DISS REVIEWER

ANTHROPOLOGY - Study of human as definition is incomplete; there must be

something distinct and unique of anthropology

ANTHROPOS= MAN, HUMAN

LOGOS= STUDY

Anthropology is.... Broader, Geographically, Historically

The Anthropological Approach

- Holistic or multifaceted approach to the study of human beings
- Studies not only all varieties but many aspects of human experience as well

Evolution of the scope of anthropologists

Before: Anthropologists tries to study everything about a certain group.

Today: Anthropologists specialized in different fields but retains its holistic approach
by taking it all into consideration

FIELDS OF ANTHROPOLOGY

*Biological anthropoloy
Seeks to answer two distinct set of questions
-About the emergence of humans and their later evolution
-About how and why contemporary humans population vary biologically

*Cultural anthropology
Interested in how populations or societies vary Their cultural features

BRANCHES
Archaeology study of past culture, primarily through their material remains
Ethnology study of existing and recent cultures
Linguistics anthropological study of language

Language gender roles

religious beliefs rearing children
food preferences constructing houses
music work habits

ECONOMICS

■Economics - the study of how individuals and societies make decisions about ways
to use scarce resources to fulfill wants and needs.
The Study of Economics

■Macroeconomics
The big picture: growth, employment, etc. Choices made by large groups (like
countries)

■Microeconomics
How do individuals make economic decisions

What is resources?
- The things used to make other goods

SCARCITY: unlimited wants and needs but limited resources

■NEEDS - "stuff" we must have to survive, generally: food, shelter, clothing

■WANTS - "stuff" we would really like to have (Fancy food, shelter, clothing, big
screen TVs, jewelry, conveniences... Also known as LUXURIES

TRADE-OFFS
-all the choices that you didn’t chose

Production is how much stuff an individual, business, country, even the WORLD
makes.
■STUFF - Goods and Services. ON, cont Goods - tangible (you can touch it)
products we can buy
■Services - work that is performed for others

4 Factors of Production

■LAND - Natural Resources Water, natural gas, oil, trees (all the stuff we find on, in,
and under the land) LABOR - Physical and Intellectual Labor is manpower

■CAPITAL - Tools, Machinery, Factories The things we use to make things Human
capital is brainpower, ideas, innovation

■ENTREPRENEURSHIP - Investment $$$ Investing time, natural resources, labor

and capital are all risks associated with production

THREE parts to the Production Process

■Factors of Production - what we need to make goods and services Producer -

company that makes goods and/or delivers services
■Consumer - people who buy goods and services (formerly known as "stuff")
Capital Goods: are used to make other goods

■Consumer Goods: final products that are purchased directly by the consumer

CHANGES IN PRODUCTION
- Specialization dividing up production so that Goods are produced efficiently
-Division of Labor different people perform different jobs to achieve greater
efficiency (assembly line).

■Consumption - how much we buy (Consumer Sovereignty)

■If we INCREASE land, labor, capital we INCREASE production Many

entrepreneurs invest profit back into production
■ If we DECREASE land, labor, capital we DECREASE production

PRODUCTION, cont. Again

■A measure of the production of an entire country in one year is

GDP (GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT)

The total peso value of ALL final Goods and Services produced in a country in a year.

GEOGRAPHY

-is the study of the world, its people, and the landscapes they create.

Geography is a science AND a social science

Science
is a systematic way to gather knowledge about the world and organizing that
knowledge into laws and theories
Social science
explores human relationships and the affects they have on the world around us.

Five themes of Geography

-LOCATION
-PLACE
-REGIONS
-MOVEMENT
-HUMAN ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTION
Location
divided up into 2 parts
-Absolute Location A specific description like a GPS coordinate
-Relative location (used landmarks)

Place
A place refers to the area's landscape, which are the features that define the area and
make it different from other places. ◆ PERSONALITY! --> Washington D.C.

Human-Environmental interaction
How features interact with one another. How people and their physical environment
affect each other

Movement
Geographers want to know why people move and they study the routes people take
from place to place.

Regions
The world is divided up into regions to help geographers study the world.

Latitude refers to the imaginary horizontal lines that run from east to west around the
globe. 0 degrees is the Equator.

Longitude refers to the imaginary vertical lines that run from north to south around
the globe. 0 degrees is the Prime Meridian

3 types of geography
Cartography is the science of making maps

Physical Geography is the study of the world's physical features - its landforms,
bodies of water, climates, soils, and plants.

Human Geography is the study of the world's people, communities, and landscapes

HISTORY

-a branch of knowledge that records and explains past events

WHY DO WE STUDY HISTORY?

To know more about the roots of our current culture.
To learn about the mistakes of those who have gone before us.
To learn about human nature in general by looking at trends that repeat through
history.
To learn historical facts.
To learn about how different factors shape society e.g religion, greed, the intersection
of different cultures. technology, etc.

In sum, we study history to learn about who we are-both our past and our
present

WHO INVESTIGATES HISTORY

-ARCHAEOLOGISTS
-ANTHROPOLOGIST
-LINGUIST
-CHEMISTS
-ORAL HISTORIANS

primary source
is a document or physical object which was written or created during the time under
study. These sources were present during an experience or time period and offer an
inside view of a particular event.

secondary source interprets and analyzes primary sources. These sources are one or
more steps removed from the event.

WHAT ARE INCLUDED AS SECONDARY SOURCES?

• Textbooks
• Encyclopedias
• Magazine

PSYCHOLOGY

HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY
Before 1870 psychology was not a separate discipline rather it was studied under
Philosophy.

-Wilhelm Wundt ( father of psychology)

- G. Stanley Hall American Psychological Association (APA)
-Sigmund Freud psychoanalysis
- Alfred Binet and Thiodore Simon (IQ TEST).
- Charles Frederick First Nobel Prize for psychological research
-Ivan Pavlov(classical conditioning)
-B.F. skinner (Operant conditioning)
The word "psychology" comes from the Greek word psyche meaning "breath,
spirit, soul", and the Greek word logia meaning the study of something. Thus we
can conclude that psychology is the study of soul.

Psychology is the study of the mind and behavior.

SCOPE OF PSYCHOLOGY
Psychology today covers enormous range of scope or fields. They can be broadly
classified into two groups-
*Basic Psychology
* Applied psychology

BASIC PSYCHOLOGY
It is aimed at contributing to knowledge of behavior. College, universities,
laboratories and departments are the main employment settings of the basic
Psychology.

Basic psychology has the following subfield

Developmental psychology - * It studies the human development, physical,

emotional, social, moral emotional and personality development across the life span

Social psychology- * It deals with interpersonal behavior and the role of social forces
in governing behavior.

Physiological Psychology- * It examines the influence of genetic factors on behavior.

Abnormal psychology * It is also known as psychopathology. * It studies the models,

causes, classification, diagnosis and the treatment of individuals with psychological
disorders. .

Experimental psychology- * Experimental psychologists restricts themselves chiefly

to laboratory research on basic psychological processes, including perception,
learning memory, thinking, motivation and emotions. .

Psychometrics- * It is concerned with the measurements of behavior and capacities

usually through the development of psychological

Cognitive psychology- * Focuses on higher mental processes such as memory,

thinking, reasoning, information processing, language, problem solving, decision
making, creativity and artificial intelligence.
Personality psychology- * It describes and explains the individual consistency in
behavior which represents their personality. * The area of interest is also concerned
with the factors that determine personality and personality assessment.

SCOPE OF PSYCHOLOGY

APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY
uses the various fields of basic psychology to improve the quality of life of the human
being in various fields like school, industry, hospital, consultancy and community.

Applied psychology has the following subfields

Clinical psychology- * It deals with the evaluation, diagnosis and treatment of

individual psychological disorders

Counseling Psychology- * it usually works with a somewhat different clients,

providing assistance to people struggling with everyday problem of moderate severity.
Thus they often engage in family, marital and career counseling.

Organizational Psychology * It is an outgrowth of industrial psychology and also

known as organizational behavior. * It tries to study and solve the different
organizational problems exist in the school, hospitals, university, military, companies

Educational Psychology * Educational psychology is mainly devoted to an

understanding of the different aspects of the teaching-learning process. .

Health Psychology - is the field that studies the role of the psychological factors in
the promotion of health and the prevention of illness. * It has the interest in
relationship between stress and illness.

Environmental Psychology * Environmental psychologists work in school, industrial

and governmental settings. * They design work environment and study the effects of
crowding, noise and air pollution on behavior

Forensic Psychology * Forensic psychology applies psychology to the legal system.

* They include jury deliberation process and the best ways to select jurors. * Some
forensic psychologists train police to handle domestic disputes, negotiates, negotiate
with hostage takers

Sports and Exercise Psychology * This field applies psychology to athletic

activities and exercise

Women Psychology * It discusses the psychological factors relating to women's

behavior and development.
METHODS OF PSYCHOLOGY

*Introspection
means looking into oneself or self observations or self analysis. It involves carefully
examining and reporting one's own behavior, thoughts, emotions, sensations and
mental notes.

*Descriptive research includes the following

-Naturalistic observation "making observations into natural world
-Case study "studying individual in depth
-Survey "asking for responses to interview or questionnaire

*Experimental method "establishing cause and effect relationship" Cause effect

relationship can be established by experimental method.

*Developmental method "observing the period of growth" Used in the field of

developmental psychology Physical, social, moral, language and emotions are
observed in the children
-Normative investigations It describes something that is characteristic of specific
age
- Longitudinal study In this study change in the same individual or group are studied
over a long period of time.