ELECTRIC CURRENT IN CONDUCTORS

CHAPTER - 32
1. Q(t) = At2 + Bt + c
a) At 2 = Q
 A = Q  A ' T '  A1T1
t2 T2
b) Bt = Q
Q A ' T'
B=  A
t T
c) C = [Q]
 C = AT

d) Current t =
dQ d 2
dt

 At  Bt  C
dt

= 2At + B = 2  5  5 + 3 = 53 A.
2. No. of electrons per second = 2  1016 electrons / sec.
coulomb
Charge passing per second = 2  1016  1.6  10–9
sec
= 3.2  10–9 Coulomb/sec
Current = 3.2  10–3 A.
3. i = 2 A, t = 5 min = 5  60 sec.
q = i t = 2  10–6  5  60
= 10  60  10–6 c = 6  10–4 c
4. i = i0 + t, t = 10 sec, i 0 = 10 A,  = 4 A/sec.
t t t t

q=  idt   (i
0 0
0 0

 t)dt  i0 dt  tdt
0

t 2
10 10
= i 0t +   10 10 4 
2 2
= 100 + 200 = 300 C.
5. i = 1 A, A = 1 mm 2 = 1  10–6 m 2
f cu = 9000 kg/m 3
Molecular mass has N 0 atoms
N0 AI9000
= m Kg has (N0/M  m) atoms =
63.5  103
No.of atoms = No.of electrons
No.of electrons N0 Af N0f
n=  
Unit volume mAI M
6 1023  9000
=
63.5  103
i = Vd n A e.
i 1
 Vd = 
nAe 6  1023  9000  6
 10  1.6  10 19
63.5  103
63.5  103 63.5  103
= =
6 1023  9000 106  1.6 1019 6  9 1.6 1026  1019  106

32.1
63.5  103 63.5  103
= 
6  9  1.6 10 6  9  16
= 0.074  10–3 m/s = 0.074 mm/s.
6.  = 1 m, r = 0.1 mm = 0.1  10–3 m
R = 100 , f = ?
R=f/a

 f = Ra  100  3.14  0.1 0.110

6

 1
= 3.14  10–6 =   10–6 -m.
7.   = 2 
volume of the wire remains constant.
A  = A  
 A  = A  2 
 A = A/2
f = Specific resistance
f f '
R= ; R =
A A'
f 2 4f
100  =  = 4R
A/2 A
 4  100  = 400 
8.  = 4 m, A = 1 mm 2 = 1  10–6 m 2
I = 2 A, n/V = 10 29, t = ?
i = n A Vd e
 e = 1029  1  10–6  Vd  1.6  10–19
2

 Vd 1029  106  1.6  1019
1
=
1 
8000
0.8  104

  4
t= 1/ 8000  4  8000
Vd
= 32000 = 3.2  104 sec.
9. fcu = 1.7  10–8 -m
A = 0.01 mm 2 = 0.01  10–6 m 2
R = 1 K = 103 
f
R=
a
1.7 108  
 103 = 


106
103
  = 0.58  103 m = 0.6 km.
1.7
fdx
10. dR, due to the small strip dx at a distanc x d = R = …(1)
y2
ya b a dx b–a
tan  =   Y–a
y
x L a b
ya ba
  x
x L
 L(y – a) = x(b – a)

32.2
 Ly – La = xb – xa
dy
L  0  b  a (diff. w.r.t. x)
dx
dy
L ba
dx
Ldy
 dx = …(2)
ba
Putting the value of dx in equation (1)
fLdy
dR =
y (b  a)
2

fI dy
 dR =
(b  a) y2
R b


fI dy

 dR  (b  a) y2
0 a fl
.
fI (b  a)  ab
 R= 
(b  a) ab
11. r = 0.1 mm = 10 –4 m
R = 1 K = 103 , V = 20 V
a) No.of electrons transferred
V 20 = 20  10–3 = 2  10–2 A
i= 
R 10 3

q = i t = 2  10–2  1 = 2  10–2 C.
2 102 2
= 1.25  10 .
17
No. of electrons transferred = 19
 1017
1.6 10
b) Current density of wire 1.6
i 2 102 2 6
=    10
A   108 3.14
= 0.6369  10+6 = 6.37  105 A/m 2.
12. A = 2  10–6 m 2, I = 1 A
f = 1.7  10–8 -m
E=?

R =  1.7 10  
f 8



A 2 106
1 1.7 108  

V = IR = 

2 106
dV V 1.7 108   1.7 2

E=     10 

V/m
dL I 2  106  2
= 8.5 mV/m.
13. I = 2 m, R = 5 , i = 10 A, E = ?
V = iR = 10  5 = 50 V
V 50
E=  = 25 V/m.
I 2
14. RFe = RFe (1 + Fe ), RCu = RCu (1 + Cu )
RFe = RCu
 RFe (1 + Fe ), = RCu (1 + Cu )

32.3
 3.9 [ 1 + 5  10–3 (20 – )] = 4.1 [1 + 4 x 10–3 (20 – )]
 3.9 + 3.9  5  10–3 (20 – ) = 4.1 + 4.1  4  10–3 (20 – )
 4.1  4  10–3 (20 – ) – 3.9  5  10–3 (20 – ) = 3.9 – 4.1
 16.4(20 – ) – 19.5(20 – ) = 0.2  103
 (20 – ) (–3.1) = 0.2  103
  – 20 = 200
  = 220°C.
15. Let the voltmeter reading when, the voltage is 0 be X.
I1R V1

I2R V2
1.75 14.4  V 0.35 14.4  V
   
2.75 22.4  V 0.55 22.4  V
0.07 14.4  V 7 14.4  V
   
0.11 22.4  V 11 22.4  V
 7(22.4 – V) = 11(14.4 – V)  156.8 – 7V = 158.4 – 11V
 (7 – 11)V = 156.8 – 158.4  –4V = –1.6
 V = 0.4 V.
16. a) When switch is open, no current passes through the ammeter. In the upper part of
the circuit the Voltmenter has  resistance. Thus current in it is 0. V

 Voltmeter read the emf. (There is not Pot. Drop across the resistor). r

b) When switch is closed current passes through the circuit and if its value of i.
A
The voltmeter reads
 – ir = 1.45
 1.52 – ir = 1.45
 ir = 0.07
 1 r = 0.07  r = 0.07 .
17. E = 6 V, r = 1 , V = 5.8 V, R = ?
E 6
I=  , V = E – Ir
Rr R 1
6
6 1 
 5.8 = 6 
R 1 R  1 = 0.2
 R + 1 = 30  R = 29 .
18. V =  + ir
r
 7.2 = 6 + 2  r
2
 1.2 = 2r  r = 0.6 . 6

19. a) net emf while charging

9 – 6 = 3V
Current = 3/10 = 0.3 A
b) When completely charged.
Internal resistance ‘r’ = 1 
Current = 3/1 = 3 A
20. a) 0.1i 1 + 1 i 1 – 6 + 1i1 – 6 = 0
1 1
 0.1 i 1 + 1i1 + 1i1 = 12
6 6
12
 i1 =
2.1 0.1 i1

ABCDA
 0.1i 2 + 1i – 6 = 0
 0.1i 2 + 1i

32.4
ADEFA, 1
6
 i – 6 + 6 – (i2 – i)1 = 0 F E
i2–i
 i – i2 + i = 0 6 1
D
 2i – i2 = 0  –2i ± 0.2i = 0 A
i
 i2 = 0.
B C
i2 0.1

b) 1i1 + 1 i1 – 6 + 1i1 = 0
 3i1 = 12  i1 = 4 1 1

DCFED 6 6

 i2 + i – 6 = 0  i2 + i = 6 1 i1
ABCDA,
6 1
i2 + (i 2 – i) – 6 = 0 A B

 i2 + i2 – i = 6  2i2 – i = 6 1
i2–i
6
 –2i 2 ± 2i = 6  i = –2 E
i
F

i2 + i = 6
 i2 – 2 = 6  i2 = 8 D
i2 1
C

i1 4 1
  .
i2 8 2
1 1

6 6
c) 10i1 + 1i1 – 6 + 1i 1 – 6 = 0
 12i 1 = 12  i1 = 1 1 i1

10i2 – i1 – 6 = 0
6 1
 10i 2 – i1 = 6 A  B

 10i 2 + (i2 – i)1 – 6 = 0 6 1

i2–i

 11i 2 = 6 E  F
i

 –i2 = 0
D  C
i2 10

21. a) Total emf = n 1E 


in 1 row n1
r r r
Total emf in all news = n1E
r r r
Total resistance in one row = n1r
nr
Total resistance in all rows = 1
n2
n1r R
Net resistance = +R
n2
n1E n1n2 E
Current = 
n1 / n2r  R n1r  n2R
n1n2E
b) I =
n1r  n2R
for I = max,
n1r + n2R = min

 
2
 n1r  n2R  2 n1rn2R = min
it is min, when
n1 r  n2R
 n1r = n2R
I is max when n 1r = n2R.

32.5
22. E = 100 V, R = 100 k = 100000 
R = 1 – 100
When no other resister is added or R = 0.
E
i =  100  0.001Amp
R 100000
When R = 1
100 100  0.0009A
i= 
100000  1 100001
When R = 100
100 100  0.000999 A .
i= 
100000  100 100100
Upto R = 100 the current does not upto 2 significant digits. Thus it proved.
23. A1 = 2.4 A
Since A1 and A2 are in parallel,
20
 20  2.4 = 30  X A
20  2.4 10 B C
X= = 1.6 A. A
30
Reading in Ammeter A 2 is 1.6 A. 30
A
A3 = A1 + A2 = 2.4 + 1.6 = 4.0 A.
24. 5.5V

10 A

20
i 30

5.5V 5.5V
20/3 30

10

20
i 30

5.5  3
imin = = 0.15
110
5.5V 5.5V

10

20
i 20/3

5.5  3 16.5 = 0.825.

imax  
20 20
180
25. a) Reff = = 60 
3 180
i = 60 / 60 = 1 A 180
180
b) Reff = = 90  180
2 60
i = 60 / 90 = 0.67 A
c) Reff = 180   i = 60 / 180 = 0.33 A

32.6
26. Max. R = (20 + 50 + 100)  = 170 
1 100
Min R = = = 12.5 .
 1 1 1 

8

 20 50 100  
V 2
27. The various resistances of the bulbs =
P
(15) 2 (15)2 2
Resistances are (15) , , = 45, 22.5, 15.
10 10 15
Since two resistances when used in parallel have resistances less than both.
The resistances are 45 and 22.5.
28. i1  20 = i2  10
i1 10 1  
   20 i1 
i2 20 2 
i1 = 4 mA, i2 = 8 mA A i=12mA
5K i=12mA B
Current in 20 K resistor = 4 mA 100K
i2 10
Current in 10 K resistor = 8 mA
Current in 100 K resistor = 12 mA
V = V1 + V2 + V3
= 5 K  12 mA + 10 K  8 mA + 100 K  12 mA
= 60 + 80 + 1200 = 1340 volts.
29. R1 = R, i1 = 5 A
10R
R2 = , i2 = 6A
10  R
Since potential constant,
i1R1 = i 2R2
6  10R
5R=
10  R
 (10 + R)5 = 60
 5R = 10  R = 2 .
30.

r r r

a b a b

Eq. Resistance = r/3.

15  5 15 15  5 15
6  6 
E D
31. a) Reff = 66
15  5 15 75  15
 F C
6 6 6
15  5  15 25 15/6
= = 2.08 .  A B
6  90 12
b) Across AC,
15  4 15  2 15  4  15  2

Reff = 6 6 6  6
15  4 15  2 60  30

6 6 6
15  4  15  2 10
=  = 3.33 .
6  90 3

32.7
c) Across AD,
15  3 15  3 15  3  15  3

Reff = 6 6 6  6
15  3 15  3 60  30

6 6 6
15  3 15  3 15
=  = 3.75 .
6  90 4 20
32. a) When S is open 10
Req = (10 + 20)  = 30 .
S
i = When S is closed,
Req = 10  3V
i = (3/10)  = 0.3 . 
 33. a) Current through (1) 4  resistor = 0

b) Current through (2) and (3) 4


 net E = 4V – 2V = 2V
(2) and (3) are in series,
4 6
Reff = 4 + 6 = 10 
4V 2V
i = 2/10 = 0.2 A
Current through (2) and (3) are 0.2 A.
34. Let potential at the point be xV.
(30 – x) = 10 i1
(x – 12) = 20 i2 i2 20 12
(x – 2) = 30 i3 b
x
i1 = i2 + i3 a 10 i1 O
30  x x  12 x  2 30
   i3 30 2
10 20 30 i

x  12 x  2
 30 – x  
2 3
3x  36  2x  4
 30 – x =
6
 180 – 6x = 5x – 40
 11x = 220  x = 220 / 11 = 20 V.
30  20
i1 = =1A
10
20  12
i2 = = 0.4 A
20
20  2 6 = 0.6 A.
i3 = 
30 10
10V 10V
35. a) Potential difference between terminals of ‘a’ is 10 V.
i through a = 10 / 10 = 1A a
Potential different between terminals of b is 10 – 10 = 0 V 10
i through b = 0/10 = 0 A 10

b
b) Potential difference across ‘a’ is 10 V b

i through a = 10 / 10 = 1A 10
Potential different between terminals of b is 10 – 10 = 0 V 10V 10 10
10V
a c
i through b = 0/10 = 0 A

32.8
36. a) In circuit, AB ba A
E2 + iR2 + i1R3 = 0 E1 R1
D C
In circuit, i1R3 + E1 – (i – i1)R1 = 0
 i1R3 + E1 – iR1 + i1R1 = 0 a
R3
b
[iR2 + i1R3 = –E2]R1 i1
[iR – i (R + R ) = E ] R E2
2 1 1 3 1 2 B
A
——————————————— R2 i

iR2R1 + i1R3R1 = –E2R1

iR2R1 – i1R2 (R1 + R3) = E1 R2
———————————————
iR3R1 + i1R2R1 + i1R2R3 = E1R2 – E2R1
 i1(R3R1 + R2R1 + R2R3) = E1R2 – E2R1
 i1= E1R2  E2R1
RRRRR R
3 1 2 1 2 3

 E1 E2 
 R R 
1R2R3  E2R1R3   


 RER 


3 1  R2 R1  R2 R3
1 2 
R21  R11  R13 
 
b)  Same as a
b
E1 R1
E1 D C
R2

R3
R3 a b
i1
E2
R1 E2 B
A i
R2
a
i E1=3
37. In circuit ABDCA, D
C r1
i1 + 2 – 3 + i = 0
E1=2
 i + i1 – 1 = 0 …(1)
r2 B
In circuit CFEDC, A i1
(i – i1) + 1 – 3 + i = 0 E1=1
E
 2i – i1 – 2 = 0 …(2) F
i – i1
r3

From (1) and (2)

3i = 3  i = 1 A
i1 = 1 – i = 0 A
i – i1 = 1- 0 = 1 A
Potential difference between A and B
= E – ir = 3 – 1.1 = 2 V.
38. In the circuit ADCBA, 10 3V
E F
3i + 6i 1 – 4.5 = 0
i – i1
In the circuit GEFCG,
3i + 6i 1 = 4.5 = 10i – 10i1 – 6i1 = –3 D G4
6
C
i 3
 [10i – 16i1 = –3]3 …(1)
[3i + 6i 1 = 4.5] 10 …(2) 4.5V B
A
From (1) and (2)
–108 i1 = –54
54 1
 i1 =  = 0.5
108 2
3i + 6  ½ – 4.5 = 0
3i – 1.5 = 0  i = 0.5.
Current through 10  resistor = 0 A.

32.9
39. In AHGBA,
2 + (i – i 1) – 2 = 0 H
2 G i1 2
F i2
2
E
 i – i1 = 0 i–i 12
i 1 i –i
1
In circuit CFEDC, i2
1 1
–(i1 – i2) + 2 + i 2 – 2 = 0
A
 i2 – i1 + i2 = 0  2i2 – i1 = 0. i2B

In circuit BGFCB, 2 i1 C 2 D

–(i1 – i2) + 2 + (i 1 – i 2) – 2 = 0
 i1 – i + i 1 – i2 = 0  2i1 – i – i 2 = 0 …(1)
 i1 – (i – i 1) – i2 = 0  i1 – i2 = 0 …(2)
 i1 – i2 = 0
From (1) and (2)
Current in the three resistors is 0.
40.
10 5
R

10 5

For an value of R, the current in the branch is 0.

41. (2r / 2)  r
a) Reff = r
(2r / 2)  r
r2 r
  r
2r 2 a b

B C
b) At 0 current coming to the junction is current going from BO = Current
going along OE. O
a b
Current on CO = Current on OD
Thus it can be assumed that current coming in OC goes in OB. D E
Thus the figure becomes 8r/3
  2r.r   2r 8r
r   3r   r  2r  3  3 2r 2r
   
 6 8r 8r/3
Reff = (8r / 6)  2r  8r / 3 = 8r   = 4r.
2 2

(8r / 6)  2r 20r / 6 3 20 10
=r
 
42. 10 10 10 10 10 10

10
50 10

50 10 20 20 50

 10 10 10 

 6
A
6
A

20 10  
30

 15
20 10
 30
 6
 6
6

A A
A

6 2
I   0.4 A .
15 5

32.10
43. a) Applying Kirchoff’s law,
10i – 6 + 5i – 12 = 0 12V 6V
10 5
 10i + 5i = 18
i
 15i = 18
18 6
 i=  = 1.2 A.
15 5
b) Potential drop across 5  resistor,
i 5 = 1.2  5 V = 6 V
c) Potential drop across 10  resistor
i 10 = 1.2  10 V = 12 V
d) 10i – 6 + 5i – 12 = 0
12V 6V
 10i + 5i = 18 10 5

 15i = 18 i
18 6
 i=  = 1.2 A.
15 5
Potential drop across 5  resistor = 6 V
Potential drop across 10  resistor = 12 V
44. Taking circuit ABHGA,
i/6
i i i B C
  V
3r 6r 3r i/3
 2i i  i/6
i/6
   r  V A i/3 D
 3 6  i/6
i/3
5i
V r i/3
H
6 i/3 G
V 5 i/6 i/3
 Reff =  E i/6 F
i 6r
2r/3
r r r
r
 2r 
3  r r 5r r


 2r  
45. Reff   r r  8
r r r

r
3 
 
r

b
a
r 4r a
Reff   r  b
3 3

r r
r r
2r
R  r a b a b
eff
2 r r
r r

r a
Reff  a b
4

32.11
r

Reff  r r r r a b

a r b

46. a) Let the equation resistance of the combination be R.

 2R  1 1 1 1
1R
6V
 R  2  2 2 2

2R  R  2  R  3R + 2 = R2 + 2R 1

R2
 R2 – R – 2 = 0 2 R

 R = 1 1 4.1.2  1 9  1 3 = 2 .
2.1 2 2
6 6 3 1
b) Total current sent by battery =  3
A i 3-i
Reff 2
2 2
Potential between A and B
3.1 + 2.i = 6 B

 3 + 2i = 6  2i = 3
 i = 1.5 a
47. a) In circuit ABFGA,
i1 50 + 2i + i – 4.3 = 0 4.3 1
G
 50i 1 + 3i = 4.3 …(1) A

In circuit BEDCB, 2

i1 50 E
50i1 – (i – i1)200 = 0 B A F

 50i 1 – 200i + 200i1 = 0

i – i2
 250 i 1 – 200i = 0 C V D
200
 50i 1 – 40i = 0 …(2)

From (1) and (2) 
43i = 4.3  i = 0.1 
4  0.1 
5i1 = 4  i = 4  0.1  i1 = = 0.08 A. 
5 
Ammeter reads a current = i = 0.1 A. 

Voltmeter reads a potential difference equal to i1  50 = 0.08  50 = 4 V. 
b) In circuit ABEFA, 

50i1 + 2i1 + 1i – 4.3 = 0
 4.3
 52i 1 + i = 4.3 A
1
F
 200  52i 1 + 200 i = 4.3  200 …(1)
2
In circuit BCDEB, i1 50
B A E
(i – i1)200 – i12 – i150 = 0
 200i – 200i1 – 2i1 – 50i 1 = 0 C
i – i2
V D
 200i – 252i 1 = 0 …(2) 200

From (1) and (2)

i1(10652) = 4.3  2  100
4.3  2  100
 i1 = = 0.08
10652
i = 4.3 – 52  0.08 = 0.14
Reading of the ammeter = 0.08 a
Reading of the voltmeter = (i – i 1)200 = (0.14 – 0.08)  200 = 12 V.

32.12

100  400
48. a) Reff =  200  280 
500 84V 
84 
i=  0.3 0.3
i1 100 200
280
100i = (0.3 – i) 400 0.3–i
 i = 1.2 – 4i V
400
 5i = 1.2  i = 0.24.
0.24 100
Voltage measured by the voltmeter =
24V
b) If voltmeter is not connected
Reff = (200 + 100) = 300 
84
i= = 0.28 A
300
Voltage across 100  = (0.28  100) = 28 V.
49. Let resistance of the voltmeter be R .
50R , R2 = 24 30
R1 =
50  R
Both are in series. VR
50
30 = V1 + V2 24
 30 = iR1 + iR2
 30 – iR2 = iR1
30
 iR1 = 30  R
R R 2
1 2

 V1 30 1
R2  
= R R 
 1 2 

  R 
= 30 R  1R 
 V1  
 1 2 

 

50R

 18 = 30    50R 
 50  R 50  R 24  
   

 18 = 30  50R  (50  R)  30(50R)

  50R  1200  24R
(50  R)  (50R  24)(50  R) 
30  50 R
 18 = = 18(74R + 1200) = 1500 R
74R  1200
 1332R + 21600 = 1500 R  21600 = 1.68 R
 R = 21600 / 168 = 128.57.
10mA 575 25
50. Full deflection current = 10 mA = (10  10–3)A 
Reff = (575 + 25) = 600  

V = Reff  i = 600  10  10–3 = 6 V. V

51. G = 25 , Ig = 1 ma, I = 2A, S = ? 
Potential across A B is same 2 10–3 25

25  10–3 = (2 – 10–3)S A B
25  103 25  103
S=  2–10–3 S
2  103 1.999
= 12.5  10–3 = 1.25  10–2.

32.13
52. Reff = (1150 + 50) = 1200  50 1.15K
i = (12 / 1200)A = 0.01 A.
(The resistor of 50  can tolerate) 12

Let R be the resistance of sheet used. 

The potential across both the resistors is same. 0.01 50

0.01  50 = 1.99  R
R
0.01 50 50 = 0.251 .
R=  2–0.01=1.99
1.99 199
RAD  8 , then according to wheat stone’s
53. If the wire is connected to the potentiometer wire so that 
RDB 12
bridge no current will flow through galvanometer.
2
RAB LAB 8
   (Acc. To principle of potentiometer). 8 12
RDB LB 12 3
IAB + I DB = 40 cm G

 IDB 2/3 + IDB = 40 cm A B

D
 (2/3 + 1)I DB = 40 cm
40  3
 5/3 I DB = 40  LDB = = 24 cm.
5
IAB = (40 – 24) cm = 16 cm.
54. The deflections does not occur in galvanometer if the condition is a balanced 6 R
wheatstone bridge. 
Let Resistance / unit length = r. S
Resistance of 30 m length = 30 r.
Resistance of 20 m length = 20 r.
6 30r 30 20
For balanced wheatstones bridge = 
R 20r
20  6
 30 R = 20  6  R = = 4 .
30
55. a) Potential difference between A and B is 6 V.
6V
B is at 0 potential.
Thus potential of A point is 6 V. R
1 D R2 B
The potential difference between Ac is 4 V. A
C
VA – VC = 0.4 4V

VC = VA – 4 = 6 – 4 = 2 V. 1
b) The potential at D = 2V, VAD = 4 V ; VBD = OV
Current through the resisters R1 and R2 are equal.
4 2
Thus, 
R1 R2
R1
 =2
R2
I1
 = 2 (Acc. to the law of potentiometer)
I2
I1 + I 2 = 100 cm
I 3I1
 I1 + 1 = 100 cm  = 100 cm
2 2
200
 I1 = cm = 66.67 cm.
3
AD = 66.67 cm

32.14
c) When the points C and D are connected by a wire current flowing
6V
through it is 0 since the points are equipotential.
d) Potential at A = 6 v
B
Potential at C = 6 – 7.5 = –1.5 V A
C
7.5
The potential at B = 0 and towards A potential increases.
Thus –ve potential point does not come within the wire.
15r r
56. Resistance per unit length =
P E Q
6
i1 i1
15r
For length x, Rx = x A
Vr i2 R=15r M
S
6 i2 i2
E/2
15 15 G T
a) For the loop PASQ (i 1 + i2) rx + (6 – x)i 1 + i1R = E …(1) W
r
6 6
15
For the loop AWTM, –i2.R – rx (i1 + i 2) = E/2
6
15
 i 2R + r  (i1 + i2) = E/2 …(2)
6
15 E
For zero deflection galvanometer i 2 = 0  rx . i1 = E/2 = i1 =
6 5x  r
E
Putting i1 = and i2 = 0 in equation (1), we get x = 320 cm.
5x  r
3E
= .
b) Putting x = 5.6 and solving equation (1) and (2) we get i 2 22r
57. In steady stage condition no current flows through the capacitor. 

Reff = 10 + 20 = 30  6F
2 1
i=  A
10 20
30 15
 
Voltage drop across 10  resistor = i  R  
2V
1 10 2  
=  10   V  
15 15 3  
Charge stored on the capacitor (Q) = CV  
 
= 6  10–6  2/3 = 4  10–6 C = 4 C.  
58. Taking circuit, ABCDA, 10
 10 
A E
D
10i + 20(i – i1) – 5 = 0 i i
 10i + 20i – 20i 1 – 5 = 0 5V
20
5V
 30i – 20i1 –5 = 0 …(1) i–i1
C F
Taking circuit ABFEA, B

20(i – i 1) – 5 – 10i1 = 0
 10i – 20i1 – 10i1 – 5 = 0
 20i – 30i1 – 5 = 0 …(2)
From (1) and (2)
(90 – 40)i1 = 0
 i1 = 0
30i – 5 = 0
 i = 5/30 = 0.16 A
Current through 20  is 0.16 A.

32.15
59. At steady state no current flows through the capacitor.
36 1F 2F
Req = = 2 .
3 6
1  2 C
6 A B
i =   
2 2 6V 

Since current is divided in the inverse ratio of the resistance in each 
branch, thus 2 will pass through 1, 2  branch and 1 through 3, 3 1
4  3 D
branch F 
E
3F

VAB = 2  1 = 2V.  4F

Q on 1 F capacitor = 2  1 c = 2 C 
VBC = 2  2 = 4V. 

Q on 2 F capacitor = 4  2 c = 8 C 
VDE = 1  3 = 2V. 

Q on 4 F capacitor = 3  4 c = 12 C 
VFE = 3  1 = V. 

Q across 3 F capacitor = 3  3 c = 9 C. 
60. Ceq = [(3 f p 3 f) s (1 f p 1 f)] p (1 f) 

= [(3 + 3)f s (2f)] p 1 f 3f
3f B
= 3/2 + 1 = 5/2 f
C
V = 100 V A
1f
Q = CV = 5/2  100 = 250 c 3f 1f

Charge stored across 1 f capacitor = 100 c

Ceq between A and B is 6 f = C 10
20
Potential drop across AB = V = Q/C = 25 V 100V 

Potential drop across BC = 75 V. 
61. a) Potential difference = E across resistor R E
C
b) Current in the circuit = E/R
c) Pd. Across capacitor = E/R
1
CE2
d) Energy stored in capacitor = 2

E E2
e) Power delivered by battery = E  I = E  
R R
E2
f) Power converted to heat =
R
62. A = 20 cm 2 = 20  10–4 m 2
d = 1 mm = 1  10–3 m ; R = 10 K
C = E0 A  8.85  10  20  10
12 4

d 1 103
8.85  10 12
 2  103
= = 17.7  10–2 Farad.
3
10
Time constant = CR = 17.7  10–2  10  103
= 17.7  10–8 = 0.177  10–6 s = 0.18 s.
63. C = 10 F = 10–5 F, emf = 2 V
t = 50 ms = 5  10–2 s, q = Q(1 – e–t/RC)
Q = CV = 10–5  2
q = 12.6  10–6 F
2
/ R10 5
 12.6  10–6 = 2  10–5 (1 e510 )

32.16
12.6 106 
 1 e 510 / R10
2 5

2 105
3
 1 – 0.63 = e510 / R
5000
  ln 0.37
R
5000
R= = 5028  = 5.028  103 = 5 K.
0.9942
64. C = 20  10–6 F, E = 6 V, R = 100 
t = 2  10–3 sec
q = EC (1 – e–t/RC)
6  2103
6 


= 6  20  10 1 e1002010
= 12 x 10–5 (1 – e–1) = 7.12  0.63  10–5 = 7.56  10–5
= 75.6  10–6 = 76 c.
65. C = 10 F, Q = 60 C, R = 10 
a) at t = 0, q = 60 c
b) at t = 30 s, q = Qe–t/RC
= 60  10–6  e–0.3 = 44 c
c) at t = 120 s, q = 60  10–6  e–1.2 = 18 c
d) at t = 1.0 ms, q = 60  10–6  e–10 = 0.00272 = 0.003 c.
66. C = 8 F, E = 6V, R = 24 
V 6
a) I =   0.25A
R 24
b) q = Q(1 – e–t/RC)
= (8  10–6  6) [1 – c–1] = 48  10–6  0.63 = 3.024  10–5
Q 3.024 105
V=  8  3.78
C 106
E = V + iR
 6 = 3.78 + i24
 i = 0.09 Å
67. A = 40 m 2 = 40  10–4
d = 0.1 mm = 1  10–4 m
R = 16  ; emf = 2 V
E0 A 8.85  1012  40 104 –11
C=  = 35.4  10 F
d 1 104
Q CV
Now, E = (1 et / RC )  (1 et / RC )
AE0 AE0
35.4  1011  2 1.76
= (1 e
)
40 104  8.85  1012
= 1.655  10–4 = 1.7  10–4 V/m.
68. A = 20 cm 2, d = 1 mm, K = 5, e = 6 V
R = 100  103 , t = 8.9  10–5 s
C = KE0 A  5  8.85 10  20  10
12 4

d 1103
10  8.85 103  1012
= = 88.5  10 –12
103

32.17
 = 530.97
q = EC(1 – e–t/RC)
8910 6


= 6  88.5  10 –
1 e88.51012 10
4

12

1 500.97  530
Energy = 
2 88.5  1012
530.97  530.97
=  1012
88.5  2
Y
69. Time constant RC = 1  106  100  106 = 100 sec

I(in Amp )
V/R
a) q = VC(1 – e–t/CR)
5.9xx10–8amp
I = Current = dq/dt = VC.(-) e–t/RC, (–1)/RC
V V 24 1
= et / RC    t / 100 O X
t (in sec ) 10 min
R Re t / RC 6
10 e
= 24  10–6 1/et/100 Y

Q(in C )
t = 10 min, 600 sec. –4
23.9410 C
Q = 24  10+–4  (1 – e ) = 23.99  10 –6 –4

24 1  5.9  108 Amp. . X

I=  O
6 6
10 e t (in sec ) 10 min

b) q = VC(1 – e–t/CR)
70. Q/2 = Q(1 – e–t/CR)
1
  (1 – e–t/CR)
2
–t/CR
e =½
t
  log2  n = 0.69.
RC
71. q = Qe–t/RC
q = 0.1 % Q RC  Time constant
= 1  10–3 Q
So, 1  10–3 Q = Q  e–t/RC
 e–t/RC = ln 10–3
 t/RC = –(–6.9) = 6.9
72. q = Q(1 – e–n)
1 Q2   1 q2
 Initial value ;  Final value
2C 2 c
1 q2  1 Q2
  

2=
2 c 2 C
Q2  q  Q
 q2  2
2
Q
 Q(1 en )
2
1 1
  1 en  e–n = 1
2 2
 2 
 n = log   = 1.22
 2  1
73. Power = CV2 = Q  V
QV
Now,  QV  e–t/RC
2

32.18
 ½ = e–t/RC
t
  –ln 0.5
RC
 –(–0.69) = 0.69
74. Let at any time t, q = EC (1 – e–t/CR)
2 
E2 C2 E2C
E = Energy stored = q  (1 et / CR )2 

(1 et / CR ) 2
2c 2c 2
E2C  1 2 dEt / RC t / RC E2 t / RC  t / CR 
R = rate of energy stored =    (1 e )e  e 1 e
dt 2  RC  CR
dR E2  1 t / CR t / CR  
 e  (1 et / CR )  ()  e t / CR(1/ RC)  e
dt 2R RC 
1 
2t / CR  E 2
2
2t / CR  et / CR 
E2   et / CR e2t / CR 
2R RC  RC  RC  e  
 e  RC   …(1)
  2R  RC 
For Rmax dR/dt = 0  2.e–t/RC –1 = 0  e–t/CR = 1/2
 –t/RC = –ln2  t = RC ln 2
dR E2
 Putting t = RC ln 2 in equation (1) We get  .
dt 4R
75. C = 12.0 F = 12  10–6
emf = 6.00 V, R = 1 
t = 12 c, i = i0 e–t/RC
12 106
CV t / RC 
=  e  6 12  e1
T
10 6

= 2.207 = 2.1 A
b) Power delivered by battery
We known, V = V0 e–t/RC (where V and V0 are potential VI)
–t/RC
VI = V0I e
 VI = V0I  e–1 = 6  6  e–1 = 13.24 W
CV2 t / RC 2 CV2
c) U = (e ) [ = energy drawing per unit time]
T T
12 106  36
=  1  = 4.872.
 e
2

12 10 6

1
76. Energy stored at a part time in discharging = CV 2 (et / RC )2
2
Heat dissipated at any time
= (Energy stored at t = 0) – (Energy stored at time t)
1 1 1
= CV2  CV2 (e1) 2  CV2(1 e2 )
2 2 2
77. i Rdt  i
2 2
0 Re
2t / RC

dt  i20R e2t / RCdt
1 1
= i2R(RC / 2)e2t / RC 
Ci2R2e2t / RC  CV2 (Proved).
0 0
2 2
78. Equation of discharging capacitor
1
K 0 AV (dK A) K 0 AV t / K 0
= q 0et / RC  e 0
/ Ad
 e

d d
  = K0
 Time constant is K0 is independent of plate area or separation between the plate.

32.19
 
79. q = q 0(1 – e–t/RC) 25  

= 25(2 + 2)  10–6 1 e 25410  0.210 3

6
 
 2F

2F

= 24  10–6 (1 – e–2) = 20.75 
6V
Charge on each capacitor = 20.75/2 = 10.3 
80. In steady state condition, no current passes through the 25 F capacitor, 
10 25F
 Net resistance =  5 .
2
12 10
Net current =
5 

Potential difference across the capacitor = 5
Potential difference across the 10  resistor

12
10
= 12/5  10 = 24 V
) = 24  25  10 e110 / 102510  
–t/RC –t/RC –6 3 4
q = Q(e ) = V  C(e
= 24  25  10–6 e–4 = 24  25  10–6  0.0183 = 10.9  10–6 C
Charge given by the capacitor after time t.
10.9 106 C
Current in the 10  resistor = 1 103 sec  11mA .
81. C = 100 F, emf = 6 V, R = 20 K, t = 4 S.
Charging : Q = CV(1 – e–t/RC)  t 4 

 RC 4 
 2  10  10 
4

= 6  10–4(1 – e–2) = 5.187  10–4 C = Q

Discharging : q = Q(e–t/RC) = 5.184  10–4  e–2
= 0.7  10–4 C = 70 c.
82. C  C1C2 C1 C2
eff CC
1 2

Q=C E(1 – e–t/RC) = C1C2 E(1 – e–t/RC)

eff C C E r
1 2

83. Let after time t charge on plate B is +Q.

Hence charge on plate A is Q – q.
Qq q
VA = , VB =
A VA
C C
Q  q q Q  2q
VA – VB =   R
C C C VB
VA  VB Q  2q
Current =  B
R CR
dq Q  2q
Current = 
dt CR
q t


dq  1 dq  1  dt
 
 
Q  2q RC
dt



Q  2q RC 
0 0
1 1 Q  2q 2
 [ln(Q  2q)  lnQ]   t  ln  t
2 RC Q RC
 Q – 2q = Q e–2t/RC  2q = Q(1 – e–2t/RC)
Q
q= (1 e2t / RC )
2
84. The capacitor is given a charge Q. It will discharge and the capacitor will be charged up when
connected with battery.
Net charge at time t = Qet / RC  Q(1 et / RC ) .

32.20