Name :Manansala, Hazel M. Date : November 23.

2022

Course/Year/Sec: BSN 1 YA-23 Teacher: Dr.Dorlyn Billones

EXERCISE NO. 12
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

GIO: I. To be able to study the gross, histological and functional characteristics of the
Gastrointestinal tract.
SIO :
1. Enumerate the parts of the alimentary canal and give the functions of each organ.
 Caecum– It is a small sac-like structure containing symbiotic microorganisms. The
vermiform appendix (vestigial organ) is attached to it.
 Colon– It is divided into four regions- ascending, transverse, sigmoid and descending.
 Rectum– It opens into the anus.
2. Enumerate the accessory organs of digestion and give the role of each organ in
digestion.
 The accessory organs are the teeth, tongue, and glandular organs such as salivary
glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. The digestive system functions to provide
mechanical processing, digestion, absorption of food, secretion of water, acids,
enzymes, buffer, salt, and excretion of waste products.
3. Enumerate the four layers of the wall of the alimentary tract.
 Mucosa.
 Submucosa.
 Muscular layer.
 Serous layer or serosa.
GIO: II. To be able to study the Oral cavity
SIO:
1. Enumerate the two compartments of the oral cavity.
 The oral cavity itself is divided into the oral vestibule and the oral cavity proper. The
vestibule is the compartment between the anterior and lateral aspects of the teeth and
gingiva and the posterior and medial aspects of the lips and cheeks.
2. Draw and label the parts of the oral cavity.

GIO: III. To be able to study the pharynx and esophagus SIO:

1. Enumerate the events that take place during swallowing.
Swallowing is divided into three stages:

 Oral phase – voluntary, movement of the bolus from the oral cavity into the oropharynx.
 Pharyngeal phase – involuntary, movement of the bolus from the oropharynx into the
esophagus.
 Esophageal phase – involuntary, movement of the bolus through the esophagus and
into the stomach.
2. Enumerate the three parts of the pharynx and describe important features.
 Nasopharynx: The top part of the throat connects to the nasal cavities (nose) and lets air
pass through.
 Oropharynx: The middle part of the throat connects to the oral cavity (mouth). …
 Laryngopharynx (or hypopharynx): The bottom part of the throat is near the larynx (or
voice box).
3. Enumerate the three anatomic and physiologic constrictions of the esophagus.
 Cervical constriction: due to cricoid cartilage at the level of C5/6
 Thoracic constriction: due to aortic arch at the level of T4/5
 Abdominal constriction: at esophageal hiatus at T10/11
GIO: IV. To study the parts and function of the stomach SIO:

1. Draw and label the parts of the stomach.

2. Enumerate the cells found in the gastric mucosa and their secretions.
 Mucous cells: secrete an alkaline mucus that protects the epithelium against shear
stress and acid
 Parietal cells: secrete hydrochloric acid
 Chief cells: secrete pepsin, a proteolytic enzyme
 G cells: secrete the hormone gastrin

GIO: V. To study the small and large intestine

SIO:
1. Enumerate the subdivisions of the small intestines.
 The duodenum, jejunum and ileum.
2. Enumerate the major functions of the small intestines.
 It helps to further digest food coming from the stomach. It absorbs nutrients (vitamins,
minerals, carbohydrates, fats, proteins) and water from food so they can be used by the
body. The small intestine is part of the digestive system.
3. Identify the parts of duodenum where the duodenal papilla is found.
 The major duodenal papilla is situated in the second part of the duodenum, 7-10 cm
from the pylorus, at the level of the second or third lumbar vertebrae.
4. Define the ligament of Treitz and give its anatomic significance?
 The ligament of Treitz is a band of tissue in the abdomen (belly). It supports and anchors
the duodenum (the first part of the small intestine) and helps move contents along the
gastrointestinal tract. A birth defect involving the ligament of Treitz can cause intestinal
malrotation (twisting).
5. Enumerate the subdivisions of the large intestine.
 Cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal.
6. Differentiate the small and large intestines.
 The small intestine is involved in the digestion of food and absorption of nutrients.
 The large intestine is involved in the absorption of water and in the production of
vitamins.
7. Define what acute appendicitis is.
 Appendicitis occurs when the appendix becomes inflamed and filled with pus.
Appendicitis is an inflammation of the appendix, a finger-shaped pouch that projects
from your colon on the lower right side of your abdomen. Appendicitis causes pain in
your lower right abdomen.

GIO.VI. To study the parts and functions of the accessory organs of digestion SIO:

1. Enumerate the 3 salivary glands and differentiate in terms of the types of secretion and
locations and the names of ducts.
 The major salivary glands are the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. The
parotid glands are located in front and beneath the ear. A duct, called Stensen’s duct,
drains saliva from the parotid gland into the mouth, at the area of the upper cheeks.
 The submandibular glands are found on both sides, just under and deep to the jaw,
towards the back of the mouth. This gland produces roughly 70% of the saliva in our
mouth. The submandibular duct, called Warhtin’s duct, enter the floor of the mouth
under the front of the tongue.
 Sublingual glands, meanwhile, reside beneath the tongue, and supply saliva to the floor
of the mouth as well. There are many (between 600 to 1,000) tiny glands called minor
salivary glands. These glands are 1-2 mm in diameter and coat all the mucousal surfaces
or lining of our mouth and throat.
2. Give the role of saliva in digestion?
 Saliva contains special enzymes that help digest the starches in your food.
3. Draw and label the parts of the pancreas (exocrine and endocrine).
4. Draw and label the parts of the liver and gallbladder.

5. Define the role of the gallbladder in digestion.

 The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile from the liver. The bile is then released into
the first section of the small intestine (the duodenum), where it helps your body to
break down and absorb fats from food.

GIO. VII. To study the various digestive enzymes in terms of source organs and role in the
digestive process.
SIO:
1. Identify the enzyme found in the saliva for initial carbohydrate digestion in the mouth.
 Amylase breaks down starches (complex carbohydrates) into sugars, which your body
can more easily absorb
2. Identify the enzymes found in the pancreatic juice and give the substrate or type of
nutrients being acted upon by these enzymes.
 Pancreatic proteases (such as trypsin and chymotrypsin) – which help to digest proteins.
 Pancreatic amylase – which helps to digest sugars (carbohydrates).
 Pancreatic lipase – which helps to digest fat.