Learning Goals

• Proving trigonometric identities

• Graph the base sine and cosine functions over any domain

• Graphing sine and cosine with transformations

• Graph sine and cosine functions given an amplitude, a period,

Chapter 5: Trigonometry II a vertical displacement, and phase shift in the form of ((*) =
- sin(2(* − ℎ)) + 6
• Determine the equation in terms of sine or cosine given any

sinusoidal function

• Understand the relationship between the sine and cosine

graphs

• Determine periodic equations from given information and a

point

• Graph a sinusoidal function given information regarding the

key properties

• Create a sinusoidal function that models the height vs. time of

a person on a Ferris wheel

87
Chapter 5: Trigonometry II 5.1 Trigonometric Identities I
5.1 Trigonometric Identities I The Pythagorean Identity
Learning Goals
sin! ê + cos! ê = 1
• Understand what an identity is and how to prove simple identities
• Prove simple identities using a left side/right side approach
Proof.

The Reciprocal Formulas

Left Side Right Side
1 1 1
csc ê = sec ê = cot ê =
sin ê cos ê cot ê
Rs I
The Quotient Formulas
sin ê cos ê
tan ê =
cos ê
cot ê =
sin ê opp age
hyp
FGH I
hype
ofPythagoreantheorem
Proof of tan ê = JKF I.
hyp
Left Side Right Side

p g us Rs
01
his tana
adj nap
aces
opp nap
adj
hyp
adj
adj

(Try proving the second identity on your own.)

88
Chapter 5: Trigonometry II 5.1 Trigonometric Identities I
Example 1 Example 3
Prove that Prove that
tan = cos = = sin =
tan! = − sin! = = sin! = tan! =
hS tanacosx
six cose
cos sins sins
coss
six cos sins sinscosa
cos cos cosa
come
[Link]
cosa
Example 2
Prove that
1
tanssine
cos = + cos = tan! = =
cos =

his cossetcosx tank

coss
cossetcosx sink
coss
cosset sink
cosx
cossetsins
cosa

I
Rs

89
Chapter 5: Trigonometry II 5.2 Trigonometric Identities II
Example 2
5.2 Trigonometric Identities II Prove that
Learning Goals sec ! ê + csc ! ê = sec ! ê csc ! ê
• Prove identities with multiple steps
as secretasea rs second
Example 1
cosasina
Prove that
1 + cot = [Link]
= sin = + cos = cososina
csc =
cos
cosas cosasina
2s I cot t see tesco
asex as
It 1
tan
sine
taunts
tana six
tauntssine
tana
tamsin sins
tame tan
tamsin sins
tame tan
[Link]
sin
sin case

90
Chapter 5: Trigonometry II 5.2 Trigonometric Identities II
Example 3
Prove that the following is not true

cos ê − 1 cos ê + 1
=
1 − sec ê 1 − sec ê

To prove an equation is not true you have

to show that it is not true for at least one
value. Use the value 60° and show that the
left side is not equal to the right side.

For0 600
us cosso
I secco I secco
a Yet
s a
s a
sax i
I i

91
Chapter 5: Trigonometry II 5.3 The Graphs of Sine and Cosine
Properties of Sine Curve
5.3 The Graphs of Sine and Cosine Five fixed points for graphing the base sine function
Learning Goals
• Graph the base sine and cosine functions over any domain with a period of x sin =
360° 0o
• Understand the properties of these graphs: range, maximum and minimum O
90o
points, fixed points, period, amplitude, increasing or decreasing
180o
• Understand what it means for functions to be periodic o
270o
Definition. A periodic function is a function that repeats its values in regular intervals
or periods.
360o
g
Maximum value: Minimum value: Amplitude:
i i s
Investigation
Graph the function Ç(=) = sin = , −360E ≤ = ≤ 360E , by completing the table of values
and plotting the points.
Domain:
Ker
Range:
= Ç(=) = sin = = Ç(=) = sin =
gem isget
Period:
0 o
o 180 o
o 360
30o 270o
ya os Sinusoidal axis:
60o
90o
Bla 8660
go
360o
g yo

y
Definitions. The period of a sinusoidal function is the distance required for the function
to complete one full cycle. The sinusoidal axis is the “middle” of the graph of the
function. The amplitude is the height from the sinusoidal axis of the function to its
1
maximum or minimum.

V
Graph the function Ç(=) = cos = , −360E ≤ = ≤ 360E , by completing the table of values
x and plotting the points.
-360 -270 -180 -90 0 90 180 270 360
= Ç(=) = cos = = Ç(=) = cos =
0o 180o
I
30o ooooo 270o
-1 o
60o 112 0.5 360o
90o
o

92
Chapter 5: Trigonometry II 5.3 The Graphs of Sine and Cosine

-360 -270 -180 -90 0 90 180 270 360

-1

Properties of Cosine Curve

Five fixed points for graphing the base cosine function

x cos =
0o i
90o
o
180o
270o
360o

Maximum value: Minimum value: Amplitude:

I 1 I
Domain:
seem
Range:
gem isget
Period:
360
Sinusoidal axis:
yo
93
Chapter 5: Trigonometry II 5.4 Transformations of Periodic Functions I
5.4 Transformations of Periodic Functions I

−sin "

2
1

3 sin "

sin "
Learning Goals

sin "

x
• Graph sine and cosine functions given a vertical stretch or compression over
any domain and understands how this affects the amplitude
• Graph sine and cosine functions given a vertical stretch or compression with
a vertical displacement and a horizontal phase shift over any domain O o o o

0o
• Determine the range, maximum or minimum values of each transformed
function

I E W

90o
Investigation
Changing the value of a in Ç(=) = b sin =.

Fill in the table on the right side first, and then on the grid below graph and label all 4

180o
functions in different colours. O O O o
y
3
J t

270o
Y

f i
2

360o
1 O o o o

Max
0 90 180 270 360 450 E W

-1 ii
f
I i s

Min
-2

Amplitude
-3
E W

What properties are affected by changing the value of a?

w u w w

Period
a a a
Maxknew ao ao ao
What properties are not affected by changing the value of a?
e

Sinusoidal
o o g

Axis
EVERYTHINGELSE
O o o o
94
Chapter 5: Trigonometry II 5.4 Transformations of Periodic Functions I
Changing the value of k in Ç(=) = sin = + H.

sin " − 1

sin " + 2

sin "
Fill in the table on the right side first, and then on the grid below graph and label all

x
3 functions in different colours.

y
I s o

0o
3

2
o

90o
w
1

180o
x

0 90 180 270 360 450

-1

270o
i s
-2

360o
I N o
-3

Max
What properties are affected by changing the value of k?
w
Max MIN
sinusoidal Axes
a s

Min
What properties are not affected by changing the value of k?

EVERYTHING ELSE

Amplitude
w w w

Period
a a o
Oo oo oo

Sinusoidal
a o

Axis
d o
95
t
Chapter 5: Trigonometry II 5.4 Transformations of Periodic Functions I
Changing the value of h in Ç(=) = sin(= − ℎ).

Fill in the table on the right side first, and then on the grid below graph and label all
3 functions in different colours.

− 30, )
sin("

+ 90, )
sin("

sin "

x
y
3

-90o
O O

30o
O

0o
2

120o

90o
0o
1

210o

180o
O O O

90o
x

-90 0 90 180 270 360

t t

300o

180o

270o
t
-1

390o

270o

360o
O O O
-2

Max
-3

I s s

Min
What properties are affected by changing the value of h?

Amplitude
STARTINGPOINT

What properties are not affected by changing the value of h?

W W W

Period
EVERYTHING ELSE a a a
8 9 9

Sinusoidal
a o

Axis
o o o

96
Chapter 5: Trigonometry II 5.4 Transformations of Periodic Functions I
Summary of Transformations
y
4
b>1 Vertical stretch by a factor of b
3
0<b<1 %
Horizontal compression by a factor of
@
2

b<0 Reflection in the = axis

1
x
H>0 Vertical shift up H units.
-90 0 90 180 270 360
H<0 Vertical shift down H units. -1

-2
ℎ>0 Horizontal shift right ℎ units
-3
ℎ<0 Horizontal shift left ℎ units
-4

Example 1
When graphing, apply the mapping transformation used in Unit 3 to the base points
State the transformations of the function
of the base graph for d = sin =.
Ç(ê) = −2 sin(ê − 30E ) + 1 1
and then sketch one cycle of the graph. (=, d) → ( = − ℎ, bd + H)
a

Transformations: basepoints
newpoints
REFLECT In xaxes o
VERTICALSTRETCH
By Factor of 2 ao 9 cast ciao 1
too o ay scatsoay Ciego Caio
D
Horizoniansheetzoo rent 270
no
zooo sao

Amplitude:
2 Period: 3600 Sinusoidal axis:
get
Range: Phase shift:
30RIGHT
yer leg 3
97
sin %

sin 2%

sin %
Chapter 5: Trigonometry II
Ise 5.4 Transformations of Periodic Functions I

x
2
1
Example 2
o
State the transformations of the function
ao 9 o o o

0o
Ç(ê) = 0.5 cos(ê + 45°) − 3 too o
and then sketch one cycle of the graph. 270

45o
Transformations:
soo o
mapping f
C'd [Link]

90o
vertecan compressionByeactororacoros newpoets
s

135o
HorizonteSHIFTLEFTas
g
VERTICALSHIFTDown ants
I I
ago Caso s

180o
270,0scars y o o Table is for Investigation in 5.5
Graph soon sis as

225o
4
y
É

270o
3
É o s
I

315o
2
t
1

360o
x
o o o
-90 0 90 180 270 360

Maximum Minimum Amplitude Period Sinusoidal

-1

-2

-3

-4

Imitation
Amplitude:

Range:
0.5 Period:
3600 Sinusoidal axis:

Phase shift:
y 3

a r
e
o
co o
o oo ao
s a s Axis
o o o 98
Chapter 5: Trigonometry II 5.5 Transformations of Periodic Functions II
%
On the graph below, graph the function Ç(=) = sin ! =.
5.5 Transformations of Periodic Functions II
Learning Goals y

• Graph sine and cosine functions given a change in the k value over any
domain and understand how this affects the graph 1
• Graph sine and cosine functions given an amplitude, a period, a vertical
displacement and a phase shift in the form of f(x) = a sin (b(x-h)) + k x

• Determine the range of each transformed function 0 90 180 270 360 450 540 630 720

-1
Investigate what k does in the function Ç(=) = b sin a(= – c) + î and Ç(=) =
b cos a(= – ℎ) + H

Investigation
What properties are affected by changing b?
Changing the value of b in d = sin a=.

Complete the following table, where 0E ≤ = ≤ 180°.

THEPERIOD
What properties are not affected by changing b?
On the grid below, graph the function f(x) = sin x.
EVERYTHINGELSE
zoo
y

1
Period = __________
b YEE
rearranging the equation makes b = ________

iii
a<0 Reflection in x axis
0<a<1 %
x
Horizontal stretch by a factor of A
0 90 180 270 360 450 540 630 720
a>1 Horizontal compression by a factor of b
-1
Review of sine and cosine function. What a, b, h, k tell us in the equation
Ç(=) = b sina(= – ℎ) + H

On the graph below, graph the function f(x) = sin 2x. Ç(=) = b sina(= – ℎ) + H Transformation

y
a Vertical stretch or compression

b Horizontal stretch or compression

x

ns.i
90 180 270 360 450 540 630 720

-1
n h Horizontal (or phase) shift

k Vertical shift

99
Chapter 5: Trigonometry II 5.5 Transformations of Periodic Functions II
Example 1. Graphing “one step at a time” or “the long way” Example 2
Graph the function %
Graph the function Ç(=) = 3cos W! = − 45E X − 1, −90 ≤ = ≤ 180E and state the
amplitude, period, range, sinusoidal axis and phase shift.
Ç(=) = −2sin 3(= + 30E ) + 2, 0 ≤ = ≤ 180E
% %
and state the amplitude, period, range, sinusoidal axis and phase shift. Ç(=) = 3cos W = − 45°X − 1 Ç(=) = 3cos W (= − 90°)X − 1
! !

Transformations: Factor out b first.

REFLECTION x txt Transformations: co Caoa
verteenstretcharacoror a cage si.no1
Horizontalcompressionparactoroes norezonratstretempiseactoroes C80 Caso 4
sweetmeetso sheetreanao 270,0 sao 1
ooo is 720,2
mm %
When graphing, first sketch any reflections, stretches and compression (amplitude and Apply the mapping transformation (=, d) → (A = − ℎ, bd + H) to the base points of the
period). Then sketch the translations (horizontal and vertical) from the previous graph. base graph for d = cos =.

y y
4 4

3 EYEETED 3

2 2

i
1 1
SEE see x x

-90 0 90 180 270 360 -90 0 90 180 270 360

-1 -1
I
-2 -2
J
-3 -3

-4 -4

g
Amplitude: Period: Sinusoidal axis: Amplitude: Period: Sinusoidal axis:
2 1200 g2
Range: Phase shift: Range: Phase shift:
osyea LEFT300 4 RIGHTao
yea

100
Chapter 5: Trigonometry II 5.5 Transformations of Periodic Functions II
Example 3
Graph the function Ç(ê) = −2sin(6ê − 180E ) + 2, 0E ≤ ê ≤ 180E and state the
amplitude, period, range, sinusoidal axis and phase shift. Don’t forget to factor out b.

Ç(ê) = −2sin(6ê − 180E ) + 2 ca asincosaso 2

Transformations:

REFLECTIONIN x axe y

vertecanstretchBYFactoror a
paractororo
morezonratcompression 4
sheetrent so
vertecansteerup a
3

Crag s youso gta 2

o.o oooa
1
noooooooa
270 d Caso a x

oooo oCao a 0 90 180 270

i

Amplitude: Period: Sinusoidal axis:

2 360 600 ga
Range: Phase shift:
mm

101
Chapter 5: Trigonometry II 5.6 Finding a Trigonometric Equation Given a Graph
5.6 Finding the Trigonometric Equation Given a Graph What properties can we list?
Learning Goals
Amplitude: Period: Sinusoidal axis:
• Determine the equation in terms of sine or cosine given any sinusoidal 2 1800 2
function y
• Understand the relationship between the sine and cosine graphs
Range: Phase shift: DEPENDS
Warm Up
org143
a= k= b=
Graph the function Ç(ê) = −2cos(2ê + 90E ) + 1, −180E ≤ ê ≤ 180E and state the 2 2 358 2
amplitude, period, range, equation of axis and phase shift.
acoscalatass y
The hardest part is the phase shift. Look at some basic sine and cosine graphs.
3
Ç(=) = sin =

i
y
2
1.5
Basic !(#) = sin #
1
1 function starts at the
0.5
equation of axis
x
x
0 90 180 270 360 AND is increasing
-180 -90 0 90 180 -0.5

-1
-1
-1.5

Amplitude: Period: Sinusoidal axis:

2 1800 ya Ç(=) = cos =
y

1.5
Basic Ç(=) = cos=
Range: Phase shift:
LEFT as
1

eyes 0.5
function starts at
x
max value
0 90 180 270 360

This lesson asks the opposite of what was done in the warm up. A periodic function -0.5

will be given and you will need to know how to find its properties and equation. -1

-1.5

Example 1
Given the function on the graph Ç(=) = −sin =
y y
4
1.5 Basic Ç(=) = −sin=
3 1 function starts at the
0.5 equation of axis
AND is decreasing
yea
2 x

0 90 180 270 360

-0.5
1
-1
x
-1.5
-90 0 90 180 102

-1
Chapter 5: Trigonometry II 5.6 Finding a Trigonometric Equation Given a Graph
Ç(=) = −cos = Example 2
y Write four different equations for the periodic functions shown in the graph below
1.5
y
1 Basic Ç(=) = −cíö =
0.5 function starts a 1
x

0 90 180 270 360 min value x

-0.5
-180 -90 0 90 180
-1
-1
-1.5

-2

Looking back at Example 1, we know b = 2, H = 2, a = 2 -3

y
4
Step 1: Write down the properties of the function and draw the sinusoidal axis of the
3 graph.

2
Amplitude:
2 Period:
600 Sinusoidal axis:
g l
1

Range:
I
31g
x

-90 0 90 180

-1
a=
2 k=
I b=
381 6
Step 2: Label the four points: sinusoidal axis where graph is increasing or decreasing,
There are four different classes of equations based on this graph. By labeling the four maximum and minimum values.
points (maximum value, minimum value, sinusoidal axis where the graph is increasing,
and sinusoidal axis where graph is decreasing) we can then determine the phase shifts.

Draw the sinusoidal axis on the graph. Write the equations with the
phase shifts.

Equation Point of the graph Phase Shift Equations

f(x) = sin x Sinusoidal axis & increasing
450
f(x) = -sin x Sinusoidal axis & decreasing
y asincasxast 2
f(x) = cos x Maximum value
450
y asincasxtast 2
f(x) = -cos x Minimum value
900 y acoscasxgot 2
00 y Leos ans 2
103
Chapter 5: Trigonometry II 5.6 Finding a Trigonometric Equation Given a Graph
Step 3: List the four equations of the four functions and phase shifts found in step 2. Step 1: Write down the properties of the function and draw the sinusoidal axis of the
graph.
Equation Point of the graph Phase Shift
f(x) = sin x Sinusoidal axis & increasing Amplitude: Period: Sinusoidal axis:
oo
f(x) = -sin x Sinusoidal axis & decreasing
go Range:
f(x) = cos x Maximum value orgsa
150right
f(x) = -cos x Minimum value
a= 2 k=
Ya d =2

g Step 2: Label the four points: sinusoidal axis where graph is increasing or decreasing,
maximum and minimum values.
Use one of the equations to write the transformations of the graph.

g asinox i
Step 3: List the four equations of the four functions and phase shifts found in step 2.
g asincoacaos I a
g acosta153 it I II It
Horezontancompressionaractororo Equation Point of the graph Phase Shift

s acoscocatisop [Link] now

f(x) = sin x Sinusoidal axis & increasing
2700meet
Example 3 f(x) = -sin x Sinusoidal axis & decreasing
Write four different equations for the periodic functions shown in the graph below go RIGHT
f(x) = cos x Maximum value
y
go Eet
f(x) = -cos x Minimum value
4
2700RIGHT
Use one of the equations to write the transformations of the graph.
3

g 2sin421 2701 2
9071 2
y asin Ex
1
Horezontanstreet reactor s
x
acoscyalxtaos 2 stretreanta
-270 -180 -90 0 90 180 270 360 450 g verrecansteetupa
y

104
Chapter 5: Trigonometry II 5.7 Finding a Trigonometric Equation Given Properties and a Point
Finding an Equation Using a Point
5.7 Finding a Trigonometric Equation Given Properties and a Example 2
The function Ç(ê) = 2 sin ê + H passes through the point (90o, 8). What is the equation
Point
of the function?
Learning Goals
• Determine periodic equations from given information and a point 8
fav
Warm Up 8 [Link]
Write four different equations for the periodic functions shown in the graph below 8 2.1 k K b
2 y
o
g asinate
1
x

0 90 180 270
-1

-2

-3

-4 Example 3
The function d = sin Hê passes through (45o, 1). What is the equation of the function?
-5

sink
Amplitude: Period: Sinusoidal axis: sin i Kiss
3 600 go 2 go k as
K 2
Range: go sing
51811 so g sinza

Finding an Equation with Given Properties

Example 1
%
A sine function has an amplitude of !, a period of 270o, phase shift of 10o left and a
vertical displacement up 3. Find the equation.

g asin beans k
b 300
J sin EG ios 270

105
Chapter 5: Trigonometry II 5.7 Finding a Trigonometric Equation Given Properties and a Point
Example 4
amplitude
A function has a period of 80o, an altitude of 30 and an equation of axis of y = 31.
The function also goes through the point (40o, 61).
a) Find a sine function which satisfies these conditions.

3
y sosin x D 3 a 180 year n
on sosin Eon a
a Y
soo soo n
so sosine so us
n soo
since soo n y 30sin xsoo s
aux soon
b) Find a cosine function which satisfies these conditions.

o socost on 3

II
so socost so us
I cost so us [Link] c
cos i soous
on soon

106
Chapter 5: Trigonometry II 5.8 Word Problems Modelled with Periodic Functions I
5.8 Word Problems Modeled with Periodic Functions I b) Write an equation which expresses your height as a function of the elapsed time.
Learning Goals use cossince start Is fromBottom
• Graph a sinusoidal function given information regarding the key properties
• Create a sinusoidal function that models the height vs. time of a person on a he acoschc th b
•
ferris wheel
Given a sinusoidal function, determine when a rider is at a certain height and
h socosyc s 3g I
vice versa.

Example 1
A Ferris wheel has a radius of 30 m. It rotates once every 80 seconds. The bottom of
the chair is 1 m above level ground. Assume you are at position A when the ride
begins.

a) Draw a graph showing how your height above the ground varies during the first
c) Calculate your height above the ground after 10 seconds.
two cycles.

socos as s
so 0.7 3
aom
som

im d) When during the first cycle will you be at a height of 25 m? (Hint: There is more
than one answer.)

61 25 socost c as
as si [Link]
so o [Link]
É [Link]

Ism costs [Link]

78.4 4.5
x 78.4
1 4s
i 17.4
x 107

11,420 no oooo soo x 40 4017.4

Time seconds 62.6
Chapter 5: Trigonometry II 5.8 Word Problems Modelled with Periodic Functions I
Example 2 c) What is the height of point Q after 4 seconds?
A windmill has its centre 10 m above the ground and blades
2 m in length. When the blades of the windmill are moving,
the tip of any one blade (call it point Q) makes a complete
h 2cossoa to
rotation in 12 sec. 2cos no to
2 I to
nm
a) Sketch the graph for two complete rotations if point Q is
located at the lowest possible point at time t = 0.

d) At what time(s) will Q be exactly 9 m above the ground?

iii
I cossox

oo sox
o
2 a
n o coa no

0
b)
6 12 18 at
Determine an equation that gives the height of point Q at any time t.

h 2cossox to

so

108
Chapter 5: Trigonometry II 5.9 Word Problems Modelled with Periodic Functions II
5.9 Word Problems Modeled by Periodic Functions II d) Use your equation to determine the depth of the water at 5 pm.
Learning Goals
• Graph a sinusoidal function given information regarding the key properties
• Create a sinusoidal function that models the height vs. time of tides
[Link] s
Example 1 o G1am
On a certain day at 2 pm, the depth of water off a pier at high tide (maximum) was 8 g
m. After 8 hours it reached its lowest depth of 2 m. (Assume time equals zero (t = 0)
at 12 pm).

a) What is the period of one complete cycle?

e) At what times during a 24 hours period is the depth of the tide 6 m?

Pereon tours
b) Draw a graph of the depth of water versus time for a 24 hour period of time.
I 3sin22.51 23

sin t
[Link]

y
2
on 22s
s t is
ta [Link]

2 ta air
c) a
Find an equation for the depth 18
of water in relation to time elapsed in hours.

asin bit a k
y
3 sin 22.512 n s
3 3sin 22.512 n

j
C
90 22s a n 109
go 2 n n a go
22.5 y
Chapter 5: Trigonometry II 5.9 Word Problems Modelled with Periodic Functions II
Example 2
The depth of the ocean at a swim buoy can be modelled by y = 3 sin 30t, where y is
the water depth in metres and t is the time in hours. Consider a day for which t = 0
represents 12:00 midnight. For that day, when do high and low tides occur?

period
3
12
hightide 3am 3pm
lowtide am i apin
offing

110