Definitions of Myth Game of the gods:

“A collection of myths, especially one belonging to a WHO SAID THAT sometimes myths are public
particular religious or cultural tradition. dreams which, like private dreams, emerge from the
unconscious mind?
A set of stories or beliefs about a particular person, institution,
or situation, especially when exaggerated or fictitious." -Freud

How did prominent people define myths? Who said that myths can sometimes validate social
Frye : issues?
Myths are stories, usually, about gods and other supernatural -Campbell
beings
. Who said that myths are also enacted in rituals?
Eliade: -Hooke
They are often stories of origins, how the world and
everything in it came to be in illo tempore. Definitions of Folklore
“The traditional beliefs, customs, and stories of a community,
LéviStrauss : passed through the generations by word of mouth.
They are usually strongly structured and their meaning is only
discerned by linguistic analysis. A body of popular myths or beliefs relating to a particular
place, activity, or group of people.”
Freud:
Sometimes they are public dreams which, like private dreams, What about folklore?
emerge from the unconscious mind. Folklore' has four basic meanings. First, it denotes oral
narration, rituals, crafts, and other forms of vernacular
Jung: expressive culture. Second, folklore, or ‘folkloristics,’ names
They often reveal the archetypes of the collective an academic discipline devoted to the study of such
unconscious. phenomena. Third, in everyday usage, folklore sometimes
describes colorful ‘folkloric’ phenomena linked to the music,
Cassirer : tourist, and fashion industries. Fourth, like myth, folklore can
They are symbolic and metaphorical. mean falsehood.

Campbell: Folklore is a metacultural category used to mark certain

They orient people to the metaphysical dimension, explain genres and practices within modern societies as being not
the origins and nature of the cosmos, validate social issues, modern. By extension, the word refers to the study of such
and, on the psychological plane, address themselves to the materials.
innermost depths of the psyche.
Folklore is many things, and it’s almost impossible to define
Frazer: succinctly. It’s both what folklorists study and the name of the
Some of them are explanatory, being prescientific attempts to discipline they work within. Yes, folklore is folk songs and
interpret the natural world. legends. It’s also quilts, Boy Scout badges, high school
marching band initiations, jokes, chain letters, nicknames,
Malinowski : holiday food… and many other things you might or might not
As such, they are usually functional and are the science of expect. Folklore exists in cities, suburbs and rural villages, in
primitive peoples. families, work groups and dormitories.

Hooke: Surely no other discipline is more concerned with linking us

They are enacted in rituals. to the cultural heritage from the past than is folklore; no other
discipline is more concerned with revealing the
Durkheim : interrelationships of different cultural expressions than is
Religious myths are sacred histories (Eliade), and folklore; and no other discipline is so concerned with
distinguished from the profane. discovering what it is to be human. It is this attempt to
discover the basis of our common humanity, the imperatives
Saussure: of our human existence, that puts folklore study at the very
But, being semiotic expressions. center of humanistic study.

Müller: Types Of Myths

They are a "disease of language"
1. Aetiological Myths
Kirk: -Aetiological myths (also known as “etiological) explain the
They are both individual and social in scope, but they are motive why something is the way it is today. The word
first and foremost stories. aetiological is from the Greek phrase aetion (αἴτιον) meaning
“reason” or “explanation”. The motives given in an Based on the teachings of the Roman Catholic
aetiological fantasy are not the real (or scientific) reasons. Church, the abstinence during he Lenten Season
relives the fasting of Jesus Christ and the resistance
Subtypes: from the temptations of the devil. What type of myth
 Natural etiological myth is characterized in this ritual?
-Explains an aspect of nature -Religious

For example, you could explain lightning and Theories of Myths Interpretation
thunder by saying that Zeus is angry.
Ancient Views of Myth
 An etymological aetiological myth
-Explains the origin of a word. (Etymology is the  Xenophanes (c. 560-478 BCE)
study of word origins.)
“there is no man that has seen,nor any the will ever know,the
For example, you could explain the name of the exact truth concerning the gods and all the other subjects of
goddess, Aphrodite, by saying that she was born in which I speak”
sea-foam, since aphros is the Greek word for sea- -Diels-Kraz fragment 34
foam.
Xenophanes found the traditional understanding of the divine
 Religious aetiological myth to be inherently flawed and he chiefly blamed Homer and
- Explains the origin of a religious ritual. Hesiod for disseminating these widely accepted
misconceptions. He writes, “Both Homer and Hesiod have
For example, you may want to explain the Greek ascribed to the gods all deeds which among men are matters
non-secular ritual of the Eleusinian Mysteries by of reproach and blame: thieving, adultery, and deceiving one
saying that they originated when the Greek goddess, another” (Sextus Empiricus, Against the Mathematicians
Demeter, came down to the city of Eleusis and taught 9.193)
the people how to worship her.
Humans have a tendency to attribute their own characteristics
2. Historical Myths to the divine entities; in other words, humans think of their
Historical myths are informed about a historic event, and gods as all too human.
they help preserve the memory of that event alive. Ironically,
in historic myths, the accuracy is misplaced however that Xenophanes believed it was disrespectful to the gods to
means is gained. conceptualize them as being subject to human weaknesses and
illicit acts. It is the same as ascribing imperfections to the
The myths about the Trojan War, including the Iliad and the perfect being – which, without doubt, does not make any
Odyssey, could be labeled as historical myths. The Trojan sense. (Alex Barrientos, 2020, Classical Wisdom)
War did occur, however the famous characters that we
understand from the Iliad and the Odyssey did not exist.  Plato
Plato (in Republic II-III) also criticized many of the
3. Psychological Myths contemporary poems, myths, or tales about the gods, because
The psychological myth idea states how myths are based on these stories depicted the gods doing horrible things. Plato
human emotion and that they come from the human thought the stories would corrupt the minds of young children
unconscious mind. Cultures all round the world had who did not yet know the difference between right and wrong.
comparable fears, questions, and wishes which, to them,
were unexplainable. Game of the gods:
In Pinoy Pop Music, this is a name of a mellow -
That is the purpose that psychological myths have been made; rock band. But in mythology it is a protective shield.
and that is why there are archetypes shared between cultures. What is this word?
-Aegis
Game of the gods:
Pandora's Box explains the origin of the evils in the If Cosmetology is the study and application of beauty
world. What type of myth is characterized in this treatment, what is the study of or a theory of the
story? creation and evolution of the universe?
-Aetiological -Cosmology

Generally, the Myth of Persephone explains the In Greek mythology, the famous three- headed dog is
"origin" of the seasons. If what is highlighted is the called Cerberus. What do you call this divine group
explanation of "seasons" being an environmental in Egyptian mythology, which literally means any
phenomenon, what type of myth is characterized? group or set of nine?
-Natural -Ennead
Allegorical Interpretation the gods grew to become regular humans. This attitude
 Allegory is a narration or description in which events, persevered thru the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.
actions, characters, settings or objects represent specific
abstractions or ideas. Animism

Physical Allegory Anthropological Theories

 Theagenes (late sixth C. B.C.) - interpreted myths in
which gods fought every one-of-a-kind as illustrating Edward Tylor (1871): myths are created out of animism, the
physical/cosmological facts about nature, and opposing belief that everything has a soul.
herbal forces.
This belief must then be a universal human drive. He held
For example, in the Iliad 20.54, Apollo assaults Poseidon. myth is a mistaken protoscience or philosophy, born out of
fear and ignorance of natural phenomena.
Theagenes claims that this illustrates the fundamental bodily
opposition between the necessary ideas of furnace and water, Animism
for Poseidon is the god of the sea, and stands for water, while This is the belief that all objects and living things possess a
Apollo stands for fire. soul or spirit. It is considered by authors to be the earliest
form of religion. The term was coined by the English
Game of the gods: anthropologist, Sir Edward Tylor, and its Latin derivation,
Who is the mythologist who believed that myths are Anima, means soul or breath of life.
a "disease of language" which meant that myth
transforms concepts into beings and stories? Ritual Theory
-Müller This claim was first put forward by Robertson Smith, who
argued that humans begin performing rituals for reasons not
Max Müller supported an allegorical notion of myth. He associated to myth. Forgetting the authentic purpose for a
believed myths began as allegorical descriptions of nature. ritual, they account for it by inventing a fable and claiming the
ritual commemorates the occasions described in that myth.
For example, a poetic description of the sea as "raging" was
eventually taken sincerely and the sea was as soon as then Sir James Frazer (The Golden Bough) proposed the ritual
questioning of as a raging go. principle of myth. This states that myths are explanations for
(more basic, fundamental) non secular rituals; a secondary
Theagenes claims that this illustrates the fundamental physical elaboration of rituals.
opposition between the basic principles of fire and water, for
Poseidon is the god of the sea, and stands for water, while Many cultures have myths and rituals involving fire. Here,
Apollo stands for fire. Other contemporaneous proposed Australian Aborigines with complex designs painted on their
allegories: bodies dance in front of a fire.

Athena is the personification of rational thought, Ares of blind Functionalism

violence, Aphrodite of desire. Bronislaw Malinowski claimed that fantasy frequently serves
as a justification and validation of economic, political, social,
Historical Allegory and non-secular realities. Myth accordingly is not the first step
in the pattern of social evolution towards cutting-edge western
Euhemerus (around 300 B.C.) counseled that myths would science, however is as a substitute a device to deal with the
possibly comprise historical truths, as a choice of practical troubles of everyday life.
philosophical ones. The theogony encapsulates the records of
fine early human kings. The gods had been at the start just Stucturalism
outstanding men, who got here to be worshipped after they Structuralist approaches to myth are based on the analogy of
died. myth to language. Just as a language is composed of
significant oppositions, so myths are formed out of significant
For example, the myth of the wind-god Aeolus may have oppositions between certain terms and categories.
evolved from a historical account of a king who taught his
people to use sails and interpret the winds. Game of the gods:
Which theory of interpretation provides that myths
The early Christian Church Fathers essentially adopted began as allegorical descriptions of nature and step
Euhemerism, so classical mythology used to be explained as with the aid of step obtained right here to be
mere men who had been raised to superhuman or demonic interpreted literally?
reputation due to the reality of their deeds. -Allegory/ Allegorical Approach

By this means, Christians have been in a function to put off Which theory of interpretation claims that everything
the spiritual significance of these popular, common myths-- has its soul?
-Animism
Importance of Mythology and Folklore Spain delivered about liberal thoughts and a feel of
 Cultural preservation and identity internationalism to the human beings of Philippines. Similar
Myths and tales join us deeply on a personal degree to our to the length of renaissance, it has giant have an impact on
ancestors, spanning time and space. Through analyzing or
listening to these stories, we get a glimpse of how our local intellectuals. They start to query and portray the
ancestors thought, behaved and acted in daily life. meanings of "liberty and freedom" in their works. The history
 Myths reconnects to our true selves. of Philippine literature demonstrates that the combination of
The most common and logical clarification why we want to realism and surrealism gives upward jab to some of the first-
preserve myths, folktales, legends and fairytales is because rate Philippines literature today.
they belong to our history, they are sections of our life- style
and as a result, need to be preserved in order to recognize our The data of Philippine Literature used to be extra marked as
past properly. But myths are no longer only necessary when an alternate when the English Language was introduced. The
grasping our past, they moreover play a phase in our present. introduction of the language led to the slow demise of Spanish.
 The lost art of storytelling :Creating community The sustaining use of English language birthed some of the
through tales correct stated English poems, quick stories, and has enriched
Already in 1936, the German-Jewish intellectual Walter the nearby literature in a distinctive way.
Benjamin claimed that the art of storytelling is loss of life out.
He gave motives like a lack of trip of the stories, a fast Game of the gods:
changing society, and an overflow of provided information for Give an example of a literary piece written during the
the disappearing of memories in existing cultures. Through Spanish Colonial Era.
storytelling, we create a experience of belonging, a sense of -Noli Me Tangere, El Filibusterismo, Ninay,
 private and communal identification, which is important Florante at Laura
for healthy social structures.
The Philippine Epics
Chapter 2: The Philippines Literary Background These Philippine epic stories, which were usually named after
the hero of the story, have been commonly performed on one-
Although not exactly history, literature can be viewed as of-a- kind events and occasions like feasts or rituals. They had
history insofar as it embodies the consciousness of a people at been typically about the lifestyles of a native hero, his
a certain time and mirrors the society, culture, and people that relationship with the native gods, battles and victories, feats of
engendered it. It is very much a product and reflection of the bravery and adventures.
milieu from which it can never be separated. As
such,literature has the potential role of being an indicator as Philippine Epic Stories
much as an agent of social change at the same time. Bicol Epic Poetry:The Ibalon

Periods in the Philippine Literature  An origin tale, the Ibalon tries to give an explanation for
 Pre-colonial period how man got here to be. Much like the story of Adam
- and Eve; it follows the story of the first man and girl in
 Spanish colonial Era the areas Aslon and Ibalon (now Camarines, Sorsogon,
- Catanduanes and Albay). It additionally narrates the
 American Colonial Era adventures of the heroes of Ibalon and how they fought
- in opposition to monsters before setting up their own
 Contemporary Period village and studying to farm. The Ibalon also has an
- account reminiscent of the flood story, where rains
Game of the gods: poured for days and nearly destroyed the whole land.
If Philippine Literature can mirror society, culture,
and people, this means that it can be an agent of what? Visayan Epic Poetry:The Maragtas Chronicles of Panay
-Social Change  This epic attempts to explain the origins of the Filipinos
and tells the story of 10 Datus or chieftains from Borneo
Influence of Philippines Literature: that sail across the oceans to escape the cruel reign of the
Some of the top notch literatures are a popular reflection of Sultan Makatunaw. Upon arrival on Panay islands, the
the history brought by Spaniards at some stage in the datus meet a tribe of natives referred to as the Aetas. The
colonization of Philippines. Aetas sooner or later sell a piece of their land to the datus
and they live aspect by means of facet in harmony. Old
During pre-colonial times, there has been large proof that the rules of behavior are additionally from time to time
island inhabitants show a subculture prosperous with informed in epic poetry form. The Haraya, also from the
traditions. Folk speeches, people songs, and indigenous rituals Visayas, is a collection of moral habits testimonies
are a section of their day to day lives. The infusion of such advised in the form of heroic tales.
elements represents a way of life deeply ingrained in the
locals. Mindanao Epic Poetry
 Epic testimonies from Mindanao had been only very
recently put into writing. Known domestically as
“Darangan”, these poems are very much like Greek Hud-Hud
mythology. The Darangan tells the romantic  Ifugao epic story, the Hud-Hud is about the lifestyles and
adventures of noble warriors from Mindanao. A lot heroism of the native Ifugao. The most outstanding and
of the stories focal point on one warrior- prince, well admired native Ifugao is Aliguyon of the Gohandan
Bantugan, who owned magic defend and was once tribe. Aliguyon possessed unusual electricity and
blanketed via divine spirits. A lot of the memories
revolved round warfare and love, a great deal like strength. He had the potential to travel to some distance away
Homer’s Trojan War. But what makes the Darangan locations barring the want to rest, devour or sleep. He ought to
greater extraordinary is that it is sung, rather of additionally arrive in a place, after a long ride besides feeling
simply said, in twenty-five lovely chapters. tired.

Game of the gods: Ullalim

According to the Maragtas Chronicles of Pan, how  This is the epic of the Kalinga of northern Luzon.
many chieftains from borneo arrived in the Recorded and published via Fr. Lambrecht CICM and Fr.
Philippines? Billiet CICM, it is clearly a collection of ballads
-10 recounting the extremely good deeds of the Kalinga
heroes such as the lovers Banna and Laggunawa. Among
Igorot Epic Poetry: Aliguyon the northern Kalinga, these narratives are called
 The Aliguyon follows the lifestyles of the hero after gassumbi; the hero is Gawan. Among the western
which the story is named,who is proficient with exquisite Kalinga, they are referred to as dangdang-ay; the hero is
powers (he can tour to far locations without resting or Magliya or Cono. In one song, “The Heroic Exploits of
eating and has never been overwhelmed in a battle). Banna,” Laggunawa sends her fanatics Banna and
He embarks on a series of fights with his arch-rival, Dungdunan on a kayaw (headhunt). While Banna slays
Pumbakhayon, the only warrior with competencies that the inhabitants of Bibbila, a giant, and a effective warrior,
suit his. The duel lasts three years besides all and sundry his rival idles, wondering that Banna will not succeed.
winning. So, in order to end things, Aliguyon decides to Banna wins Laggunawa’s hand, but Dungdungan marries
marry Pumbakhayon’s sister, accordingly unifying their Banna’s sister.
tribes.
Game of the gods:
Ilokanon Epic Poetry: Biag ni Lam-ang What element in nature can Tuwaang control that
 This story follows the uncommon lifestyles of a boy who serves as his magical power?
may want to talk and right after he was born. At 9 -wind
months old, he embarked on a journey to avenge his
father’s death,accompanied by using his pets, a hen and a Handiong
dog. In one of his adventures, he is eaten through a sea This is viewed by means of the Bicol to be their
monster however comes returned to life. He then goes on epic.Fragments of the Handiong have been first transcribed
a quest to win the heart of the famed beauty, Ines and translated into Spanish by way of Fr. Bernardino de
Kannoyan. When he arrives, Ines’ house is filled with Melendreras. Later, Fr. Jose Castaño blanketed these
suitors. But with the help of his pet rooster who knocks fragments in his e book on the Bicol. The epic was once later
the whole house down and builds it up again with a flap translated into Dutch via Hendrik Kern, from which came the
of his wings, he finally wins her heart. English translation made with the aid of A.V.H. Hartendorp
and H. Otley Beyer in 1920. Attempts to translate it again into
Game of the gods: the original Bicol were performed through Jose Calleja-Reyes
How did Aliguyon end the duel that lasted for years? and Merito B. Espinas. The epic recounts how Handiong kills
-Aliguyon decided to marry pumbakhayon’s sister. special monsters, consisting of a monocular beast, a winged
tiburon (shark), a wild buffalo, massive crocodiles, and snakes.
The Bagobo tribe has an epic hero named Tuwaang It also celebrates Handiong’s home contributions, such as the
 (Tatuwang) Tuwaang was a brave and robust warrior invention of the plow and harrow.
with a number of powers. In one story, he rode a
lightning to the land of Pinanggayungan and later, met The Bagobo tribe has an epic hero named Tuwaang
the maiden of the Buhong Sky who used to be running  The Gaddang of Cagayan have the epic of Biwag and
away from the younger man of Pangumanon: A massive Malana, the leading mythic figures in their historic tales.
with exceptional vigor. Tuwaang and the large fought They are the adolescents of the earth god Bunag and the
but it used to be an even match. So the large used his sea god Limat, respectively. Their mothers are Beling
magical powers and threw a flaming bar at the hero. and Casta, daughters of the queen of Sumatra. The two
Entwining itself at Tuwaang, our hero escaped this or princesses and their sons are banished from Sumatra.
lifeless and used his personal magical ability to call the Landing in Aparri, they are adopted by way of the
wind to fan the flames and let the massive be engulfed Gaddang. Biwag and Malana later show themselves
with the aid of the flames. heroes when they lead the Gaddang to victory towards
the Ilongot, the tribe’s traditionalenemy, regarded to be a
fierce head-hunting group.
Game of the gods: some and he burns his mouth badly. Again the monkey finds
In Gadddang of Cagayan, who is the sea of god? the turtle near a snake hole. The turtle asks him
-limat
whether he would like to wear the king’s belt. The monkey
Philippines Folklore does, and the belt turns out to be a snake.

Folktales are prose narratives which are regarded as fiction. These tricks are identical with those played by human trickster
They are not considered as dogma or history, they may or may heroes, like Pelanduk and Juan Pusong.
not have happened, and they are not to be taken seriously.
Nevertheless, although it is often said that they are told only Fables
for amusement, they have other important functions, as the -Another type of animal tale commonly found in the
class of moral folktales should have suggested. . . . A variety Philippines is the fable, which carries a moral applicable to
of subtypes of folktales can be distinguished including human humanity.
tales, animal tales, trickster tales, tall tales, dilemma tales,
formulistic tales, and moral tales or fables. (Bascom 1965: 4) The grasshopper spends the plentiful summer months in
gaiety and dancing while the frugal and industrious ant spends
Classification of Filipino Folktales it working in the fields and storing grain. When the rains
 Animla Tales and Fables come and lay waste the ricefields, the grasshopper dies of
-‘‘non-mythological stories in which human qualities arc starvation, but the ant survives.
ascribed to animals, designed usually to show the cleverness
of one animal and the stupidity of another. Their interest lies "Eagle and Ant”--Proud bird makes fun of hardworking ant,
in the deceptions or the absurd predicaments into which the soars aloft, is struck by lightning, falls to ground as good meal
animal’s stupidity leads him” for the ant and his friends.
--(Thompson 1946: 9)
“ Horse and Carabao ”-- Horse to carabao: “ You work too
In ‘‘ The Monkey and the Crocodile”, the wife of a crocodile hard. Feign sickness or madness tomorrow and the master will
craves for the lungs of a monkey. So the crocodile inveigles a not make you work.” Carabao follows advice; master makes
monkey to ride on his back. horse do all of carabao’s work. Horse repents his interference.

In mid-stream, the crocodile tells the monkey that he is going  Marchen, or tales of magic
to get his lungs for his wife. -In his tale type index, Fansler identifies more than a hundred
story patterns and dominant motifs in the Marchen in his
Monkey: ‘‘ My lungs! I have left them on the guava tree collection. Considering the fact that Fansler’s collection did
yonder . . . let us go back and get them.” not include tales from the ethnic minorities, we can expect this
figure to be bigger, now that many more folktales have been
The crocodile returns to the shore: the monkey escapes and collected from such groups as the Isnegs, Ifugaos, Kankanays,
jeers at the crocodile. and Kalingas of Mountain Province, and from the Maranaos,
Tausug, Manobos, Mandayas, and Mansakas of Mindanao.
The crocodile then thinks of another way of capturing the
monkey. When the monkey takes a bath, the crocodile seizes 1. The Helpful Monkey (Puss-in-Boots). A poor but
one of its legs, but again the wily monkey says: “ Do not bite kindhearted hero is helped by an animal to win a beautiful and
my cane, my friend crocodile. This is the only cane I have. wealthy wife.
Please let it loose.” The crocodile releases the monkey’s leg,
believing that it is indeed but a cane, and the monkey escapes. 2. Swan Maiden. A man wins the love of a supernatural
maiden by stealing her feather dress while she is bathing. He
In “ The Monkey and the Turtle,’’ we have the monkey and marries her and has a child by her. But one day while he is
the turtle alternately playing the role of trickster. away, she finds her feather dress and flies away. He goes in
quest of her, undergoes much difficulty, and recovers her only
In the first part of the tale, the monkey plays a trick on the after accomplishing impossible tasks with the aid of friendly
turtle by climbing the turtle’s banana tree and eating all its helpers.
fruits, giving none to the turtle. The turtle retaliates by
planting pointed snails or stakes around the trunk of the tree, 3. Animal Spouse. Typical example is "Chonguita":
so that the monkey in coming down either hurts himself badly
or is killed. The youngest of three sons of a king brings home a
monkey bride. Disappointed king devises ways of
In versions where the monkey is not killed, the turtle plays getting rid of her by assigning tasks to his three
more tricks on the monkey. The angry monkey finds the turtle daughters-in-law, but Chonguita does best in all tests.
under a pepper plant. The turtle tells the monkey not to strike
him for he is guarding the king’s fruits. The monkey asks for At a ball, husband is angered by Chonguita’s
insistence that he dance with her and hurls her
against the wall. Monkey changes into a beautiful and sacristans among the discomfited suitors and are
woman. obviously told to satirize such characters.

Other tales of this type have: shell wife, crocodile From the Muslim groups come some excellent
husband, turtle wife, fish wife, monkey husband, frog examples of the type, like the Samal tale, “The Seven
wife, cat bride. In all these tales, the animal spouse is Cabinets” in which the lady locks up her seven
ultimately transformed into a beautiful princess or suitors in seven cabinets that she
handsome prince
has ordered for the purpose. In the Maranao
.4. The Indolent Husband. An indolent husband / son obtains tale,“ The Chaste Lady Who Outwitted Sinners,” the
from friendly helper magic objects; a purse, a goat, a table, etc. heroine uses seven jars containing sticky syrup, flour,
but each in turn is stolen from him by a deceitful friend, who and feathers as hiding placesfor her suitors.
substitutes counterfeit articles. Finally he is given a magic
cane by means of which he recovers his magic objects and 3. Tales about the fidelity of lovers and the vindication of the
punishes the deceitful friend. innocent.

 Novelistic tales or romantic tales A well known story pattern belonging to this group is
Novelistic tales the Chastity Wager, of which “The Golden Lock” is
-The subgroup that Fansler calls “ Novelistic Tales” a typical example.
corresponds to the subclass “ Novelle ” in Aarne-Thompson's
Types of the Folktale and Katherine Briggs’ Dictionary of A nobleman makes a wager with a cynical young
British Folktales and to what Stith Thompson calls “ Novella ” man that the young man cannot learn the secrets of
in The Folktale. The novelistic tale differs from the Marchen his wife in fifteen days.By treachery and bribery of
or magic tale in that in it there is no explicitly magical or the wife’s nurse, young man is able to obtain a
supernatural element, whereas the Marchen contains or hinges golden lock from the wife’s armpit. By her
upon supernatural happenings. In many tales of this group, cleverness, however, the wife is able to get the young
human wit and intelligence, rather than magic and the man to
supernatural win the day for the hero or heroine. confess that he does not know her and has never seen
her before. ‘‘ The Golden Lock ” is a folktale version
1 . Tales featuring the clever peasant girl. In "Sagacious of the Tagalog metrical romance，Duque Almanzor.
Marcela", which tells the same story as the metrical romance
Cay Calabasa. Marcela so impresses the king with her  Religious and didactic tales
sagacity that he marries her to his son. -Philippine folktales in general are didactic. Even in tales
predominantly romantic in interest, told primarily to entertain,
She undergoes the following tests: King asks like the Cinderella story, didacticism is apparent: goodness is
Marcela to cook twelve dishes out of tiny bird. rewarded, cruelty and selfishness punished. There is, however,
Marcela sends king a pin and asks him to make a rather large group of folktales in which the entertainment
twelve spoons out of it. King sends sheep to Marcela function of storytelling is subordinated to the instructive
asking her to sell it for six reales and to send back function.
both money and sheep. Marcela cuts off wool and
sells it for six reales, then sends money and sheep Fansler labels this group “ Religious and Didactic Folktales，”
back to king. King asks Marcela to procure bull’s describing them as . . . tales told primarily for the moral
milk to cure him. Marcela tells king her father gave instruction they convey. In a broad way, their purpose is to
birth to a child; king thus sees absurdity of his order. illustrate vividly the rewards of virtue and the punishments of
This clever heroine of a Kapampangan folktale has vice and folly. They include exempla, religious fables,
her male counter part in such folktales as the Tausug parables, and MArchen of an unmistakably didactic nature.
“Abunnawas” and the Ata Manobo “Story About Local saints legends are treated elsewhere. While some of
Lungpigan”. these story patterns appear to be of fairly wide currency inside
and outside the archipelago, many of them, as far as I have
2. Tales about a clever heroine entrapping her suitors. been able to determine, are unique or of very local circulation.
(Story Patterns . , p. 163)
The virtuous and beautiful wife not only succeeds in
protecting her virtue but also manages to get money “The Parents and Their Son”.
from the In this tale, a pampered son grows up to be a bandit and later
suitors who are attempting to seduce her and to place chief of a gang of robbers. One day the robbers capture the
them in man’s aged parents and bring them before him. He asks them
disgraceful predicaments. to bend a guava sapling. They do so easily. He then asks them
to bend a guava tree. When they cannot, he reveals himself to
Some Christian Filipino tales of this type have lustful them and blames them for not having corrected him when
priests young.
In the other variants of tms tale, the central motif of the 1) Mother tells Juan to choose a quiet wife. Juan brings
bending of the tree is preserved, but variations are introduced home a dead woman.
in the circumstances which bring the parents before their son.
The endings also vary. In one variant, after the “bending the 2) Mother says: “Those who smell bad are dead.”
tree” demonstration, the son accuses his father of having Mother smells bad; Juan buries her
brought him up badly, says he is responsible for his son’s .
crime. He then shoots the father and joins a robber gang. 3) Juan smells bad to himself; floats himself down the
Another variant, however, has a happy ending. The son does river on a raft made from banana trunks.
not become a bandit but becomes rich after fleeing from home.
4) Robbers find him and make him their housekeeper.
Years later, poverty brings the father to the son’s door. He Tell him to keep quiet. When rice pot in which he is
does not recognize his son; the son recognizes his father but boiling rice “sings,” he breaks it to silence it.
does not immediately reveal himself. Then one day he puts his
father through the bent twig demonstration, after which he 5) Sent to market to buy new earthen pots and some
reveals himself, gently upbraids his father for his over- crabs, Juan strings pots on rattan to be able to carry
indulgence as a parent, and begs his father’s forgiveness. The them easily and releases crabs in water and tells them
son makes his old father’s last days happy. to go home ahead of him.

 Humorous tales 6) Robbers plan a robbery; Juan told to go under the

1. Trickster tales house to ‘‘ case the joint.” Instructions: ‘‘ If you feel
-The animal trickster has its counterpart in the human something hot it is a man; if it is cold, it is a bolo.”
trickster hero. Each region in the Philippines seems Something warm (a lizard) drops on mm; Juan shouts:
to have its trickster: Juan or Suan of the Tagalogs and “ Tao! Tao!’， (Man! Man!) Robbery foiled.
the Kapampangans; Juan Usong (Osong) of the
Bicolanos; Juan Pusong of the Visayans and of Sulu; Proverbs and saying ,Songs ,The Legend of Maria
Pilandok of the Maranaos, etc. The trickster is none Makiling ,Tianak and Nuno sa Punso
too admirable a character. The Visayan Juan Pusong
has been described as "being deceitful and dishonest Proverbs are referred to as salawikain or sawikain in Tagalog
and sometimes very cunning", and as “ a scampish or sarsarita in Ilocano. Like most proverbs the world over,
young Filipino trickster, whose swindles, notorious Philippine proverbs include sayings which prescribes norms,
escapades, and practical jokes are always amusing, imparts a lesson or definitely displays popular
frequently off-color, sometimes obscene, but rarely norms,traditions and beliefs in the community. Professor
villainuous. Damiana Eugenio classifies Philippine proverbs into six
organizations in accordance to situation matter.
For some offense, Juan (Pilandok, etc.) is arrested
and put into a cage, to be thrown into the sea after Classification of Filipino Folklore
five days. Before the end of that period, he is able to (1) proverbs expressing a customary mind-set closer to
trick someone (usually a prince or nobleman) into lifestyles and the legal guidelines that govern life
exchanging places with him by saying that he was im
prisoned because the king wants him to marry the (2) moral proverbs recommending certain virtues and
princess and he is not worthy of her. Other person is condemning certain vices
drowned. Later Juan “ returns ” from the sea and
reports to astonished king having seen the king’s (3) proverbs expressing a device of values;
father. The king asks to be thrown into the sea;
request is granted; Juan becomes king. (4) proverbs expressing prevalent truths and observations
about life and human nature;
2. Numskull tales
-The Philippines have a generous share of the (5) humorous proverbs and
world’s numskulls and fools, and tales recounting
their stupidities are an endless source of fun and (6) miscellaneous proverbs.
merriment in any gathering. As a matter of fact,
when folktales are mentioned, the type of tale that From her study, Eugenio observes that it is possible to
immediately comes to mind is the Juan Tamad or formulate a fairly complete philosophy of life of the Filipino.
Juan Loco type of tale. Not surprisingly, Fansler The following proverb for instance, which is one of the most
found more tales about Juan than about any other popular, signifies the importance of searching again at one’s
folktale hero. roots and origins. In a way, this proverb additionally echoes
the Filipino cost of "utang na loob" or one’s debt of gratitude
“Juan the Fool”, a Bulacan Tagalog variant of this to those who have contributed to his or her success.
tale type, is typical and recounts the following
‘‘adventures’’ of Juan:
Examples of Proverbs  Pakitong-Kitong
 Marriage is not a joke. It is not like food that you can spit Also called "Tong Tong Tong Tong Pakitong- kitong," this
out when it is too hot to chew. Filipino folk track has variations in both Tagalog and
 He who does not love his mother tongue is worse than a Cebuano. It describes a crab that is very difficult to catch
rotten fish. because of its snapping pincers, but extremely delicious when
 A child that is given everything will rarely succeed in eaten.
life.
 The pain of the little finger is felt by the whole body.  Magtanim Ay 'Di Biro
 He who eats chili gets burned and he who touches the Also credited to Felipe de Leon, "Magtanim Ay 'Di Biro"
pot gets charcoal on his hands. ("Planting Rice is Never Fun") describes the tiresome project
 Life is like a wheel: Sometimes you’re up, and of planting rice. It has been sung through Filipino rock band
sometimes you’re down. 'The Dawn', and former president Joseph "Erap" Estrada even
 The bittermelon is not yet cooked and the squash jumped composed a a good deal greater "inspirational" interpretation
in. entitled "Kung Tayo'y Magtatanim" ("If We All Plant Rice").
 There’s no glory without sacrifice.
 Poverty is not a hindrance to success.  O Ilaw
 When there’s smoke, there’s fire. A standard instance of traditional Philippine people songs and
 A wise man doesn’t see his foot on the ground, he a Filipino love tune is "Kundiman", this track was once made
watches his next step. popular with the aid of Filipino singer and actor Ruben
 Of what use is the grass when the horse is already dead. Tagalog (1920-83). The real title of the tune is truely "Aking
 Useless labor if someone else eats from it. Bituin" ("My Star"), its contemporary title having been
 If you sow arrows, you will reap sorrows. derived from its first two phrases "o ilaw" ("o light")
 Don’t count chicks until the eggs are hatched.
 Still waters run deep.  Ang Pipit
"Ang Pipit" ("The Sparrow") touches on the account a
Philippine Folk Song sparrow who falls off the branch its roosted on after being
Philippine folks songs are end results of the culture of the stoned by means of a vicious man. It was once co-written with
Philippines, which is especially influenced via history and the the aid of Lucio D. San Pedro (1913-2002) and Levi Celerio
blending of overseas persuasions and its indigenous (1910-2002). Named National Artist for Music and Literature
civilization. A perception of the records of Philippine in 1997, Celerio wrote over 4,000 songs and has even been
literature and folklore will enable us to entirely understand the covered in the Guinness Book of World Records for his
literary riches of this culture. unique intelligence of playing track using a leaf.

Folk speeches, Filipino folk songs, and indigenous rituals are  Sa Ugoy Ng Duyan
phases of Filipinos daily lives. Hispanic influences are Another collaboration from Lucio San Pedro and Levi Celerio.
dominant within the Philippine's folks music, foods, art, "Sa Ugoy ng Duyan" ("The Swing of the Cradle") is a
religion, language, and folk dances. The infusion of such haunting and longing lullaby conveying the feelings of a child
factors represents a way of existence deeply ingrained inside finding calm safety in the fingers of a loving mother.
the Filipino people.
 Sa Libis Ng Nayon
Philippine people songs are, quite literally, songs of the One of many Philippine folk songs that depicts the splendor
people. This listing of Filipino people songs gives a few and tranquility of lifestyles in the countryside. It was once
examples of the many easy nevertheless timeless tunes that written by using Santiago S. Suarez and made famous through
have been ingrained into the Philippine people's consciousness. Filipina singer and "Queen of Kundiman" Sylvia la Torre.
They should be songs that were realized from their mother
and father or at school. They are additionally songs that had  Bayan Ko
been perchance learned in Sunday school, that indicates, Written in 1929 through Filipino poet Jose Corazon de Jesus
songs that every person at some stage in the tradition knows. ("Huseng Batute" 1896-1932) and later set to song by way of
Constancio de Guzman (1903-83), "Bayan Ko" ("My
 Bahay Kubo Country") used to be meant as a patriotic Filipino people song
Credited to has been written with the aid of composer and resisting the American occupation of the Philippines. Since
1997 National Artist for Music Felipe de Leon (1912-1992), it then, it has almost been a 2nd countrywide anthem for
tells of the typical Filipino rural house, the general "bahay freedom-loving Filipinos, a theme track for some of the most
kubo" or nipa hut, and goes on to tell about the extensive big occasions in Philippine history. Its most famous
variety of greens planted nearby. This track is just as familiar interpretation is the one by using Filipino folks singer Freddie
to Filipino schoolchildren as the "ABC's" and "Twinkle, Aguilar. There are other well-known Philippine folk songs
Twinkle, Little Star" are to children throughout the western primarily based on other dialects spoken in the united states -
world. Dandansoy ia a Visayan people song, Pamulinawen is an
Ilocano people song, Atin Cu Pung Singsing is a famous
Kapampangan folks song, and Lawiswis Kawayan is a Waray
people song.
 The Legend of Maria Makiling Abzu
 Tiyanak  Abzu is the patron god who fathers the second
 Nuno sa Punso generation gods, Ea and his brothers, with his wife
Tiamat. Abzu is the fresh waters and Tiamat is the
Chapter 4: Ancient Middle East oceanic waters. When they conceived new life, they were
annoyed because the new gods were rowdy. This led
Mesopotamia Abzu to want to murder the new gods to restore his
 It is the place between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, peace, but Tiamat loved her children and didn't want
north or northwest of the bottleneck at Baghdad, in them to die.
present day Iraq. Babylonia is the historic cultural place
occupying southeastern Mesopotamia (South of Mushussu
Baghdad). Babylon used to be the capital of this place  Another dragon, which is a three-headed demon created
and was placed on the Euphrates River about 55 miles with the aid of Tiamat. This fought the gods, who were
south of Baghdad, near the cutting-edge town of Al- led through Marduk.
Hillah, Iraq. Babylonia has come to refer to the entire
tradition that developed in the region from the time it Ishtar
was once first settled, about 4000 BC.  She was once firstly a goddess mother, subsequently
 Myths and legends of Babylon have been always a eclipsed all the other girl deities of Babylon. She was
difficulty of curiosity and study. Thanks to the discovery once additionally referred as the daughter of Anu, the
of a digging expedition in which more than 3,000 clay sky or the goddess of the Moon, and the sin.
artifacts were found; some hope is shedding for better
appreciation of the real records and evolution of the Nimrod
Babylonian city. Many of the awful legends that were  was a professional hero in killing wild beasts. After
created about Babylon subculture are nevertheless having received prestige amongst the people, he devised
mudding today the memory of this humans as if their a defense in battling with wild beasts and equipped
were facts. There are also further Chronicles in time with human beings in cities surrounded with the aid of walls
the aid of Germans, and writers from other nationalities for shelter. Once the cities had been built, they would
shape a united kingdom and consequently required a
Marduk King. He took position as king with the approval of their
 Marduk is the God of storms is at once associated with peers.
the introduction myth. He is usually linked with the
origin of agriculture, the increase of vegetation, and Sammur-amat
water fertilizer action. He dispatched a thunderbolt to  the stunning spouse of Nimrud. Later in Semiramis life,
Tiamat, and when she opened the mouth, helped by way as properly as throughout history, her existing
of a typhoon he created that forced her to keep the mouth overwhelmingly opaque her husband's influence.
open and inflated her belly stabbed her with an arrow in
the heart. Marduk then created the sky with one 1/2 of King Hammurabi
Tiamat's body and the Earth with the other; and of her  is a powerful ruler in Babylonia’s history. He created the
tears was created the Tigris and additionally the first written laws and warranted that they remain
Euphrates. immutable by way of his successors; so they should not
introduce any change to his code or abolish this
Tiamat legislation. He wrote and forged curses upon their heads
 Tiamat is a folklore figure (ASIRIO- BABILONICO) is if any change was intended. For those who did not obey
a dragon that symbolized the ocean water in Babylonian him, he stipulated that disobedience to his legal
mythology, the origin of life together with Apsu, which guidelines will bring serious penalties as the devastation
symbolized the clean water. of the country, decreasing to rubble of cities, the sinking
of the villages, disturbances and uprisings, physical
 By artistic representations and narratives of the length is suffering, incurable diseases, and premature death.
recognised to have thing of serpent or dragon, with two
or four limbs, wings, and a head with horns. King Nebuchadnezzar
 Most powerful and longest-reigning ruler of the
Ea Babylonian Empire (from BC 605-562) who figured
 Ea is the father of Marduk, who created the world. Ea prominently in the Bible books of Jeremiah, Ezekiel, and
and his brothers were the loud children who annoyed Daniel. He is deemed to be the greatest king of the
their parents enough to provoke a war of the gods. Ea is Chaldean dynasty of Babylonia. He conquered Syria and
warned by Tiamat of the eminent attack and allows a Palestine and made Babylon a splendid city. He
chance for the children to overthrow their murderous destroyed the Temple of Jerusalem and initiated the
father. Babylonian Captivity of the Jewish population.
Nergal in turn bears Ea (goddess representing Earth). These gods turn
 is the God of plague in Babylonian mythology, who was out to be so ill-mannered that Apsu determines to slay them.
firstly the God of death or war. It was a frightening
monster, who took advantage of each chance to ruin its Before this could happen, Ea kills Apsu and establishes her
victims. The Babylonians, to shield in opposition from above his body. Tiamat transforms into a raging avenger of
their attacks, carried out sacrifices and incantations. This her husband and takes the new husband Kingu for fulfilling
mythological rationalization suggests the use of sorcery, her purpose. Meanwhile, Marduk (city god of Babylon) is
though this exercise used to be punished it with the born to Ea.
demise penalty.
Tablet 2
Tammuz Being the goddess of the sea, Tiamat represents
 is the son of the Solar God. He was symbolized by a malevolenceand chaos. She must, therefore, be challenged and
golden calf,. It was regarded that Nimrud used to be the subdued. Ea confronts with Tiamat but fails. She is then
Solar God or Baal, with furnace being regarded as his challenged by Anu but even the sky god fails to defeat her.
consultant on Earth. For this reason, rituals which lit
chandeliers was done in his honor. Tablets 3 and 4
Marduk is selected to find the raging Tiamat. His ability to
Gilgamesh remake a destroyed garment made him worthy of this position.
 Through this famous epic, we learned that he was an to With great power and authoritative words, Marduk slays the
free the land from the evil inflicted on through the sea goddess into two. With one-half, he forms the sky and
monster Huwawa. The famous story of this hero make earth with another one
the imagination of human beings a misrepresentation of
him for a God. This is the first narrative to document the Tablet 5
combat between appropriate and evil. This story Marduk places the celestial bodies and establishes the
originated in Sumerian fantasy which had lots of calendar to establish days, months and years.
popularity in Babylon and Assyria and has been
frequently represented in the artwork of Mesopotamia. Tablet 6
Tiamat’s second husband and her commander-in-chief Kingu
Etana is also killed and with his blood, forms the mankind, which is
 The Myth of Etana is the story of the Sumerian assigned to perform menial tasks for the gods.
antediluvian King of Kish who ascends to heaven on an
eagle to request the Plant of Birth from the gods so that Tablet 7
he might have a son. Etana is named as the first king of The last tablet describes the elevation of Marduk as the chief
Kish in the Sumerian King List. of Babylon and the head of Babylonian pantheon because of
his role in creation. The other gods of Babylon take a rest
The epic of Ammisaduqa forever.
 He used to be the hero of the Babylonian flood story.
This tells how the gods, after numerous tries to spoil Egyptian Mythology
humanity, had been making too tons noise for their  Egyptian mythology was once the trust and underlying
discomfort, subsequently arrangeing a huge flood to shape of historic Egyptian lifestyle from at least c. 4000
drown the world. The God of wisdom, Enki, secretly BCE (as evidenced by way of burial practices and tomb
warned his devotee Atrahasis, allowing him to put paintings) to 30 BCE with the dying of Cleopatra VII,
together a boat, in which he, his family and their animals the last ruler of the Ptolemaic Dynasty of Egypt. Every
had been saved. This story is comparable to the story of issue of lifestyles in ancient Egypt was once informed by
Noel epic flood in the bible. using the tales which related the introduction of the
world and the sustaining of that world by using the gods.
The Epic of Gilgamesh
 Egyptian beliefs influenced different cultures through
Enuma Elish And The Genesis transmission after the opening of the Silk Road in a
 Enuma Elish is regularly in contrast to the creation hundred thirty BCE as the Egyptian port town of
account in Genesis. The Genesis is the creation fable of Alexandria was an vital business center. The magnitude
both Christianity and Judaism. These similarities are of Egyptian mythology to different cultures used to be in
undeniable, but there are also many major differences its development of the thinking of an everlasting life
between the Enuma and Genesis. after death, benevolent deities, and reincarnation. Both
Pythagoras and Plato of Greece have been said to have
Summary of the Seven Tablets been influenced by Egyptian beliefs in reincarnation and
Tablet 1 Roman non secular lifestyle borrowed from Egypt as it
Apsu (freshwater god) and Tiamat (sea goddess) were the two did from different civilizations.
primeval gods. Other gods representing the horizon, Anshar
and Kishar are born. They form the boundary between earth
and sky. The sky god Anu is born to Anshar and Kishar, who
Ra  the goddess of joy and love, protected women. She was
 was the great sun god at Heliopolis-- a child in the early represented as a cow.
morning, a man in his prime at noon, and an old man in Amon
the evenings. Ra journeyed through the underworld at  king of the gods, was a patron of the Pharaohs and a god
night to be reborn at dawn. His head was crowned with a of fertility. He had a plumed crown and was shown with
solar disk upon which rested the sacred asp, destroyer of either a ram's head or a human one.
the god's enemies.
Men
Shu & Tefnut  was the monotheistic god presented by the reforming
 were Ra's children. Shu, the god of air, held up the sky Pharaoh Akhenaton. He was represented simply by a
and was represented with an ostrich feather on his head. solar disk with rays.
His sister and wife, Tefnut, was a goddess of dew and
rain. She was represented as a lioness or as a woman Khepri
with the head of a lioness.  the scarab beetle god, rolled the sun before him through
the sky and symbolized the ideas of rebirth and eternal
Geb & Nut life.
 were the offspring of Shu and Tefnut. Geb was the god
of earth, while Nut was the sky goddess. Geb was Maat
usually shown as a prostrate man, and Nut arched over  the goddess of truth and justice, was represented as a
him as a woman or a cow. They were separated by their woman sitting on her heels or standing and wearing an
father, Shu. ostrich plume.

Osiris ANCIENT EGYPTIAN DEITES INFOGRAPHICS

 Osiris was the first child of Geb and Nut, a god of nature
and vegetation but also the judge of the dead in the
underworld. He was instrumental in civilizing the world,
yet was murdered by his envious brother, Set. Osiris was
shown as a man in mummy wrappings, crowned with a
miter and two ostrich feathers.

Isis
 a daughter of Geb and Nut, was the faithful wife of
Osiris and a beneficent sorceress. She enjoyed a large
cult in antiquity and was represented with a throne on her
head.

Set
 was Osiris' evil brother, the incarnation
of wickedness and sterility. He was
depicted with a beastly head and tail.

Nepthys
 was Set's sister and consort, but she loved Osiris and,
through cunning, had a child by him. She wore a basket
on her head.

Horus
 the falcon-headed son of Osiris and Isis, was dedicated to
avenging his father's murder.

Anubis
 the jackal-headed son of Osiris and Nephthys, prepared
the dead and ushered them into the underworld.

Thoth
 was the god of learning, a benefactor to gods and men.
He was the sacred scribe and was shown as a man with
an ibis head.

Hathor

The Story of Orisis, Isis, and Horus
 The Osiris myth is the most intricate and influential story
in ancient Egyptian mythology. It worries the murder of
the god Osiris, a primeval king of Egypt, and its
consequences. Osiris's murderer, his brother Set, usurps
his throne. Meanwhile, Osiris's wife Isis restores her
husband's body, allowing him to posthumously conceive
their son, Horus.

 The rest of the story focuses on Horus, the product of the

union of Isis and Osiris, who is at first a susceptible
toddler included by using his mother and then will
become Set's rival for the throne. Their frequently
violent fighting ends with Horus's triumph, which
restores Maat (cosmic and social order) to Egypt after
Set's unrighteous reign and completes the system of
Osiris's resurrection.

 The rest of the story focuses on Horus, the product of

The myth, with its complicated symbolism, is necessary
to ancient Egyptian conceptions of kingship and
succession, combat between order and disorder, and
mainly loss of life and the afterlife. It also expresses the
crucial personality of every of the 4 deities at its center,
and many elements of their worship in historical
Egyptian religion had been derived from the myth.

 The rest of the story focuses on Horus, the product of

The myth, with its complicated symbolism, is necessary
to ancient Egyptian conceptions of kingship and
succession, combat between order and disorder, and
mainly loss of life and the afterlife. It also expresses the
crucial personality of every of the 4 deities at its center,
and many elements of their worship in historical
Egyptian religion had been derived from the myth.