & electronics engineering ?
uninterrupt power supply is mainly use for short time . means according to ups VA
it gives backup. ups is also two types : on line and offline . online ups having high
volt and amp for long time backup with with high dc [Link] ups start with v
dc with 7 amp. but inverter is startwith v,24,dc to 36v dc and 0amp to 180amp
battery with long time backup.
131. What are the operation carried out in Thermal power
station?
The water is obtained in the boiler and the coal is burnt so that steam is obtained
this steam is allowed to hit the turbine, the turbine which is coupled with the
generator generates the electricity
132. What is the difference between Electronic regulator and
ordinary rheostat regulator for fans?
The difference between the electronic and ordinary regulator is the fact that in
electronic reg. power losses tend to be less because as we minimize the speed the
electronic reg. give the power necessary for that particular speed but in case of
ordinary rheostat type reg. the power wastage is same for every speed and no
power is saved. In electronic regulator triac is employed for speed control. by
varying the firing angle speed is controlled but in rheostatic control resistance is
decreased by steps to achievespeed control.
133. What is 2 phase motor?
A two phase motor is often a motor with the the starting winding and the running
winding have a phase split.
e.g; ac servo motor. where the auxiliary winding and the control winding have a
phase split of 90 degree.
134. What does quality factor depend on in resonance?
Quality factor q depends on frequency and bandwidth.
135. What are the types of power in electrical power?
There are normally three types of power are counted in electrical power. They
are,
Apparent power
Active power
Reactive power
136. What are the advantages of VSCF wind electrical system?
Advantages of VSCF wind electrical system are:
No complex pitch changing mechanism is needed.
Aero turbine always keeps going at maximum efficiency point.
Extra energy in the high wind speed region of the speed – duration curve can be
extracted
Significant reduction in aerodynamic stresses, which are associated with constant
– speed operation.
137. What is slip in an induction motor?
Slip can be defined as the distinction between the flux speed (Ns) and the rotor
speed (N). Speed of the rotor of
an induction motor is always less than its synchronous speed. It is usually
expressed as a percentage of
synchronous speed (Ns) and represented by the symbol ‘S’.
138. Why link is provided in neutral of an ac circuit and fuse in
phase of ac circuit?
Link is provided at a Neutral common point in the circuit from which various
connection are taken for the individual control circuit and so it is given in a link
form to withstand high Amps. But in the case of Fuse in the Phase of AC circuit it
is designed such that the fuse rating is calculated for the particular circuit (i.e
load) [Link] if any malfunction happen the fuse connected in the particular
control circuit alone will blow off.
139. State the difference between generator and alternator?
Generator and alternator are two devices, which converts mechanical energy into
electrical energy. Both have the same principle of electromagnetic induction, the
only difference is that their construction. Generator persists stationary magnetic
field and rotating conductor which rolls on the armature with slip rings and
brushes riding against each other, hence it converts the induced emf into dc
current for external load whereas an alternator has a stationary armature and
rotating magnetic field for high voltages but for low voltage output rotating
armature and stationary magnetic field is used.
140. What is ACSR cable and where we use it?
ACSR means Aluminium conductor steel reinforced, this conductor is used in
transmission & distribution.
141. Why star delta starter is preferred with induction motor?
Star delta starter is preferred with induction motor due to following reasons:
Starting current is reduced 3-4 times of the direct current due to which voltage
drops and hence it causes less losses.
Star delta starter circuit comes in circuit first during starting of motor, which
reduces voltage 3 times, that is why current also reduces up to 3 times and hence
less motor burning is caused.
In addition, starting torque is increased and it prevents the damage of motor
winding.
142. State the difference between generator and alternator
Generator and alternator are two devices, which converts mechanical energy into
electrical energy. Both have the same principle of electromagnetic induction, the
only difference is that their construction. Generator persists stationary magnetic
field and rotating conductor which rolls on the armature with slip rings and
brushes riding against each other, hence it converts the induced emf into dc
current for external load whereas an alternator has a stationary armature and
rotating magnetic field for high voltages but for low voltage output rotating
armature and stationary magnetic field is used.
143. Why AC systems are preferred over DC systems?
Due to following reasons, AC systems are preferred over DC systems:
a. It is easy to maintain and change the voltage of AC electricity for transmission
and distribution.
b. Plant cost for AC transmission (circuit breakers, transformers etc) is much lower
than the equivalent DC transmission
c. From power stations, AC is produced so it is better to use AC then DC instead of
converting it.
d. When a large fault occurs in a network, it is easier to interrupt in an AC system,
as the sine wave current will naturally tend to zero at some point making the
current easier to interrupt.
144. How can you relate power engineering with electrical
engineering?
Power engineering is a sub division of electrical engineering. It deals with
generation, transmission and distribution of energy in electrical form. Design of all
power equipments also comes under power engineering. Power engineers may
work on the design and maintenance of the power grid i.e. called on grid systems
and they might work on off grid systems that are not connected to the system.
145. What are the various kind of cables used for transmission?
Cables, which are used for transmitting power, can be categorized in three forms:
Low-tension cables, which can transmit voltage upto 1000 volts.
High-tension cables can transmit voltage upto 23000 volts.
Super tension cables can transmit voltage 66 kV to 132 kV.
146. Why back emf used for a dc motor? highlight its
significance.
The induced emf developed when the rotating conductors of the armature
between the poles of magnet, in a DC motor, cut the magnetic flux, opposes the
current flowing through the conductor, when the armature rotates, is called back
emf. Its value depends upon the speed of rotation of the armature conductors. In
starting, the value of back emf is zero.
147. What is slip in an induction motor?
Slip can be defined as the difference between the flux speed (Ns) and the rotor
speed (N). Speed of the rotor of an induction motor is always less than its
synchronous speed. It is usually expressed as a percentage of synchronous speed
(Ns) and represented by the symbol ‘S’.
148. Explain the application of storage batteries.
Storage batteries are used for various purposes, some of the applications are
mentioned below:
For the operation of protective devices and for emergency lighting at generating
stations and substations.
For starting, ignition and lighting of automobiles, aircrafts etc.
For lighting on steam and diesel railways trains.
As a supply power source in telephone exchange, laboratories and broad casting
stations.
For emergency lighting at hospitals, banks, rural areas where electricity supplies
are not possible.
149. Explain advantages of storage batteries
Few advantages of storage batteries are mentioned below:
Most efficient form of storing energy portably.
Stored energy is available immediately because there is no lag of time for
delivering the stored energy.
Reliable source for supply of energy.
The energy can be drawn at a fairly constant rate.
160. What are the different methods for the starting of a
synchronous motor.
Starting methods: Synchronous motor can be started by the following two
methods:
By means of an auxiliary motor: The rotor of a synchronous motor is rotated by
auxiliary motor. Then rotor poles are excited due to which the rotor field is locked
with the stator-revolving field and continuous rotation is obtained.
By providing damper winding: Here, bar conductors are embedded in the outer
periphery of the rotor poles and are short-circuited with the short-circuiting rings
at both sides. The machine is started as a squirrel cage induction motor first.
When it picks up speed, excitation is given to the rotor and the rotor starts
rotating continuously as the rotor field is locked with stator revolving field.
161. Name the types of motors used in vacuum cleaners,
phonographic appliances, vending machines,refrigerators,
rolling mills, lathes, power factor improvement and cranes.
Following motors are used: –
Vacuum cleaners- Universal motor.
Phonographic appliances – Hysteresis motor.
Vending machines – Shaded pole motor.
Refrigerators – Capacitor split phase motors.
Rolling mills – Cumulative motors.
Lathes – DC shunt motors.
Power factor improvement – Synchronous motors.
162. State Thevenin’s Theorem:
According to thevenin’s theorem, the current flowing through a load resistance
Connected across any two terminals of a linear active bilateral network is the
ratio open circuit voltage (i.e. the voltage across the two terminals when RL is
removed) and sum of load resistance and internal resistance of the network. It is
given by Voc / (Ri + RL).
163. State Norton’s Theorem
The Norton’s theorem explains the fact that there are two terminals and they are
as follows:
One is terminal active network containing voltage sources
Another is the resistance that is viewed from the output terminals. The output
terminals are equivalent to the constant source of current and it allows giving the
parallel resistance.
The Norton’s theorem also explains about the constant current that is equal to
the current of the short circuit placed across the terminals. The parallel resistance
of the network can be viewed from the open circuit terminals when all the
voltage and current sources are removed and replaced by the internal resistance.
164. State Maximum power transfer theorem
The Maximum power transfer theorem explains about the load that a resistance
will extract from the network.
This includes the maximum power from the network and in this case the load
resistance is being is equal to the resistance of the network and it also allows the
resistance to be equal to the resistance of the network. This resistance can be
viewed by the output terminals and the energy sources can be removed by
leaving the internal resistance behind.
165. Explain different losses in a transformer.
There are two types of losses occurring in transformer:
Constant losses or Iron losses: The losses that occur in the core are known as core
losses or iron losses.
Two types of iron losses are:
1. eddy current loss
2. Hysteresis loss.
These losses depend upon the supply voltage, frequency, core material and its
construction. As long as supply voltage and frequency is constant, these losses
remain the same whether the transformer is loaded or not. These are also known
as constant losses.
Variable losses or copper losses: when the transformer is loaded, current flows in
primary and secondary windings, there is loss of electrical energy due to the
resistance of the primary winding, and secondary winding and they are called
variable losses. These losses depend upon the loading conditions of the
transformers.
Therefore, these losses are also called as variable losses.
176. Explain different types of D.C motors? Give their
applications
Different type of DC motors and their applications are as follows:-
Shunt motors: It has a constant speed though its starting torque is not very
high. Therefore, it is suitable for constant speed drive, where high starting torque
is not required such as pumps, blowers, fan, lathe machines, tools, belt or chain
conveyor etc.
Service motors: It has high starting torque & its speed is inversely
proportional to the loading conditions i.e. when lightly loaded, the speed is high
and when heavily loaded, it is low. Therefore, motor is used in lifts, cranes,
traction work, coal loader and coal cutter in coalmines etc.
Compound motors: It also has high starting torque and variable speed. Its
advantage is, it can run at NIL loads without any danger. This motor will therefore
find its application in loads having high inertia load or requiring high intermittent
torque such as elevators, conveyor, rolling mill, planes, presses, shears and
punches, coal cutter and winding machines etc.
177. Explain the process of commutation in a dc machine.
Explain what are inter-poles and why they are required in a dc
machine.
Commutation: It is phenomenon when an armature coil moves under the
influence of one pole- pair; it carries constant current in one direction. As the coil
moves into the influence of the next pole- pair, the current in it must reverse. This
reversal of current in a coil is called commutation. Several coils undergo
commutation simultaneously. The reversal of current is opposed by the static coil
emf and therefore must be aided in some
fashion for smooth current reversal, which otherwise would result in sparking at
the brushes.
The aiding emf is dynamically induced into the coils undergoing commutation by
means of compoles or interpoles, which are series excited by the armature
current. These are located in the interpolar region of the main poles and
therefore influence the armature coils only when these undergo commutation.
178. Comment on the working principle of operation of a single-
phase transformer.
Working principle of operation of a single-phase transformer can be explained as
An AC supply passes through the primary winding, a current will start flowing in
the primary winding. As a result, the flux is set. This flux is linked with primary and
secondary windings. Hence, voltage is induced in both the windings. Now, when
the load is connected to the secondary side, the current will start flowing in the
load in the secondary winding, resulting in the flow of additional current in the
secondary winding. Hence, according to Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic
induction, emf will be induced in both the windings. The voltage induced in the
primary winding is due to its self inductance and known as self induced emf and
according to Lenze’s law it will oppose the cause i.e. supply voltage hence called
as back emf. The voltage induced in secondary coil is known as mutually induced
voltage. Hence, transformer works on the principle of electromagnetic induction.
179. Define the following terms:-
• Reliability,
• Maximum demand,
• Reserve-generating capacity,
• Availability (operational).
Reliability: It is the capacity of the power system to serve all power demands
without failure over long periods.
Maximum Demand: It is maximum load demand required in a power station
during a given period.
Reserve generating capacity: Extra generation capacity installed to meet the need
of scheduled downtimes for preventive maintenance is called reserve-generating
capacity.
Availability: As the percentage of the time a unit is available to produce power
whether needed by the system or not.
180. Mention the disadvantages of low power factor? How can it
be improved?
Disadvantages of low power factor:
Line losses are 1.57 times unity power factor.
Larger generators and transformers are required.
Low lagging power factor causes a large voltage drop, hence extra regulation
equipment is required to keep voltage drop within prescribed limits.
Greater conductor size: To transmit or distribute a fixed amount of power at fixed
voltage, the conductors will have to carry more current at low power factor. This
requires a large conductor size.
181. State the methods of improving power factor?
Methods of improving power factor:
By connecting static capacitors in parallel with the load operating at lagging
power factor.
A synchronous motor takes a leading current when over excited and therefore
behaves like a capacitor.
By using phase advancers to improve the power factor of induction motors. It
provides exciting ampere turns to the rotor circuit of the motor. By providing
more ampere-turns than required, the induction motor can be made to operate
on leading power factor like an overexcited synchronous motor.
182. State the factors, for the choice of electrical system for an
aero turbine.
The choice of electrical system for an aero turbine is guided by three factors:
Type of electrical output: dc, variable- frequency ac, and constant- frequency ac.
Aero turbine rotational speed: constant speed with variable blade pitch, nearly
constant speed with simpler pitch- changing mechanism or variable speed with
fixed pitch blades.
Utilization of electrical energy output: in conjunction with battery or other form
of storage, or interconnection with power grid.
183. What are the advantages of VSCF wind electrical system?
Advantages of VSCF wind electrical system are:
No complex pitch changing mechanism is needed.
Aero turbine always operates at maximum efficiency point.
Extra energy in the high wind speed region of the speed – duration curve can be
extracted
Significant reduction in aerodynamic stresses, which are associated with constant
– speed operation.
184. Explain the terms real power, apparent power and reactive
power for ac circuits and also the units used.
Real Power: It is the product of voltage, current and power factor i.e. P = V I
cos j and basic unit of real power is watt. i.e. Expressed as W or kW.
Apparent power: It is the product of voltage and current. Apparent power = V
I and basic unit of apparent power is volt- ampere. Expressed as VA or KVA.
Reactive Power: It is the product of voltage, current and sine of angle
between the voltage and current i.e.
Reactive power = voltage X current X sinj or Reactive power = V I sin j and has no
other unit but expressed in VAR or KVAR.
185. Define the following: Average demand, Maximum demand,
Demand factor, Load factor.
Average Demand: the average power requirement during some specified
period of time of considerable duration is called the average demand of
installation.
Maximum Demand: The maximum demand of an installation is defined as
the greatest of all the demand, which have occurred during a given period. It is
measured accordingly to specifications, over a prescribed time interval during a
certain period.
Demand Factor: It is defined as the ratio of actual maximum demand made
by the load to the rating of the connected load.
Load Factor: It is defined as the ratio of the average power to the maximum
demand.
186. Explain forward resistance, static resistance and dynamic
resistance of a pn junction diode.
Forward Resistance: Resistance offered in a diode circuit, when it is forward
biased, is called forward resistance.
DC or Static Resistance: DC resistance can be explained as the ratio of the dc-
voltage across the diode to the direct current flowing through it.
AC or Dynamic Resistance: It can be defined as the reciprocal of the slope of the
forward characteristic of the diode. It is the resistance offered by a diode to the
changing forward current.
187. How does Zener phenomenon differ from Avalanche
breakdown?
The phenomenon when the depletion region expands and the potential barrier
increases leading to a very high electric field across the junction, due to which
suddenly the reverse current increases under a very high reverse voltage is called
Zener effect. Zener-breakdown or Avalanche breakdown may occur
independently or both of these may occur simultaneously. Diode junctions that
breakdown below 5v are caused by Zener Effect.
Junctions that experience breakdown above 5v are caused by avalanche-effect.
The Zener-breakdown occurs in heavily doped junctions, which produce narrow
depletion layers. The avalanche breakdown occurs in lightly doped junctions,
which produce wide depletion layers.
191. Compare JFET’s and MOSFET’s.
Comparison of JFET’s and MOSFET’s:
JFET’s can only be operated in the depletion mode whereas MOSFET’s can be
operated in either depletion or in enhancement mode. In a JFET, if the gate is
forward-biased, excess-carrier injunction occurs and the gatecurrent is
substantial.
MOSFET’s have input impedance much higher than that of JFET’s. Thus is due to
negligible small leakage current.
JFET’s have characteristic curves more flat than that of MOSFET is indicating a
higher drain resistance.
When JFET is operated with a reverse-bias on the junction, the gate-current IG is
larger than it would be in a comparable MOSFET.
192. Explain thin film resistors and wire-wound resistors
a. Thin film resistors- It is constructed as a thin film of resistive material is
deposited on an insulating substrate.
Desired results are obtained by either trimming the layer thickness or by cutting
helical grooves of suitable pitch along its length. During this process, the value of
the resistance is monitored closely and cutting of grooves is stopped as soon as
the desired value of resistance is obtained.
b. Wire wound resistors – length of wire wound around an insulating cylindrical
core are known as wire wound resistors. These wires are made of materials such
as Constantan and Manganin because of their high resistivity, and low
temperature coefficients. The complete wire wound resistor is coated with an
insulating material such as baked enamel
193. What is a differential amplifier? Also, explain CMRR.
Differential Amplifier: The amplifier, which is used to amplify the voltage
difference between two input-lines neither of which is grounded, is called
differential amplifier. This reduces the amount of noise injected into the amplifier,
because any noise appearing simultaneously on both the input-terminals as the
amplifying circuitry rejects it being a common mode signal.
CMRR: It can be defined as the ratio of differential voltage-gain to common
made voltage gain. If a differential amplifier is perfect, CMRR would be infinite
because in that case common mode voltage gain would be zero.
196. What is the difference between electronic regulator and
ordinary electrical rheostat regulator for fans?
The difference between the electronic and ordinary electrical regulator is that in
electronic regulator power losses are less because as we decrease the speed the
electronic regulator gives the power needed for that particular speed but in case
of ordinary rheostat type regulator, the power wastage is same for every speed
and no power is [Link] electronic regulator, triac is employed for speed control
by varying the firing angle speed and it is controlled but in rheostatic ,control
resistance is decreased by steps to achieve speed control.
197. What is the voltage gain or transfer function of amplifier?
Vout/Vin
198. What does the KVAR means?
The KVAR indicates the electrical power. KVAR means “Kilo Volt Amperes with
Reactive components”
199. Why use the VCB at High Transmission System ? Why can’t
use ACB?
Actually the thing is vacuum has high arc quenching property compare to air
because in VCB ,the die electric strengths equal to 8 times of air . That y always
vacuum used as inHT breaker and air used as in LT .
200. What is the difference between MCB & MCCB, Where it can
be used?
MCB is miniature circuit breaker which is thermal operated and use for short
circuit protection in small current rating circuit. MCCB moulded case circuit
breaker and is thermal operated for over load current and magnetic operation for
instant trip in short circuit [Link] voltage and under frequency may be
inbuilt. Normally it is used where normal current is more than 100A.
Section 2
1. What Is The Full Form Of ISRO ?
ISRO Stands for Indian Space Research Organisation
2. Who Is Considered As The “founding Father” Of Indian Space Programme?
Dr Vikram A Sarabhai is considered as the founding father of space programmes
in India.
3. When Was Isro Formed?
ISRO was formed on August 15, 1969.
4. When Was Department Of Space Constituted?
Department of Space (DOS) and the Space Commission were set up in 1972. ISRO
was brought under DOS on June 1, 1972.
5. What Is The Main Objective Of Isro?
The prime objective of ISRO is to develop space technology and its application to
various national needs.
6. How These Objectives Are Met?
ISRO has established two major space systems, INSAT for communication,
television broadcasting and meteorological services, and Indian Remote Sensing
Satellites (IRS) system for resources monitoring and management. ISRO has
developed two satellite launch vehicles, PSLV and GSLV, to place INSAT and IRS
satellites in the required orbits.
7. Where The Satellites Are Made?
Satellites are made at ISRO Satellite Centre (ISAC), Bangalore.
8. Where The Rockets / Launch Vehicles Are Made?
Rockets / Launch Vehicles are made at Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC),
Thiruvanathapuram.
9. From Where Are The Rockets Launched?
ISRO’s Launch facility is located at SDSC SHAR from where Launch Vehicles and
Sounding Rockets are launched. Sounding rockets are also launched from TERLS at
Thiruvananthapuram.
10. How Can I Order For Satellite Data?
You can get data from National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC), Hyderabad.
11. Where The Space Programme Began In India?
Indian Space Programme began at Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station
(TERLS) located at Thumba near Thiruvanathapuram.
12. Why Was Thumba Selected For Being Rocket Launching
Station?
The geomagnetic equator of the earth passes over Thumba.
13. What Is A Sounding Rocket?
A sounding rocket is a rocket, which is intended for assessing the physical
parameters of the upper atmosphere.
14. What Does The Letter ‘rh’ And The Numerals On An Indian
Sounding Rocket Signify?
RH stands for ‘Rohini’ sounding rocket and the numeral indicate the diameter of
the rocket in mm.
15. When Was The First Rocket Launched In India? Which Was
The Rocket?
The first rocket, a Nike-Apache, procured from the US, was launched on
November 21, 1963.
16. When Did India Begin Developing Its Own Rockets?
India’s first indigenous sounding rocket, RH-75, was launched on November 20,
1967.
17. What Is The Expansion Of Vssc And When It Was Formed?
Space Science and Technology Centre (SSTC) was renamed as Vikram Sarabhai
Space Centre (VSSC) in 1972 in honor of Dr Vikram Sarabahi who met with his
untimely demise on December 30, 1971.
18. How Many Centres Are There In Isro?
There are six major Centres and several other Units, Agencies, Facilities and
Laboratories spread across the country.
19. Where Are These Centres Located?
Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC), Thiruvananthapuram; ISRO Satellite Centre
(ISAC), Bangalore; Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC – SHAR) at Sriharikota;
Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC) at Thiruvananthapuram, Bangalore and
Mahendragiri, Space Application Centre (SAC), Ahmedabad and National Remote
Sensing Centre (NRSC), Hyderabad.
20. What Is The Major Function Of These Centres?
Launch Vehicles are build at VSSC, Thiruvananthapuram; Satellites are designed
and developed at ISAC, Bangalore; Integration and launching of satellites and
launch vehicles are carried out from SDSC, Shriharikota; Development of liquid
stages including cryogenic stage is carried out at LPSC, Sensors for
Communication and Remote Sensing satellites and application aspects of the
space technology are taken up at SAC, Ahmedabad and Remote Sensing satellite
data reception processing and dissemination by NRSC, Hyderabad.
21. Which Is The First Launch Vehicle Of India?
Satellite Launch Vehicle-3 (SLV-3) is the first launch vehicle of India..
22. When Was It Launched?
The first successful launch of SLV-3 took place on July 18, 1980 from SDSC SHAR.
23. What Are The Other Launch Vehicles Developed By India?
Apart from SLV-3, India developed Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV),
Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle
(GSLV).
24. How Satellites Are Broadly Classified?
Satellites are broadly classified into two, viz., Communication satellites and
Remote Sensing satellites.
25. What Is A Communication Satellite?
A communication satellite usually operates from the Geosynchronous orbit
catering to requirements in communication, television broadcasting,
meteorology, disaster warning etc.
ISRO Questions and Answers Pdf ::
26. What Is A Remote Sensing Satellite?
A Remote Sensing satellite is intended for natural resource monitoring and
management and operates from a Sun Synchronous Polar Orbit (SSPO).
27. What Is Nnrms?
NNRMS is the acronym for National Natural Resources Management System.
NNRMS is an integrated resources management system aimed at optimal
utilisation of the natural resources of the country by proper and systematic
inventory of resource availability using Remote Sensing data in conjunction with
conventional techniques.
28. Which Is The First Indian Satellite?
Aryabhata is the first Indian satellite
29. From Where Was It Launched?
It was launched from the former Soviet Union on April 19, 1975.
30. Which Is The Heaviest Satellite Launched By India From
Indian Soil?
INSAT-4CR weighing 2130 kg and launched by GSLV-F04 on September 2, 2007 is
the heaviest satellite launched from India.
31. How Many Launches Of Launch Vehicles Were Carried Out
So Far?
38 launch vehicle missions were carried from India so far (till March 2013).
32. How Many Satellites Have Been Launched By India?
68 + 35 (foreign) satellites were put into orbit so far (till March 2013).
33. Which Is The First Operational Launch Vehicle Of India?
PSLV is the first operational launch vehicle of India. It had so far three
developmental flights and nineteen operational flights – 21 continuously
successful flights.
34. What Is Chandrayaan-1?
Chandrayaan-1 is a scientific investigation – by spacecraft – of the Moon. The
name Chandrayaan means “Chandra- Moon, Yaan-vehicle”, –in Indian languages
(Sanskrit and Hindi) , – the lunar spacecraft. Chandrayaan-1 is the first Indian
planetary science and exploration mission.
35. When, And From Where, Chandrayaan-1 Was Launched?
Chandrayaan-1 was launched on October 22, 2008 from Satish Dhawan Space
Centre at Sriharikota (SHAR), India.
36. How Long Chandrayaan-1 Was Operational?
Chandrayaan-1 was operational for 312 days till August 28, 2009.
37. What Are Chandrayaan’s Scientific Goals?
The Chandrayaan-1 mission is aimed at high-resolution Remote Sensing of the
Lunar surface in visible, near Infrared, low energy X-rays and high-energy X-ray
regions. Specific scientific goals are: To prepare a three-dimensional atlas (with a
high spatial and altitude resolution of 5-10 m) of both near and far side of the
moon. To conduct chemical and mineralogical mapping of the entire lunar surface
for distribution of mineral and chemical elements such as Magnesium,
Aluminium, Silicon, Calcium, Iron and Titanium as well as high atomic number
elements such as Radon, Uranium & Thorium with high spatial resolution. By
simultaneous photo geological and chemical mapping, we will be able to identify
different geological units, which will test the hypothesis for the origin and early
evolutionary history of the moon and help in determining the nature of the lunar
crust.
38. What Are The Scientific Instruments Onboard Chandrayaan-
1?
There are eleven scientific instruments onboard Chandrayaan-1 spacecraft. Five
of them are Indian and other six are from ESA (3), NASA (2) and Bulgarian
Academy of Sciences (1) selected through ISRO Announcement of Opportunity
(AO). Two of the ESA instruments have Indian collaboration.
39. What Is The Temperature On The Moon?
The moon undergoes extremes in temperature the side of the Moon receiving
sunlight becomes scorching hot at about 130 ºC, and freezing cold at -180 ºC
during night.
40. Is There Any Life On Moon?
So far none of the lunar missions have detected any signature of presence of life
on the Moon.
41. Why Do We See Only One Side Of The Moon?
As the Moon orbits, it always presents the same side towards the Earth. This is so
because Earth’s gravity has slowed the Moon’s rotation so that it just matches the
time it takes to go around the Earth. So the Moon takes the same amount of time
to revolve around the Earth as it takes to rotate around its spin axis.
42. What Is The Total Budget For Realising Chandrayaan-1
Mission?
The budgetary estimate for realising the proposed Indian lunar mission
Chandrayaan-1 stands at Rs. 386.00 crores (about $76 million). This includes Rs.
53.00 crores (about $11 million) for Payload development, Rs. 83.00 crores (about
$17 million) for Spacecraft Bus, Rs. 100.00 crores ($20 million) towards
establishment of Deep Space Network, Rs. 100.00 crores ($20 million) for PSLV
launch vehicle and Rs. 50.00 crores ($10 million) for scientific data centre,
external network support and programme management expenses.
43. What Is Antrix?
Antrix is the commercial wing of ISRO, a single window agency for marketing
Indian space capabilities both products and services to the world.
ISRO Interview Questions For Mechanical Engineering :-

Draw a thick cylinder. How will you classify thin and thick cylinders?
What if there is external pressure and no internal fluid?
Draw one cantilever with point load at one end. Tell me the deflection at free
[Link] me the formula
Cut it in two pieces and tell me about shear forces at different points. Draw its
shear force and bending moment diagram.
How will shear stress vary?
What is the relation between average and maximum shear stress?
What if beam is circular?
There is a rectangular beam hanging with a cable on a crane. The weight of beam
is 10 tonnes. Angle b/w cables is 60 degree. What will be tension in the cable?
In projectile motion at what angle the range is maximum?
Write rigid body equation of motion?
If i give you perimeter= 12 m can you find the dimensions for maximum area?
Do you know what was ISRO last mission all about?
what is heat shield?
What is the difference between Centripetal and Centrifugal Force ?
Can they act on a body simultaneously ?
Tell me difference between Governor and Flywheel. Factors to be considered for
designing flywheel, like mass, stiffness and other things.
How it stores energy, How angular velocity gets changed ?
What is product moment of Inertia?What is its significance ?
What is Nusselt no.? Give practical exam.
How can you join two objects without using Nut Bolt fixture?
Tell me basic definition of welding.
Draw a beam on board with both ends fixed. And show me what reactions will be
there if u load it with UDL..!
Tell me is this beam determinate or indeterminate?
Do u know about dynamic loading and design? draw a graph and explain.
write down the 3 dimensional heat conditional equation.
for different boundary conditions how will the equation vary?
in internal heat generation , what is the temperature profile in slab? how did u
get it?
What is humidity?
What is dehumidification?
What is the difference between paints and Coating?
What is cruising speed of an automobile?
Design a vessel to store a liquid of certain volume
If I want to put a cryogenic fluid into the vessel which shape should I choose.
Draw a “W” on board and if one end is fixed and a horizontal force is acting at
other end then design the “W”.
Draw the Iron-Carbide diagram and what is significance of this diagram and why
do we use this diagram?
From what %age of carbon, cast iron begins to develop?
What are the laws of thermodynamics? Explain all.
What is newton’s law of viscosity?
What are Newtonian fluids? what are different types of Non-Newtonian fluids?
Draw the shear stress – strain diagram for these fluids. Draw for an ideal fluid and
perfect plastic fluid.
What is a perfect plastic fluid?
Write down the generalized 3-dimensional conduction heat transfer equation.
Derive the 2 dimensional transient heat conduction equation.
Design a vessel to store a liquid of certain volume.
Questions on stainless steel and its properties.
Types of springs. draw the spring with all the details.
Define free and solid lengths.
Dhat is spring index. range of spring index.
To a machine 50 mm diameter hole with close tolerance, which machining
progression will you use?
Tell me the machine elements use for automobile suspension.
Type of springs used in clocks
Draw a V-shaped structure, fixed at its top(both ends). 45 degree is the angle
between the two arms of the V…a load,W acting on it at its bottom..tell about its
stiffness?
Draw a rotating shaft supported at its ends by bearing..Apply a concentrated load
at the middle of the shaft(at its top)..Design it??
Drive Cp,Cv relation
Consider a Beam of Rectangular x-sec , you have strain gauge and material
properties are known. how will you find force acting on it?
If you want to calculate stress in other directions also, how many strain gauges
will be required?
Write the expression of strains in all 3-directions
Which angle of projection do we use and why in Engineering Drawing?
What does the dotted lines indicate in ED?
Derive Work done in Isothermal Process
You have gas turbine, how can you increase the speed of Rotation of Turbine – I
told them we can use Governor
Derive the expression of speed variation in Porter governor.
Explain hydro dynamic and thermal boundary layer.
what are the factors affect the friction both for laminar and turbulent.
let’s assume hot fluid passing through a pipe. what are the modes of heat transfer
across the pipe. Explain.
Critical thickness , significance prandtl number , lewis no. , Nussel No.
Why we should use Gear ?
what about Scooty gear mechanism ?
What is the shear stress and bending moment distribution in hollow rectangular
beam.
What is stiffness?
Draw a spring and told me to explain how diameter of coil varies with stiffness.
Do you know the laws of thermodynamics? can you tell us a bit about them.
what is entropy?
Derive Cp – Cv=R.
What’s choked Flow?
what’s the velocity at the smallest cross section in the choked flow?
why doesn’t the mass flow increase even with decreasing back pressure?
What is newton’s law of viscosity?
What are the types of viscosity?
Do you know about stoke and poise?
Tell us a bit about fits and tolerances?
Which assembly type do we use? Why?
Will the hole and shaft always fit in interference fit?
what are composites and how are they different from alloys?
What are the different theories of failure?
What theory will you use for cast iron?
What are the different methods to join metals?
ISRO Interview Details :-
Panel may consists of 5-10 senior scientists, IIT faculties etc.
They may ask you to choose your top 3-5 favourite questions.
They may mask ask questions from your favourite subjects or may not.
You need to give full explanation of every question/topic asked.
Be familiarized with Blackboard teaching as you may have explain on blackboard.
They may ask you about your [Link] final year project. But It completely depends
on them.
For [Link] students prepare well the [Link] thesis topic.
Reach interview venue before time.
Check all documents, a day in advance.
Don’t forget to keep a pen with you in interview room.