PAPER-4
SUBJECT: LEARNING & TEACHING
UNIT-IV: PHASES & MODELS OF TEACHING
Phases and operations of teaching
Teaching is a very complicated task and for completing this task, proper management and strategy is
important. The concept “phases of teaching” was given by Philip w Jackson. He said that teaching can
be systematized into different phases.
#. PHASES OF TEACHING
1. Pre-active phase (planning stage)
2. Interactive phase (execution stage)
3. Post-interactive phase (evaluation/feedback stage)
1. Pre-active (planning stage): in this stage a teaching planning is performed. These includes all
the activities that are needed in teaching and learning process.
a. Goals and objectives: first of all teacher decide the goal that, why to teach a particular topic or
content, what changes should be brought in the student after delivering a lecture.
b. Preparing the content to be taught: after deciding the goals and objectives, now the teacher
will decide what are the basic things required in a particular topic or content as per the need
of the curriculum.
c. Selection of the teaching strategy: teacher will decide what kind of teaching methods to be
used in the classroom.
d. Presenting the content: in this step, teacher will decide how to deliver the topic or content
and use all the teaching aids to make the delivery easy and should present the content in an
understandable manner.
e. Evaluation: in the pre-active stage, the teacher will decide how to evaluate the particular topic
at the end of his/her teaching.
2. Interactive (execution stage):
• This phase is also called as the execution phase because what is planned in pre-active
phase is executed in this phase.
• In this phase, teacher will interact with the students and they both will respond to
stimuli as per the demand of the time.
• This phase can be occur in the classroom, laboratory, libraries, outdoor environment.
• Teacher moves in pre-directed manner to fulfil the pre-specific goals and teacher also
modify the teaching strategy to fulfil the goal and objectives.
In interactive phase the following activities are suggested:
a. Observing the class: teacher will enter in the class and looks up to the student. Teacher will
observe the students and the teacher will also starts observing the teacher as well.
b. Knowing the students: teacher can diagnose the student for the previous knowledge for a
particular topic/content.
At this step two type of activities occur that are known as verbal interaction (-initiation and -
response). It means that when a student ask question, teacher responses and when a teacher ask
something the student reacts.
The teacher performs the following activities in order to analyze the nature of verbal and non-
verbal interaction of teaching activities:
a. Selection and presentation of stimuli:
• Teacher select and present the stimuli.
• They present it in a way what is pre-planned and modify as per the need of the student
and situation in the class.
• The teacher can change the way of presenting the stimuli to students.
b. Feedback and reinforcement: feedback and reinforcement depends on the response from the
student. The reinforcement can be negative or positive.
c. Deployment of strategies: the teaching activities are directly related to the learning
conditions. Therefore at the time of interaction the teacher produces such activities and
conditions by the reinforcement strategies which effect the activities of the pupils.
3. Post-active phase (evaluation/feedback stage):
• This step is done to check if the pre-defined goals and objectives have been achieves or
not.
• In this stage or phase, evaluation is performed. Evaluation can be performed by many
activities such as test, quizzes, observation, examinations, questioning, etc.
• This phase is also performed to check if the expected behavior is achieved or not.
• Teacher select the testing devices on the basis of the instructions provided, for example:
any theory can be evaluated/assessed with the help of written or oral examinations/test.
• So through evaluation, data and information is gathered and on the basis of this previous
steps can be modified to get expected goals and objectives.
#. PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING:
There are two principles of teaching, that is, [Link] principles, [Link] principles.
1. GENERAL PRINCIPLES:
a. Principle of Motivation: it creates curiosity among students to learn new things.
b. Principle of Activity (learning by doing): Froebel Kindergarten(KG) system is based on this
principle. It includes both physical and mental activities. For example: students are asked to
make charts, models, project work, etc.
c. Principle of Interest: by generating genuine interest among the learner community, the
effectiveness of the teaching-learning process can be increased.
d. Principle of linking with life: life is a continuous experience and learning linked with life can be
more enduring. Eg. Behavior.
e. Principle of definite aim: this is important for optimum utilization of teaching resources and
making learning more focused.
f. Principle of recognizing individual differences: every student is unique in terms of intelligence,
attitude, abilities and potentialities and socio-economic background. The teaching methods
should be devised in such a manner that it makes all students avail equal opportunities in life.
g. Principle of selection: the horizon of knowledge is expanding every single day. The teacher
should be able to pick contents that can be more relevant and updated to learner’s objectives.
h. Principle of planning: every teacher has certain time-bond objectives and hence teaching
should be systematic, to make optimum used of resources with the time limit.
i. Principle of division: to make learning easier, the subject matter should be divided into units
and there should be links between the units.
j. Principle of revision: to make learning enduring the acquired knowledge should be revised
immediately and repeatedly.
k. Principle of creation and recreation: this principle is a must to make the classroom
environment humorous and creative.
l. Principle of democratic dealing: it involves students in planning and executing different
activities; it helps in developing self-confidence and self respect among the learners.
2. PSYCHOLOGICAL PRINCIPLE:
a. Principle of motivation and interest: a teacher needs to understand that every student is a
unique psychological entity and a student can be motivated after identifying his or her
motives and needs.
b. Principle of recreation: recreation is necessary to tackle fatigue after attending lengthy
classes. This breaks monotony and prepares students for learning again.
c. Principle of repetition and exercise: this is especially true incase of small children.
d. Principle of encouraging creativity and self expression: this is specially applicable in subjects
such as mathematics and languages.
e. Principle of sympathy and cooperation: this principle is required for the motivation of
students.
f. Principle of reinforcement: students should be suitably rewarded for their desired behavior.
g. Principle of imparting training to senses: the use of multimedia makes many senses get
involved simultaneously, which is crucial for enduring learning.
h. Principle of remedial teaching: this principle is necessary for the teacher to identify mistakes
and suggest better answers to the problems.
#. MODELS OF TEACHING:
We use the word ‘model’ in many ways in our daily life.
-it is used as a copy or replica of something
-it is used for an ideal personality
-it is also used for an artist in the fashion industry
But here we are going to talk about models of teaching in the field of education, where it implies a
system of teaching. This includes how a teacher organized their instructional strategies and how to
improve students learning.
(WHAT IS MODEL OF TEACHING?)
Model of teaching are designed to provide teachers with framework to organize their instructional
strategies and enhance the learning experience of the students. It involves how to teach students and
develop their learning.
Its main objective is to provide teachers with a structured approach to plan and implement effective
teaching practices in the classroom.
DEFINITIONS OF TEACHING MODELS:
According to Joyce and Weil, “A model of teaching is a plan or pattern that can be used to shape
curriculum, to design instructional materials and go guide instruction in the classroom.”
According to Eggen, “Models are prescriptive teaching strategies designed to accomplish the
particular instructional goal.”
OBJECTIVES OF TEACHING MODELS:
• To provide teachers with a roadmap for planning their lessons and instructional activities
• To help teachers to reflect on their instructional practices
• To help teachers identify the areas for improvement
• To improve the teaching skills of teachers
• To develop students’ learning
• To improve the learning outcomes of students
• To help students develop thinking and problem solving skills
• To develop a deeper understanding of the subject matter
IMPORTANCE OF TEACHING MODELS:
• Models serve as the basis for effective teaching principles
• It contribute to effective and interesting learning
• It is used to achieve specific objectives of various school subjects
• Models are helpful in developing various abilities of the students
TYPES OF TEACHING MODELS:
Many educationists have suggested various classifications of teaching models. Some have suggested
three models of teaching while others have suggested four. Here, we will discuss three models of
teaching. They are
1. Historical teaching model
2. Psychological teaching model
3. Modern teaching model
[Link] Teaching Model:
a. Socratic teaching model: based on dialogue and inquiry.
b. Classical humanistic model: based on student-centered education.
c. Personal development model: encouraging the development of students’ strengths, interests
and values.
[Link] Teaching Model:
a. Basic teaching model: it includes preparation, presentation, practice and assessment
b. Interaction teaching model: active student participation and interaction in the learning process
c. School learning model: creating positive and supportive learning environment.
d. Computer based teaching model: incorporating technology into the teaching-learning process.
[Link] Teaching Models:
a. The information processing teaching model: it focuses on how students acquire, store and retrieve
information.
b. The personal teaching model: creating a positive and supportive learning environment and active
participation.
c. The social interaction teaching model: it emphasizes social interaction and communication in the
learning process.
d. The behavior modification model: to change student’s behavior through reinforcement.
IMPLICATIONS OF THE MODELS:
➢ Helpful in creating an ideal learning environment
➢ Helpful in increasing the teaching skills and effectiveness of teachers
➢ Contribute towards improving the academic performance of students
➢ Useful in modifying and enhancing the teaching approach
➢ Helps in meeting the diverse needs of the students
➢ Facilitates better communication between teachers and students
➢ Promote positive teacher-student interactions
