Lab Report-01 (ME-339 Control Engineering Lab)

ME-339 Control Engineering Lab

Lab Report – 01

Introduction to Control Engineering Lab

Submitted to
LE. Usman Ghani
Submitted by
Name Muhammad Talha Nouman

CMS ID 366197
Semester 5th
Section ME-13-C
Group
School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering

National University of Science and Technology – Islamabad
Control Engineering Lab
Control Engineering Lab Layout
2
Objectives
1) Introduction to fundamental equipment in the Control Engineering Lab
2) Interaction with the different CE equipment on basic level
3) Understanding the fundamental definition of the control system and its types
4) Understanding the function of sensors, transducers and actuators
5) Optimization of the fundamental safety precautions while working in CE Lab
Lab Equipment
During the first lab session, we have been introduced with different equipment as
placed in Control Engineering Lab. We have been provided a proper Lab layout in which
equipment are particularly placed sequentially and taught its fundamental functionality
with respect to respective experiment.
1. Pressure Control Trainer:

2. Flow Control Trainer:
3. AC Servo Motor
4. Level Control Trainer
5. Temperature Control Trainer
6. Linear Variable Differential Trainer
Theoretical Background
Control System:
A control system is a system of devices or processes that manages, commands,
directs, or regulates the behavior of other devices or systems to achieve desired outcomes.
Components of Control Systems:

There are three building blocks of the control systems as these components play a key
role in gathering information, initiating actions, and converting physical phenomena into
electrical signals or vice versa, which are stated as below.
a- Sensor:
Sensor is a device that has the function to detect and measure the physical
quantities, environmental conditions, or characteristics and convert them into electrical
signals or other readable output. Sensors typically provide analog or digital output
signals that represent the measured parameter. These signals can be voltage, current,
resistance, or other forms, depending on the sensor type.
Examples: Temperature sensor, Proximity sensor, pressure sensor, humidity sensor,
light sensor, Infrared sensor and Ultrasonic sensor are typical examples of sensors.
Applications: Sensors are used in numerous applications, such as automatic industry,

environmental monitoring, medical devices, industrial automation and customer
electronics.
3
b- Transducer:
A transducer is a device that converts one form of energy or signal into another. It
can be used as both a sensor and an actuator, depending on its application.
Alternatively, a transducer is defined as a device which provides usable output response
to a specific input measured which may be a physical quantity.
Examples: Piezoelectric transducer is a typical example of transducer.
Applications: Transducers are used in numerous applications, such as load cells,
microphones, photovoltaic cells (Solar Panels), thermoelectric generators and Linear
Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT).
c- Actuator:
An actuator is a mechanism for turning energy into motion. Actuator is a device
that receives control signals from a controller or a control system and produce a
physical action or movement in response. It acts based on the input commands.
Examples: Mechanical actuator, linear actuator, Hydraulic actuator, Rotatory actuator,
Pneumatic actuator and piezoelectric actuator are the typical examples of actuators.
Applications: Actuators are used in numerous applications, such as robotics,
manufacturing, aerospace and aviation, automotive systems, and HVAC (Heating,
Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) systems.
Control Action:
Control action is that quantity responsible for activating the system to produce the
output.
Types of Control System
Depending on whether such control actions s dependent on the status of output, control
systems are classified into two categories:
a. Open-loop Control System
b. Closed-loop Control System
a. Open-loop Control System
A system in which the control action is totally independent of the output of the system
is called as open-loop control system (as shown in figure. 1A). It relies solely on the input
command to produce the desired output. In short, a system that cannot perform the
measurement and correction to its output is referred as an open-loop system. Automatic
hand driver, automatic washing machine, bread toaster and automatic coffee server etc. are
the typical examples of open-loop control system.
4
b. Closed-loop Control System

A system in which the control action is somehow dependent on the output is called
as closed-loop control system (as shown in fig. 1B). Closed-loop control systems, also
known as feedback control systems, continuously monitor the system's output and
compare it to a desired reference value (set point). These systems use feedback to
compare the desired output of the system to the actual output, and adjust the input to
the system based on the difference between these two signals (called the error). The
goal of a closed-loop control system is to reduce or eliminate the error by adjusting the
input to the system in a way that drives the output towards the desired value.
Examples: DC motor speed control by tacho feedback, railway reservation status,
servo voltage stabilizer and water level controller are the typical examples of closed-
loop control systems.
Safety Precautions
i. Use insulated tools and equipment when working with electricity.
ii. Be aware of the location of circuit breakers, fuses, and emergency shut-off switches.
iii. Ensure that control systems are in a safe state, especially if experiments involve moving
parts or automated processes.
iv. Use only isolated power sources (either isolated power supplies or AC power through
isolation power transformers). This helps using a grounded oscilloscope and reduces
the possibility of risk of completing a circuit through your body or destroying the test
equipment.
v. Check for all the connections of the circuit and scope connections before powering
the circuit, to avoid shorting or any ground looping that may lead to electrical shocks
or damage of equipment.
vi. Apply low voltages or low power to check proper functionality of circuits.
vii. A switch should be included in each supply circuit so that when opened, these
switches will de-energize the entire setup. Place these switches so that you can reach
them quickly in case of emergency, and without reaching across hot or high voltage
components.
viii. Pay attention to safety labels and warnings on equipment and chemicals.
ix. Follow instructions and guidelines provided by manufacturers.
x. Be sure about the locations of fire extinguishers and first aid kits in lab.

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ME-339 Control Engineering Lab

Introduction to Control Engineering Lab

Name Muhammad Talha Nouman

School of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering

Control Engineering Lab Layout

1. Pressure Control Trainer:

Components of Control Systems:

Applications: Sensors are used in numerous applications, such as automatic industry,

b. Closed-loop Control System

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