CHAPTER SOME BASIC

CONCEPTS OF
CHEMISTRY

SYLLABUS General introduction: Importance and scope of chemistry, Study of matter.

Understanding laws of chemical combination, Dalton's atomic theory: concept
ofelements, atoms and molecules.

TOPIC-1
|Introduction to Chemistry and Matter

Revision Notes
> Chemistry is the branch of science which deals with the study of

materials, their preparations, their properties, their accurate super TOPIC-1

to Chemistry and Matter.... P. 02
microscopic structures, their mutual interactions, and their uses in Introduction

possible walks of life.

all
TOPIC -2
The main branches of chemistry are inorganic chemistry,organic Dalton's Atomic Theory P. 06

chemistry,physical chemistry and analytical chemistry.

TOPIC - 3
(i) Inorganic Chemistry: All metals, non- metals their properties, P. 09
Equivalent Weights
extraction, their compounds- preparation and properties of

those compounds, all is studied in this branch. TOPIC - 4

Volumetric Calculations ..P. 12
(ii)Organic chemistry :This branch deals with carbon compounds
and its derivatives: aliphatic hydrocarbon, its derivatives,
benzene and its derivatives, carbohydrates,proteins, fats etc.

(iii)Physical chemistry:This branch deals with logical explanation of rules, theories, hypothesis and laws. It also

explains nuclear processes and spectroscopy.

(iv) Analytical chemistry: This branch deals with qualitative and quantitative analysis of solids, liquids and

mixtures.

> Few other important branches of Chemistry are: Bio-chemistry, Chemical Physics, Industrial Chemistry

Agricultural Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Chemistry.

> Particulate Nature and Classification of matter:

The entire universe is made up of matter and energy.

Matter was believed to be made up of discrete particles, called matter.

John Dalton proposed atomic theory.

JJ.Thomson challenged atomic theory and proved that atoms are not indivisible using discharge tu

experiments.
The model of an atom given by Neil Bohr successfully explains the spectrum of hydrogen.
> Classification of Matter:
Matter can be two ways: and Chemical matter
On
classified

the basis of physical

Solid state:
in

state,
Physical

matter can be classified into : classification of

(i))

• has definite shape and

It possess the definite volume.
• The molecules are closely packed.

• They vibrate along their axis.

• They are hard and rigid.

SOME BASIC CONCEPTSOF CHEMISTRY 3
(iü) Liquid state:
. They have definite
volume but not the
Scan to know more
chapter
.Intermoleculardistance more as comparedis
definite shape.
to those in
about this

solids.
• They acquire the shape of the container.
(iii)Gaseous state:

.. It possess neither definite

The molecules are free to
shape nor
move
definite

anywhere.
volume.
Introduction to

Intermoleculardistancesare quite high. Chemistry

They can be easily compressed.
> Chemically matter can be classified into pure substancesand mixtures.
> Pure substances are further classified into elements and compounds.
> Elements:
Elements are the constituents of pure substance.

Oxygen, silicon, aluminium, iron and calcium constitute about 90% of the earth's crust.

Elements are further classified into: metals, non metals and metalloids

> Compounds:
They are made up of two or more elements.
The of compoundsare quite different
properties from those of its constituents' elements.
Compounds are further classified into: (i) Inorganic Compoundsand (ii) Organic Compounds
(i) Inorganic Compounds:Are obtained from non- living sources.
(ii) Organic Compounds:These are compounds of carbon and have organic nature.
> Mixtures:
It showsthe properties characteristics of its components.
It depends on the ratio in which the
elements are mixed.
constituent

Mixture can further be classified as: homogeneous and heterogeneous mixture.

> Properties of matter and their measurements
Properties of matter can be classified as physical and chemical properties.
A modern systemn of unit called as metric system was adopted by India in 1957.
the extent which an experimentally measured value is close to
The accuracy of a measurement represents to

the true value.

are: Discrete variables and continuous variables.
The two possible types of physical quantities

MATTER

Chemical
Physical
Classification
Classification

Gas
Solid Liquid

Pure Mixture
Substances

Homogeneous |Heterogeneous
Element Compound

Organic Inorganic
Metalloids Non-Metallic
Metalic

Know the Definitions be decomposed into, nor can

o
substance which can neither
Element: element may be defined as pure
An methods.
or chemical
substances by ordinary
physical
are callod
ynthesized from simpler characteristics
to both metals and non-metals
possess properties
Metalloids:The elements which
metalloids.
OOswaal ISC Chapterwise & TopicwiseQuestion Bank, CHEMISTRY, Class->XI

(iv) Neil Bohr structure of atom which successfully (v) Robert Millkan furtherhelped by
explains the spectrum of hydrogen atom. determining
charge and mass of an electron, the the

nature of atomn. particulate

TOPIC-2
Dalton's Atomic Theory

Revision Notes
John Dalton proposed that matter is made of
extremelysmall discrete particles called atoms.
Lavoisier is regarded as the Father of Chemistry. Scan to know more
AAA According to Law of conservation of mass, during any
about this chapter
or chemical change, the
physical
total mass of the products obtained is always equal to the total mass of reactants taken at the
beginning
During any physical or chemicalchange, the matteris
neither created nor destroyed. Howeve,
it may change from one
form to another.
Law
AA Law of constant composition was also known as law of definite proportion.
of multiple

A The compoundsin which atoms of a proportions

molecules are not present in simple whole numberratio
are knoWn as stoichiometric compounds
AVOGADROS HYPOTHESIS:
Formation of hydrogen chloride and formationof water vapours can be
explainedon the
basis of Avogadro's Law. Scan to know more
Hydrogenand oxygen molecules are diatomic. about this chapter

Atom is the smallest particle ofan element and the unit of chemical reactions.
is
It may or
may not have independent existence.
Molecule is the smallest particle of the substance(element or compound) which can exist
independently.
Depending upon the types Avogadros Law
of elements present in them, molecules can be classified as :
Homoatomic and heteroatomic molecules.

Know the Definitions

> Isotopes: Isotopes of an element are those species
which possess similar atomic number but different atomic
masses. eg. Carbon has three isotopes, C12, CI and Cl4,
> Law of constant composition: A chemical compound, no matter from
which source it is obtained,always contains
the same elements combined together in the
same definite proportion by mass.
eg. Water is composed of two elements hydrogen and oxygen
in the ratio 1:8by mass.
Pure water obtained from any eg. hand pump,well or artificially prepared in
source,
laboratory, always contain
hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio 1: 8 bymass.
Law of multiple proportion:When two elements combine to form two or more
compounds, then the different
mass of one element, which combine with a fixed mass of other element,bear a simple
whole numberratio with
one another.
Law of reciprocal proportions: When two elements combine to form two or more compounds, then the different
mass of one element, which combine with a fixed mass of other element,bear a simple whole
one another. numberratio witn

> Gay Lusaac's law of combining volumes: According Gay

to Lussac's Law of Gaseous Volumes, "When gases
combine or are produced in a chemical reaction they do so in
the same temperature and pressure.
a simple ratio by volume, provided all gases are a
Berzeliushypothesis: Under identical conditionsof temperature and
pressure,equal volume of all gases contau
equal number of atoms.
> Avogadro's hypothesis: Under identical
conditions of temperature and pressure, equal volumes of all gase
contain equal numberof molecules.
Atomicity: Atomicity of an elementary substance is defined as the
that substance.
numberof atoms present in one moleculc
Homoatomic molecules: When a molecule is composed of atoms the sameelement. it is said
of to be monoaton
element.eg. He, H, N, O,and P, etc.
Heteroatomic molecules : When a molecule is composed of atoms of
be heteroatomic element. eg. molecules like HCI, H,O, NH,
more than one type of elements,it S Sald
and CO etc.
SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY /

1 Mark Questions

01. Fill inthe blanks:

elements Answering Tip
Isotopes
are of the same element
la)

having the same number but different • Learn the definition correctly.

number.
Q.3. Name the three different subatomic particles of an
of different elements atom.
(b) Atoms having identical
relative masses are called
Ans. Electron, protons and neutrons.
i) The atomic mass of most of the elements involve
Q4. Represent Einstein's equation symbolically.
fractions due to the presence of
Ans. E =m
The law of multiple proportion
(d) was proposed by
Q.5. Who is called as Father of chemistry?
Ans. A. Lavoisier.
Ans. (a) atomic mass
(b) isobars Q.6. Name the law formulated by Lavoisier?

(c) isotopes Ans. Law of conservation of mass.

(d) Dalton Q. 7. CIlassify the following as mono atomic,
0.2. What does law of chemical combination says? diatomic, triatomic and polyatomic molecules.

Ans. The law suggests that the matter is composed HNO,O, H,0,NH,He, CO ,N,,S,H,, HCI,
of discrete particles which do not break during H,S, Ne, P,O,,Cl Co,and H,SO,
a
chemical change.
Ans. i) Monoatomic: He and Ne

Commonly Made Error

(ii) CO
Diatomic: H,, O,,N,, CL, HCl and
(iii) Triatomic: O,, H,0,H,S and
CO,
Students do not follow the proper wordings of
definitions. (iv) Polyatomic:P, S,NH,HNO, and H,SO,

2Marks Questions

Q.1. Explain the conservation of mass giving example? According to law of conservation of mass:
Ans. According to Law of conservation of mass,during 4 +r= 36
any physical or chemical change, the total mass of X=32g of oxygen must have been used.

theproducts obtained is always equal to the total

Name
0.3. the two compounds formed when copper
mass of reactants taken at the beginning.
reacts with oxygen.
eg. When calcium carbonate (CaCO,) is strongly
(a) State their colours.
heated, it decomposes to give lime (CaO) and
(b) Write their formula.
carbon dioxide (CO,).
CaCO, CaO +CO, Ans. Red cuprous oxide (Cu,O) and black cupric oxide

100 56 + 44 (CuO).

100 100 O.4. How do you explain the formation of carbon

monoxide and carbon dioxide by the law of
Commonly Made Error
multipleproportion?
Shudents often explain haphazardly, they must
follow correct
Ans. According to law, when two elements combine
to
sequence. form two or more compounds, then the
different
AnsweringTip mass of one element,which combine with a
fixed

|Writethe law before the mass other element,bear a simple whole number
of
explanation.
ratio with one another.
0.2. 4 grams of
hydrogen reacts with some oxygen to eg. In CO,the ratio of C and O is 12: 16,while
nake 36grams of water. Figure out how much in CO,, the ratio of masses of C and O is 12: 32.
OxYgen must have been used by applying the law
of conservation
therefore the ratio of masses of O which combine
of mass. with fixed mass of carbon in these two
2H,+O, compounds
Ans. will be 16 : 32 i.e. 1: 2 which a simple whole
2H,O is
4 +X 36 number ratio.
OOwaal ISC Chapterwise & Topicwise Ouestion Bank, CHEMISTRY, Class-XI

3 Marks Questions
All volumes being measured at STP
Q.1. Explain Gay Lusaac's law of combining volumes
with example. Ans. N, + 3H, 2NH,
Ans. Under suitable conditions gaseous nitrogen and 1 vol 3vol 2vol
gaseous hydrogen combine together to form Ratio of H,: NH, is 3:2
gaseous ammonia. That is, 3 litres of H, produces NH, 2 litres

N, + 3H, 2NH, .6 litres of H, will produce NH, 23 6

One volume of nitrogen combines with three 4litres
volume of hydrogen to form two volumes of
gaseous ammonia. Thus, the volumes of reactants
and products beara ratio of 1:3:2 which is a simple
A Q. 5. Hydrogen combines with oxygen and forms
two compounds. In the first compound, hydrogen
whole numberratio. content is 5.93%while in the other compound it is

Q. 2. Explain with 11.2%.Verify whether the data agrees with law of

an example that hydrogen is
diatomic. multiple proportions.

Ans. (i)Half molecule of hydrogen reacts with half Ans. In first compound,
molecule of chlorine to form one molecule of Hydrogen content= 5.93%
hydrogen chloride gas. Oxygen content will be = 100 – 5.93 = 94.07
(iü) One molecule of hydrogen chloride contains only 1part of hydrogen combines with O
one atom of hydrogen. 94.07

(iüi) Half molecule of hydrogen takes part in the reaction 5.93

= 15.86 parts

forming one molecule of hydrogen chloride.

In othercompound,
(iv) Therefore, one molecule means two atoms of
Hydrogen content = 11.2%
hydrogen.
Oxygen content will be = 100 -11.2 = 88.8
(v) Thus, hydrogen molecule is dibasic.
O
1 part of hydrogen combines with
Q.3. Inachemical reaction 150g of baking soda mixture 88.8

containing sodium bicarbonate and vinegar on 11.2

=7.93 parts

heating gives 87g of carbon dioxide gas. What

mass of solid residue will be left in food? Ratio of oxygen that combines with hydrogen is:
15.86:7.93
Ans. According to law of conservationof mass, That is, 2:1
Totalmass of reactants =total mass of products
a simple ratio, which is in agreement with Law
Mass ofbaking soda =mass of solid residue
It is

of multiple proportion, which says,

+ mass of carbon dioxide When two elements combine to form two or
150 =mass of solid residue+ 87 more compounds, then the different mass of one
mass of solid residue =150 -87 element,which conmbine with a fixed mass of other
mass of solid residue =63g element, bear a simple whole number ratio with
one another.
Commonly Made Error
Commonly Made Error
•Studentsmake mistakes in simple calculations.
• Some students often forgets to calculate Oxygen
Answering Tip contentand make mistakes.
Remember the law of conservation of mass.
Answering Tip

Q.4. Nitrogen reacts with hydrogen to give ammonia. When hydrogen content is given, oxygen content
Calculate the volume ammonia gas formed
of also must be known.Calculate, if not given.
when nitrogen reacts with 6 litres of hydrogen.

5 Marks Questions
Q.1. Explain Dalton's atomic theory. samemass and similar chemical properties.
Ans. (i) Matter is made up of extremely small discrete (iüi) Atoms of one element differ from the atoms of

particles, called atoms. other elements in all respects. the atoms of two
i.e.

(ii) Atoms of particular element are identical in all elements differ in mass, shape, size and chemical
respects. i.e. they possess same size, same shape, properties.
Atoms are indivisible
SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY 9
(iv) i.e. they cannot be further
subdivided. (iv) Similarly, half molecule of chlorine meansan atom
i) Atoms are indestrucible i.e. of chlorine (as a molecule of chlorine is composed
they can neither be of two atoms of chlorine)
created nor destroyed.
Atom is the unit of a chemical (v) Therefore, atoms do not undergo division, and
the smallest reaction ie. it is remain as a unit of chemical reaction.
particle that takes part in
chemical (vi) This illustrates Dalton'satomic theory.
reaction.

Li) Atoms of Q4. Explain the law of reciprocal proportion using an

different elements combine with each
other in a fixed simple example.
whole numberratio to form
compound atoms. Ans. At.mass 1 At.mass 32
H,S
o2 State the limitations of H
Dalton's Atomic Theory.
Ans. (i) could not explain
It
Gay Lusaac's Law of
combining volumes.
(ii) could not explain why
It H,o SO,
and how do atoms
combine together to form
compoundatoms.
ii) It could not explainthe
nature of forces which hold
atoms togetherin a
compound atoms.
(iv) It could not explain why atoms At.mass 16
cannot exist in free
state and why
compound atoms can exist freely. (i) Let us consider three elements hydrogen, sulphur
Commonly Made Error and oxygen.

Students often do (ii) Hydrogen combines with oxygen to form H,0.

not relate their answer to (iii) Sulphur combines with oxygen to form SO,.
Avogadro's hypothesis.
(iv) Hydrogen and sulphur can also combine to form
Answering Tips H,S.

Explainthe answer in points.

(v) In H,O the ratio of masses of H and O is 2: 16.
Use equationswherever required.
(therefore, 4H if O is 32)
(vi) InSO,, the ratio of masses of S and is 32:32. O
Q.3. Explain formation hydrogen chloride gas using
of (vii) Therefore the ratio of masses of and S which H
Avogadros hypothesis. combines with fixed masses of oxygen will be,
4:32
Ans. (i) One volume hydrogen combines with one
of i.e. 1:8.
...)
volume of chlorine to form two molecules of (vii) When H and S combine together, they form H,S
hydrogen chloride.
inwhich the ratio of masses of H and S is 2:32 i.e.
1:16.
(ii) According to Avogadro's hypothesis: ..(iü)
Hydrogen + chlorine (ix) The above ratios (i) and (ii) are related
hydrogen chloride to as:
1 molecule 1 molecule 2molecule 1.1 or 2:1
½ molecule mnolecule 1 molecule
8 16

(i) Half molecule of hydrogen means an atom they are whole number
i.e.
multiple of each other.
of hydrogen (as one molecule of hydrogen is Thusthe ratio of masses of H and
Swhichcombines
composed of two atoms of hydrogen). with a fixed mass of
oxygen is a whole
number
multiple of the ratio in which H and Scombine.

TOPIC-3
Equivalent Weights

Revision Notes
Equivalent weight or equivalent mass of a substance is the number of parts by mass of the Scanto know more
about this chapter
given substance which combines with or displaces directly or indirectly 1.008 parts by mass of
hydrogen, or 8 parts by mass of oxygen, or 35.5 parts by mass of chlorine.

Equivalent is just a number and has no units.

weight

tquivalent element of anelement is inversely proportional to its valency.

Unit of
Normalityand
electrochemical equivalentis gC".
equivalent weight
10 Oswaal ISC Chapterwise & Topicwise Question Bank, CHEMISTRY, Class-X1

According to Avogadro's hypothesis, under similar conditions of temperature and pressure, equal
gases containequal number of molecules. volume of al
If the substance
has same molecular formula as its chemical formula, the molecular mass of the
same as its formula mass. substancewill be
The different methods for the determination of molecular masses of gases are:

Molar Volume Method, Regnaull's Method, Diffusion Method and ldeal Gas Equation

Know the Definitions

Faradays law of electrolysis:
First law: Theamountof substance
liberated (or deposited)at a particular electrode during electrolysis is directl.
proportional to the quantity of electricity (
total charge)passed in the solution.
Second Law: When the sanme quantity of electricity is passed through the
solutions of different electrolvtes
connected in series, the masses of the substance liberated (or
deposited)at the electrodes are directly proportional
to their equivalent
weights.
Electrolysis: Electrolysis may be defined as the process which leads to a chemical
change on the passage of
electricity through an electrolyte present either in the dissolved state or in the
molten state.
Basicity of an acid: The basicity of an acid is defined as the
number of Ht ions furnished by one molecule the
acid in solution.

of
Acidity of base: Acidity of a base is defined as the number
solution.
of OHions furnished by one molecule of the base in

Gram equivalent weight: The mass in grams of a substance numericallyequal to its equivalent weight is called
gram equivalent weight.
its

Graham's Law of diffusion: At constant temperature and pressure, the ratio of diffusion of gas is inversely
proportional to the square root of its density.

B Know the Formulae

A Equivalent weight of an element = Atomic mass
Valency

Formula wt. of the

Equivalent weight of a normal salt = salt

Total charge on cationic part

Formula wt. of the salt

> Equivalent weight of an acid salt = No. of replaceable hydrogen atom

Molecular weight of the acid

> Equivalent weight of an acid =
Basicity of the acid

e
> Equivalent weight of a base = Molecular weight
Acidity of
of

the base
the base

Formula mass
Eauivalent weight of an oxidant or reductant=
No. of electrons gained or lost by one molecule
Atomic mass
> Equivalent weight = Valency

Atomic mass
Equivalent weight = Oxidation state

mass grams in
> Number of gram molecules = molecular mass

mass of known volume of the gas ata particular temp and pressure
Vapour density
mass of the same volume of hydrogen at the same temp and pressure

> PV n RT
SOME BASIC CONCEPTSOF CHEMISTRY 11
1 Mark Questions

Choose the correct alternative:

Q1. (b) Oxide formation method.
The law used to determine the equivalent
(i) mass of (c)Oxide reductionmethod.
a substance:
(d) Chloride formation method
(a) Faraday's Law (b) Avogadro's law
(c) Gay Lusaac's Law (d) Graham's law Q.3. What is the relation between current, charge and
The correct expression for ideal gas equation time?

(a) PV = RT (b) RP VT =n
is:
Ans. Charge = current X time

PV =nRT
R Q.4. Write the relation between atomic mass and
(c) (d) PV =nT equivalent weight?

i) The equivalent mass of MnSO, is half of its

Ans. Atomic mass =equivalent weight X valency
molecular mass when it is converted: Q. 5. Name the instrument used to measure the mass of
Mn,O; (b) C-12 atom.
(a) MnO,
(c) MnO, (d) Mn0, Ans. Mass spectrometer.
Ans. (i)(a) Faraday's Law Q.6. What is the experimental value of number of
(ü) (c) PV=nRT carbon atoms in one gram atom of C-12?
(ii) (b) MnO, Ans. 6.023 x 1023 atoms/gram atoms.

Q.2. Name the method involved to determine the Q.7. What is the specific name given to the value
equivalentweight of the following metals: 6.023 X 1023?

(a) Zinc, calcium which displaces hydrogen from Ans. Avogadro's constant or Avogadro's number.
acids.
Q.8. What does an AvogadrO numberrepresent?
(b) Metals like zinc, copper, calcium, mercury which
Ans. Number of atoms present in one gram atom of any
combine with oxygen to form oxides substance.
(o) Metals like iron, tin whose oxides can be easily
Number of molecules present in one gram atom of
reduced.
any substance
(d) Metals like sodium,potassiumn which combines Number of ions present in one gram ion of any
with chlorine to form chlorides ionic substance

Ans. (a) Hydrogen displacement method.

2 Marks Questions

Q1. In equation W=ZIt what is Z? Define it. What Mass of one molecule of H,SO,
is its unit? 98.076
= 1.629 x 10g
Ans. (i) Z is Electrochemical equivalent. 6.022x1023

(u) Definition: Electrochemical equivalent is the 0. 4. Calculate the number of oxygen

total atoms
amount of substance liberated by a current of present in 0.5 moles of H,SO,.
ampere passed for one second. Ans. Number of molecules present in 0.5 moles of H,SO,
(iüi) Unit: gC = 0.5 x 6.022 x 1023 3.0 x 1023 =
Commonly
One molecule of H,SO,contains 4 atoms of oxygen
Made Error
Total number of atoms present in 3.0 x 1O23 x 4
Students often miss one question. = 1.2 x 1024

Hence 0.5 moles of H,SO,contain 1.2 x 1024 atoms

Answering Tip of oxygen.
Read the oquestion carefully, , answer all the questions.
o.5. A dry gas measuring 280 ml at 305 K and 750 mm
its
0.2. In the what is F? What is of Hg, weighs 0.344 g. Calculate the molecular
equation, E = F x Z,

standard value? weight of the gas.

S. (i) F is Faraday's constant.

Ans. According to ideal gas equation,

(ii) It
has a value of 96500 coulombs. PV = M RT
0.3.
Calculate molecule of H,SO,:
the mass 1

(where H= 1.008, S = 32.06, O= 16.0)

where P= 750
760
=0.987 atm
Ans. 2 x = 98.076 g
1.008 + 32.06 + 4 x 16.0
12 Bank, CHEMISTRY, Class-XI
Swaal IsC Chapterwise & Topicwise Question

V= volume = 0.28L
0.276 M=8613
M=31.2
0.344
0.987 x 0.28 - X x 305
M 0.0821

3Marks Questions

Q. 1. In a Victor Meyer's determination,0.36 g of Q.2. 0.9367g of cadmium combine with

chlorine
form 1.5276 of CdCl,. Find
i the to
volatile substance displaces air which measures g
equivalent
of cadmium. mass
140ml at STP Calculate the vapour density and
molecular weight of the substance. Ans. Mass of cadmium taken = 0.9367g

of H, gas at STP weighs 0.09 g)

(1 litre Mass of CaCl, formed= 1.5276 g
Ans. Mass of 140 ml of vapour at STP 0.36g = Mass of

cadmium=1.5276-0.9367
chlorine that combines
=
with
0.9367g of
Massof 22400 mi of vapour at STP 0.5909 g

22400 x 0.36 Hence the equivalentweight of cadmium

140
=57.6g mass of metal
X 35.5
mass of chlorine

molecular mass
Vapour Density = 2 0.9367

0.5909
x 35.5 =56.27
Vapour Density = 2
- 28.8 0.3. How many years would it take to spend Avogadro
number of rupees at the rate of 10 lakh rupees per
Commonly Made Error second?

Students often get confused with the correct

values
Ans. Avogadro's number = 6.022 x 1023

of STP No.of seconds taken to spend 6.022 x 10 rupees

6.022x 103
Answering Tips = 6.022x 1017
10
Remember the
• Don't forget
formulae.

to follow the conversions.

1 second =
3.169 x 10years

6.022 x 1017 seconds 3.169 = ×10x 6.022 x 1012

= 1.098 x 101° years

It will take 1.098 X 10" years.

TOPIC-4
Volumetric Calculations

Revision Notes
> Titration involves the addition of a solution of known strength to a definite volume of a Scan to know more
solution of unknown strength until the reaction between two is just complete. about this chapter

> Molarity represents the concentration of solution in mol L-1,

> Formality changes with change in temperature.

> Molality of solution does not change with temperature.
Mole fraction is independent of temperature.
Balancing equations
Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions:
by partial equation
Stoichiometric ratio is the simplest whole number ratio of moles of reactant and method
products involved in the reaction.
A chemical equation is the brief representation of a chemical reaction in terms of chemical formulae of

reactantsand products in stoichiometric ratio.

A chemical equation must fulfil the following conditions:

• Itshould be consistent with the true chemical reaction under consideration.
It should be molecular.
It should be balanced.
CONCEPTS OF
CHEMISTRY13
SOME BASIC

the Definitions
is
Know solution:
The solution whose strength is not known and is desired to be estimated by
titration

> Unknown
as unknown
solution
as known
known called
accurately known
is
or standard solution: The solution whose
solution strength is

> Known
solution. Itiis defined asthe mass of the solute in grams dissolved 100g of solution.
percentage:
per
is calledthe
Mass of moles of solute dissolved temperature
>

Molarity:
Thenumber. per litre of the solution at a particular

of the solution at that temperature.

at a particular
molarity
The number of gram formula mass of an ionic solute dissolved per litre of the solution
Formality:

temperature
Molality:
It is asthe numberof moles
defined of solute dissolved per 1000g ((or 1 kg)

of
of the solvent.

solution
at a particular
>
The number of gram equivalents of the solute dissolved per litre a

Normality:
>
is called normalityof solution.
terms of chemical
temperature
Equation: :A chemical equation the brief representation of a chemical reaction in
is
Chemical
and products in stoichiometric ratio.
ormulae of reactants
under consideration
reagent:
It is the reactant which get completely consumed inthe chemical reaction
Limiting
the amountproducts formed in the reaction.
>
nd whose amountlimits

Know the Formulae

mass of solute mass of solute
> Mass percentage
of solute = mass of solute +massof solvent
x 100 =
mass of solution
x100

volume of solute

> Mass percentage of solute = volume of solution

x 100

Number of moles of solute

> Molarity = volume of the solution in litres

No. of gram formula mass of the solute

> Formality of a solution = Volume of the solution in litres

Number of moles of solute

> Molality = Mass of the solvent in kg

of gram
= No.Volume equivalents of solute
> Normality
of the solution in litres

> Molarity X molecularmass of solute =Normality x equivalent mass of solute

No. of moles of the given component
> Mole fraction = Total number of moles in the solution

x Volume cm')
= Normality
(in
> Number of gram equivalents
1000

> Normality reaction =N,V, =N,V,

1 Mark Questions
Q.1. Fill in the blanks: Ans. (a) Normality
a
is the number of gram equivalents (b) Molality
of the solute dissolved per litre of the solution at a
(c) Formality
particular temperature.
(b) (d) Molarity
is the number of gram moles of a

solute dissolvedin 1000g of the solvent. Q.2. What is mearnt by 5ppm CaCO, solution?
is the number of gram formula Ans. It means that 5g of CaCO,
mass in1litre is present in 106 g of
dissolved of solution at a particular solution.
temperature.
(d) 0.3. In a chemical reaction,
is the number of moles of solute what happens to the
reactant which is taken in excess?
dissolved per litre of the solution at a particular
Ans. It is left unreacted.
temperature.
Class-XI
CHEMISTRY,
14 Oswaal ISC Chapterwise & Topicwise Question Bank

2 Marks Questions
Q.1. A solution contains 25% water, 25% ethanol
acid
by mass. Calculate the mole Mole fraction of acetic
and 50% acetic aid
0.83
fraction of each component. -0.301
2.76
Ans. Supposewe have 100g of given solution,

Mass of water 25g = Error

Mass of ethanol 25g = CommonlyMade
forget to mention the
Mass of acetic aid 50g = • Students often

solution.
100g as the

Molecular masses of: supposed

Water = 18
Answering Tip
Ethanol= 46
Understand the difference in percentage and achal
Acetic acid =60 value.
25
:.No.of moles of water (,) = 18 =139 Q.2 0.246 g of an organic substance when heated
with
nitric acid and
fuming
No.of moles of ethanol (n,)
25
= = 0.54
excess
gave
of

0.2584 g of silver
silver
bromide. Calculate &
nitrate

percentage of bromine in the compound.

50 organic compound = 0.246g
No. of moles of acetic acid (n) = = 0,83
Ans. mass
mass
of

of AgBr formed = 0.2584g

Total number of moles in solution
molecularmass of AgBr =108 + 80 = 188

Fn +n, + n, =1.39 + 0.54 + 0.83 = 2.76

80
Mole fraction of water 188g of AgBr contains
Br = 188
x0.2584

1.39
=0.503 % age of Br in the given compound
2.76

Mole fraction of ethanol

0.1099
x 100 = 44.67
0.24

0.54
=0.196
2.76

3 Marks Questions
of Chemical The of an acid or a base solution

is
Q.1. List out any three limitations (ii) strength
or conc. for dilute and
Equations. expressed by writing dil.

solution respectively.
Ans. The chemical equations are unable to provide the concentrated

following information : (ii) The conditions which governed the fate of the

given reaction are mentioned on the arrow

i) The physical state of reactants and products. and products.

the between reactants
(iü) The strength of the acid or base solution used in
(iv) Heat evolved or absorbed is represented using
reaction.

.
positive and negative values.
(iiüi) The conditions governing the fate of the reaction. are generally shown by
(v) The slow or fast reactions
(iv) The heat evolved or absorbed in the reaction. writing "slow" and fast". "
(v) The rate of the chemical reaction. (vi) An irreversible reaction is shown by and

(vi) Formation of a precipitate. reversible reaction is shown by

or irreversibility of the reaction.
(viü) The reversibility Q.3. Balance the following equations by Hit and trial

method:
Commonly Made Error
H,PO, H,PO, + PH,
Students often write incomplete
limitations.

Ans. Multiplying H,PO,by 3 and H,PO,by 4

Answering Tip 4H,PO, 3H,PO,+ PH,
by
Choose the most appropriate
limitations. equations partal
Q.4. Balance the following
carried out in order to equation method:
any three modifications
Q.2. List
more informative. Fe,(SO), NH, H,0 + + Fe(OH), + (NH),S0,
make a chemical reaction
and products are Ans. The probable steps are ;
Ans. (i) The physical state of reactants
...5)
for 'T for liquid + H,SO,
specified byputting letters"s" solid,
Fe,(SO), + H,0 Fe(OH),
and"g for gas.
NH, + H,SO, (NH,),SO, SOME BASICCONCEPTSOF CHEMISTRY 15
..(ii)

Balancing
these partial equations by Hit
Fe,(SO), + 6NH,+ 6H,0 2Fe(OH),
and trial

method:
+ 3(NH),SO4
CommonlyMade Error
+ 6H,0 -
2Fe(OH), +
Fe,(S0,), 3H,S0,...ii) • Students often makemistakes in balancing.
2NH, + H,SO, (NH),SO, ..iv)
eqn. (iv) with h 3, to Answering Tips
Multiply cancel the immediate
H,SO, • Understand the methods
different of balancing
species,
• Write and solve to understand more clearly.

5Marks Questions

01.
Commercially available conc. Hydrochloric
acid
contains38% HCI by mass. Volume of sample having mass 9.5g

E What is the molarity of this 9.5

solution?The density 8.0 cm3
1.19
is 1.19g cm.

6i) What volume of conc. HCI Hence, 8.0cm² of conc. HCl are required to make
is required to make 1.00 L of 0.10M solution
1.00L of 10M HCI?
mass AM Q.2. A sugar syrup 214.2 g contains 34.2
Ans. (i) Density = volume gof sugar (C,H,,0,). Calculate:
of weight

Mass of 1000 cm of the (i) molal concentration

sample.
The given sample contains (iü)mole fraction of sugar in the
38% HCI by mass. syrup.
Hence, the mass of HCl present in 1000 Ans. Given: Weight of sugar syrup=
cm² (1190g) 214.2g
1190×38
= Weight of sugar present = 34.2 g
452.2g
100 Molecular mass of sugar (C,H,,0,;) =342
Hence, w = 452.2g, V= 1000 cm, Calculation of molality

M=35.45 + 1.008 = 36.46 No. of moles of sugar = 342 =0.1

34.2

452.2 = Mx36.46
1000
x 1000
Wt. of water =214.2-34.2 =180g
Molality of solution
M= 12.40
no. of moles of sugar 0.1
Molarity = 12.40
weight of water in kg 0.18
= 0.56 mol kg

(ü)Mass of pure HCl requiredthe make 1.0L (100 cm)

of a solution of 0.10M HCl is given
by,
Molal conc. = 0.56 mol kg l

Mole
=
0= 0.10 ×36.46
fraction: No. of moles of sugar (n,)
x 1000 0.1

=3.6g

.
having
38 g of

mass
1000

pure HCI are present

=100g
in the sample
No. of moles of water (n)

Total no. of moles

=
in solution
180
18
=10

3.6 g of pure HCI will be present in the sample

=1, + n, = 0.1 + 10= 10.1

sugar =
having mass 0.1
Mole fraction of

100 n tn2 10.1

38
x3.6 = 9.5g =9,9 x 10-3

mass
Volume
density
How Balance Chemical Equation:
To
A
Step Write correct formulas reactants
and prcoducts,
of
Empirical Molecular Formula: Step Balance number atoms.
Determine
Deals with calculation
of

and

How
To
Step Balance number atoms.
Step 1:Conversion mass percent grams.
of
masses products
of
element. Step Balance number atoms,
Step Convert into number moles each
and

of
the the
reactants involved reaction.
1: 2: 3: 4:
of of

2:
to of
obtained above smallest number. Step Verify number atoms each element
Step Divide mole value
in
a

by
C H O of
of

the
the

the
5:
Step Wnte empirical formula mentioning thenumber after writing
by

3:4:
symtbols respective elements, one-twelfth mass carbon12 atom
Atomic Mass Unit (amu): mass exactly equal
of
to
of

the
the
one
formula
Writing molecular elements present molecute.
Molecular Mass: atomie masses
ratio
Sum
A of
of

Step
the
atomic masses
Determine empirical formula mass. amount
atomic weights atoms molecule. Mole
of

5:
Formula Mass:
Add
of

the
Empirical
var
of
of
in
in is
the

Sum
the
One

(a)
empirical formula.
a
various atoms present there atons exactly 0012
substance that contains many particles'entities
12g

of
in
in
ak

the
as
as
are
(or

Divide molar mass empirical formula mass.

isotope.
by
of

Molecular
the
empirical formula obained above.
C
Multiply
Molar Mass: Mass mole substance
gras.
of

by
n
of
of
inn

dif
one

(b)(c)
a
Mass

Aifferent
Mass solute
in
resent
Normality
simplest
X100
of

ta
r
lercent

types
M
Mass solution
in
Reactant
of

Keagent: which
of
mole
arity

Limiting
xact
numbe
moley solute
limits amount
Molality

gets
No
of
of

atom.
àcompn
product
the
Volume solution itreN
of
consumed
formned. gram equivalent solute
of
in

anc
of
of

No.
Equivalent moles solute
mass clement Volume solution
atomic litres
No
of
of

of
of
in

the
Mass solute
Valency
nt
Baoic
of
in
kg

Some

weight
Concepto
Importance
substance
atomic mass molecule formtta mass solute
gram
of
of

ehemistry
of

one
No.

Volume solution itres

mass atom mas
of of
C2
of
of
in

of
an
mo
of

X
Molecular
Fraction
Chemistry
A=ntn Fraction
Mole
Mole
of
meeting human needs food, health care products
ttet
Mole Fraction
and

In
for

uoneuiss
improving quality lHe.
of
B=
other products required
of

•
for

diverse areas such weather patterns, functloning brain

In
as
of

Uniform more substances

Homogenous: operation computer.
Iwo
or
thing
of

Mixtures:
chemical industries.
a

composition (Sugar (air,tea)

ratio.
any
andIn

in
sotution,
air) present
which
ire
Have definite
Hetrogenous: Non-uniform volume shape.
and

Solid: Particles held very close each other ordety

composition (Mixtures
i)
to
in
an

are

of
|fashion with freedom movement.
salt sugar)
romposition
no
of

and
Have deinite volume detinite shape
(ii) Liquids: Particdes close move around.
no

but

and
can

are

Substance: E:
Gaseous Volume:
Lussac's
of

Gay
Law
(iii) Gases: Particles apart their movenent
produced
When gases combine
and
is

(Cu.A
Neither have
are
far

all
in
fast. definite volurne dtinite shage
easy and
or
simple
chemical reaction they
nor

do
so
in

a
provided gases
ratio volume
Compounds:Two
Elements:Contains
Properties Matter:
)
are

by
all
same temperature pressure.
atoms
of

particles more
type
hysical:
P Properties measured/observed without changjng identity
and
of

or
gases
at
(ii)Avogadro Law: Equal volumes
of
different elements
one
i.e., atoms, molecules
or

the

composition substance. (Colour, odour)

of
pressure
same temperature (H,0,
of

(Na,CH)
Chemical: Properties measured/observed
when chemical neaction ocours.
at
and
number molecules.
the
should contain equal
NH)
a

of
(ü)

(Acidity Basicity, combustibility)

Atomic Theory:
(iii)Dalton's created destroyed.
)

Mass; Matter neither

or

conservation
be

can

atoms.
of
nor

Law
consists indivisible
of
•Matter
Antoine Lavoisier.
given
of
given element have
•All the atoms
by
compound always contains exactly
was
Definite Proportions given
of
a
incuding
properties
of
identical
same proportion
elements,
:A given Joseph Proust
by

of
identical mass.
was

combine fornm more

Proportions elements
Multiple
atoms
to

formed when
If
can

Compounds are
of
with fixed
It Law the Law

of
element that combine
compound, masses
than
rate.
fixed
elements combine
different
It two of
a

whole numbers. given

the
one

other element ratio small

in
mass
a
created destroyed
It

Atoms are neither

in
of
was

oneof
are

the
Dalton.
nor
chemical reaction.
by

in
;