DIVISION OF NAVOTAS CITY

9
SCIENCE
Quarter 2

S.Y. 2021-2022
NAVOTAS CITY PHILIPPINES
Science – Grade 9
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2
Second Edition, 2021

Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of
the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.

Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders.
Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their
respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership
over them.

Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

Development Team of the Module

Writers: Mark Anthony U. Andrade, Ronalyn A. Bautista, Jean May P. Buluran, Veronica
A. Cane, Ronnie Mar Clemente, Aussie Claire A. Cruz, Ian Ezekiel C. Martin,
Raquel G. Nachor, Claudine Alyssa T. Pangilinan, James Oliver K. Pingol,
Lawrence Jay S. Santos, and June Kathleen A. Sayo
Editors: Jean May P. Buluran and Aussie Claire A. Cruz
Reviewers: Gemma C. Payabyab
Illustrators: Mark Anthony U. Andrade, Jean May P. Buluran, Aussie Claire A. Cruz, Ian
Ezekiel C. Martin, James Oliver K. Pingol, Lawrence Jay S. Santos, and June
Kathleen A. Sayo
Layout Artist: Jean May P. Buluran and Aussie Claire A. Cruz
Management Team: Alejandro G. Ibañez, OIC- Schools Division Superintendent
Isabelle S. Sibayan, OIC- Asst. Schools Division Superintendent
Loida O. Balasa, Chief, Curriculum Implementation Division
Russell P. Samson, EPS in Science
Grace R. Nieves, EPS In Charge of LRMS
Lorena J. Mutas, ADM Coordinator
Vergel Junior C. Eusebio, PDO II LRMS

Printed in the Philippines by ________________________

Department of Education – Navotas City

Office Address: BES Compound M. Naval St. Sipac-Almacen Navotas City
____________________________________________
Telefax: 02-8332-77-64
____________________________________________
E-mail Address: ____________________________________________
[email protected]
Table of Contents
What I Know ................................................................................1

Module 1......................................................................................2

Module 2......................................................................................7

Module 3......................................................................................11

Module 4......................................................................................18

Module 5......................................................................................21

Module 6......................................................................................28

Module 7......................................................................................35

Assessment ..................................................................................41

Answer Key ..................................................................................42

References ...................................................................................45
Multiple Choice: Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. Which of the following best describes the quantum mechanical model of the atom?
A. It describes an electron's probability distribution that determines the probable
location of an electron.
B. It makes predictions based on Schrodinger’s mathematical equation.
C. It is the currently accepted atomic model.
D. All of the above are correct.
2. Chemical compounds can be classified as ionic or covalent compound, and these
chemical compounds can be written in their chemical symbols. Which of the following
is incorrectly paired?
A. NaCl – ionic compound C. BrO – covalent compound
B. F2 – ionic compound D. NH3 – covalent compound
3. How is the bond in Cl2 different from the bond in MgF2?
A. The bond in Cl2 is metallic while the bond in MgF2 is covalent.
B. The bond in Cl2 is ionic while the bond in MgF2 is covalent.
C. The bond in Cl2 is covalent while the bond in MgF2 is ionic.
D. There is no bond difference between the two.
4. Which of the following statements about organic compounds is/are true?
I. Organic compounds contain calcium.
II. Organic compounds contain carbon.
III. Organic compounds can be produced by living organisms.
IV. Organic compounds can be produced artificially.
A. I, II, and III C. II and III
B. I and III D. II, III, and IV
5. To which group does the molecule with the structure H―C≡C―H belong?
A. alcohol B. alkane C. alkene D. alkyne
6. Acetone is used to clean the surface of the nail and to remove dirt on it. To which of
the following functional groups does acetone belong?
A. alcohol B. carboxylic C. ester D. ketone
acid
7. How much mass is present in a mole of N2 gas if the atomic mass of N is 14 g?
A. 14 g B. 28 g C. 6.02 x 1023 atoms D. 1.204 x 1024 atoms
8. Which of the following samples has the largest mass, in grams?
A. 2 moles of CO B. 4 moles of H2O C. 3 moles of CO D. 5 moles of H2
9. Which of the following best explains the difference between empirical and molecular
formulas?
A. Empirical formula refers to the simplest whole number ratio of atoms; Molecular
formula refers to the actual number of atoms.
B. Empirical formula refers to the actual number of atoms; Molecular formula refers
to the simplest whole number ratio of atoms.
C. Empirical and molecular formulas are the same, they both refer to the simplest
whole number ratio of atoms in a molecule.
D. Empirical and molecular formulas are the same, they both refer to the actual
number of atoms in a molecule.
10. What is the percentage of oxygen in carbon dioxide (CO2)?
A. 27.3% B. 40.0% C. 70.3% D. 72.7%

1
MODULE 1

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master
the Electronic Structure of Matter. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many
different learning situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of
students. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the
order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now
using.
The module is divided into three lessons, namely:
• Lesson 1.1- Quantum Mechanical Model of an Atom
• Lesson 1.2- Electron Configuration
• Lesson 1.3- Quantum Numbers
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. predict the probable location of electron/s in an atom (electron cloud, Heisenberg's
Uncertainty Principle);
2. describe and write the correct electron configuration of given elements;
3. describe the set of quantum numbers and complete the given set of quantum numbers
for each given element; and
4. supply the following data from the electron configuration such as: period number,
group number, number of paired and unpaired electron/s, number of valence
electron/s, and number of core electrons.

Lesson Quantum Mechanical Model

1.1 of the Atom

The development of a better model of the atom was led by three physicists, namely
Louie de Broglie, Erwin Schrodinger, and Werner Karl Heisenberg. De Broglie proposed that
the electron, which has been known as a particle, could also be thought of as a wave.
Schrodinger used mathematical equations to describe the probability of finding an electron
in a certain position. On the other hand, Heisenberg discovered that for a very small particle
like the electron, its location cannot be exactly known and how it is moving. This is called the
uncertainty principle.
These scientists believed that there is only a probability that electrons can be found
in a three-dimensional space around the nucleus known as atomic orbitals. Therefore, the
quantum mechanical model describes the probable location of electrons within the atom
using atomic orbitals. These orbits Table 1.1.1. Energy Level, Sublevel and Orbitals
are called levels and they are
numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, and so forth,
with the first level being the orbit
closest to the nucleus.
The levels can be broken down
into sublevels. They are the following:
s (sharp), p (principal), d (diffuse), and
f (fundamental) sublevels. Level one
has one sublevel – an s. Level 2 has 2
sublevels, s and p. Level 3 has 3
sublevels – s, p, and d, and Level 4
has 4 sublevels – s, p, d, and f.

2
The sublevels contain orbitals. These are spaces that have a high probability of
containing an electron. Orbital can also be described as an area where electrons live. There
can be a maximum of two electrons in one orbital. Since the s sublevel has just one orbital,
it can only contain a maximum of 2 electrons. The p sublevel has 3 orbitals and can contain
up to 6 electrons. The d sublevel has 5 orbitals and is intended for a maximum of 10 electrons.
Finally, the f sublevel has 7 orbitals and can hold a maximum of 14 electrons.

Activity 1.1: Let’s Count!

Using the information on Table 1.1.1, answer the following questions.
1. How many sublevels are there on the 4th level?
2. How many electrons can be probably found on the 3rd level?
3. How many orbitals are there on the 2nd level?
4. How many sublevels are there in the 3rd energy level?
5. How many electrons can be found in a p sublevel?
6. How many orbitals in an f sublevel?
7. How many electrons are there in an f sublevel?
8. How many electrons can be found on the 1st level?
9. How many electrons can fit on the 2nd level?
10. How may electrons can be found in the fourth energy level?

Lesson
1.2
Electron Configuration

The arrangement of electrons outside the atom, or the

distribution of electrons outside the nucleus, is referred to as
electron configuration. This will help us to understand and
predict more about the properties of elements.
The electron configuration of the element Helium illustrates
that there are two protons in the middle, which have a greater
amount of positive charge to pull the electrons in its orbit
Electron configuration is a method of distributing
electrons in different sublevels or orbitals as well as in the main
energy levels. A typical electron configuration consists of numbers, letters, and superscripts
with the following format:
1. A number indicates the energy level
2. A letter indicates the type of sublevel or orbital (s, p, d, f)
3. A superscript indicates the number of electrons in the orbital
Example 1:
o 1s1 means there is 1 electron in the ‘s’ orbital of the first energy level of the
Hydrogen atom.
o The element is HYDROGEN because it has an atomic number of 1.
o The atomic number is equal to the number of protons and electrons in a neutral atom.
Example 2: 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d6 = no. of e-: 26 → atomic no.: 26 → Element: Iron
Filling the Electron Subshells Configuration
The order of electrons fills the lowest energy
orbitals first. The subshells are given by “s”, “p”, “d”, and
“f” and so on.
The numbers at the bottom indicate the number
of electrons that can fit into that type of sublevel. For
example, at the “s” sublevel, it can accept only two
electrons.

3
Filling of Atomic Orbitals
• Aufbau Principle
This principle is named after the German word "Aufbeen",
which means "build up". The Aufbau principle dictates that
electrons will occupy orbitals with lower energies before
occupying higher energy orbitals.
The energy of an orbital is the sum of the principal and
the AQN. According to this principle, electrons are filled in
the following order:
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d 7p…
The order in which electrons are filled in atomic orbitals
as per the Aufbau Principle is shown in the diagram on the
right.
Table 1.1.2. Maximum number of electrons and spins
• Pauli Exclusion Principle
An orbital may be occupied by a maximum of
two (2) electrons. Each electron will have a
different spin. The maximum number of electrons
in each of the sublevels and orbitals is shown in
Table 2.
• Hund’s Rule
When electrons occupy orbitals of
equal energy, one electron enters each
orbital until all the orbitals contain one
electron, then a second electron is
added to each orbital.
The table on the right illustrates
how electrons occupy their energy
orbitals using the Hund's Rule.

Short electron configurations are often

written in standard notation, particularly for
elements with a high atomic number. Instead
of using conventional notation, abbreviated
or compressed notation may be used. As
illustrated in the examples, the sequence of
filled subshells that corresponds to a noble
gas's electronic configuration is replaced with
the noble gas's symbol in square brackets.

Activity 1.2: The Electron Configuration and Orbital Diagram of Elements: Following the
principles of writing the electron configuration of elements, fill in the table below with the
information needed.
Symbol Atomic Number Electron Configuration
Ar - Argon
K - Potassium
Al - Aluminum
O - Oxygen
N - Nitrogen
Si - Silicon
Activity 1.3: The Table of Configurations: Complete the table below.
Atomic Atomic Shorthand
Element Expanded notation
Symbol number notation
Magnesium Mg 12 1s22s22p63s2 [Ne]3s2

4
Atomic Atomic Shorthand
Element Expanded notation
Symbol number notation
Sulfur
37
Ga
Cl
1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s2
Silicon
55
Sodium
[Kr]4d4 5s1

Lesson
1.3
Quantum Numbers

Quantum numbers specify the layout of an electron’s possible position in an atom.

An electron in an atom or ion has four quantum numbers to describe its state. Every electron
in an atom has a specific and unique set of these four quantum numbers.
1. Principal Quantum Number (n)
The principal quantum number, signified by (n), is the main energy level occupied by
the electron. Energy levels are fixed distances from the nucleus of a given atom. They are
described in whole number increments (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6...). At location n=1,
an electron would be closest to the nucleus, while at n=2 an electron would be farther, and
n=3 farther yet. The principal quantum number also corresponds to the row number for
an atom on the periodic table.
2. Angular Momentum Quantum Number (ℓ)
The angular momentum quantum number, signified as (ℓ), specifies the shape of an
orbital with a particular principal quantum number. The value of ℓ depends on the value of
the principal quantum number, n. The angular momentum quantum number can have
positive values of zero to (n−1). If n=2, ℓ could be either 0 or 1.
3. Magnetic Quantum Number (mℓ)
The magnetic quantum number, signified as (mℓ), describes the number of orbitals
within a sublevel. Electrons can be situated in one of three planes in three-dimensional space
around a given nucleus (x, y, and z). For a given value of the angular momentum quantum
number ℓ, there can be (2ℓ+1) values for mℓ. As an example:
n=2
ℓ = 0 or 1
for ℓ = 0, mℓ = 0
for ℓ = 1, mℓ = −1, 0, +1
4. Spin Quantum Number (ms)
The spin quantum number describes the spin of a given electron. An electron can
have one of two associated spins; (+1/2) spin, or (−1/2) spin. An electron cannot have zero
spin. We also represent spin with arrows ↑ or ↓. A single orbital can hold a maximum of two
electrons and each must have the opposite spin.
In summary, the four quantum numbers can be used to describe the outermost or
valence electron of an atom. They are:
• n is the distance of the orbital from the nucleus (1,2,3,4...)
• ℓ is the shape of the orbital (0, 1, 2, 3, …, n−1)
• mℓ is the orientation of the orbital in space (−ℓ, …, -1, 0, +1, …, + ℓ)
• ms is the spin of the electrons (+1/2 or -1/2)

5
To determine the set of quantum numbers of a particular electron in an atom, take note
of the following recommendations:
• Begin each element by writing out the electronic configuration in terms of s, p, d, and
f orbitals.
• From this, you can directly get n and find ℓ based on its equivalent orbital.
• From ℓ you can figure out the range of mℓ, and then count one up in the sequence for
each electron in the outermost subshell.
• ms is either −1/2 or +1/2.

Activity 1.4: Quantum Numbers

A. Complete the table by writing the following information: element symbol, electron
configuration and the sets of quantum numbers of the outermost electron.
Chemical Sets of Quantum Numbers
Symbol
Name of Magnetic
and Electron Principal Azimuthal Magnetic
Element Orbital
Atomic Configuration (n) (l) Spin (ms)
(ml)
Number
Chlorine
Nitrogen
Sodium
Carbon
Beryllium
B. Write the set of quantum numbers for ALL the electrons of:
1. Oxygen
2. Magnesium

My Element’s Profile
Study the first 31
elements in the Periodic Table.
Choose the element with the
atomic number that
corresponds to the day number
of your birth. Create a profile of
it by identifying and describing
the following:
1. Element’s Name and
Origin
2. Atomic Number and
Mass Number
3. Electron Configuration
4. Quantum Numbers of
the Outermost Electron
5. Significant use in your
community.
Note: You may use sources
from the internet on the
common uses of the element in
your community. Be creative in
the presentation of your output
and be guided by the given
rubrics.

6
MODULE 2

The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations.
The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are
arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read
them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
The module is divided into 2 lessons, namely:
• Lesson 2.1 – Ionic and Covalent Compounds
• Lesson 2.2 – Physical Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds and their Effects
on the Environment
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. identify and describe ionic and covalent compounds based on their chemical formula
and chemical names;
2. enumerate and discuss the different physical properties of ionic and covalent
compounds;
3. distinguish ionic from covalent compounds based on their physical properties; and
4. cite natural phenomena that use different physical properties of ionic and covalent
compounds (ex. snowflakes, voltaic cells).

Lesson
2.1
Ionic and Covalent Compounds

Elements have the ability to combine with another element to form a chemical
compound. These compounds are made up of strong chemical bonds that hold them together
so that they appear as a single substance. These chemical compounds have two types
depending on the chemical bonding that they have; ionic and covalent compounds.
When a metal transfers an electron to a non-metal element, ionic compounds are
formed. As a result, these elements become ions. When an atom gains or loses an electron, it
forms an ion. A cation is a positively charged ion, whereas an anion is a negatively charged
ion.
When dealing with ionic
compounds, you must first determine
the element's ionic charge. The number
of electrons that may be lost or gained
by an element, in order for it to
maintain a stable valence shell that
satisfies the octet rule, is determined by
its ionic charge. The potential gain and
loss of electrons is described in the
Periodic Table of Elements, as Figure 2.1.1. The ionic charge of elements in each specific group in the
illustrated in Figure 1. Periodic Table of Elements.

The sodium (Na) atom, for example, belongs to Group 1A, whereas the chlorine (Cl)
atom belongs to Group 7A. The sodium atom contains 11 protons and 11 electrons in its
outer shell, with an electron configuration of 1s22s22p63s1. It's simpler to lose this outside
electron than it is to acquire seven more. The chlorine atom contains 17 protons and 17
electrons, and its electron configuration is 1s22s22p63s23p5, which implies it has 7 valence
electrons and requires one more to be stable. As a result, when the outer electron of the

7
sodium atom transfers to the chlorine atom,
both elements become stable, following
the octet rule, with 8 valence electron of 8.
In this case, an ionic compound called
sodium chloride (NaCl) is produced, as
illustrated in Figure 2.
Covalent compounds are formed when Figure 2.1.2. Ionic compound of salt (NaCl)
two non-metals combine. These non-metals
have the tendency to "gain" electrons to fill their outer valence shell to follow the octet rule,
but neither of them gains or loses an electron. As a result, they share their electron/s with
one another so that both/all of them will become stable.
A good example of a covalent compound can be seen when a fluorine atom combines
with another fluorine atom, making them
diatomic molecules by sharing their
electrons. Each atom holds 6 outer electrons,
and both achieve octet valence electrons by
sharing the two electrons in the bond, as
Figure 2.1.3. Fluorine atom presented in Figure 3.
We can also determine the type of
chemical bond that exists between
compounds by getting its electronegativity
difference. Electronegativity is the ability of
the atom to attract electrons in a chemical
bond. When the computed difference is
between 0-1.9, then we can say that these
atoms have covalent bonding and when the
computed difference is greater than 1.9, then
we can say that they have ionic bonding.
As seen in Figure 4, the
electronegativity value rises from left to right
throughout the period, and from top to Figure 2.1.4. The electronegativity trend in Periodic table of
bottom within the group. Photo credits:
Elements
https://sciencenotes.org/wpcontent/uploads/2019/09/ElectronegativityTrend2.png

Activity 2.1: Do you know my bond?

Use your Periodic Table to categorize the elements in each formula as metal or non-metal.
Determine the type of chemical bond that exists between/among them.
Formula Metal Non-Metal Type of Bond
Hydrogen
H2 O Covalent
Oxygen
1. MgCl3
2. C4H10
3. NO2
4. Al2O3
5. C2H6
6. CBr4
7. BaF2
8. Na2S
9. Sr3N2
10. HF

8
The Physical Properties of Ionic
Lesson
and Covalent Compounds and
2.2
Their Effect on the Environment

Chemical Compound
A chemical compound is formed when two or more different atoms combine. These
are chemical compounds that bond chemically and cannot be separated. The formation of
chemical compounds can be classified into two types, namely: ionic compounds and covalent
compounds.
Ionic Compound
The first type of chemical compound is the ionic compound. This is the bonding of
compounds that gain and lose electrons, which are called ions. It happens when metal reacts
with nonmetals. Let us identify the physical characteristics.
Physical Properties
1. High boiling and melting points indicate a strong electrostatic
force or attraction between oppositely charged ions. I And it
takes more energy to move away from the ion attraction. This
will cause an ionic substance to melt or boil.
2. Most ionic compounds are solids due to the organization and
strong attractions of the ions, making them hard but brittle.
Applied force may cause the atoms to be displaced and cause
damage or breakage to the ionic compound.
3. Ionic compounds have high electrical and thermal Figure 2.2.1. Toothpaste
conductivity. When ionic compounds are dissolved in water, Photo credits:
https://www.pikrepo.com/fnihz/bl
liquid ions can conduct electricity. ue-and-white-toothbrush-beside-
4. Ionic compounds are insulators. A solid ionic compound white-and-blue-toothpaste-soft-tube

cannot conduct electricity.

Examples: table salt, toothpaste, rust, crystal gems
Covalent or Molecular Compound
This type of bonding is the sharing of electrons with another atom. Like in ionic bonds,
the effect of electron sharing as stated in the Octet Rule makes the atom stable. Usually, this
bonding happens when a nonmetal reacts with a nonmetal, and sometimes between metals
and nonmetals.
Covalent Bond
In this type of chemical bonding, an atom sharing an electron
happens not individually but in a pair. The paired electrons are glued
to the two atoms.
Physical Properties
1. Low boiling point and melting point. Their bond can be
separated easily, and a small amount of energy is needed to
melt and boil the covalent compound.
2. With a weaker intermolecular attraction among the ions, they
are soft and brittle. Figure 2.2.2 Liquid Ammonia
3. They are usually gases and liquids. Photo credits:
https://commons.wikimedia.or
4. They are insoluble in water. g/wiki/File:Liquid_ammonia_bo
Examples: CO2, water, and ammonia ttle.jpg

Chemical compounds are formed naturally in our environment. Perhaps it is accurate

to say that we are surrounded by unknown ionic and covalent compounds, and we have to
deal with that on a daily basis. The formation of these chemical compounds in the air, water,
or on land will cause a variety of phenomena which may or may not be beneficial to humans.

9
Ionic and covalent compounds are responsible for the several natural phenomena. What
impact do these chemical compounds have on our everyday lives?
1. Acid Rain or Acid Precipitation
During the water cycle, water accumulates and forms clouds, which eventually turn
into rain. However, pollutants like sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxide (NO) emitted by
automobiles, factories, and fossil fuel combustion may also accumulate. Acid rain or acid
precipitation is produced when these chemical substances combine with water vapor.
Weathering of structures, peeling paint on walls, and rusting of metals will occur as a
consequence of this. It does, however, have a significant impact on living organisms. It will
be harmful to trees' leaves and bark, which will inhibit their growth. It changes the
fundamental makeup of soil and has an impact on plant development. It alters the pH level
of water in the aquatic environment, which is essential for aquatic survival.
2. Ocean Acidification
Carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the atmosphere rise as a result of deforestation and
vehicle emissions. The high CO2 concentration in the atmosphere may also be absorbed by
the ocean, making it excessively acidic. Because of the large quantity of CO2, calcium
carbonates (CaCO3) will be released. Aquatic water with a low pH may retain enough calcium
carbonate (CaCO3) for marine creatures with an exterior protective shell, such as
crustaceans. This is also critical for the tiny creatures' home, or coral reef. If carbon
carbonates are depleted, there will be a reduction in the quantity of marine creatures
available for sale on the market.
To prevent these occurrences from escalating, let us offer our simple ways to help the
environment. Let us stop dreaming about a safe and clean environment and start working to
make it a reality.

Activity 2.2: Comparing Physical Properties

Identify the specific physical properties of ionic and covalent compounds by
completing the table below. Choose the correct answer inside the parentheses.
Properties Ionic Compound Covalent Compound
Melting point
(High or Low)
Boiling point
(High or Low)
Polarity
(High or Low)
Hardness
(Hard or Soft and Brittle)
State as room
temperature
(Solid, Liquid, or Gas)
Electrical conductivity
(can conduct electricity or
cannot conduct electricity)
Thermal conductivity
(can conduct heat or
cannot conduct heat)
Critical Thinking Questions:
1. Why do ionic compounds have a high melting point and boiling point compared to
covalent compounds?
2. When can an ionic compound conduct electricity?

10
Activity 2.3: Fishy Bone
Using the fish bone diagram, identify the different causes of acid rain and ocean acidification.

Are they In or Out?

Check your house for the following compounds and determine their practical uses.
Can be found at home?
Compounds Practical uses
Yes No
Sugar
Water
Ammonia
Baking soda
Sodium Fluoride
(ingredient in toothpaste)

MODULE 3

This module was designed and written to help you master the nature of chemical
bonding. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations.
The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are
arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them
can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
The module is divided into two lessons, namely:
• Lesson 3.1 – Charged Particles and Formation of Ions Using the Lewis Dot Structure
• Lesson 3.2 – Chemical Bonding and Writing Chemical Formula
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. determine how ions are formed;
2. differentiate cations from anions based on their tendency to lose or gain electrons;
3. show the formation of ions using Lewis Electron Dot Symbols (LEDS);
4. differentiate ionic from covalent bonds; and
5. write the chemical formulas of ionic compounds based on the charges of ions.

11
Charged Particles and
Lesson
Formation of Ions Using
3.1
the Lewis Dot Structure

An atom is chemically neutral because the

number of protons in its nucleus equals the
number of its electrons. It also takes part in
chemical reactions that result in the formation of
molecules. An ion, on the other hand, is produced
as a result of a chemical process in which the
quantity of protons and electrons is unequally
distributed. An ion is an atom that carries an
electrical charge generated either by the removal
Fig 3.1.1. Comparison of Oxygen Atom from Oxygen Ion or the acceptance of electrons from another
neutral atom.
Formation of Ions
Metal atoms are
referred to as "electron donors"
because they have a higher
probability of losing or
donating electrons. On the
other hand, non-metal atoms
have a higher probability to
accept or acquire electrons
than metal atoms, so they are
referred to as "electron
acceptors." They gain
electrons until the valence Fig 3.1.2. Formation of Ions
shell acquires eight electrons, making it stable. When an atom receives or donates electrons,
it transforms into an ion due to the fact that the number of protons does not match the
number of electrons. For example, if an oxygen atom (a highly reactive non-metal atom)
receives two electrons from another atom, the total number of electrons will be higher than
the number of protons. Meanwhile, if a metal atom donates one electron, the number of
electrons will be less than the number of protons.
Take note:
• The valence electrons are the only particles that can be gained or lost since they are
freely moving and located at the outermost layer of an electron shell.
• Protons, on the other hand, cannot be gained or lost because if the number of protons
changes, the atom or element will change as well.
• According to the Octet Rule, to attain stability, the outermost electron shell must have 8
electrons.
There are two types of ions: cations and anions. If an ion has fewer electrons than
protons, then it is called a cation. These are ions that carry a positive charge. Meanwhile, if
an ion carries a negatively charged
particle, it is called an anion
because it has more electrons than
protons.
Aside from the types of ions,
there is another category of ions,
namely monatomic ions and
polyatomic ions. This category
describes the presentation of certain Table 3.1.1. Some Monatomic and Polyatomic Ions

12
ions. Monatomic ions are ions that are composed of a single atom with a single possible
charge. Polyatomic ions, on the other hand, are composed of a group of atoms that contain a
single charge.
Unconsciously, we are surrounded by atoms and ions. Our bodies are made up of
atoms, and we require an ion, particularly electrolytes, to control osmotic pressure in our
cells and keep muscle and nerve cells functioning. It allows electric impulses to flow freely
throughout the body. A magnificent Aurora is a light display that occurs when electrically
charged particles from the sun collide with particles from gases in the Earth's atmosphere,
such as oxygen and nitrogen.
Valence electrons are electrons found at the outermost
energy level (orbital) of the atom. They play an essential role in
forming bonds to produce compounds. It is important that you
know how to identify the number of valence electrons so that
Fig.3.1.3. Valence Electron
you can illustrate how bonds are formed. of Lithium ion
Period refers to the
horizontal arrangement of the
elements in the Periodic Table. It
denotes how many valence shells
or orbitals an element has.
Family, on the other hand,
refers to how the elements are
arranged vertically. It represents
the number of valence electrons in
Figure 3.1.4. Lewis Dot Structure of Representative Family in the Periodic Table an element.
Take note: Metals have low electronegativity and Non-metals have high electronegativity.
Electronegativity is a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a pair of
electrons. The greater the number of electrons, the higher the tendency to attract electrons.
Ionization energy is the energy required to gain or lose one or more electron/s from a neutral
atom. The greater the ionization energy, the more difficult it is to lose valence electrons. Metal
elements have low electronegativity and ionization energy. Therefore, metals tend to transfer
or lose electrons. Non-metal elements have a greater tendency to attract (gain) electrons
towards themselves because they have high electronegativity and ionization energy.
Lewis Dot Structures (LEDS), also known as electron dot
Figure 3.1.5. Lewis Dot
Structure of Lithium atom structures, are graphical representations of the valence electrons of
atoms within a molecule. This structure may be represented by the
Lewis Dot Symbol, which consists of the chemical symbol of an element
and the number of valence electrons are drawn around it as dots.
The location of the dots begins at the top of the element symbol
and moves clockwise to the right (3 o'clock). Then it continues down to
the 6 o'clock position, then to the 9 o'clock position, and finally back to the top position until
all dots match the amount of valence electrons of the atom.
These Lewis symbols and Lewis structures aid in visualizing the valence electrons of
atoms and molecules, whether they exist as lone pairs (valence electrons that are not shared
with another atom) or within bonds.

Activity 3.1. Lewis Dot Symbol Model

Objectives: After performing this activity, you should be able to make a model of the Lewis-
Dot Symbol of an element.
Materials: Periodic Table, colored paper, bond paper, glue, markers, scissors or puncher
Procedure:
1. Gather all the materials.
2. Locate and identify the element in period 2, family 4A.
3. Use the Periodic Table to answer the table below.
4. On a bond paper, create the diagram for this element using the data in the table. You
may refer to the sample illustration in creating your model.
5. Cut/punch the colored paper into small dots.

13
6. Paste the dots in their proper position to complete your model.
Element Element Symbol Family Valence Electron Lewis Dot Structure
Example:
S 6 6
Sulfur

Sample Illustration: Element Illustration:

Guide Questions:
1. What is Lewis Dot Structure?
2. What is the importance of Lewis dot structure?
3. Which part of the periodic table represents the number of valence electron?
4. What is valence electron?
5. Why are valence electron/s important?

Lesson Chemical Bonding and

3.2 Writing Chemical Formula

We know that all living things are made up of atoms. In most cases, atoms are not
just floating around, but they are usually interacting with other atoms or groups of atoms.
Atoms may be linked by strong bonds and formed into molecules, or they may form
temporary, weak bonds with other atoms that they bump into. Both the strong bonds that
hold molecules together and the weaker bonds that create temporary connections are
important to the interaction of our bodies, and to the existence of life itself.
Chemical bonds are the attraction forces that link atoms together. Bonds are formed
when valence electrons interact. The type of interaction between the atoms depends on their
relative electronegativity. Atoms with equal or similar electronegativity form covalent bonds
in which the valence electron is shared between the two atoms. The electrons exist in between
the atoms and are both attracted to the nuclei. This type of bond forms often between two
non-metal elements.
If the electronegativity difference between covalently bonded atoms is more than 0.4
but less than 1.9, the pair of atoms usually forms a polar covalent bond. The electrons are
shared between the atoms, but the electrons are not equally attracted to both elements. The
result of unequal sharing of electrons between the atoms of different elements developed a
part in molecules that is slightly positive (δ+) and slightly negative (δ-) charged.
Example: Water molecules (H2O) are composed of hydrogen and oxygen atoms. It is
polar because the electrons are unequally shared between the two atoms.

Figure 3.2.1. Polar covalent bonding of water molecule Table 3.2.1. Electronegative difference of water molecule

Meanwhile, if the electronegativity difference is equal or less than 0.4, the pair of
atoms usually forms a nonpolar covalent bond. It is formed between two atoms of the same
element, or between atoms of different elements that share electrons more or less equally.

14
Example: Fluorine (F2) is a diatomic atom (contains 2 atoms). It is nonpolar because
the electrons are equally shared between the two fluorine atoms.

Figure 3.2.2. Non polar covalent Bonding of fluorine atom Table 3.2.2. Electronegative difference of fluorine atom

Ionic bonding takes place if atoms have an electronegativity difference of greater than
1.9. This means that a metal atom can fully transfer the valence electron to a nonmetal atom.
Once the electrons have been transferred to the non-metal atom, both the metal and the non-
metal are considered to be ions. The two oppositely charged ions attract each other to form
an ionic compound.
Example: When sodium atom (metal) is attracted to chlorine atom (non-metal), it
forms sodium chloride (ionic compound). It forms an ionic bond because the electrons are
fully transferred from one atom to another.

Figure 3.2.3. Ionic bonding between sodium and

chlorine atom. Table 3.2.3. Electronegative difference between sodium and chlorine
atom.
Why do chemical bonds form?
Atoms are trying to reach the most stable state that they can. Many atoms become
stable when their valence shell is occupied by electrons or when they satisfy the Octet Rule.
If atoms have an incomplete valence electron, they will strive to reach it by gaining, losing, or
sharing electrons through bonds. The Octet Rule states that elements need to gain, lose, or
share electrons to reach the electron configuration of the nearest noble gas.
Why Noble Gas?
Noble gas elements are the only group of elements in the periodic table that have
complete valence electrons in their outermost shells, which makes them very stable. These
are the elements found in Family 8A. Other elements are also striving for stability, which
controls their reactivity and bonding to other atoms.
Example: Sodium chloride, an ionic compound, is formed when a sodium atom (metal)
completely transfers its valence electron to a chlorine atom (non-metal). The sodium atom
originally had 11 electrons,
whereas the chlorine atom had
17 electrons. Sodium loses one
electron after ionic bonding. As a
result, it has 10 electrons
remaining. On the other hand,
the chlorine atom acquires one,
which results in a total of 18
electrons. When looking at the
noble gas family in the Periodic
Table, the sodium atom ended up
having the same number of
electrons as the neon ion (10),
whereas the chlorine ion is the Figure 3.2.4. Lewis Dot of Ionic bonding between sodium and chlorine atom.
same as the argon ion (18).
After chemical bonding,
elements become isoelectronic (having a similar electron configuration) to the nearest noble
gas in the periodic table. Individual atoms become ions; metal atoms become cations, while
non-metal atoms become anions.

15
Chemical Formula
You've learned that some ionic compounds are composed entirely of a metal ion
(cation) and a non-metal ion (anion). Certain ionic compounds, however, are composed of
more complicated atoms, referred to as polyatomic ions. Many of the products we use on a
daily basis contain these polyatomic ions.
Ionic compounds can be represented
using a chemical formula. A chemical formula
is an expression of the atomic composition of Figure 3.2.5. The Anatomy of a Chemical Formula
a compound, which consists of the number
and type of atoms present in a substance or compound and the symbol/s of the element/s
involved.
Charge: Metals found in Group/
+1 Family 1A, 2A, and 3B have low
+2 +3 ±4 -3 -2 -1 electronegativity and ionization
energy, so they tend to transfer or
lose electrons. On the other hand,
non-metals, found in 5A, 6A, and 7A,
have high electronegativity and
ionization energy, which results in a
greater tendency to attract electrons
towards themselves. Thus, non-
metals tend to gain electrons.
Transition elements usually have
more than one possible charge, like
iron (Fe2+ and Fe3+). However, some
have only one possible charge, like
Figure 3.2.6. The Periodic Table of Elements silver (Ag1+), zinc (Zn2+) and cadmium
(Retrieved from https://sciencenotes.org/periodic-table-of-elements-hd/)
(Cd2+).
Writing Chemical Formula
Chemical formulas are written with the elements' chemical symbols followed by
numeric subscripts indicating the relative ratios of the constituent atoms. Remember that in
order to satisfy the Octet Rule, the charge of the constituent ions will be determined based
on the number of valence electrons. When cations and anions are combined, an electrically
neutral compound is formed.
For instance, you are given calcium and chlorine. Calcium has a charge of +2 since it
belongs to Group 2A. Chlorine, on the other hand, has a charge of -1 since it belongs to Group
7A. In other words, this compound contains Ca2+ (cation) and Cl– (anion). After losing and
acquiring electrons, those ions will become stable, completely filling out their valence shells.
Their ionic formula will be CaCl2 (calcium chloride), which indicates their neutral
composition.
Two chloride ions were required in the resulting compound due to the +2 charge of
calcium. Two -1 chloride ions were required to balance out the +2 charge from calcium in
order to make the neutral molecule CaCl2.
How to write Chemical Formula?
Rules Example No. 1 Example No. 2
1. Write the formulas for the cation Sodium ion + nitrite Aluminum + sulfite
and anion (including the charges). Na1+ NO21- Al3+ SO3-2
2. Use the Criss-Cross method to
balance the subscripts.

3. Balance the charges, if necessary,

using the subscripts. Use
Na1(NO2)1 Al2(SO3)3
parentheses if you need more than
one of a polyatomic ion.
4. Simplify the formula. NaNO2 Al2(SO3)3

16
Activity 3.2. Bonding by Transfer of Electrons
Objectives: After performing this activity, you should be able to illustrate how ionic bond is
formed using Lewis-Dot Structure.
Materials: Periodic Table
Procedure and Example:
Complete the table below
and write the Lewis Symbol for
the selected elements. Take note
of the electronegativity value of
both elements. Subtract the
electronegativity value of the
metallic element from the non-
metallic element.

Guide Questions:
1. After ionic bonding, what kind of an element forms a cation?
2. What about the element that turns into an anion?
3. How does an atom attain stability after ionic bonding?
4. Do all the attractions between metals and non-metals form ionic bonds? Why?
5. Why do ions form after ionic bonding?
Activity 3.3. What’s The Formula?
Objective: After performing this activity, you will be able to write the chemical formula of the
compound formed between anions and cations.
Directions: Write in the box the chemical formula of the compound formed by the cations
and the anions.
Guide Questions:
1. What do you call the ions on top of the
column?
2. What do you call the ions on the left of
the row?
3. What method did you use in getting the
product between cation and anion?
4. What is the importance of writing the
chemical formula of the compound?

Supply the following Science journal-

writing prompts with your own ideas. Write the
completed journal in your notebook following the
format in the box below.

17
MODULE 4

This module was designed and written to help you master the nature of chemical
bonding. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations.
The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are
arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them
can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
The module is divided into two lessons, namely:
• Lesson 4.1 – The Chemistry of Carbon
• Lesson 4.2 – Properties of Organic Compounds
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. discuss why carbon is a unique atom (valence electron, bond length, strength,
multiple bond formation, etc.);
2. differentiate organic from inorganic compounds (from their chemical formula, uses,
properties);
3. determine the different uses of organic compounds and cite examples of each organic
compound; and
4. find the properties of common organic compounds through experimentation.

Lesson
4.1
The Chemistry of Carbon

Carbon is everywhere! It is considered as the building blocks of life on earth. It may

appear in the form of diamonds or graphite, or as various kinds of carbon or organic
compounds. It serves as the key ingredient for most life on earth; it gives us fuel for energy,
it creates life, and it has an essential role in regulating our climate.
Carbon atom has a unique ability to bond with
Table 4.1.1. Different types of carbon chains
variety of elements. It contains four valence electrons
that form covalent chemical bonds, wherein electrons
are shared to attain stability. This allows the
formation of multiple stable bonds with other small
atoms such as hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and even
carbon itself. With this, carbon atoms are capable of
forming long and infinite straight or branched carbon-
carbon chains, as well as closed or cyclic chain. Table 4.1.2. Different types of bonds

These chains are composed of either

single, double, or triple carbon-carbon bonds.
As a result, carbon atoms form various
enormous and complex molecules that can be
found everywhere around us.
Carbon compounds have the ability to
form two different molecules with the same number of carbon atoms but with different
geometrical arrangements. They are called isomers. Isomers are molecules or polyatomic ions
with the same molecular formula but different shapes and properties.
Carbon compounds can be in the form of gas, liquid or solid. In the non-living
environment, we can find carbon compounds in the atmosphere, in carbonate rocks, and in
fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gasoline. In the living environment, carbon atoms form the
structural molecular backbone of the significant molecules of life, such as proteins,
carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. It is a versatile element; it can exist in very small

18
two-atom molecules such as carbon monoxide (CO) up to more complex molecules that
contain thousands of atoms, such as proteins and DNA.

Activity 4.1. The Anatomy of Carbon Atom

Directions: Using the diagram below, answer the following questions.
1. What is the name of the element?
2. Where is element C located?
Atomic Number ___ Period Number ___ Family Number ___
3. How many valence electrons (outermost) are present in the diagram?
4. How many atom/s are allowed to bond in 1 element C atom?
5. Is it a metal or a non-metal?
6. If the atom of this element is bonded with a non-metal atom, will the
valence electrons be shared or transferred?

Lesson
Properties of Organic Compound
4.2

Organic and Inorganic Compounds

Organic and inorganic compounds are the two general categories of compounds in
Chemistry. Generally, organic compounds are compounds that contain carbon atoms,
mostly with carbon-hydrogen or C-H bonds. However, there are a few important exceptions
to this rule, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and other complex negative ions that contain carbon
but aren’t organic. Compounds that are made up of two or more elements other than carbon,
as well as certain carbon-containing compounds that lack carbon-carbon bonds, such as
cyanides, carbides, and carbonates, are called inorganic compounds.
Table 4.2.1. Difference Between Organic and Inorganic Compounds

Points of
Organic Compounds Inorganic Compounds
Comparison
Organic compounds are biological Inorganic compounds are simple
Nature of and more complex in nature. They and mineral in nature. These
existence are mainly found in most of the compounds are usually found in
living things around us. non-living things.
They exist as solids, liquids, or Most of them are solids. Very few
State
gases. exist as liquids and gases.
Mostly, they are compounds with They are made from single
carbon. They also contain hydrogen, elements. They do not contain
oxygen, and their derivatives. carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen
Examples
(e.g., Nucleic acids, sucrose, bonds. (e.g., salt, metals, silver,
enzymes, benzene, methane, fats sulfur, pure diamonds)
and ethanol)
Bond They form covalent bonds wherein They form ionic bonds, wherein
Formation electrons are shared. electrons are transferred.
They are soluble in organic solvents They are highly soluble in water,
Solubility but are less soluble in water. but insoluble in organic solutions.
However, some are soluble in water.
Rate of Organic compounds have a slow rate Inorganic compounds have a high
Reaction of reaction. rate of reaction.
They are volatile compounds. They They are non-volatile compounds.
Volatility evaporate easily at normal
temperatures.

19
Points of
Organic Compounds Inorganic Compounds
Comparison
They are highly inflammable. They They are not inflammable.
Flammability
can be easily set on fire.
In most aqueous solutions, organic In most aqueous solutions,
compounds are typically poor inorganic compounds are typically
Conductivity
conductors of electricity and heat. good conductors of electricity and
heat.
The intermolecular forces of organic Inorganic compounds, on the other
compounds are weak; thus, their hand, tend to have strong
Viscosity viscosity tends to be low. intermolecular forces, such as
hydrogen bonding, thus they have
a higher viscosity.
They are used in industries like They are commonly used as
foods, pharmaceuticals, fuels, etc. catalysts, pigments, coatings,
They are also present in surfactants, and more. They are
Uses photosynthesis and cellular used in the ceramic industry. In
respiration. They cannot produce the electrical field, they are applied
salt. to electric circuits. They can
produce salt.

Activity 4.2. My Chemical Formula

Based on their chemical formulas, identify the following materials as organic or inorganic
compound.
1. Benzene, C6H6 4. Sodium Chloride, NaCl
2. Hydrochloric acid, HCl 5. Carbon dioxide, CO2
3. Sucrose, C12H22O11
Activity 4.3. Organic or Inorganic?
Below are some materials which are commonly used in everyday lives. Based on their
properties, tell whether they are organic or inorganic.
Organic or
Materials Properties
Inorganic?
1. Ethyl Ethyl alcohol, or ethanol, is a clear liquid that is highly
Alcohol flammable. It easily mixes with water and with other
organic compounds.
2. Salt Salt is a very common compound found in our homes. It
appears as a solid, crystalline powder. It is soluble in water
and not inflammable.
3. Water Water has the ability to dissolve many substances. It
contains a polar covalent bond.
4. Gasoline Gasoline is a flammable liquid used primarily as a fuel. It
is volatile and evaporates easily at normal temperatures.
5. LPG LPG, or Liquefied Petroleum Gas, is commonly used as a
home heating and cooking fuel. It is colorless in both liquid
and vapor states. It is highly flammable.
Activity 4.4. Organic Compounds: Are they Useful?
(This activity is lifted from the Department of Education Science 9 Learner’s Module (First Edition, with minor
modifications to suit the distance learning modality.)
Objective: In this activity, you will be able to recognize the uses of common organic
compounds.
Procedure:
1. Label the following products. Choose your answer from the word bank below.
WORD BANK
gasoline kerosene LPG
acetone acetic acid ethanol

20
________________________ ________________________ ________________________

________________________ ________________________ ________________________

2. Complete the table below. Using a check mark, indicate the uses of the given compounds.
You may have more than one check mark per sample depending on its use/uses.
Organic Compounds
Uses Acetic
Gasoline Ethanol Acetone LPG Kerosene
Acid
Beverage/
Drinks
Food
Antiseptic/
Disinfectant
Fuel
Cleaner
Guide Questions:
1. What properties do the following organic compounds have in common?
2. Why do you think organic compounds like these are very important?

Making Connections: Science at Home

Organic compounds are literally everywhere around you. Look for three common
organic compounds inside your home or within the premises of your neighborhood. Describe
each of them by completing the table below.
Name of the Material Properties Use/s at Home
Example: strong, durable and moisture- Used as flooring
Vinyl resistant (Vinyl tiles)
1.
2.
3.

MODULE 5

This module was designed and written to help you master the concepts about
Hydrocarbons. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning
situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons
are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read
them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
The module is divided into three lessons, namely:
• Lesson 5.1- Classes of Hydrocarbons
• Lesson 5.2- Naming Hydrocarbons
• Lesson 5.3- Functional Groups

21
After going through this module, you are expected to recognize the general classes and uses
of organic compounds (S9MT-IIh-18)
Specifically, this learning resource material aims to:
1. differentiate molecular, empirical, and structural (expanded and condensed)
formulas;
2. differentiate alkanes, alkenes and alkynes based on the presence of bonds and their
physical properties;
3. name different structures of hydrocarbons (alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alcohol,
aldehydes, esters, carboxylic acid, ether, amines, amides, etc.; and
4. identify different functional groups and their uses in organic compounds.

Lesson
5.1
Classes of Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that are made up of only two elements,
hydrogen and carbon. These hydrocarbons have different types depending on their structure;
the alkanes, the alkenes and the alkynes.
Alkanes
Hydrocarbons that contain single bonds are
called alkanes. Alkanes are also known as paraffins.
Each carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms,
making it a saturated compound, and there are no
double or triple bonds in the molecules.
Alkanes’ general formula is expressed as
CnH2n+2, where n is the number of carbon
atoms. The suffix –ane is used in naming an
alkane. Some examples of alkanes include
methane (the simplest hydrocarbon), ethane
and propane are shown on the right.
In the IUPAC system, various prefixes
may be used to indicate the presence of carbon
Table 5.1.1. Prefixes corresponding to the number of
atoms in an unbranched chain. carbon atoms
Alkenes and alkynes
Alkenes and alkynes are types of hydrocarbons that are unsaturated
because they contain carbon atoms attached to less than four atoms.
Alkenes, also known as olefins, contain a double bond between two carbon
atoms and contain fewer hydrogen atoms when compared to alkanes. It has a general formula
of CnH2n. The suffix –ene is used in naming an alkene. Ethene is an example of alkene.
Another type of hydrocarbon is called alkynes. They are also called acetylenes. They
contain a triple bond between two carbons and have
the general formula of CnH2n-2. The suffix –yne is used
in naming an alkyne. Some examples of alkynes are
shown on the right.
These hydrocarbons may be
shown in a variety of ways. A
molecular formula, an extended
structural formula, a condensed
structural formula, a carbon
skeletal form, or a line form may all
be used. In most cases, instead of
the alternative representations, the
expanded and condensed formulas
are used in the study of Table 5.1.2. Comparison of the Different Representations of Butane
hydrocarbons.

22
Activity 5.1. Let’s Compare!
Complete the table to demonstrate the differences between alkane, alkene, and alkyne.
Description Alkane Alkene Alkyne
Number of Bonds
General Formula
Suffix used in Naming
Examples
(Give 2)
Activity 5.2: Which Hydrocarbon Am I?
Now that you're familiar with the various kinds of hydrocarbons and their characteristics,
examine the provided structure and determine whether it's an alkane, alkene, or alkyne.
Hydrocarbon Type Hydrocarbon Type

6.
1.

2.
7.

3. 8.

4. 9.

5. 10.

Lesson
5.2
Naming Hydrocarbons

The naming of organic compounds is known as organic nomenclature. There are a few
rules for naming organic compounds that have been devised by the International Union of
Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). Knowing these rules and given a structural formula,
one should be able to write a unique name for every distinct compound. Likewise, given the
IUPAC name, one should be able to write a structural formula.
Given below are the established rules by the IUPAC for naming hydrocarbons:
1. To determine the suffix of the name, identify the functional group in the compound.
a. Straight-chain hydrocarbons that contain only single-bond carbons are called alkanes.
When naming these molecules, the final syllable in their names is "ane."
b. Straight-chain hydrocarbons that contain at least one double bond carbon are called
alkenes. In naming these molecules, the final syllable in their names is "ene."
c. Straight-chain hydrocarbon molecules that contain at least one triple bond carbon are
called alkynes. To name these molecules, the final syllable in their names is "yne."

23
2. Find the longest continuous carbon chain that contains the functional group and count
the number of carbon atoms in this chain. Take note that it will not always be a straight
chain. This number will determine the prefix of the compound's name.
Prefixes are attached at the beginning of the word to indicate the number of carbons in
the hydrocarbon chain. The IUPAC prefixes for the first 20 carbon chain lengths are
introduced in Lesson 1.
3. Alkenes and alkynes with hydrocarbon chain lengths of four or greater require a
numbering scheme for the chain to designate the location of the multiple bonds. The rules
regarding this numbering scheme are:
a. The numbering scheme starts at the molecule's end, closest to the position of the
multiple bonds.
b. The number in the name is determined by assigning a numerical value relative to the
carbon in the chain where the multiple bonds first appear.
c. Each multiple bond in the chain is represented by a number. Commas are used to
separate these numbers.
d. A dash separates the number from the name of the hydrocarbon.
e. When there is more than one multiple bonds, prefixes are added to the "ene" or "yne"
final syllable.
4. For ring hydrocarbons, the prefix "cyclo" is attached to the hydrocarbon name.
5. Combine the elements of the name into a single word in the following order:
• branched groups/halogen atoms in alphabetical order (ignoring prefixes);
• prefix of the main chain; and
• name that ends according to the functional group and its position on the longest
carbon chain.
Examples:
Steps for Naming
Example No. 1 Example No. 2
Hydrocarbons

Examine the compound.

The compound is a
Since the molecule contains
hydrocarbon with single
Determine the functional a double carbon-carbon
bonds between the carbon
group. bond, it is an alkene and the
atoms. It is an alkane and
suffix is -ene.
will have the suffix -ane.

Find the longest continuous There are four carbons in the

carbon chain and number the longest (straight) chain, so
carbon atoms in that chain. There are six carbons in the the prefix is but-.
longest chain, so the prefix
is hex-.
There is one methyl group
attached to the main chain.
No branched group is
Look for any branched After the functional group,
identified in the given
groups. Name them and the branched group should
hydrocarbon. The double
identify their position in the have the lowest number
bond occurs at the second
carbon chain. possible. So, the methyl is
carbon.
attached to the third carbon
atom (3-methyl).
Combine the components of
the hydrocarbon’s name into
a single word following this
The hydrocarbon’s name is The hydrocarbon is 2-
order: prefix; suffix according
3-methylhexane. butene or but-2-ene.
to the functional group and
its position along the longest
carbon chain.

24
Steps for Naming Hydrocarbons Example No. 3
Examine the compound.

Determine the functional group. There is a triple carbon-carbon bond. This is an

alkyne and will have the suffix -yne.
Find the longest continuous carbon There are three carbon atoms in the longest chain,
chain and number the carbon therefore the prefix will be prop-. The triple bond
atoms in that chain. appears in the first carbon atom, so the numbering
will begin from the left. This will make the suffix -1-
yne.
Look for any branched groups. There are no branched groups.
Name them and identify their
position in the carbon chain.
Combine the components of the The hydrocarbon’s name is 1-propyne or prop-1-
hydrocarbon’s name into a single yne.
word following this order: prefix;
suffix according to the functional
group and its position along the
longest carbon chain.
Steps for Naming Hydrocarbons Example No. 4
Give the structural formula for 1-hexene. Then, find its molecular formula.
Solution: Structural Formula:
• The prefix hex- tells us there are six
carbon atoms in the chain.
• The suffix -1-ene tells that there is a Molecular Formula: C6H12
double bond between the first and (Note: Just count the number of each atom from the
second carbon atoms. structural formula.)

Activity 5.3. Classify Me!

Analyze the given molecular formula. Determine if the compound is an alkane, alkene, or
alkyne.
1. CH4 4. CH3CH2CCCH2CH3
2. CH3CH=CH2 5. CH2=CHCH2CH3
3. CHCH
Activity 5.4: Identify Me!
Fill in the table below with the compound's name or structural formula.
IUPAC
hept-3-ene octane ethyne
Name

Structural
Formula

Lesson
5.3
Functional Group

The functional groups determine an organic compound's structural formula,

properties, and even chemical reactivity. Regardless of the molecule in which they are found,

25
functional groups have their own unique characteristics. Alcohols, ethers, aldehydes,
ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, amines, and amides are common examples of functional
groups.
1. Alcohol
Alcohols are transparent and colorless organic compounds that are
commonly used as disinfectants, solvents, fuels and reagents. The present
functional group in alcohols is the -OH group. The most common types of
alcohol are methyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, propyl alcohol, and isopropyl alcohol. Ethanol is
one of the common alcohols that is produced through fermentation and can be found in
alcoholic beverages. In the current situation, where we are battling with a deadly virus known
as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), health experts
recommended using isopropyl alcohol as an alternative if water and soap are unavailable. It
acts as a disinfectant and can also kill viruses, and it is commonly used in hospitals. To name
the alcohols, locate the longest chain of carbon that holds the –OH group.
If a structure contains -OH, you just need to use the -ol suffix
with the name of the parent alkane. For example, the name of the
structure on the right is butanol, from the alkane butane, since the
parent chain contains four carbons.
2. Ethers
Ether contains an oxygen atom that is attached to two alkyl groups
(R-O-R). This organic substance is extremely flammable. In addition, they
are commonly used as solvents. Common examples of ether are dimethyl
ether and diethyl ether. Dimethyl ether is used as an aerosol spray propellant while diethyl
ether is used as an anesthetic for surgical procedures.
When naming ether, it is necessary to specify the alkyls linked
to oxygen. The name should include the alkyls that are ordered
alphabetically before the term ether. For instance, the image on the right
shows two alkyls, referred to as methyl, attached to oxygen. This
structure is referred to as dimethyl ether. The prefix di- denotes two identical alkyl groups
linked to oxygen.
3. Aldehydes
The carbonyl group is the functional group present in aldehyde. The
carbonyl group is formed by a double bond between a carbon atom and an
oxygen atom. Aldehydes have the generic formula R-CHO. Aldehyde is derived
from the phrase "alcohol dehydrogenated," and its most basic form is methanol
or formaldehyde. In funeral homes and medical labs, formaldehyde is used to
preserve the dead corpses of organisms.
To rename aldehydes, use –al suffix with the name of the parent
chain. For example, the structure on the right is composed of two carbon
chains; therefore, the parent chain is ethane. Change the suffix to -al. The
name of the structure is ethanal.
4. Ketones
A ketone is a functional group that is characterized by the presence of
a carbonyl group (O=C) connected to two other carbon atoms. Ketones and
aldehydes are named similarly except for the suffix used and the number that
denotes the carbonyl group's position.
To name ketones, use the sffix -anone with the name of the parent
chain. For instance, the longest carbon chain in the structure on the right
is three. Therefore, the name of the parent chain is propane. Change the
suffix from -ane to –anone, then indicate the location of the carbonyl
group. The name of the structure is 2-propanone.
5. Carboxylic Acid
Carboxylic acid is characterized by the presence of the carboxyl
functional group (COOH). The most often encountered carboxylic acid is
dicarboxylic acid, which contains two carboxyl groups. Oxalic acid,
which is utilized as a cleansing agent, is a good example of this. Vinegar,
which also contains a carboxyl group, is a common ingredient in a wide
variety of recipes and is also used as a preservative. Acetic acid is the carboxylic acid found
in vinegar.

26
To name a carboxylic acid, change the suffix of the parent
chain to -oic acid. For instance, the longest continuous carbon chain
on the right is four. Therefore, the name of the parent chain is butane.
By adding the suffix –oic acid, the structure becomes butanoic acid.

6. Esters
Esters are formed from the reaction between a carboxylic acid and
alcohol. It has a general formula of RCOOR, wherein two alkyls are attached
to O=C-O. Generally, esters are mildly polar and have pleasant odors. Some
fruits contain esters, such as pineapples, bananas, raspberries, and oranges.
In naming esters, use the alkyl as the first name while
the second should be the stem name of the acid. The second
name should end with the suffix –oate. Looking at the picture
on the right, the first alkyl is methyl; the second alkyl attached
to the functional group is butyl. The name of the structure is
methyl butanoate.
7. Amines
Amines are organic compounds containing the functional group of
basic nitrogen atoms. They are derivatives of ammonia, NH3. The hydrogen of
ammonia can be replaced by R or alkyl groups. Most of the amines are
neurotransmitters in the brain, spinal cord, and other body parts. One of the
common amines that act as neurotransmitters in the brain and spinal cord is
histamine. Histamine is involved in inflammatory responses and its main role is to act as a
mediator for itching.
When naming the amines, add the suffix –amine to the alkane
chain connected to it. For instance, the alkyl attached to the structure on
the right is methyl, with a single carbon atom. Simply add the suffix -
amine to the end of the name. So, the structure is known as
methylamine.
8. Amides
The amides are formed from the reaction of carboxylic acid and
amine. Most of the amides are drugs, including penicillin. Penicillin is the
most common antibiotic that treats bacterial infections in wounds. It was
discovered by a famous scientist named Alexander Fleming.
In naming the amides, add the suffix –amide to the stem of the
acid's parent’s name, and omit the word acid. For example, the structure
on the right is an amide derivative of acetic acid. To name it, just replace
the suffix -ic with -amide and omit the term acid. Therefore, its name is
acetamide.

Activity 5.5 Know My Importance Activity 5.6 Know My Identity

Complete the table below. Identify the following functional groups.

Type of General
Example Uses
Compound Formula
1. _______________ 2. __________________ 3. _______________
1. Alcohol
2. Ether
3. Aldehyde
4. _______________ 5. _______________ 6. _______________
4. Ketone
5. Carboxylic
Acid
6. Ester 7. _______________ 8. ________________ 9. ________________
7. Amine
8. Amide
10. ______________

27
My Hydrocarbon!
Construct the structure of
the hydrocarbon of your choice
using materials available in your
house. These materials will
represent the hydrocarbon's
hydrogen atoms, carbon atoms,
and bonds.
Examples:
• Marshmallows as hydrogen
atoms
• Raisins as carbon atoms
• Toothpicks as bonds
Write one paragraph that will
describe the structure of your
hydrocarbon. Be creative in the
presentation of your output and
be guided by the given rubrics.

MODULE 6

This module was designed and written to help you master how pieces of matter are
quantified by finding the mass or by counting or number of atoms, ions, or molecules. The
scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language
used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow
the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed
to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
The module is divided into four lessons, namely:
• Lesson 6.1 – Formula Mass vs. Molecular Mass
• Lesson 6.2 – What is in a Mole?
• Lesson 6.3 – Number of Particles
• Lesson 6.4 – Conversion of Units
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. differentiate molecular unit from formula unit and compute for the molecular mass;
2. define the term "mole" and calculate the number of moles in a given compound;
3. determine the number of particles based on the mass or number of moles; and
4. convert the number of moles, mass, and number of particles from one unknown to
another.

Lesson Formula Mass vs.

6.1 Molecular Mass

You can easily calculate the number of particles in a given mass by first defining its
molecular or formula mass. If a n element's atomic mass is the average mass of its atom, the

28
molecule's molecular mass is the average mass of its molecules. Numerically, the molecular
mass of a substance (or formula mass in the case of an ionic compound) equals the total of
the atomic masses of the elements/atoms included within the molecule or formula unit.
Molecular Mass Formula Mass
The sum of the atomic masses of all the The sum of the atomic masses of all the
atoms in a molecule. atoms/ions present in one formula unit of any
compound, whether molecular or ionic.
SI Unit: atomic mass unit (amu) SI Unit: grams per mole (g/mol)
Steps in Calculating Molecular Mass or Formula Mass
Sample Problem 1.1: Calculate the molecular mass of carbon dioxide.
1. Write the chemical formula of the covalent compound.
Carbon dioxide → CO2
2. Determine and write the atomic masses of each element present in the compound.
C = 12 g O = 16 g
3. Count the number of atoms for each element. Then, multiply it to its respective atomic
mass. Lastly, add the masses of each element.
No. of Atomic
atom mass
CO2 → 2 x 16g = 32g
1 x 12g = 12g
44 amu

Sample Problem 1.2: Calculate the formula mass of sodium chloride.

1. Write the chemical formula of the ionic compound.
sodium chloride → NaCl
2. Determine and write the atomic masses of each element present in the compound.
Na = 23g Cl = 35g
3. Count the number of atoms for each element. Then, multiply it to its respective atomic
mass. Lastly, get the sum of the molar masses of each element.
No. of Atomic
atom mass
NaCl → 1 x 35g = 35g/mol Interpretation:
1 x 23g = 23g/mol A mole of NaCl is equal
58 g/mol to 58g of NaCl.
When a large number of molecules or formula units are involved in a visible chemical
reaction, it is convenient to employ a unit of measurement called the mole (mol). One mole of
a substance has the same mass as its relative molecular mass given in grams.

Activity 6.1. Decode the Message

Calculate the molecular or formula mass of each compound and write the letter in their
respective places to decode the message.
Atomic Masses of the Elements:
C – 12g H – 1g O – 16g F – 19g Ba – 137g Na – 23g Ca – 40g
1. Carbon dioxide, CO2 O. 40g/mol
2. Water, H2O O. 18 amu
3. Calcium fluoride, CaF O. 59g/mol
4. Methane, CH4 D. 16 amu
5. Barium oxide, BaO G. 44amu
6. Sodium hydroxide, NaOH J. 153g/mol
7. Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2 B. 34 amu

______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ !

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

29
Lesson
6.2
What is in a Mole?

Chemists determine the number of atoms and molecules by relating them to their
masses. They developed a unit of measurement called the mole. The number of atoms
represented by an element's atomic mass is expressed in grams (g). In the year 1896,
renowned German chemist Wilhelm Ostwald introduced the term "mole," which is derived
from the Latin word "mole," that means "great amount" or "pile."
One mole is the number of atoms contained in precisely 12 grams of the isotope 12C.
A mole is denoted by the SI symbol mol. A mole is just a number. It is similar to how a dozen
equals twelve and a pair equals two, one mole of a material equals 6.02 x 1023 particles.
One mole of an element or a compound can be calculated or interpreted using
atomic mass or molar mass. Take note that the atomic mass or molar mass can be expressed
in grams per mole (g/mol).
ELEMENT COMPOUND a. Atomic mass - expressed in grams of an
1 mol C = 12 g 1 mol H2O = 18 g element
1 mol Na = 23 g 1 mol NaCl = 58 g b. Molar mass - expressed in grams of a
compound using the atomic masses of
1 mol Hg = 200 g 1 mol CO2 = 44 g
Table 6.2.1. Example Interpretation of the Equivalent Value of
each element
1 Mole in Atomic Mass and Molar Mass

One mole is also used to talk about mass. One mole of a substance
is equal to the atomic mass, or molar mass, in grams. For instance, the relative
atomic mass of
carbon is 12 g. It
means that 1 mole
of C is equal to 12 g.
The diagram on the right serves as
your guide on computing values
relating to mole.
Conversion of Element from Mass to the Number of Moles
Sample Problem 2.1. How many numbers of moles are there in 15 grams of lithium?
Given: mLi = 12.3g Li Required to Find: number of moles = ? mol Li
Equation 𝟏 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕
𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔 = 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 (𝒎) 𝒙
𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒄 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕
Solution number of moles =15 g Li 𝒙
𝟏 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑳𝒊
7 g Li
𝟏𝟓 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑳𝒊
= 7
number of moles = 2.143 mol Li or 2.14 mol Li
Answer There are 2.14 mol present in 15 g of Li.

Conversion of Element from the Number of Moles to Mass

Sample Problem 2.1. How much mass is contained in 2.14 mol of lithium?
Given: number of moles = 2.14 mol Li Required to Find: mLi = ? g Li
Equation mLi = 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 (𝒎) 𝒙
𝟏 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕
𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒄 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕

Solution mLi = 2.14 mol Li 𝒙

𝟕𝒈 𝑳𝒊
1 mol Li
𝟏𝟒.𝟗𝟖 𝒈 𝑳𝒊
=
1
mLi = 14.98g Li or 15g Li
Answer There are 14.98 g present in a 2.14 mol of Li.

30
Conversion of Compound from the Number of Moles to Mass
Sample Problem 2.3. How many numbers of moles are there in 98.3 g of aluminum
hydroxide, Al(OH)3?
Given: m = 98.3g Al(OH)3 Required to Find: number of moles = ? mol Al(OH)3
Equation 𝟏 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅
𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔 = 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅 (𝒎) 𝒙
𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅
Solution 1. Get the molar mass of the compound, Al(OH)3.
Note: Atomic masses of each element: Al - 27g, O – 16g, H – 1g

2. Solve for the number of moles.

𝟏 𝒎𝒐𝒍 Al(OH)3
𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔 = 98.3 g Al(OH)3 𝒙
78 g Al(OH)3
𝟗𝟖.𝟑 𝒎𝒐𝒍 Al(OH)
= 3
78
Number of moles = 1.260 mol Al(OH)3 or 1.26 mol Al(OH)3
Answer There are 1.26 mol present in a 98.3 g of Al(OH)3.

Activity 6.2.1. Mass Counted Activity 6.2.2. The Mole of Fortune

State the masses of one mole of each Answer the following by calculating the
substance. You may refer to the periodic number of moles or atomic mass in each of
table and round it off to the nearest whole the given questions.
number. Example:
Asked: Mole
Given:15 grams of lithium (Li)
Answer: 2.143 mol Li or 2.14 mol Li

ASKED GIVEN
Mole 1. 22 g of gold (Au)
Mole 2. 2.3 g of water (H2O)
Mass 3. 9.8 mol of calcium (Ca)
Mass 4. 3.3 mol of potassium sulfide (K2S)

Lesson
6.3
Number of Particles

The mole concept is a useful way of expressing the amount of a substance. The
distinctiveness of a substance is defined by the quantity of each type of atoms or ions it
contains. In dealing with particles at an atomic or molecular level, one gram of a pure element
is recognized to contain a large number of atoms. The mole concept primarily focuses on the
unit ‘mole’, which is a count of a very large number of particles.
1 mol = 6.02 x 1023 particles
(1 mol = 602 200 000 000 000 000 000 000 particles or 602 sextillion particles)
An atom is the smallest particle of an element (consists of neutrons, protons, and
electrons). A formula unit is a unit that includes metal and nonmetal atoms ionically bonded
together. A molecule is a unit that includes two or more nonmetal atoms covalently bonded
together, which can be referred to as particles.

31
The number 6.02 x 1023 is called Avogadro’s number, in honor of the Italian scientist,
Amadeo Avogadro, who suggested that it might be possible to count atoms. The Avogadro’s
number is constant for all elements and compounds.

Table 6.3.1. Example Interpretation of the Equivalent Value of 1 Mole in Avogadro’s Number

The diagram on the right

shows a guide on computing values
relating to mole.

Conversion of Compound from Number of Moles to Number of Particles

Sample Problem 3.1. How many individual atoms of C are present in 3.2 mol C?
Given: number of moles = 3.2 mol C Required to Find: number of particles =? atom C
Equation 𝟔. 𝟎𝟐𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟑 𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕
𝒏 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒍𝒆𝒔 = 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆 𝒙
𝟏 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒆𝒍𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕
Solution 𝟔. 𝟎𝟐𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟑 𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎 𝑪
𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒍𝒆𝒔 = 3.2 mol C 𝒙
1 mol C
𝟏.𝟗𝟐𝟔 𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟒 𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒎 𝑪
= 1
number of particles = 1.926 x 1024 atom C or 1.93 x 1024 atom C
Answer There are 1.926 x1024 atoms present in 3.2 mol of C.

Conversion of Compound from Number of Particles to Number of Mole

Sample Problem 3.2. Find the number of moles present in 1.26 x 1024 molecules of CO2?
Given: Required to Find:
number of particles = 1.26x1024 molecules CO2 number of moles =? mol CO2
Equation 𝟏 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅
𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔 = number of particles 𝒙
𝟔. 𝟎𝟐𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟑 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅
Solution 1. Get the conversion unit of the compound, CO2.
1 mol CO2 = 6.02 x 1023 molecules
2. Solve for the number of moles.
𝟏 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑪𝑶𝟐
𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔 = 1.26x1024 molecules 𝑪𝑶𝟐 𝒙
𝟔. 𝟎𝟐𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟑 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒆 𝑪𝑶𝟐

𝟏.𝟐𝟔𝒙𝟏𝟎^𝟐𝟒 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑪𝑶
= 𝟐
𝟔.𝟎𝟐𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟑
number of moles = 2.093 mol of CO2 or 2.09 mol CO2
Answer There are 2.093 mol present in a 1.26 x 1024 molecules CO2.

Activity 6.3. Let’s Analyze

Solve the following problems using the GRESA method.
1. How many individual atoms of potassium (K) is present in 0.120 mol K?
Given: number of moles = 0.120 mol K Required to Find: number of particles = ? atom K
2. Calculate the number of moles of carbon monoxide (CO) in 1.25 x 1021 atoms of CO.

32
Given: Required to Find:
number of particles = 1.25 x 1021 molecules of CO number of moles = ? mol CO

Lesson
6.4
Conversion of Units

By distinguishing the relationship between the molar mass (g/mol), moles (mol), and
particles, we can use the Unit Factor Method to convert between mass, number of moles, and
number of atoms. Below is the chart used to convert the number of moles, mass, and number
of particles from one unknown to another.

Table 6.4.1. Mole Concept Conversion Factors

Sample Problem 4.1. How many moles are present in 25.6 g of C?
Given: mass (m) = 25.6 g C Required to Find: number of moles =? mol C
Equation

Solution Note: Since Na2CO3 is a compound, we will be using the conversion

factor of MOLE to MASS of a compound
1. Molar mass of Na2CO3
2. Mass to Mole
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶
number of moles = 25 g C x
12 𝑔 𝐶
25 g C x mol C
= 12
number of moles = 2.083 mol C
Answer There are 2.083 mol present in a 25 g C.

Sample Problem 4.2. What is the mass of 1.78 mol of Na2CO3?

Given: number of moles = 1.78 mol Na2CO3 Required to Find: m =? G Na2CO3
Equation

Solution Note: Since carbon is an element, we will be using the conversion

factor of MASS to MOLE of an element.
1. Molar mass of Carbon, C
In every 106 g of Na2CO3,
there is 1 mol of Na2CO3.

2. Mole to Mass Conversion

106𝑔 Na C𝑂
mass = 1.78 mol Na2CO3 x 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 Na2 C𝑂3
2 3
188.68 g Na C𝑂
= 2 3
1
mass = 188.68 g Na2CO3
Answer There is 188.68 g present in 1.78 mol Na2CO3.
33
Sample Problem 4.3. How many molecules are present in 3.55 g of CH4?
Given: m = 3.55g CH4 Required to Find: number of particles = ? molecules CH4
Equations
1.

2.
Solution 1. Molar mass of Carbon, C

In every 16 g of CH4,
there is 1 mol of CH4

2. Mass to Mole Conversion

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 C𝐻4
number of moles = 3.55g CH4 x 16𝑔 C𝐻4
3.55 𝑚𝑜𝑙 C𝐻4
= 16
number of moles = 0.222 mol CH4
3. Mole to Number of Particles Conversion
6.02 𝑥 1023 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 C𝐻4
number of particles = 0.222 mol CH4 x 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 C𝐻4
1.34 x1023 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 C𝐻
= 1
4

number of particles = 1.34 x 1023molecules CH4

Answer There are 1.34 x 1023 molecules present in a 3.55 g of CH4.

Activity 6.4. How Much is in a Mole?

Solve the following mole problems using the GRESA method and the conversion factors.
1. How many molecules of CO2 are present in 13.4 g of CO2?
Given: number of particles = 1.25 x 1021 molecules of CO Required to Find: number of moles = ? mol CO

2. What is the mass of 1.290 x 1024 atom Ca?

Directions: Using the 3-2-1 chart below, list down 3 things you’ve learned, 2 things
you found interesting and 1 thing you have question about.

34
MODULE 7

This module was designed and written to help you master how to determine the
percentage composition of a compound given its chemical formula and vice versa. The scope
of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used
recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are arranged to follow the
standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you read them can be changed to
correspond with the textbook you are now using.
The module is divided into three lessons, namely:
• Lesson 7.1 – Percentage Composition of a Compound
• Lesson 7.2 – Difference Between Empirical and Molecular Formulas
• Lesson 7.3 – Empirical and Molecular Formulas from Percentage Composition
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. determine the percentage composition of each element in a given compound;
2. distinguish between empirical and molecular formulas
3. calculate the empirical formula of a compound given its percentage composition; and
4. calculate the molecular formula of a compound given its percentage composition.

Lesson Percentage Composition of a

7.1 Compound

Imagine you are working as a medicinal chemist. At work, you were given a 143-g
sample of compound X to study. According to the report, this compound X is composed of
10g of element A, 13g of element B, 55g of element C, and 65g element D. Your first task is
to determine the percentage by mass of each element in the compound. With the knowledge
of getting the percentage, you were able to come up with the formula to use, as shown below.

Using the formula, you have found out that compound X is made up of 6.99% element
A, 9.09% element B, 38.46% element C, and 45.45% element D. This percentage by mass of
each element in a compound is actually the same as the percentage composition of the
compound. Let us try to determine the percentage composition of different compounds using
the GRESA method.
Sample Problem 1.1. Sodium hydroxide, also known as lye, has a chemical formula of NaOH.
Determine the percentage composition of this compound.
Reminders:
• The mass of the element can be found on the periodic table. Each mass is equivalent to
the mass of 1 mole of that element; thus, the unit is grams per mole (g/mol). The mass of
sodium is 22.9 g/mol; oxygen is 16.00 g/mol; and hydrogen is 1.01 g/mol.
• Using the chemical formula, you can determine the number of atoms in each element in
the compound. For instance, NaOH has 1 atom each of sodium, oxygen and hydrogen.
• To get the molar mass of each element in the compound, multiply its mass by the number
of atoms. To get the total mass of the compound, just add the molar masses of all its
components.
Required to Find:
Given: Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
• % Na=?
• % O=?
• % H=?

35
Equation

1. Determining the molar mass of the compound:

a. molar mass of the individual components:

b. molar mass of the compound:

Solution

2. Determining the percentage composition of the compound:

Sodium hydroxide(NaOH) is made up of 57.48% sodium (Na), 40.00%

Answer
oxygen (O) and 2.53% hydrogen (H).
Sample Problem 1.2. A newly synthesized compound contains the elements zinc and
chlorine. When a 43.5g sample of the compound decomposed, 12.3g of zinc remained.
Assuming you have a mole of that compound, determine the percentage composition.
Given: Required to Find:
• molar mass Zn = 12.3g • % Zn=?
• molar mass of the compound = 43.5g • % Cl=?

Equation

1. For zinc:

2. For chlorine:
Solution mass of Cl = mass of the compound – mass of Zn
mass of Cl = 43.5g – 12.3g
mass of Cl = 31.2g

Answer The compound is made up of 28.28% zinc (Zn) and 71.72% chlorine (Cl).

Activity 7.1. Determining Percentage Composition

Read and analyze the problems below. Answer them using the GRESA method.
1. Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) is a compound often used for food flavoring and beverages. It can
also be used for dental, cosmetic, and skin care products. Determine the percentage
composition of phosphoric acid.
2. Benzene, a colorless liquid with a sweet odor, is the simplest aromatic organic compound.
It has a chemical formula of C6H6. Determine the percentage composition of this
compound.

36
Lesson Difference Between Empirical and
7.2 Molecular Formulas

Empirical and Molecular Formulas

The empirical and molecular formulas are two of the many ways of representing a
compound. In Chemistry, a “formula” refers to the shorthand way of writing the composition
of a compound using symbols of chemical elements, numbers, and sometimes other signs,
such as parentheses, brackets, commas, etc.
The molecular formula represents the actual number of atoms present in one
molecule. For example, the molecule of glucose is made up of 6 carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen
atoms, and 6 oxygen atoms. Based on this composition, it will give us the molecular formula
of glucose, which is C6H12O6.
The empirical formula gives the simplest and most reduced whole-number ratio of
atoms in the compound. It can be derived by dividing all the subscripts of the molecular
formula by their highest common denominator. For example, if the molecular formula of
hydrogen peroxide is H2O2, then the highest common denominator is 2. Dividing both
subscripts by 2 gives the empirical formula H1O1 or simply HO.
When a compound's molecular formula cannot be reduced any more, then the
empirical formula will be the same as the molecular formula. Mostly, compounds with
different molecular formulas have the same empirical formula.
Differences between Empirical and Molecular Formulas
1. The molecular formula is commonly used in reactions and other chemical recordings,
while the empirical formula is not frequently used in reaction schemes.
2. The empirical formula is the standard for ionic compounds while the molecular formula
is for molecular compounds.
3. The empirical formula is derived from the weight percentages of the elements present in
the compound, whereas the molecular formula is found using the empirical formula and
is related to the total weight of the compound.

Activity 7.2. Empirical vs Molecular

Complete the Venn diagram by comparing and
contrasting empirical and molecular formulas. Write
their differences on the sides and their similarities at
the center of the diagram.

Activity 7.3. Empirical or Molecular?

Identify whether the following is an empirical or molecular formula. Write E for empirical
and M for molecular.
_____ 1. CH4 _____ 6. C12H22O11
_____ 2. H2O _____ 7. NaHCO3
_____ 3. C2H6 _____ 8. P4O10
_____ 4. C3H6O3 _____ 9. Fe2SO4
________ 5. NaCl ________ 10. N2O4

Lesson Empirical and Molecular Formulas

7.3 from Percentage Composition

37
A chemical formula is very important in studying Chemistry. It says a lot about the
compound. Just by looking at it, you will be able to tell what and how many atoms are
present. By studying it further, you will be able to tell what type of bond holds these atoms
together. Based on the bond, the compound’s properties can also be easily identified. As you
can see, a chemical formula isn’t just a short-hand representation of a compound, it tells a
lot more things, including how the molecules of the compound will react to its environment.
However, there are some cases that these formulas are not presented. If that is the case, is
there a way to still formulate them?
Luckily, the answer is yes. When a compound’s percentage composition is identified,
its formula can be calculated. Just keep in mind that when dealing with problems using
percentage composition, you can always assume that the mass of the sample compound is
equivalent to 100g. This means that
the given percentages of each
element can also be treated as their
masses. The figure below will help
you to remember this premise when
dealing with chemical formulas
derived from percentage
composition.
Empirical Formula from Percentage Composition
Hydrogen peroxide, a mild antiseptic for minor cuts, scrapes, and burns, has a
chemical formula of H2O2. It contains 2 hydrogen and 2 oxygen atoms; thus, it has a
hydrogen-oxygen ratio of 1:1. Since the empirical formula is defined as the smallest whole-
number ratio of atoms in a compound, hydrogen peroxide’s empirical formula is HO.
Take note that the empirical formula can be easily determined if the molecular formula
is given. However, there are instances that it is not known. If the percentage composition is
specified, you will just need to follow the steps below to determine the empirical formula of
the compound.
Sample Problem 3.1. A compound is composed of 40.05% sulfur and 59.95% oxygen.
Determine the empirical formula of this compound.
Step 1. Assume there is a 100-g sample of the compound. Convert the given percentage
composition into mass (g).
Given Required to Find
40.05% S → 40.05g S molecular formula = ?
59.95% O → 59.95g O
Step 2. Covert the given mass of the elements into the number of moles using the mass to mole
conversion. Then, identify the initial mole ratio of the compound.
Mass to Mole Conversion:
Equation

Mass to Mole Conversion:

Solution

Initial mole ratio (S: O) = 1.249: 3.747

Step 3. When the values in the mole ratio are not whole numbers, they can’t be used as
subscripts in the formula. Convert them into whole numbers by dividing each mole value by
the smallest number of moles calculated. This will be the simplest whole-number ratio of the
compound.

38
Since the sulfur contains the smallest number of moles in the
compound, divide both values by 1.249.
Solution
(continuation)
Simplest whole-number ratio (S: O) = 1: 3
Note: If the answer is still not a whole number, just round them to the nearest whole number.
If the number is too far to round (x.1 ~ x.9), then multiply each solution by the same factor
to get the lowest whole number multiple.
• e.g., If one value is 1.5, then multiply them by 2 to get 3.
• e.g., If one value is 1.25, then multiply them by 4 to get 5.
Step 4. Write your formula using the ratio expressed as subscripts of the compound.
Answer The empirical formula of the compound is SO3.

Molecular Formula from Percentage Composition

There are several compounds in our environment that appear to have the same
percentage composition and empirical formulas but possess distinctly different properties.
For instance, acetylene and benzene. Both of them have an empirical formula of CH, but they
are chemically and structurally different. Acetylene is a colorless gas used as fuel, while
benzene is a colorless liquid used in detergents and pesticides.
Given the mass represented by the empirical formula of a compound and its molar
mass determined through experimentation, the molecular formula can be determined. For
instance, the experimentally determined molar mass of acetylene is 26.04 g/mol. Benzene,
on the other hand, is 78.12 g/mol. By dividing these actual masses by the molar mass of the
empirical formula, which is 13.02 g/mol, we will be able to determine their molecular formula.

Since the molar mass of acetylene is two times the mass represented by the empirical
formula, its molecular formula must contain twice the number of carbon and hydrogen
atoms. Therefore, the molecular formula of acetylene is C2H2. Similarly, since the molar mass
of benzene is six times the mass represented by the empirical formula, its molecular formula
must contain six times the number of carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms. So, the molecular
formula of benzene is C6H6.
A molecular formula can be represented as: molecular formula = (empirical
formula) n; wherein, n is the integer by which the subscripts of the empirical formula must
be multiplied to obtain its molecular formula.
Sample Problem 3.2. Succinic acid, a substance produced by lichens, is composed of 40.68%
carbon, 5.08% hydrogen, and 54.24% oxygen. It has a molar mass of 118.1g/mol. Determine
its empirical and molecular formulas.
Given: 40.68% C → 40.68g C Required to Find:
5.08% H → 5.08g H empirical formula of succinic acid=?
54.24% O → 54.24g O molecular formula of succinic acid=?

Equation

Mass to Mole Conversion:

Solution

39
Initial mole ratio (C: H: O) = 3.387: 5.04: 3.390)
Simplest whole-number ratio:

The simplest mole ratio (C: H: O) is 1: 1.5: 1. Multiply each number

in the ratio by the smallest number that yields to a ratio of whole
numbers. In this case, multiply it by 2.

Therefore, the simplest whole-number mole ratio (C: H: O) is 2: 3: 2.

The empirical formula is C2H3O2.
Calculating the empirical formula mass:

Solving for n:

Determining the molecular formula:

Multiply n = 2 to the subscripts in the empirical formula:
2 × (C2H3O2) = C4H6O4
Answer The molecular formula of succinic acid is C4H6O4.

Activity 7.4. Try This!

Read and analyze the problems below. Answer them using the GRESA method.
1. A compound was analyzed and found to contain 13.5g Ca, 10.8g O, and 0.675g H. What
is the empirical formula of the compound?

Directions: Using the 3-2-1 chart below, list down 3 things you’ve learned, 2 things
you found interesting and 1 thing you have question about.

40
Multiple Choice: Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. Chemical compounds can be classified as ionic or covalent compound, and these
chemical compounds can be written in their chemical symbols. Which of the following
is incorrectly paired?
A. NaCl – ionic compound C. BrO – covalent compound
B. F2 – ionic compound D. NH3 – covalent compound
2. Which of the following best describes the quantum mechanical model of the atom?
A. It describes an electron's probability distribution that determines the probable
location of an electron.
B. It makes predictions based on Schrodinger’s mathematical equation.
C. It is the currently accepted atomic model.
D. All of the above are correct.
3. Which of the following samples has the largest mass, in grams?
A. 2 moles of CO B. 4 moles of H2O C. 3 moles of CO D. 5 moles of H2
4. Which of the following best explains the difference between empirical and molecular
formulas?
A. Empirical formula refers to the simplest whole number ratio of atoms; Molecular
formula refers to the actual number of atoms.
B. Empirical formula refers to the actual number of atoms; Molecular formula refers
to the simplest whole number ratio of atoms.
C. Empirical and molecular formulas are the same, they both refer to the simplest
whole number ratio of atoms in a molecule.
D. Empirical and molecular formulas are the same, they both refer to the actual
number of atoms in a molecule.
5. How is the bond in Cl2 different from the bond in MgF2?
A. The bond in Cl2 is metallic while the bond in MgF2 is covalent.
B. The bond in Cl2 is ionic while the bond in MgF2 is covalent.
C. The bond in Cl2 is covalent while the bond in MgF2 is ionic.
D. There is no bond difference between the two.
6. What is the percentage of oxygen in carbon dioxide (CO2)?
A. 27.3% B. 40.0% C. 70.3% D. 72.7%
7. Which of the following statements about organic compounds is/are true?
V. Organic compounds contain calcium.
VI. Organic compounds contain carbon.
VII. Organic compounds can be produced by living organisms.
VIII. Organic compounds can be produced artificially.
A. I, II, and III C. II and III
B. I and III D. II, III, and IV
8. To which group does the molecule with the structure H―C≡C―H belong?
A. alcohol B. alkane C. alkene D. alkyne
9. Acetone is used to clean the surface of the nail and to remove dirt on it. To which of
the following functional groups does acetone belong?
A. alcohol B. carboxylic C. ester D. ketone
acid
10. How much mass is present in a mole of N2 gas if the atomic mass of N is 14 g?
A. 14 g B. 28 g C. 6.02 x 1023 atoms D. 1.204 x 1024 atoms

41
42
43
44
References
Books:
Alina Bradford, Acid Rain: Causes, Effects and Solutions, July 14, 2018
Alvarez, L.A., Angeles, D.G., Apurada, H.L. Carmona, M. P.P., Lahorra, O.A. Marcaida, J.F. Delos Santos, M.T.B.
(2017). Science 9 Learner’s Module. Department of Education
Alvarez L.A., Angeles D.G., Apurada H.L., Carmona, M.P., Lahorra O.A., Marcaida J.F., Olarte M.A., Osorio E.S.,
Paningbatan D.C., Rosales M.S., Delos Santos M.B. (2014). Science 9 Learner’s Module. First Edition.
Department of Education.
Alvarez L.A., Angeles D.G., Apurada H.L., Carmona, M.P., Lahorra O.A., Marcaida J.F., Olarte M.A., Osorio E.S.,
Paningbatan D.C., Rosales M.S., Delos Santos M.B. (2014). Science 9 Teacher’s Guide. First Edition.
Department of Education.
Aquino, M. D., Madriaga, E. A., Valdoz, M. P., & Biong, J. A. (2015). Science Links 9 (2015 ed.). Manila,
Philippines: REX Book Store.
Brown, W.H. and Poon, T. (2016). Introduction to Organic Chemistry. Sixth Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Buthelezi, T., Dingrando, L., Hainen, N., Wistrom, C., and Zike, D. (2008). Chemistry. The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Inc.
Danielle Ouellet, IONIC PHENOMENA: A STUDY OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM, September 1998
Ferriols-Pavico, J., Morales-Ramos, A., Bayquen, A. V., Silverio, A. A., & Ramos, J. A. (2014). Exploring Life
Through Science Series: The New Grade 9. Quezon City, Philippines: Phoenix Publising House.
McKnight, K.S. (2010). The Teacher’s Big Book of Graphic Organizers. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
McLaughlin, M. and Overturf, B.J. (2013) The Common Core (Graphic Organizers for Teaching K-12 Students to
Meet the Reading Standards). International Reading Association, Inc
Springer, National Geographic, Ocean Acidification and Coral Reefs, 2008

Internet Sources:
Admin. (2020, September 24). Electron Configuration - Detailed Explanation with Examples. Retrieved October 15,
2020, from https://byjus.com/chemistry/electron-
configuration/?fbclid=IwAR1jhLCPsJAcrcl2w4OPqpEim6PXpfZWYsoq2JU0T9BRORCg4mJ3zq_QJhk
A Brief Guide to Types of Organic Chemistry Formulae. (2014). Retrieved October 10, 2020, from
https://www.compoundchem.com/2014/04/11/a-brief-guide-to-types-of-organic-chemistry-formula/
Carbon - Why Carbon Is Special. (n.d.). Retrieved September 30, 2020, from
https://science.jrank.org/pages/1202/Carbon-Why-carbon-special.html
Canva for Education. (2020). https://www.canva.com/
Chemical bonds | Chemistry of life | Biology (article) | Khan Academy. (2020). Retrieved 20 September 2020, from
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-biology/chemistry-of-life/introduction-to-biological-
macromolecules/a/chemical-bonds-article
Clark, J. and Bank, R. 2020, August, 16. Electronegativity. Retrieved from
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental
_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Proper
ties/Electronegativity
Covalent Bonds vs Ionic Bonds | Libretexts | Chemistry (article) | The California State University (2020). Retrieved
23 September 2020, from
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental
_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/Fundamentals_of_Chemical_Bonding/Co
valent_Bonds_vs_Ionic_Bonds
Difference Between Empirical and Molecular Formula. (2015). Retrieved October 30, 2020, from
https://pediaa.com/difference-between-empirical-and-molecular-formula/
Difference Between Organic and Inorganic Compounds (n.d.). Retrieved October 5, 2020, from
https://byjus.com/chemistry/difference-between-organic-and-inorganic-compounds/
Dmitri Mendeleev (article) Google sites. Retrieved on 25 September 2020, from
https://sites.google.com/a/d181students.org/dmitri-mendeleev-p1/What-Did-He-Do
Emily Owens. “What is a mole?” Ms. Owen’s Classroom Sites (Google sites). Retrieved on 24 October 2020 from
https://sites.google.com/site/owensclassroom/sample-lesson-plan/-what-is-a-mole-lesson-plan#TOC-
Guided-Practice-Activity
Functional Group Names, Properties, and Reactions. (n.d.) Retrieved October 13, 2020, from
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-chemistry/chapter/functional-group-names-properties-and-
reactions/#:~:text=In%20organic%20chemistry%2C%20the%20most,properties%20that%20they%20afford%2
0compounds.
Formula Writing Exercise | Retrieved on 28 September 2020, from
https://www.elcamino.edu/faculty/abalakin/Chem%2021A%20%20Worksheets/Formula_Writing_Naming_E
xercises_Answers.pdf
Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. (2020, August 27). Ionic vs Covalent Bonds - Understand the Difference. Retrieved
from https://www.thoughtco.com/ionic-and-covalent-chemical-bond-differences-606097
Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. (2020, August 29). The Octet Rule Explanation in Chemistry. Retrieved from
https://www.thoughtco.com/octet-rule-explanation-in-chemistry-606457
Helmenstine, Anne.19 October 2015. Periodic Table of Elements HD | 2020 Science Notes and Projects. Retrieved
25 September 2020 from https://sciencenotes.org/periodic-table-of-elements-hd/
Help with Quantum Numbers - High School Chemistry. (n.d.). Retrieved October 16, 2020, from
https://www.varsitytutors.com/high_school_chemistry-help/help-with-quantum-numbers
Hunt, D. (n.d.). Retrieved October 22, 2020, from
http://www.chem.ucalgary.ca/courses/351/WebContent/orgnom/main/basics.html
Hydrocarbons (n.d.). Retrieved October 12, 2020, from https://byjus.com/jee/hydrocarbons/

45
Hydrocarbon Nomenclature. (n.d.). Retrieved October 24, 2020, from
https://www2.southeastern.edu/Academics/Faculty/wparkinson/help/organic_chemistry/hydrocarbon.html
IUPAC naming and formulae. (n.d.). Retrieved October 23, 2020, from
https://intl.siyavula.com/read/science/grade-12/organic-molecules/04-organic-molecules-03
Key, J. A., & Ball, D. W. (n.d.). Introductory Chemistry. Retrieved October 25, 2020, from
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-mcc-introductorychemistry/chapter/formula-mass-and-mole-
concept-from-che151/
Kurzgesagt – In a Nutshell. Is Organic Really Better? Healthy Food or Trendy Scam?. (January 13, 2019).
https://youtu.be/8PmM6SUn7Es
Lab 1: Living in a Carbon World. (2016). Retrieved 24 September 2020, from
https://serc.carleton.edu/eslabs/carbon/lab1.html
Lesson Plan #3339. Hydrocarbons. (n.d.). Retrieved October 21, 2020, from
https://teachers.net/lessons/posts/3339.htmlLevels, Sublevels, Orbitals and Electrons. (n.d.). Retrieved from
web.gccaz.edu
Lewis Dot Symbols and Lewis Structures | Boundless Chemistry. (2020). Retrieved 19 September 2020, from
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-chemistry/chapter/lewis-dot-symbols-and-lewis-
structures/#:~:text=Lewis%20structures%20(also%20known%20as,lone%20pairs%20or%20within%20bonds.
Pappas, S. (2017). Facts About Carbon. Retrieved 24 September 2020, from https://www.livescience.com/28698-
facts-about-carbon.html
Polyatomic Ions (10 August 2020) | Libretexts | Chemistry (article) | The California State University (2020).
Retrieved 25 September 2020, from
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Book%3A_Introductory_Chemistry_(CK12)
/07%3A_Chemical_Nomenclature/7.09%3A_Polyatomic_Ions
Quantum Numbers: Principal, Azimuthal, Magnetic, Videos and Examples. (2020, June 2).
https://www.toppr.com/guides/chemistry/structure-of-atom/quantum-numbers/.
Reyes, J. (Director). (2020, May 15). Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom [Video file]. Retrieved September 23,
2020, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RIOIOfQToSs
Rosengarten, M. (Director). (2009). It's A Family Thing [Video file]. Retrieved October 25, 2020, from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mAjrnZznkY&fbclid=IwAR3bw MR2pJ0-
9nreoM48ZibrGVZpapWaPuQO3kTxdbR9VzUk_argF0bYfUE
Science, C. (2020, April 20). Quantum Numbers. Retrieved October 13, 2020, from
https://www.ck12.org/chemistry/quantum-numbers/lesson/Quantum-Numbers-CHEM/
Stoichiometry: Empirical Formulas. (n.d.) Retrieved November 7, 2020, from
https://www.chem.tamu.edu/class/fyp/stone/tutorialnotefiles/fundamentals/empirical.htm
Tanis, D. (n.d.). One Mole is A Lot of Things. Retrieved October 25, 2020, from
https://ths.sad44.org/ourpages/auto/2016/8/30/46345068/Mole%20fun%20facts%20_1_.pdf
The Science Teacher (2020) “Understanding the Mole”. Retrieved on 23 October 2020 from
https://thescienceteacher.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/understanding-the-mole.pdf
The Sheffield Schools. Retrieved from
https://www.sheffieldschools.org/Downloads/MolestoGrmasandgramstomolesconversionsws-WITHANS.pdf
on 24 October 2020.
Towards Quantum Mechanical Model of Atom: Heisenberg, Videos, Q&A. (2020, June 02). Retrieved September 23,
2020, from https://www.toppr.com/guides/chemistry/structure-of-atom/towards-quantum-mechanical-
model-of-atom/
Types of Chemical Bonds | Chemistry [Master]. (2020). Retrieved 20 September 2020, from
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/trident-boundless-chemistry/chapter/types-of-chemical-bonds/
What Are Quantum Numbers? What Are Rules For Electron Configuration? (2019, December 02). Retrieved October
16, 2020, from https://www.scienceabc.com/pure-sciences/how-to-write-the-electron-configuration-of-an-
atom.html
10.9: Percent Composition. (2020). Retrieved November 10, 2020,
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_Chemistry/Book%3A_Introductory_Chemistry_(CK-
12)/10%3A_The_Mole/10.09%3A_Percent_Composition

46
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Schools Division Office Navotas

Learning Resource Management Section

Bagumbayan Elementary School Compound

M, Naval St., Sipac Almacen, Navotas City

Telefax: 02-8332-77-64
Email Address: [email protected]