CHAPTER-1 Dirtowire ica (red Meaning of Public Administration Scope of Public Administration Nature of Public Administration Significance of Public Administration Public and Private Administration + Similarities Wilson’s Vision of Public Administration + Background . Evolution of Public Administration + Evolution ~ Ancient Roots + Paradigms of Nicholas Henry New Public Administration (NPA) dual Views on NPA m-S INTRODUCTION Scanned with CamScannerMeaning of Pub! tation of government policy ie. it is an academic femment policy and prepares civil servants for this sn may be understood from two major dimensions ~ Practice or Profession: The Public Administration as 4 practice deals with the government in action ~ visible aspects of the government. 2, Public Administration as an area of study i-. Discipline: The Public Administration as a discipline deals with the government in action and many more than that. So, it is more difficult to understand Public Administration as a discipline rather than as a practice. jistemology of Public Admi jon Itis evident from the name itself that ‘Public: ‘Administration’. To Dwight Waldo, the ‘pu! ent’. And the word ‘administration’ is derived from two the Latin words hich means ‘{o serve, to care for, or to look after people’. It has been remarked by E.N. Gladden tt “Administration is a long and slightly pompous word, but it has a humble meaning, for it tocare for or look after people, to manage affairs.... is determined action taken in pursuit of. cious purpose”. The statement signifies that Public Administration has a humble reference, ic Administrations as a practice includes all the activities of the government to provide service to ministration houses the impleme! Public Ad implementation of gov "discipline that studies the i work. The meaning of Public Administration 1. Public Administration as an activity i.c. Administration’ has two broad aspects —*Public’ blic’ in Public Administration is the ‘state or ‘ad’ and ‘ministrare’ profoundly affect to the researchers and educators. red to be one of the most important political scientists of eben basen aay contexts including management of affairs, manipulative ee % fo pppetcefor, from the epistemological perspective, Public Tn butte Ae Sovernment to serve the people, Wis more difficult lic Administration from perspective of Public Administrati Scanned with CamScanner ° °Chapter-I : Introduction { 3 } 7Administration’ defined by some of the scholars - 2 ¢ JM. Pfiffner and R, Presthus - “Administration is the organisation and direction of 7 and material resources to achieve desired ends”, ¢ Brooks Adams - “Administration is the capacity of coordinating many, and often conto social energies in a single organism, so adroitly that they shall operate as a unity.’ LD. White - “The art of administration is the direction, co-ordination and control of many persons to achieve some purpose or objective” ~ Felix. Nigro-“ Administration is the organisation and use of men and materials toaccomplish ‘a purpose”. a EM, Marx - “Administration is determined action taken in pursuit of a conscious purpose. is the systematic ordering of affairs and the calculated use of resources, aimed at m those things happen which one wants to happen and foretelling everything to the c Luther Gullick “Administration has to do with getting things done, with the a of defined objectives”. Herbert Simon, D.W. Smithburg and .A. Thompson- “In its broadest se __can be defined as the activities of group co-operating to ace The definition is defined ‘as it is’. Since the environment is ever changing and dynamic, the practice is ever evolving. As a result, the definition suffers from limitations in future. And no single definition is unanimous. There have been many notable efforts and a number of schools of thoughts which tried to define Public Administration, Some of them are ~ Narrow View, Broad View, Political School of Thought, Legalistic View: Public Weal, Process View, Subject-matter View; Market View of Public Administration, etc. Narrow and Broad Views Herbert Simon, Smithsburg, Thompson, Cyert and EN Gladden, etc. believed in narrow view. According to them, Public Administration is the study of executive branch of the government i.e. government in action — the visible aspect of government which is responsible for enforcement and implementation of law. Narrow view emphasizes in ‘state’ only. ‘Some of the main proponents of broad view are Woodrow Wilson, John Pfiffner, Marshall Dimock, Willoughby, Nigro, etc. These theorists believed that the government in action does r mean executive branch only. It should include executive, legislature, judiciary a pendence. Thus, Public Administration should emphasize in the study of all th legislature, judiciary and their inter-relations. Scanned with CamScannerPublic Administration (Pape! 1) tical School of Thought, is the study of This school broadened the in ‘state’ itself. Public Administration, according to Poli state and non-state institutions and may extend to anti-state ambit of Public ‘Administration. vast a Dineek, L.D. White, Woodrow Wilson, ete. had an altogether a different view. Public ‘Administration, according (0 them, is a discipline which deals with the study of enforcement of Jaw. This view is referred as legalistic view: White explained that Public Administration means the study of all the operations having for their purpose the enforcement of law and policies or fulfillment of the public policy. Similarly, Wilson remarked that Public ‘Administration means systematic and Administration should confine in the study of policy detailed implementation of public law. Public Id enforce so as to convert those policies to reality. formation and implementation and shoul This legalistic view of Public Administration has been challenged. Public Administration should not confine to legal aspects of the state or government only. The study under Public Administration should encompass both legal and non-legal aspects of the state. The study may even extend to illegal aspects of the state or government, Public ‘Administration should include those elements which are out ofthe boundary of enforcement of public policies, institutions. eg, ‘of Public Administration Wilson - Public Administration is the detailed and systematic application of lav lar application of law is an act of administration. : « Public Administration is that part of the science of administration, es 7 3 it eae we primarily with the executive branch w is done; thou; i i Se ieieal vate = .ere are obviously problems also in c a |- Public Administration is related to the operations of go Scanned with CamScanneri _Chaprer-I: Introduction Luther Gullick and Lyndall Urwick are two pioneers in process school of thought, They are well-known for their ‘POSDCoRB’. They believed that tools, techniques and processes are the basis for efficiency of administration itself. “Administration is Administration’ whether public. non-public, religious, or cultural. This school provided a generic and universal view. However, this view had certain limitations and was being challenged by one of the contemporary approaches — Subject-matter view. POSDOOoRB is an acronym which is widely used in the field of Management and Public Administration that reflects the classic view of administrative management. Largely drawn fro the work of French industrialist Henri Fayol, it first appeared in a 1937 staff paper by Luther Gulick and Lyndall Urwick, written for the Brownlow Committee. The acronym stands for ste in the administrative process: Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, Coordinating, Re and Budgeting. ‘Subject-Matter View The subject-matter view is also referred as Substantive or Content View. This view believed that Public Administration is not mere study of tools, techniques and processes. It also deals with the studies of policies and subject-matter. In short, it is the study of tools, techniques, policies and subject-matter. The study of tools, techniques and processes should be relevant to the policies and subject-matter. One may consider two types of organizations — security-related organizations say RAW, CIA, KGB, MIS, ISI and rural development organization like District Rural Development ‘Agency or PWD. In case of the latter organization, accounting and auditing are very much relevant. But in the former organizations, there is no official auditing. The subject-matter view broadened the scope of Public Administration. It began to deal with more diverse activities. And the theorization of tools and techniques should be based on the understanding of the diverse public policies in totality. Thus, Public Administration became a polyglot or multi-disciplinary in nature. For instance, Health policies should consider issues of health problems, medical science, population, demography and so on. Market View The market-view is one of the most accepted views in Public Administration. this view, Public Administration deals with the activities which are financed out : ‘money, There was a period when people considered the “state” as omnipotent ~ should take care of people and the state should achieve the collective goal. But th au eeiaits fe Scanned with CamScannerJe sentence or paragraph on definition of Public ‘Dwight Waldo once remarked that ‘ev Administration is a menta of Public Administration in: 0 from limited perspective, thus restri ~ “Administration is a depend: “environment. And the environment is never static, SO changing and evolving” tal paralysis rather than enlightenment and stimulation” The definitions fread of providing clarity, is more confusin _ Every definition explains ting definition of Public Administration It is said that at yariable!. Administration isaffected by social, politica and cultural Administration’ is never static rather ‘ever of Public Administration flows from the ‘meaning’ of Public Administration. Since aning of Public Administration is not well-defined, the scope of the Public Administration is ‘ot well-defined. There is a dilemma in defining the seope of the public diministration i.e, what obe included ‘and whatall are to be excluded. Dwight Waldo remarked that the scope of Public i yn is based on government in action. Once the government in action is well: sstablished scope of Public Administration can be well-defined. But the government in action is .gand ever evolving. Thus, the scope of Public Administration is also ever evolving and changing. Public Administration as such has no unique identity as there are no set boundaries. There are tive efforts to delineate and outline the scope of Public Administration. Scholars like McQueen, Pfiffner and Walker had defined the scope of Public Administration in filloughby had come up with simple and straight definition. To him, the scope of shuded the major aspects of organization — Overhead administration, organization, Scanned CamScannerWalker came up with very similar ideas with that of Patter! He Also eividedtiie scope of Public Administration into two parts ~ Administrative Theory and Applied Administration. The administrative theory includes concepts, theories and verified generalization relating ia ie stm all types of public authority engaged in administration and also those relating to planning, research, information and public relations, The applied administration includes the study of specific administrative systems and their problems, such as hospital administration, public health administration, educational administration, revenue administration, financial administration and so on. Walker included both the theories and practice and presented a well-defined scope of Public Administration, Public Administration has no any defined boundary as far as the meaning and scope are concerned. The contemporary theorists and scholars have made the scope of Public Administration swell to such an extent that Public Administration, today, is on the verge of losing its identity. Some of the prominent views regarding the scope of Public Administration are ~ Broad, Narrow, Process (POSDCoRB), Subject-matter, Managerial, Integral and Contemporary views (Stephen K. Bailey and Ridley’s view). Broad and Narrow Views ‘The broad and narrow views have been explained in the Meaning of Public Administration. Summing up- Managerial and Integral Views Herbert Simon, Smithsburg, Thompson, Luther Gul Cy u Managerial view. According to this school, the scope of Public Administration the managerial functions, such as planning, control, budgeting, etc. The entire ‘one as managerial functions are directed towards one goal. On the o' h believed that the success of organization lies in the success of fi ~ Managerial, Technical, Clerical and Manual activities. Despite the fact that the significance of all Scanned with CamScannermw Public Administration (Paper-1) “The public policies exist at all works of life which deal with human kind — may be directly or indirectly under the government. Thus, this school of thought has broadened the scope of Public ‘Administration to such an extent that it virtually includes everything under the sun. ‘Allinall, the scope of Public Administration has swelled that it began to include almost all the disciplines. The boundary of the scope of Public Administration is becoming invisibleand consequently Josingits identity. Henceforth, Public Administration is reeling under the crisis of identity. Anumber of scholars reacted on this issue of crisis of identity and came with the conclusion that Public Administration is not fit to be considered as a subject with a definite identity. The firm believers of Public Administration conftonted. Frederickson and Dwight Waldo came up The polyglot nature at restricted to Public Administration. It is the characteristic of all the disciplines. Public ninistration despite of its polyglot nature has staple core — government in action — and derives ity from its staple core. The periphery of Public Administration may vac illate but the core ovides the stability. ‘Waldo even remarked that the polyglot nature of Public Administration enriches the discipline. se of its polyglot nature, Public ‘Administration goes into the other houses in order to have a ter clarity of the discipline itself. Ultimately, in due course of time, the substantive or subject- ter view became of the most accepted views in the study of Public Administration. sporary Views Tnthe recent times, a number of scholars have tried to explain the scope of Public Administration. aenotable scholars are Stephen K. Bailey and Ridley. Stephen K. Batley outlined the core of Public ministration in four major dimensions ~ Descriptive, Normative, Assumptive and Instrumentive, what the practitioners are doing without o came up with very similar ideas to Bailey. He opined that Public facts (descriptive and assumptive) and values (Normative). However, it is more diffie ic Administration when it includes both facts and values. Ridley believed that inistration should include two major dimensions - ‘Whar all are to be studic ion and ‘Who’ all are included in the study of Public Administration. He fur |are concerned with the study of Public Administration — Academia, Practitio includes those who study Public Administration, such as res ‘As the name indicates, practitioners are ones who practice Ived with practical aspects of the government. Z Scanned with CamScannerChapter-1 Introduction ns any To understand the natu © of Public Administration, on and Public Administration’s relations with other dis, ¢ Narrow and Broad Views Managerial and Int ciplines ‘gral Views POSDCOoRB and Substantive Views Discretionist and Instrumental Views Public Administration as an and science Public Administration as a discipline and profession Public Administration as a Political Science Public Administration as a Management Science Public Administration as a Social Science Philosophy of Public Administration Public Administration and Private Administration eee ererere While studying the scope of Public Administration, the narrow, broad, managerial, integral, process and subject-matter views had already been discussed. Discretionist and Instrumental Views Michael C. Spicer outlined the characters of both public administrationist and administrator. There are two distinct groups of theorists. Each group has distinct outlook towards the administrators and administrationists. To him, administrationists and administrators are the two different entities and he further categorized both administrationist and administrator into two groups- discretionist and instrumental. Discretionist Group Instrumental Group The administrationist and administrators are autonomous. They governed on their own. ‘The administrationist and practitioners autonomous and dependent on the go The group believes in welfare of the people. They simply act as an instrument to impl the expression of the state or government. Bureaucracy is subjugated to Constitution of India, to the people of India, social ethos and public interest. In other words, Bureaucracy is| ‘governed by ‘values’ like secularism, democracy, ete. It is hotly debated that whether Public Admin Bureaucracy is subjugated to the go India, Bureaucracy, thus, is merelyab individuals controlled by gov Bureaucracy is an instrument: Itis simply a servant to the p nistration should accept discretionist or instrumental view. All said, the discretionist view is more widely accepted. According to discretionist view, bureaucracy is not a home-made institution but it has values to be achieved. Public Administration as an art as well as a science Ki ee " Public Administration adopts techniques, such as planning, organizing, etc. body of established. knowledge, principles and theories, These techniques and tools can be taught and learnt, Thus, Public ‘Administration qualifies tobe an art, Whether Public Administration qualifies tobe a science is debated and controversial? Some scholars believe it as a science and some do not. The ‘contrasting’ From a rigid viewpoint, Public Administration cannot be considered as a science. vist School of Thought. According to this . viewpoint is also referred as Posit : Scanned with CamScannerGo Public Administration (Paper-1) ‘Administration may be accepted as a science only if it follows certain standards, rigours and steps of science, And Public Administration fails to qualify as science from this viewpoint For instance, human behaviour and Public Administration cannot be studied in laboratory, The data can't be captured. Thus, Public Administration fails to follow the standards of science ® Onthe other hand, if we consider loosely, then Public Administration can be still considered ‘as a science. Weber, for instance, defended Public Administration as science. Weber believed that physical science deals with the objective studies of objective things but social science is the objective studies of both objective and subjective things Karl Popper settled the debate in favour that Public Administration can be considered as a snce. Popper remarked that all knowledge is provisional, temporary, and capable of refutation ny moment. So, it does not matter whether it is science or arts - all disciplines are provisional. rowledge as such is constrained by limitations, especially time constraint. Knowledge keeps, ging with time. And if one goes by rigid viewpoint (positivist viewpoint), then science should ot change with time but it does changes. Thus, it would not be wrong to call Public Admintration ce. It is just a matter of degree. lic Administration as a discipline as well as a profession A subject can be considered as a disciple if it has two elements - corpus of knowledge and ow is being imparted in institutions. There is no doubt that Public Administration has a dy of knowledge and is defined by various concepts, theories, principles, methods, tools, techniques st vocabulary. But some scholars believed that Public Administration does not have exclusive of knowledge of its own. Rather it is a bag of borrowings. Caiden observed that Public istration is an underdeveloped discipline and suffers from lack of approach, methods and ples, etc. In fact, there are theories in Public Administration but there are no general theories lic Administration. st of the theories and principles of Public Administrations are by-products of administration firms. And a number of vocabularies of Public Administration are borrowed from other nes. Thus, there is no exclusive body of knowledge for Public Administration. In fact, Waldo the discipline (PA) suffers from a crisis of identity. However, this view has been well y a number of theorists. is an era of multi-disciplinary - Every discipline (or subject) enjoys and accommodates number of colleges and universities in India. Lucknow University was the n Public Administration. Now there are more than 30 universities in In Public Administration. may e regarded as a profession when it has following elements d training and education, social responsibility, code of conduct Scanned with CamScanner_ i There is also little if any formal training in the field of Countries which are exceptions, such as Nigeria, France “sitions which are exceptions, such as Welfare Officer, In 4 system for prolonged training and education. A number ‘ee had recommended for inclusion Public Administration in Public Administration or Public Affairs administration. However, there are some and erstwhile West Germany and a few p India, there have been efforts to develop of committees, such as PC Hota Committ: no common or universal code of conduct for ali the administrators (from top to bottom — Chief to Peon). It is very unfortunate that there is no parent body or association as far as members of administration are concerned. But disciplines like law and medical have their parent bodies ~ Bar Council of India and Medical Council of India. From the above discourse, it is amply clear that Public Administration is rightfully regarded as.a discipline but not a full-fledged profession. Rather it is a profession-in-making. Initiatives for making Public Administration a full-fledged prol ‘+ A degree in Public Administration should be made mandatory f administrators. : ¢ The syllabus of Public Administration should be in tandem Public Administration as a Political Science as well as Management Science In 1950s and 1960s, there were controversies surrounding the identity of Public Administration. The discipline faced crisis of identity. The major challenge came from its mother discipline Political Science and its very similar dis a deal : way of understanding the state. And one major aspect of state is ‘State in action or government action’. Thus, many scholars propagated that Public Administration is a specialized area Science. Frederick C. Mosher observed that Public Administration at best isan area: ofem interest within Political Science, However, the protagonists of Public Administration cr ts and roaches, etc. to deal with the philosophical aspects of ee is ne enough to deal with the ‘action’ part of the state. state can be and should be dealt only by Public Administration. Thereby claim sovereignty over Public Administration, } Scanned with CamScannerm@ Public Administration (Paper-1) profits whereas Public Administration strives to achieve democratic values, participation, equality ‘and fairness in the society. Besides, Management Science is fact oriented and technical in nature, whereas Public Administration is value oriented and philosophical in nature. Public Administration as a Social Science Social Science is the study of human and deals with the value component. The principles of social science, thus, are limited in universality and predictability. It is also a progressive science, Public Administration deals with the ‘action’ part of the government and society. The action part is dimension of human society which is related to human bahaviour, Public Administration carries ¢ value component (preference and variable). The principles of Public Administration are also ited in universality and predictability. Besides, the action part is also not static rather ever ing, Therefore, Public Administration is progressive Science. phy of Public Administration The philosophy of Public Administration has been less emphasized. It was in late 1930s, the hy of Public Administration emerged. Even today, this area is given lesser importance. As sult, the study taken up in this area is very limited and inadequate. Graham Wallace observed in the era of great society, the role of Public Administration is to attempt a good society and to the coming up of an evil society. The statement explicitly describes the philosophy of Administration. Other scholars including Leonard D. White, Chester Barnard and Donham with the philosophy of Public Administration. But Wallace has mostly aptly echoed the behind Public Administration. ‘significance of Public Administration may be established from two perspectives —practice - There are three major areas to be considered in order to understand the importance Administration is critical to modem welfare state Administration is critical to the students of Public Administration is critical to people at large Scanned with CamScannerChapter-t : Jnvoiacion ro —___Chapler-I: Introduetic A number of countries, such as Singapore, Britain and New Zealand, have adopted a system called Secondment. The functionaries from the Private firms may move to public organizations and vice versa. Thus, there is close collaboration and coordination between the public and private, These relationships are usually empathetic in nature. And any sorts of mutual suspicion between the private and govemment should be removed. India favours Jateral entry like that of US instead of secondment, Public Administration is critical to people at large Ridley’s concept of ‘citizenship’ best explained the Public Administration’s criticality to people at large. In today’s era of “big’ state, each citizen is touched by the state in almost all aspects. The citizens can maximize their benefits only when they are aware of their rights, claims and duties. It is the responsibility of the state to make every citizen aware of their rights, claims and duties. And Public Administration is the medium through which the awareness, roles and responsibilities can be established, Functions performed by Administration that makes it indispensable for development are: 1. Maintenance of Law and Order: Stability is required for socio-economic and cultural development and prosperity, 2. Generation of Revenue: No state can survive without generation of revenue. Channels like Taxes, Duties, etc. are established to continued and sustained flow of funds. 3. Provide unbiased, meritorious suggestions to amateur political executives in aspects related to policy formulation. 4. Implementation of policy, which decides the success of policy. 5. Allocation of resources on the basis of equity. 6. Production of goods and services, by managing large scale PSUs. 7. Distribution of output in favour of weaker sections of the society, through the PDS, IAY, ete. Institutionalisation of socio-economic change, * Socio - empowerment of classes, minorities, women, tribles and others of the society. i * Economic - Infrastructure Development, Industrialisation, Ensuring administrative stability and continuity because of: * Political Executives are temporary. * Governor may have to lead under Article 356. Scanned with CamScannerF wm Public Administration (Paper-I) fe - r ee ie ’ “Anumber of scholars believed that public and private administration are sit lar. Administration jis administration nothing, public about it. Some of the protagonists for the similarities are Bozeman, Murray, Henri Fayol, Gulick and Urwick, Weber, Mary Parker Follett, Simon, etc. The classical theorists like Henri Fayol, Urwick and other theorists like Mary Parker Follett forwarded that the tools and techniques defined by POSDCORB remain the same in public and private administration, These tools are used in both private and public administration to bring efficiency and economy, The nomenclature may be different but otherwise they are the same tools and techniques adopted in private and public administration. This clearly indicates that administration is generic whether public or private. ‘The situational/contingency theorists (like classical theorists) believed in generic administration they have established the same through situation. The differences do not lie in being public or ite organizations but in the backgrounds of operation. In modern era, a number of private ustries have taken up activities of social commitment and welfare. For instance, orphanage me, charity hospitals, ete. are run by private for the good of people. On the contrary there are a number -public organizations, such as CIL, ONGC, NTPC, etc. (public undertakings) which operate for profit. Hash and Hall conducted a study in 1966 which included both private and public organizations, the study, they found that there are a number of organizations across public and private that are On the other hand, there are also a number of organizations within the public or private tions that are dissimilar. A government school is more similar to a private school than to a t hospital. Likewise a private security private Funding ‘is more similar to a public police organization eae n to a private firm, say automobile industry. wre, Hash and Hall concluded that the factors & ine the similarities and dissimilarities do 3 areas of functioning but the circumstances ities and dissimilarities. A similar d by Pugh and Hinning in 19 F organizations which included both Scanned with CamScanner: Chapter-I : Introduction ine imilarities between Public and Private Administration Though public and private administrations are similar on many grounds but there are a number of aspects in which the two are distinctively different. Some of the theorists, who believed in. dissimilarities between private and public administrations, were Josiah Stamp, Peter Drucker, Paul H. Appleby, John Gauss, Ludwig von Misses, Robert Dahl, Charles Lindblom, Moore, and L- Moses etc. There are some general points in which private and public administrations are traditionally distinct and different 1. Political character and accountability: Public Administration is subject to political direction in most policy matters. It operates under the surveillance of political character both elected representatives and people at large. In short, public administration is accountable to people at large. On the contrast, private administration is not directly responsible to both elected members and people at large. It enjoys a large autonomy characterized by organization itself. Legal framework and procedure: Public Administration in terms of day to day operations is strictly bound by government law, rules and regulations. Whereas, private administration enjoys a large amount of autonomy from law, rules and regulations in its day to day functioning. Most of the decisions are taken by Board of Committee of the organization. But the major and important decisions may be dependent on government laws or public policies. Uniformity of treatment: Public Administration, according to Josiah Stamp, is subject to the principles of uniformity. It is generally consistent in procedure and uniform in dealings with public. It is expected to show neutral, impartial, non-discriminatory attitude towards all the people. Private administration, on the other hand, need not worry much about uniformity in_ treatment. It may even take a discriminatory approach to achieve its business goals. Service orientation: The government administration (Public Administration) is service oriented whereas private administration is, by and large, profit oriented. oe Monopoly: Monopoly refers to a category of organizations which can operate on € rf other category of organizations in particular field, Public sector usually enjoys government can legally define both goods and services where only the government The private sectors do not have the privileges to be monopolistic. Scope of activity — Extend and diversity of operation: Public A comprehensive and its jurisdiction extends to all types of activities pertaining However, there are mega private sector organizations in today’s world number of government's organizations. But private sector cannot by the government. The government is engaged in both developmental programs, Therefore, the public sector has much larger scope the Scanned with CamScannerES Ea Bee Public Administration (Paper-1) ze "There are some notable viewpoints which defined the differences of public and private Benn Gauss, Blau and Scott aéministrations — Robert Dahl and Charles Lindblom, Moore, aa Peter Drucker, etc. Robert Dahl and Charles Lindbloom discussed about two major strategies nen polyarchy and market economy to manage the political-economy affairs. Polyarchy isa politiel je reg vents the government. The market economy simply refers tg regard market or private economy. It is based on volition approach, so no force is required. Man being resoui ational chose the best strategy in market economy {o manage his affairs. However, the market group ‘economy has certain limitations and can’t be applied to all the circumstances and contexts. There the or are three conditions where the market economy suffers from limitations ~ public goods and free a priv riders, individual incompetence and externalities and spillover there are no free lunches. One who avails the goods orgar “and services has to pay for it. In fact, there is one-to-one relation. On the other hand, the public goods Seco services are meant for people including road, street lamp, parks, stadium, etc. These goods and Peter ices are paid collectively in the form of taxes, Though the benefits of public goods are less orien arent to individuals, the people in general get the collective benefits. Therefore, the individuals hierarchy which symbolically repres Under the principle of market economy, not enthusiastic to contribute for public goods rather try to escape from paying. This category of is no people who escape from paying is referred as free riders. Semi-coercive or coercive action may be is th simi opted to ensure the free riders pay for the public goods. The state has the monopoly over coercion. he state can actin the premise of law and use force. But the private has limitation on this account. The vate does not enjoy the authority to use semi-coercion or coercion. Therefore, the private sectors tackle the free riders. It is only the public sector that has the capacity to handle free riders. ‘The premise of rational choice in market economy may not be applicable in certain cases. The s in many cases suffer from their own incompetency. For instance, adulteration of food and cs cannot be checked by the individual himself, the individuals are not equipped to deter te, And the private sector can’t manage this problem of individual incompetence. It ties and spillovers are the activities or by-products of organizations affecting othe and the environment. For example, the automobile industries discharge industri the environment. These spillovers are best handle by public administration. Ins only by public administration. that both private and public organization today provide similar public valu BUEN ee Scanned with CamScannerpale Chapter-I: Introduction o7 access and agency. An organization will be referred as public or private based on whose interests the organization is advocating. The organization gratifying single or group of people’s interest will be regarded as private, whereas the organization gratifying the interests of the people at large will be regarded as public. Every organization has certain resources, facilities and the nature of access of these resources and facilities defined the publicness or privateness. If the access is given to single or group of individuals, then itis regarded as private and if the access is provided to people at large, then the organization is public. If the organization is owned by a single or a group of individuals, then it is aprivate organization. And if the organization is owned by people at lange or community, then it is public. Blau and Scott provided two types of organizations. The first category is common weal organization which provides services and welfare. This type of organization belongs to public, Second category is business organization which is profit oriented. It belongs to private. Similarly, Peter Drucker came out with two types of organization — service oriented organization and profit oriented organization. Summing up, the debate for public and private administration still continues even today. There isno satisfactory explanation whether they are similar or dissimilar, The most accepted conclusion 's that public and private administrations differ in degree but not in terms of kind, Though they are similar, there is no absolute meeting point. Wilson’s Vision of Public Administr: Woodrow Wilson [1856 — 1924] is a seminal figure in the discipline of Public Adm He is considered to be the father of Public Administration [Frank J, Goodnow is calle _ American Public Administration]. There are many scholars who believe that Wil not worthy enough to tag him as the father of Public Administration. ; Scanned with CamScanner