Dear MBA students,

ESLSCA 45D
As agreed please find attached the Mid Term Exam, you should:
1. Answer ALL questions, Part1 & Part2
2. Use your text book, extra text book, the internet, and other references.
3. DON'T discuss or share, by any means of communication, with any other students (even for those who are marr
will be counted as 'Plagiarism'
4. It is NOT ACCEPTED to just copy and paste from any source, your interpretation and write-up is a MUST to g
5. Reply with your file .xls, of your answer to ME ONLY, to [email protected] .
6. MUST include your first name and family name WITHIN the file name (ex.: DrAshrafElsafty-E-RM-45D-M
7. Use blue color for your text answers, or just fill in the shaded blocks.
8. Email directly to ME ONLY no later than agreed deadline day and time 26th May 2015, 6:00 pm, otherw
9. Please give every single question the needed high care, as grades are NOT equally distributed among que

Again we are studying to learn, and we are now leveraging our learning capacity and measuring our knowledge le
So please focus on your time and answers to learn while filling the exam.

Wish you all the best of luck.

Kind Regards,
Dr. Ashraf Elsafty
Adjunct Professor, Strategist
Strategic Management & Research Methods.
ESLSCA, MIU, Riti/MsM cairo outreach.
Dr. Ashraf Elsafty
Research Methods
ESLSCA 45D
Mid term Exam
Part ONE

Q Part 1:
1 When is Applied research, as distinct from Basic research, useful?
(about 4 lines)

2 Critique the following research done in a service industry as to

the extent to which it meets “the hallmarks of scientific
investigation”. (About 4 paragraphs)
The Friendly Telephone Company: Customer complaints were
mounting, and letters of complaint regarding the problems they
experienced with the residential telephone lines were constantly
pouring in at the Friendly Telephone Company. The company wanted
to pinpoint the specific problems and take corrective action.
Researchers were called in, and they spoke to a number of customers,
noting down the nature of the specific problems they faced. Since the
problem had to be attended to very quickly, they developed a
theoretical base, collected relevant detailed information from a
sample of 100 customers, and analyzed the data. The results are
expected to be fairly accurate with at least an 85% chance of success
in problem solving. The researchers will make recommendations to
the company based on the results of data analysis.
3 Explain the processes of deduction and induction, giving an
example of each. (about 2-3 paragraphs).

4 How would you describe the research process? (about 4

paragraph)

5 Why is it important to gather information on the background of

the organization? (about 2 paragraph)

6 How would you go about doing a literature survey in the area of

business ethics? (about 4-6 lines)

7 What is the purpose of the literature survey? (4-6 statements)

8 Why is appropriate citation important? What are the
consequences of not giving credit to the source from which
materials are extracted? (about 4-6 statements)

9 “The problem definition stage is perhaps more critical in the

research process than the problem solution stage”. Discuss this
statement. (about 4-6 lines)

10 Offer a clearly focused problem statement in the broad area of

corporate culture. (1 statement)

11 Why should one get hung up on problem definition if one already

knows the broad problem area to be studied? (about 2
paragraphs).

12 After studying and extracting information from all the relevant

work done previously, how does the researcher know which
references, articles, and information should be given prominence
in the literature survey? (about 2-3 paragraphs).

13 Below is the gist of an article from Business Week. After reading

it, (a) identify the broad problem area, (b) define the problem,
and (c) explain how you would proceed further. (about a; 2 lines,
b; 1 statement, c; 3 statements)
While Chrysler’s minivans, pickups, and sports utilities take a big
share of the truck market, its cars trail behind those of GM, Ford,
Honda, and Toyota. Quality problems include, among other things,
water leaks and defective parts.

14 What is the problem statement in the following situation? (1

statement)
Employee Loyalty: Companies benefit through employee loyalty.
Crude downsizing in organizations during the recession crushed the
loyalty of millions. The economic benefits of loyalty embrace lower
recruitment and training costs, higher productivity of workers,
customer satisfaction, and boost the morale of fresh recruits. In order
that these benefits may not be lost, some companies, while
downsizing, try various gimmicks. Flex leave, for instance, is one. This
helps employees receive 20% of their salary, plus employer-provided
benefits while they take a 6-12 month sabbatical, with a call option on
their services. Others try alternatives like more communication, hand-
holding, and the like.

15 How would you define the problem in the following case? (3 lines)

Accounting Gets Radical: The GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting

Principles) do an unacceptable job of accounting for the principal
activities of the Information Age companies. Today, investors are in
the dark because the accounting is irrelevant. The basic purpose of
accounting is to provide useful information to help investors make
rational investment, credit, and similar decisions, but today’s most
important assets and activities – intellectual capital and knowledge
work – are totally ignored. Professor Robert A. Howell wants to
reform the accounting system with the goal of making clear the
measurement of how companies produce cash and create value.
16 Because literature survey is a time-consuming exercise, a good,
in-depth interview should suffice to develop a theoretical
framework. Discuss this statement. (about 4 paragraphs).

17 Good models are complex. What’s more, a good model should

include both moderating and mediating variables. Discuss this
statement. (about 2-3 paragraphs).

18 Academic researchers usually develop more complex and

elaborate models than applied researchers. Discuss this
statement. (yes or no, with clear reasoning).

19 In an applied research context you do not need to explain the

relationships between the variables in your conceptual model.
Discuss this statement. 2-3 paragraphs of solid reasoning).
20 For the following case titled Sleepless Nights at Holiday Inn
(published in Business Week and adapted here):
a. Identify the problem with conceptual model, b. Develop a theoretical
framework, c. Develop at least four hypotheses. All with needed
figuers.
Sleepless Nights at Holiday Inn: Just a few years ago, Tom Oliver, the
Chief Executive of Holiday Hospitality Corp., was struggling to
differentiate among the variety of facilities offered to clients under the
Holiday flagship – the Holiday Inn Select designed for business
travelers, the Holiday Inn Express used by penny pinchers, and the
Crowne Plaza Hotels, the luxurious hotels meant for the big spenders.
Oliver felt that revenues could be quadrupled if only clients could
differentiate among these. Keen on developing a viable strategy for
Holiday Hospitality which suffered from brand confusion, Tom Oliver
conducted a customer survey of those who had used each type of
facility, and found the following. The consumers didn’t have a clue as
to the differences among the three different types. Many complained
that the buildings were old and not properly maintained, and the
quality ratings of service and other factors were also poor.
Furthermore, when word spread that one of the contemplated
strategies of Oliver was a name change to differentiate the three
facilities, irate franchises balked. Their mixed messages did not help
consumers to understand the differences either. Oliver thought that he
first needed to understand how the different classifications would be
important to the several classes of clients, and then he could market
the heck out of them and greatly enhance the revenues.
Simultaneously, he recognized that unless the franchise owners fully
cooperated with him in all his plans, mere face lifting and
improvement of customer service would not bring added revenues.

21 Exercise 4.1 (From your text book, 5th edition)

State the dependent variable and why.

22 Exercise 4.2
State the dependent variable.
23 Exercise 4.3
Fill in the below table :
Variable type
Independent variable
Independent variable
Dependent variable

24 Exercise 4.5
Fill in the below table :
Variable type
Dependent variable
Independent variable
Moderating variable
#VALUE!

Answer

Applied research is useful sometimes than basic research due to the nature and purpose
of each. Time wise, Applied is useful when there is an exist problem in organization and
need to be fixed immediately while Basic is focus on phenomenon and how to fix in the
future. Cost wise, Applied is cheaper than basic due to the scope of conducted research.

I see it is better to have a brief definition of each hallmark and show the difference
between the hallmarks and characteristics. Hallmark is elective but characteristic is
elementary, in other words, characteristic is mandatory but hallmark is optional. all in
all we have eight hallmarks and characteristics of scientific research
1- Purposiveness, it is a characteristic means having a clear variable. it is fully met in
mentioned case "the company wanted to pinpoint the specific problems and take
corrective action".
2- Rigor, it is a characteristic means that research should have a theoretical base and
sound of methodological design. it is partially met, "they developed a theoretical base"
but not have a methodological design.
3- Testability, it is a characteristic means research has a literature review which support
the hypothetical statement. it is not met at all, since no literature review nor variables
were mentioned to test.
4- Objectivity, it is a characteristic means having a link between the building blocks of
the research (problem definition, literature review, research design, data collection,
analysis and conclusion). it is fully met, "the researchers will make recommendations to
the company based on the result of data analysis".
5- Replicability, it is a hallmark means that research can be applied on similar cases with
minor changes in the nature of variables (Nine Elements). it is not met, since the
research results not applied on the current problem rather than other similar cases with
same circumstances.
6- Generalizability, it is a hallmark refers to the scope of applicability of the research
findings in one organizational setting to other settings. it is not met, for the same above
reason.
7- Precision and confidence, it is both a research characteristic and hallmark and
reflecting the degree of accuracy of the result and the percentage of error occurrence. it
is fully met, "the result promise be fairly accurate with at least 85% chance of success in
problem solving".
8- Parsimony, it is both a characteristic and hallmark means go to less amount of
variables. it is not met, it wasn’t mentioned the number of variables available or number
of variables selected.
The processes of deduction is a step-by-step processes involves, Identifying the critical
issues, gathering relevant data, analyzing the data in ways that would help decision
making, and implementing course of actions. it is conducted in order to find a solution
for a specific problem in an organization or one setting. in other words we start with a
general theory and then apply this theory to a specific case. an example for deductive is
customer satisfaction dilemma in Ericsson Company.
Inductive process should be the same but with larger scope since it is observe a
phenomenon and try to find possible solution to be used as basic research and applied
on different settings. an example for deductive is customer satisfaction dilemma in
Telecom industry.

The research process is a set of steps followed by researcher from scientific point of
view aimed to find solution to a problem or phenomenon. It starts with observation of a
specific problem at workplace or phenomenon in industry and ending with
recommendations or course of actions to be taken in order to fix the problem or
phenomenon. This process is mandatory to differentiate between the scientific research
and other types of researches such as case studies and action research.

It is important to gather information on the background of the organization since it is

drawing a clear vision about the organization’s background -Nine Elements- at which the
research will conduct. It will lead to have a clear broad problem definition which is the
first step in starting the research.

I will go through three steps to conduct literature survey in the area of business ethics
1- Identification of published and unpublished work from secondary data sources on the
topic of interest (Problem investigated).
2-Evaluation of this work in relation to the problem; i.e. having a sound of relevancy
between the problem definition and literature review.
3-Documentation of this work to be reference for the research and researcher.

The purpose of a literature survey is to support the problem definition from science
point of view in order to develop a good problem statement. It will help the researcher
to identify and highlight the important variables which are related to the problem
investigated. It will help the researcher to don't waste a time and effort in something
have been researched and proved by since before. ensure that the research will be
accepted or perceived by the scientific community as relevant and significant.
The importance of appropriate citation is to credit the authors and enabling the reader
to find the works cited. It is reflecting the quality and effort exerted by researcher to find
the source and quote the proper and relevant statements. The consequences of not
giving credit to the source from which materials are extracted are missing the source of
article. the researcher will be subjected to plagiarism. The statements which are not
cited have to have sound of proof and that will not be possible for the researcher

The problem definition stage is the second stage in research process stages and it comes
after broad problem identification, in this stage the researcher try to direct to the point
and narrow the broad problem area and to define the problem statement. Thus, the
most accurate problem definition is the most accurate solution is. Since if the problem
defined wrongly the solution to fix the problem will be totally wrong and will lead to
keep the problem rather than fix it even partially.

To what extent the corporate culture clarity the job committed of employees.

Because there is a difference between broad problem identification and problem

definition, Problem identification is linking the nine elements about the organization
(Organization type, management function, organizational levels, business functions,
geographically, industry, internal environment, external environment and time). but
problem definition is to narrow the scope by getting more focus in the problem and
define the problem statement to be closer and direct to the point in order to have the
proper solution.

in fact, knowing which references, articles, and information should be given prominence
in the literature survey is second step in literature review and called Evaluation or
Relevancy. In this step, the researcher will spend more time and effort to realize the
relevancy. first, he should have a glance at the titles of the articles or books, around 100
titles at the beginning to decide which looks pertinent and which looks peripheral.
second, he should read the abstract of selected articles or books, around 20-30% it
provides an overview of the study purpose, general research strategy, findings, and
conclusions . third, he should read the introduction for around 10-15 abstracts, it
provides an overview of the problem addressed by the research and specific research
objectives. finally table of contents and first chapter of a book can help the researcher to
assess the relevancy.
a. The broad problem :
Chrysler’s cars market share rather than truck market is trail behind other competitors
(GM, Ford, Honda and Toyota) so What should Chrysler do to increase its cars market
share.

b. Problem statement: To what extent the low quality affects the market share
c. after having a problem statement I should conduct literature review and develop
hypothetical statement to ensure there is a relation between the low quality and market
share, design the research or create the theoretical framework, collect the data, analyze
collected data and finally recommend the solutions

Problem statement.
To what extent the organization downsizing affects employees’ loyalty?

Problem Definition:
The GAAP becomes not sufficient to provide useful information to help investors make
rational investment, credit, and similar decisions. Reform the accounting system with
the goal of making clear the measurement will improve the decisions of cash and credit
value.
Yep, literature survey is a time-consuming exercise, but it doesn't mean that in-depth
interview should suffice to develop a theoretical framework. in-depth interview will help
researcher to narrow the broad problem area and to define a specific problem statement
(Problem Definition) since it is providing background information on the organization
(nine elements). but the prevailing knowledge on the topic will be provided through
literature survey which will help the researcher to identify and highlight the important
variables that are related to the problem and that was proved by science. at the end both
background information and prevailing knowledge are needed to develop a theoretical
framework

Good models or theoretical framework are complex since it is integrating the conceptual
model which describes the relationships between the variables and express the
researcher's logical beliefs and claims, and the theory which explains these relations
between the variables. both conceptual model and theory are representing the
important variables (Dependent and Independent), moreover, the researcher should
take into consideration the boundaries and constraints governing the situation and it is
mostly related to the local environment, it the moderating and mediating variables, both
moderating and mediating variables are affecting the relation between dependent and
independent variable.

Yes, because the outcome of academic researchers is basic research which is generating
a body of knowledge by trying to comprehend how certain problems that occur in many
settings can be solved. This is required for sure to elaborate more models on a specific
phenomena. in opposite the applied researchers are focusing on a specific problem in
one setting, so they are looking for a model to applied in order to fix the current
problem.

This statement isn't right and isn't wrong, in applied research we start with a general
theory and then apply this theory to a specific case, and of course the relation between
the variables already explained and proved by since. on other hand the conceptual
model describes how the variables in the model are related to each other. at the end
when it comes to applied research context the conceptual model is adjusted and
combined with the theory in the theoretical framework . for example, if CIB bank has a
low level of employee commitment, in the conceptual model there was three variables,
Salary, Turnover and Transportation, in the literature review, researcher found a theory
about commitment in banking industry, and it is stated that there are three variables
affecting the commitment, Salary, Turnover and Absenteeism. in the theoretical
framework the researcher will have four variables Salary, Turnover, Absenteeism and
Transportation. thus researcher don't have to explain the relation between Salary and
Turnover and commitment but he has to explain the relation between Transportation
and commitment.
Problem Statement: To what extent do customer service-related factors affect revenues
of Holiday Hospitality Corp.

Theoretical Framework :
The dependent variable of quadrupled revenues is affected by the two independent
variables - differentiating between the variety of facilities offered to clients and
improvement of customer service. Tom Oliver, the Chief Executive of Holiday Hospitality
Corp., was interesting in increasing the revenues as dependent variable, he has a belief
that differentiating between the variety of facilities offered to clients will increase the
revenue and could be quadrupled, since the client will select the proper facility. after
conduction a customer survey he discovered that the differentiation isn't the only
independent variable, he discovered that the customer service is an independent
variable as well and increasing customer service will lead to increase the revenues. but
the customers didn’t have a clue as to the differences among the three different types of
facilities offered under Holiday flagship and were complain regarding the service
provided and hotels building. so he realized that a new Independent variable is existing
beside the differentiation which is customer service and another moderating variable
which is Client could differentiate. due to the problem of brand confusion, Tom has an
intention to apply new strategy of name changing to support the differentiation of the
three facilities but he got a franchise owners wary and they might not support him or
fully cooperate. so he realized again that a new variable -Cooperative franchise owners-
can moderate the relation between the differentiation and revenue.
In sum, we can have theoretical model contains five variables
1- Increasing revenues, Dependent variable.
2- Differentiation between the three offered facilities , Independent variable (+/+)
3- improvement of customer service , Independent variable (+/+)
4- Client could differentiate, Moderating variable (+/+)
5- Cooperative franchise owners, Moderating variable (+/+)

Hypotheses:
1- The greater the quality of service the less customer's complains
2- Increasing the cooperation with franchise owners will decrease the franchises balked
3- If the buildings modernized and properly maintained, it will lead to decrease
customer complains
4- The greater the customer service, the greater the revenues
5- Changing the name will increase franchises balked

The dependent variable is the performance of bank employees, because it is primary

interest to the researcher rather than any other variables

The dependent variable is product desirability.

Variable Name
Good supervision
Training
Production level of the workers

Variable Name
The productivity of the employees
Off-the-job classroom training
Employees over 60 years
ESLSCA 45D
Dr. Ashraf Elsafty
Research Methods
ESLSCA 45D
Mid term Exam #VALUE!
Part TWO
Q
Answer, ONLY
DON'T DELETE O
Part 2: To be answered at the shaded cells only. Just
answer
on grey
cells only

1 Business research can be described as a systematic and organized effort to A

investigate a specific problem, encountered in the work setting that needs
a solution.

A. true
B. false

2 Research done with the intention of applying the results of the findings to B
solve specific problems currently being experienced in an organization is
called basic research.

A. true
B. false

3 Research done primarily to make a contribution to existing knowledge is A

called basic, fundamental, or pure research.

A. true
B. false

4 Applied research is not scientific in nature. B

A. true
B. false
5 Ethics in business research refers to a code of conduct or expected societal A
norm of behavior while conducting research.

A. true
B. false

6 Ethical conduct applies to the researchers who undertake the research, but B
not to the respondents who provide them with the necessary data.

A. true
B. false

7 The main distinction between applied and basic business research is that A
the former is specifically aimed at solving a currently experienced
problem, whereas the latter has the broader objective of generating
knowledge and understanding of phenomena and problems that occur in
various organizational settings.

A. true
B. false

8 Both basic and applied research has to be carried out in a scientific A

manner.

A. true
B. false
9 The first step in research is to know where the problem areas exist in the A
organization, and to identify as clearly and specifically as possible the
problems that need to be studied and resolved.

A. true
B. false

10 Identifying the critical issues, gathering relevant information, analyzing the A

data in ways that would help decision making, and implementing the right
course of action, are all facilitated by understanding business research.

A. true
B. false

11 Knowledge gained by the findings of basic research cannot be applied by B

organizations to solve their own problems.

A. true
B. false

12 ‘Rigor’ related to scientific investigation refers, amongst others, to: D

a. The probability that our estimations are correct.

b. The idea that a simple model that explains a certain phenomenon has
preference over a complex model.
c. The fact that findings are generalizable.
d. The fact that a study has a good theoretical base.

13 ‘Confidence’, as a characteristic of scientific investigation, refers to: A

a. The probability that our estimations are correct.
b. The idea that a simple model that explains a certain phenomenon has
preference over a complex model.
c. The fact that findings are generalizable.
d. The fact that an investigation has a clear theoretical foundation.

14 An inductive investigation starts with an observation of empirical data. B

A. true
B. false

15 A deductive investigation is based on theoretically logical reasoning. A

A. true
B. false

16 It is not always possible to meet all the hallmarks of science in full. A

Comparability, consistency, and wide generalizability are often difficult to
obtain in research.

A. true
B. false

17 Which of the following is a hierarchical listing of the hypothetico-deductive A

research method?
a. Identify a broad problem area - Define the problem statement - Develop
hypotheses - Determine measures - Data collection - Data analysis -
Interpretation of data
b. Identify a broad problem area - Define the problem statement -
Determine measures - Data collection - Develop hypotheses - Data analysis
- Interpretation of data
c. Define the problem statement - Identify a broad problem area -
Determine measures - Develop hypotheses - Data collection - Data analysis
- Interpretation of data
d. Identify a broad problem area - Develop hypotheses - Determine
measures - Data collection - Data analysis - Interpretation of data

18 A literature survey helps the development of the theoretical framework A

and hypotheses for testing.

A. true
B. false

19 Which of the following answers is not an objective of preliminary D

research?

a. One does not run the risk of “reinventing the wheel”.

b. Important variables that are likely to influence the problem situation
are not left out of the study.
c. The problem statement can be made with precision and clarity.
d. To determine whether a variable is an independent variable, a
dependent variable, a mediating variable, or a moderating variable.

20 A frequent problem in terms of feasibility is that the problem statement is A

too broad in scope.

A. true
B. false
21 From an academic perspective research is relevant if: E

a. Nothing is known about a topic.

b. Much is known about the topic, but the knowledge is scattered and not
integrated.
c. Much research on the topic is available, but the results are (partly)
contradictory.
d. Established relationships do not hold in certain situations..
e. All of the above.

22 A hypothesis is unrelated to the theoretical framework. B

A. true
B. false

23 The ________________ is the variable of primary interest to the researcher. D

a. Independent variable.
b. Intervening variable.
c. Moderating variable.
d. Dependent variable.

24 A marketing manager believes that sales promotion has a positive effect on D

sales. Although he believes that this relationship holds true generally for
all consumers he also believes that it is nevertheless contingent on the
price consciousness of consumers.

What would be the dependent variable here?

a. Profits.
b. Sales promotion.
c. Pice consciousness.
d. Sales.

25 Job satisfaction is: D

a. An independent variable.
b. A dependent variable.
c. A moderating variable.
d. This is not clear based on the above information.

26 A theoretical framework contains all possible variables that have an effect B

on the dependent variable.

A. true
B. false

27 A conceptual model describes how the concepts in your model are related A
to each other.

A. true
B. false

28 A theory attempts to explain relationships between the variables in your A

model: an explanation should be provided for all the important
relationships that are theorized to exist among the variables.

A. true
B. false

29 Theory is needed in basic research but not in applied research B

A. true
B. false

30 Another term for independent variable is predictor variable. A

A. true
B. false

31 A theoretical framework represents your beliefs on how certain A

phenomena (or variables or concepts) are related to each other, and an
explanation on why you believe that these variables are associated to each
other.

A. true
B. false

Wish you all the best of success.

Dr. Ashraf Elsafty

Answer, ONLY using A or B or C or D or E
DON'T DELETE OR HIDE ANY OF THE ROWS
using A or B or C or D or E
R HIDE ANY OF THE ROWS

MUST Add needed justification for your selection

It comprises a series of steps ( Seven-Steps Process) that are designed

and executed with the aim of finding answers or recommendations to
the issues that are of concern to the manager in the work environment

It is related to applied research not basic, since the results of

the findings to solve specific problems currently being
experienced in an organization not organizations

The basis research generates a body of knowledge by trying

to comprehend how certain problems that occur in many
settings or organizations can be solved.

Applied research has scientific research characteristics

(Purposiveness, Rigor, Testability, Objectivity, Precision and
confidence and Parsimony ) and may or may not have some
hallmarks ( Replicability and Generalizability)
Ethical conduct should be reflected in behavior of entire
research team that presents the results or
recommendations, also should be reflected in the research
process from identifying the broad problem ending with
presenting recommendations

Ethical conduct applies to whole entire research team, the

researchers who conduct the investigation, the participants
who provide the data, and the analysts who provide the
results

The basis research aimed to generate a body of knowledge

by observing phenomenon occur in many settings or
organizations, but Applied research using the basic to
suggest solutions about specific problem in one setting or
organization

Both types of researches (applied and basic) are scientific in

nature, both have scientific research characteristics and
hallmarks (Purposiveness, Rigor, Testability, Objectivity,
Precision and confidence, Parsimony, Replicability and
Generalizability), the applied may or may not has
Replicability and Generalizability
It is called Identify a broad problem; it is linking the nine
elements of the organization (Organization type,
management function, organizational levels, business
functions, geographically, industry, internal environment,
external environment and time). and aimed to have better
understanding about the organization background where
the problem exists

The business research is a process by which researcher

attempts to solve a problem, accordingly all the steps
starting from problem definition, Literature review, develop
research design, collect the data, analyze the data and
ending with recommendations are emerges from
understanding business research

The basic research is observing a phenomenon in different

settings and suggest the solutions to fix this phenomenon, so
it creates a body of knowledge that can be applied by
organizations to solve their own problems

Rigor refers to the fact that a study has a good theoretical

base and sound of methodological design, A refers to
Precision and confidence, B refers to Parsimony and D refers
to Generalizability

Confidence refers to The probability that our estimations

are correct, B refers to Parsimony, C refers to
Generalizability and D refers to Rigor
An inductive investigation starts with an observation of a
specific phenomenon rather than theory

The theoretically logical reasoning is to find the relations

between the variables in the theoretical framework which is
the third step after defining the problem and conduct
literature review in deductive research

Comparability, consistency, and wide generalizability are

hallmarks of scientific research but it couldn't be realized in
early stage of implementing research's results until these
results are replicated or repeated in other similar
circumstances and have a wider range of applicability

it is the seven-steps of deductive research method starting

with Identify a broad problem area (background of
organization or nine elements), Define the problem
statement (narrow the broad wide of the problem), Develop
hypotheses (having literature review and crate theatrical
framework), Determine measures (how to measure
variables in theatrical framework), Data collection (Collet
the relevant data to variables according to theoretical
framework), Data analysis ( analyzing collected data) and
finally Interpretation of data ( recommendations based on
data analysis).
literature survey will help the researcher to identify and
highlight the important variables which are related to the
problem investigated. i.e. it provides the prevailing
knowledge which will be combined with conceptual model
and based on that the researcher will develop the theatrical
framework

To determine whether a variable is an independent variable,

a dependent variable, a mediating variable, or a moderating
variable is the objective of developing the theoretical
framework not preliminary research objective

Indeed, a frequent problem in terms of feasibility becomes

phenomenon which means it has too broad in scope and it
exists in many settings
it is right, since these four items are good basis enabling the
researcher to conduct a research. if nothing is known,
researcher has to prove his claim is right; if there a
knowledge but it is scattered and not integrated, researcher
has to provide integrated overview. if there are results of
much researches and partly contradictory, researcher has to
reconcile contradictory results. and finally if established
relationships do not hold in certain situations, the
researcher has to establish boundary conditions.

It is wrong, because developing a theoretical framework by

having a clear identified and labeled variables is the base for
developing testable hypotheses.

Dependent variable is the most attractive and interested

variable among other variables to the researcher. in other
words, it is the core variables researcher is trying to find
other variables that are influence this variable.

Sales is the dependent variable, and other variables -sales

promotion and price consciousness- are independent
variables have an effect on sales
To indicate the type of the variable ( Dependent,
independent, mediating, or moderating) it should be a
relation between two variables at least

Theoretical framework contains important variables only

not all possible variables that have an effect on the
dependent variable. in other words, Theoretical framework
parsimonious and focus on important variables only

Conceptual model is the researcher beliefs or claims, and it

is describes the relation between the dependent variable
and other types of variable from researcher point of view

We can say a theory is provide a sound of verification and

correction of the conceptual model research. It is identifying
the important variables and the relations between these
variables in terms of significant, direction and amount

Theory is needed in both types or researches basic and

applied. Both basic and applied research have to be carried
out in a scientific manner, so the term scientific research
applies to both basic and applied research. Thus theory is
needed
predictor variable is a variable used in regression to predict
another variable, in other words, predictor variable is the
variable affect the dependent variable so it is another term
of independent variable

Theoretical framework is a combination of conceptual

model, where the researcher has his own beliefs or claims
on how variables are related to each other, and theory
where since verify or correct these claims and why these
variables are associated to each other and redesign both
(conceptual mode and theory) in a theoretical framework or
research design
ESLSCA 45D